13 2 CT Vol.13 2004 5 (11~20) CT Theory and Applications May, 2004 1004-4140 2004 02-0011-10 100084) Development of Accelerated CT Reconstruction Based on General Graphics Boards CHEN Zhi-qiang, WANG Xu, ZHANG Li, XIAO Yong-shun Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Abstract: Objective: The technical application of general graphics boards in CT accelerated reconstruction is summarized. Methods: Introduce the current technique of graphics boards, and the principle of how their special structure operates in accelerating reconstruction. Results: Analyze the method and character in the use of graphics hardware to accelerate reconstruction. Conclusion: According to the latest technique of graphics boards, we introduce the way to improve the application of graphics boards in reconstruction Key words: CT accelerated reconstruction graphics board shader 1 together with the prospect in this research.. 3dfx [1] PC 3D CPU 18 6 3D CT 3D CT CT CT CT * 2004-03-16
12 CT 1 GPU Graphic Processing Unit CPU 0.13 1.3 Intel Pentium4 5500 GPU API API DirectX PC API 8.0 Shader Vertex Shader, VS Pixel Shader, PS DirectX 9 VS 4 Shader Shader DirectX 10 Integrated Shader IS VS PS 1 GPU [2, 3, 4] FPM Fast Page Mode DRAM SDRAM(Synchronous DRAM DDR Double Data Rate SDRAM GDDR-3 Graphics [5] DDR3 2 EISA(Extended Industry Standard Architecture Equipment Standard Association Interconnect VESA Video PCI Peripheral Component AGP Accelerated Graphics Port PCI Express 3 2 3
2 CT 13 3 1993 K.Akeley [7] SGI RealityEngine 3D Cullip Neumann [8] SGI RealityEngine Onyx [9] 1994 Cabral [10] SGI RealityEngine Onyx 2D 1995 3DFX VOODOO1 PC 3D 3D 1997 3DFX VOODOO2 CT 1998 NVIDIA Riva TNT [1] CT 1998 Klaus Mueller Roni Yagel CT SGI Octane Algebraic Reconstruction methods ART Simultaneous ART SART [11, 12] 1 SART 3 36.0 1.8 12 bits 42.2 2.1 52 SGI Octane MIPS R10000 195MHz 640M 1999 Matthias Hopf Thomas Ertl 3D [13] 2000 GPU 2001 Markus Hadwiger CT [9] NVIDIA ATI Shader Geforce [14, 15, 16] Radeon CT 4 SIMD CT Single Instruction Multiple Data, 4.1.1 SIMD SIMD 4 4 SIMD [17]
14 CT 1 [18] 4 4 SIMD SIMD CT 4.1.2 5 CT CT 6 [19] 6 CT 4.2 T Convolution Back Projection, CBP CT 4.2.1 Markus Hadwiger [9] 7 7 CBP Markus Hadwiger [9]
2 CT 15 g ( x) = f [ x]* h( x) f(x) h(x) g(x) (1 [ x] + m = f[] ihx ( i) m (2) i= [ x] m+ 1 ( f [ j] h( xi j) ) 8 9 [9] 8 9 4.2.2 [11, 12] Klaus Mueller [19] SART ˆP I ˆX J R I J Pˆˆ= RX (3) ˆP R ˆX SART k + 1 θ ˆp θ j x = x + λ ( k+ 1) ( k) j j pi pˆ θ p N ( k ) i rx il l l= 1 N r il l= 1 r ij pi ˆpθ r ij j = 1,2,..., N( N = n n) rij j i λ A N ( k ) i rx il l l = 1 (4) p = (5)
16 CT 1 p ˆp θ p ' i [19] i 60 10 Bezier Surface [19] SIMD 10 B ci (6) p c = i i N l = 1 SIMD C w (7) w = λ p r pi pˆ θ ' i il pi pˆ θ cr i ij r ij (6) (7) SIMD [19] 11 D x = x + w (8) ( k+ 1) ( k) j j 11
2 CT 17 4.3 CT 8bit 12bit SART CT 5.1 64 DirectX 9 64 RGBA 16 128 32 5.2 3D 3D 11 SART GPU ATI Smartshader NVIDIA nfinitefx Engine 16 4 128 CPU
18 CT 1 SIMD mov mul add mad dp3 dp4 dst min max slt sge expplog rsq rcp nop 12 ( Input) Output Constant ( Temp) [20, 21, 22, 23 ] 12 5.3 F-Buffer F-Buffer Fragment-stream FIFO Buffer 2003 ATI Radeon 9800 Pro [24] 5.3.1 F_Buffer F_Buffer 13 5.3.2 1 F_Buffer 14 [24] 13 -Buffer F 14 F-Buffer
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20 CT 1 [16] E.Scott Larsen and David McAllister, Fast Matrix Multiplies using Graphics Hardware[C].Proceedings of the 2001 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing,2001 pages 55 ~ 55. [17] Mason Woo, Jackie Neider. The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL Version 1.2[M].. 2001.8 [18] Wolfgang Engel. vertex Shader [OL]. 2002-9 -14. Available at: www.soloeden.com [19]. CT [D].:.2004-01. [20] Wolfgang Engel. Shader Programming[OL], 2002-11-06, Available at: www.gamedev.net [21] Konstantin Marty nenko. Introduction to Shaders[OL].2003-01-09, Available at: www.soloeden.com [22] Cover. Ati SmartShader [OL]. -7-23, 2001 Available at: tech.163.com [23]. ATi Radeon R350 [OL]. -18, www.yesky.com 2003-3 [24]. ATI R350 F_Buffer [OL]. 2003-12-18, www.myhard.com * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *