, : ( GB 786.1 1993 ), ;,,,,, (CIP) /. :, 2005. 8 ISBN 7 5612 1981 4.... TH137 CIP (2005) 089904 : : 127 : 710072 : (029 )88493844 : www.nwpup.com : :787 mm 1 092 mm 1/ 16 : 20.875 : 507 :2005 8 1 2005 8 1 :28. 00
,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( 40 60 ),,, ; ;,,, 2005 5
1 1 1 5 6 9 11 12 12 19 23 30 34 41 44 47 47 48 50 54 60 64 65 67 67
76 80 81 82 82 86 113 136 146 154 158 158 161 165 170 172 176 177 180 181 181 187 200 203 208 211 YT4543 211 Y A32-200 214 218 JS01 220 223 225 1m 3 227 230
232 232 232 233 249 252 260 262 262 264 265 289 304 309 311 312 (1 ) 312 (2 ) 319 320 325
() ; ;, ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ;, ( ),,, 1 1, 1 3, 4,, 2, 2 a, 3, 8 5 4, a 2 F1, a,,, 4, 3, 6 10 b, 11, ( F2 ) 2,, 2, 10 b 3, b, 11, 9 9, 10 b 7 8, 11
2 1 1 1, 10 ; 2, 11 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, 6, 7 ; 8 ; 9, 1 3, 4, ; 10, ( ), ( ) : (1 ), F2 11 ( ), A2 11, p2 F2 b ; F1 2, A1 2, p1 F1 a ( ), 11 2 F2 = p2 A2 F1 = p1 A1, ( a ) p1 p2, (1 1) b p2 = p1 = p (1 2), ( ) F2 = p2 A2 = p1 A2 = pa 2 (1 3) (1 2 ) : ( A1 A2 ), p1 p2, F2, (2 ),,,, x1 A1 = x2 A2 (1 4)
3 x1 ; x2 (1 4 ) t, q1 = A1 v1 = A2 v2 = q2 (1 5) v1, v2 ; q1, q2 ( 1 5 ) :,, q2, v2 :,,,,,,, 1 2, 1 2 1 ; 2; 3 ; 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17 ; 5 ; 7 ; 9; 10 ; 12 ; 16
4 3, 1 2 7 ( P, T ( T 1 ), A, B ) 1 2, 14 5 7 ( P A ) 11 9, ( ) 10 9 8, 7 (B T ) 6,4 ; 12 7,, ; 7,, 9 5, 9, 3 1516 17 9 3 17,,,,,,,, 1 1,,, 1 1 () ( ), ( ),,, ( ( ) (), ), ( ; ;,, ) 1,, 2,,
5,,, GB 786.1 1993, 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 ; 2; 3 ; 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17 ; 5 ; 7 ; 9 ; 10 ;12 ; 16; 18,,,, ;,,, 1 2, 1 4,,, ( 1 5),,,,,
6 1 4 1 5, ( ),,, ( ),, : 1. (1 ), 1/ 10, 2.55 10-4 kg/ W (0.002 5 N/ W ), 3.06 10-3 kg/ W (0.03 N/ W ) ;, 12 % 13 % (2 ),,, (3 ), 2 000 (4 ),,, 500 / min, 1 000 / min
7 (5 ), ;, (6 ),, (7 ) (8 ),,,, 2. (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ),,,, 1 2 1 2 ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ;( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ; ( )
8 ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( U ) ; ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( X ) ; ( )
9 200 17, 17 19,,, 1648 B. (B.Pascal), 1681 D. ( D.Papain), 1850 ( William George Armstrong ),19 ( F.Jinken ),1795 ( Joseph Bramah) 20 19,, 1905 ( Janney) 20 30,, 1936 H arry Vickers,,, 20 50,,,,, ( TH Aachen), ( MI T) Black burn, Lee Shearer ( )Harry Vickers 20 60,, 60,,, ;70 ;80,, ( Lee ),, ( CAD CAM ), 20,,, ( Emerging Technology ), (1 2) 21
10, IT,,,,,, ( ), 1952, 20 50,,, 20 40 1959 20 60,,, 1965,,, 21 M Pa,, 1966 1968 2.5 MPa 6.3 MPa 60, 60 70,,,, 1968 20, 20 70,,,,,, 1973, 32 MPa, 20 70, JK QDY2 DYM,70 20 80,,,,,,, Rexroth Vickers,,,,,
11, / 50, GE,,, 1995, 100 700,, CAD,, 1 200 10 000 ( 60 500 ),, 60%, 1996, 23.48, 6 1998 480,, 2004 5, 145 ( 79, 66 ), ( ISO),,,,,,,,,, 30%,,,, 1. 2.?? 3.
,,,, ( ),, 1.,, M ; V = M/ V (2 1),,, 900 kg/ m 3 2., ( ), ( ) k Ke, p ; V ; V k = - 1 V p V (2 2) Ke = 1/ k (2 3)
13, ( 2 3), k k, Ke, Ke = (1.2 20 ) 10 3 M Pa,,,, 3. ( ),,,, 2, u0 1,, 0, u0,,,,, F, A d u/ d y,, F = A d u d y ( 2 4) ( ), ( 2 = F A = d u d y 2 1 4) (2 5),, (1 ), ( 2 5 ), :,, ( ) Pa s( ) N s/ m 2 ( / 2 ) CGS ( ),dyn s/ cm 2 ( / 2 ), P ( ) P cp( ) 1 Pa s = 10 P = 10 3 cp (2 ), = / (2 6), ( ), m 2 / s ( 2 / ) CGS, cm 2 / s ( 2 / ), St( ) 1 St( ) = 100 cst( ) 1 m 2 / s = 10 4 St = 10 6 cst,,,, 40 ( mm 2 / s ) L - H L 32
14 40 32 mm 2 / s (3 ),, ( E ), ( SSU ), ( R ), (2 2 ) 3( 2.8 mm) 1 2, t, 200 cm 3 t1, 20 t2, t E, E = t1/ t2 ( 2 7) 20, 50, 100, E20, E50 E1 00 E, = (7.31 E - 6.31 E ) 10-6 m 2 / s ( 2 8),,,,,,,, 2 2 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 (4 ) ( ),,,, : (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,, (5 ), (6 ), ;, (7 ), (8 ), (9 ),
15, GB 7631.2 1987 ( L ) : H ( ), ( ), ( ) : 1. GB 11118.1 1994,,,, 2 1 2 1 L H H 15,22,32, 46,68,100,150 (), *,, ( L AN ) L HL L HL 15,22,32, 46,68,100,,, L - H M L HM 15,22,32, 46,68,100,150 L HL,,, L HV L HS L HV 15,22,32, 46,68,100 L H M ( ), L HS L H R 15,32, 46 L HL ( ), L H R, H M H L
16 L HS 10,15,22, 32,46,, L H V L HV,, L HG 32,68 L HM,, : * 2., GB 7631.2 1987, ( (O/ W) ( W/ O) ) ( )( ) 2 2 2 2 L HFAE 7,10,15, 22,32 ( O/ W),, 80%,,,, 5 50 L HFAS 7,10,15, 22,32,,,, 5 50 L HFB 22,32,46, 68,100 (W/ O ), 60%,,, L H FDR, 5 50 L HFC 15,22,32, 46,68,100,, L FDR - 20 50 L HFDR 15,22, 32,46,68, 100,,, - 20 100
17 3. ( ), 10,,, ( ) ( ), ( ) 2 3,,, ;, (2 4 ), ( 2 5) 2 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
18 2 4 ( ) 7 MPa 7 14 MPa 7 14 MPa 14 MPa 50 50 50 80 80 100 H L HL HM HM H M H R HV HS H V HS HV HS H L HL HM HM H M H FA E HFAS HFB HFC H FDR HFDR 2 5 ( ) (40 ) ( mm 2 / s ) 5 40 40 80 7 MPa 7 MPa 30 50 50 70 40 75 55 90 HM,32, 46,68 HM,46,68, 100 30 50 40 80 HL, 32,46,68 30 70 95 165 HL, ( HM ), 32,46,68,100, 150 30 50 65 240 HL, ( HM ),32,46, 68,100,150 40 70 150 HL, ( HM ),32,46, 68,100,150,,,, 70% ( ),, ( ; ),, 10,,,,, () ;,
19, ( ),,, 1., ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), A F, p F p = lim A 0 A A,, 2. (2 9) p = F/ A ( 2 10) (1 ), (2 ),,,, 2 3 (a) h,, 2 3 ( b) A, h, Ah, gh A,,, : A, (2 p A = p0 A + g h A ( 2 11) p = p0 + gh ( 2 12) 12),, : (1 ) : p0,, g h pa
20, p = pa + g h ( 2 13) (2 ) (2 3 (c) ) 2 3 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) (3 ), :,, ; (4 ), h0, p0 ; p, h, (2 h0 + p0 g = h + p g 12) = const() ( 2 14), h (), p/ g (),, :,,, (2 12) (2 14 ),,,,, (2 4 ),,, ( ),,, 2 4,,,
21 2 4 SI Pa(, N/ m 2 ), at, kgf/ cm 2 ( / 2 ), lb/ in 2 ( / 2 ), 2 1 2 5 = 900 kg/ m 3, F = 1 000 N, A = 1 10-3 m 2, h = 0.5 m p 2 5 (2 12), p = p0 + g h, h = 0.5 m p = p0 (2 p0 = F/ A = 1 000/ (1 10-3 ) N/ m 2 = 10 6 Pa + g h = 10 6 + 900 9.8 0.5 = 1.004 4 10 6 N/ m 2 10 6 N/ m 2 = 1 MPa 14),,
22, h0 2 p = p0 h0 + p0 g = h + p g = 0, h = - 0.5 m, + g ( h0 - h) = F/ A + g (0 - h) = F/ A gh = 1 000/ ( 1 10-3 ) - 900 9.8 ( - 0.5) = 1.004 4 10 6 N/ m 2 10 6 N/ m 2 = 1 MPa 1,, g h,, ( Pascal s Law), 2 6 ( A2, F2 ) ( A1, F1 ),,, p2 = p1, p2 = F2 A2 = F1 A1 = p1 ( 2 15) A2 F2 = F1 A1 ( 2 16) (2 16) : (1 ) A2/ A1 > 1, F1, F2 (2 ) F2 = 0,,,,,, F2, F1,, 2 6
23,,,,, F p A,, F = pa ( 2 17), x F x, p A x, Fx = pax ( 2 18) (2 18) 2 2 2 7 A D, d; p1, ( ) p2 0 2 7 ( a) ; ( b) 2 7 (a), (2 17 ) 2 F = p1 A = p1 4 D2 7 ( b), A,, ( 2 A A z = d 2 / 4, F = p1 Az = p1, 4 d2 18),
24, 1.,,,,,,,, 2., ( ) ( p u ), p = p( x, y, z), u = u( x, y, z), = ( x, y, z), ( ) t, p = ( x, y, z, t), ( ) 2 2 8 (a), 8( b ), 3. ( 2 9 ),, ( ),,, 2 8 2 9 ( a) ; ( b ) 4. C,, (2 10) 0, d A ( )
25,, (p u ) 2 10, q, m 3 / s L/ min, u, 2 10 ( b), d A, d A ud A, q = ud A ( 2 19) A, u (2 10( b ) ), ( 2 19 ) q,, v, q = A ud A = va ( 2 20) v = q/ A ( 2 21),, v, qm ( The Continuity Equation) = ud A, qm A 2 11, A1, v1, 1 A2, v2, 2 ( A1 > A2 ),,, (2 1 v1 A1 = 2 v2 A2 ( 2 22) 22), 1 = 2, v1 A1 = v2 A2 ( 2 23) q = va = const ( 2 24),,
26,, 2 11 (Bernoulli s Equation) 1.,,,, ( 2 14 ) : z( ) p/ g ( ),,,, u 2 / 2 g( ) A1 A2 (2 12 ), z1 z2 v1 v2, p1 p2 z1 + p1 g + v2 1 2 g z + p g + v2 2 g p2 = z2 + g + v2 2 2 g ( 2 25) = con st ( 2 26) 2 12
27 : ( ) z p 2 g v2, 2 g,,, z, p g v2 2 g, 2.,,, h, v u,,, = 1 2 A u 2 ud A ( 2 27) 1 2 v Av2 ( ), = 2, 1.05, = 1, h, (2 z1 28) : g + 1 v2 1 2 g + p1 p2 = z2 + g + 2 v2 2 2 g + h ( 2 28) (1 ) 1, 2,, (2 ) z + p g z p,, (3 ) ( 2 28 ),, ; ( 1, 2, ), 2 3 2 13, ( pa ), Hs, 1 1 2 2, h, p1 ( 1 = 2 = 1) z1 g + v2 1 2 g + p1 p2 = z2 + g + v2 2 2 g + Hs + h, v1 p2 v2 ( ), v1 ; z1 = 0, z2 - z1 = Hs, p1 = pa,
28 pa - p2 = g ( Hs + v2 2 2 g + h ) = g Hs + v2 2 2 + p 2 13 v2, Hs p,, pg,,,, 0.03 M Pa v2 2 p, 2 Hs,, Hs 0.5 m (Hs ( The Momentum Equation) ),, :, d( mv) F = dt, 2 ( 2 29) 14, 1, 2 ( ), 1, 2 A1, A2, v1, v2 t ( mv) 1-2 t, 1,2, ( mv) 1-2 t ( mv) = ( mv) 1-2 - ( mv) 1-2 ( 2 30), 1 2, ( 2 ( mv) = ( mv) 2-2 - ( mv) 1-1 = 1 q tv2-2 q tv1 30)
29 q ; F = d ( mv) d t = q( 2 v2-1 v1 ) ( 2 31) 1, 2, (), = 4/ 3, = 1, = 1 2 14 (2 31), : F,,,, 2 4 (2 15), v1,, q, v2, 2 15,, 1 = 2 = 1, (2 31) F = q( v2 - v1 ) = q( v2 cos90 - v1 cos ) = q( 0 - v1 cos ) = - q v1 cos, F,, F ( ) F ( F ),
30 F 2 5 2 16, 2, dp q, v1, v2, p2 F = - F = q v1 cos ( 2 32) = 0 F, 1 = 2 = 1 ( ), p d2 4, v2 - F = q( v2 cos 2 - v1 cos 1 ) v1, v1, 2 =, 1 = 0, F = p d2 4 - qv2 cos 2 16 FF, qv2 cos, p d2 4, h p,, 19, ( Reynolds ),, ( 2 17 (a) ),,,,, ( 2 17 ( b) ),, v, ( ) dh, Re = v d H/ ( 2 33),
31 dh dh = 4 A/ x ; A ; x 2 17 ( a) ; ( b ),,,,, : Re,,,, ; Re,,,,, Re, Re, Re > Re,, Rec Re Rec, ;, 2 6, Rec = 2 300 2 6 Rec dh d b 2 D - d 2 2 x Rec = v dh/ v 2 300 2 070 1 100 1 000 1 000 260 :, 1. 2 18, R( d),
32 r, l, p1 p2,,, ( p1 - p2 ) r 2-2 rl = 0 ( 2 34) 2 18, ( 2 5), 2 r l = - 2 r l d u/ d r( u r, d u/ d r ) p1 - p2 = p, ( 2 34 ), d u = p rd r ( 2 35) 2 l (2 35) u r = R = 0, ( 2, u = p 4 l ( R2 - r 2 ) ( 2 36) 36), r = 0, q = A ud A = R 0 umax = pr 2 / 4 l = pd 2 / 16 l ( 2 37) u2 rd r = p ( H agen v, v = q/ A = 2 l R ( 0 R2 - r 2 ) rd r = R2 8 l p = d4 p ( 2 38) 128 l Poseulle) q d q d 2 / 4 = pd2 32 l ( 2 p = 32 lv d 2 = 64 Re = 1 2 pd 2 16 l = umax 2 38 ) l v 2 d 2 = l d v 2 2 ( 2 39) ( 2 40),, = 64/ Re,, = 75/ Re; = ( 80 108 )/ Re( ) (2 40) (Darcy) l v, d,, ( 2 27 ) = 2
33 2., p = l v 2 d 2 Re, / d (,, 2 7), = ( Re, / d) Re / d 2 8, 2 7 0.04 0.25 0.001 5 0.01 0.001 5 0.06 0.001 5 0.01 0.3 0.4 : 2 8 Re 4 000 < Re 10 5 = 0.316 4 Re - 0.25 10 5 < Re < 3 10 6 = 0.032 + 0.221 Re - 0.237 Re > 900 / d = (2lg( / d) + 1.74) - 2,, umax = 1.05, 1 ( 1 1.3) v; ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),, p, p = v2 2, ; ( kg/ m 3 ) ; v ( m/ s),, ( 2 41) pv = ps ( q/ qs ) 2 ( 2 42)
34 q ; qs ( ) ; ps qs ( ), ( 2 p = p + p = l d v 2 2 + v2 2 ( 2 43) 43) 10 20, :,,, 2 3,,,,,,,,, 1. l/ d 0.5, ( 2 19 ) 2 19
35, 1 1 2 2, = 1, p1 g + v2 1 2 g = p2 g + v2 2 2 g + h, h, h 1 h 2 : h 1 = v 2 c/ ( 2 g), h 2 = (1 - Ac/ A2 ) 2 v 2 c/ (2 g) Ac A2, h = h 1 + h 2 = (1) v2 c/ ( 2 g)a1 = A2, v1 = v2, vc = Cv, Cv = 1 + 1 1 + 1 ; p, p = p1 q = Ac vc = Cc Cv A0 A0 ; A0 = d 2 / 4; : Cc, Cc = Ac/ A0 ; Cd, Cd = Cc Cv 2 ( p1 - p2 ) = 2 p Cv - p2 2 p = 2 p Cd A0 ( 2 44) ( 2 45) (1 ) Cd, D/ d 7,,, Re 10 5, Cd : Re > 10 5, Cd, Cd = 0.60 0.61 Cd = - 0.964 Re - 0.05 ( 2 46) D/ d < 7,,, Cd 2 9, Cd 0.7 0.8 2 9 Cd A0/ A 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 C d 0.602 0.615 0.634 0.661 0.696 0.742 0.804 (2 ),, (3 ) ( 2 45), Cd 2 20 (a), Re 2 20( b) (, 1,2 xv = Cr, xv Cr, )
36, Re > 10 3,, Cd, Cd = 0.8 0.9 = 0.67 0.74; 2 20 (a) ; ( b ) 2 21 (a), Re 2 21 ( b), Re > 10 3, Cd = 0.77 0.82 2. 2 21 (a) ; ( b ) l/ d > 4,, q ( H agen Poseulle) ( ( 2 38) ), q = d4 128 l p, p,,,,
37 3. 0.5 l/ d 4, ( (2 45 ) ), q = Cd A0 2 p Cd, Cd 2 22, Re > 10 5, Cd 0.8, 2 22, ( ) ( ) 1. (1 ) 2 23, h, b l(b l h),, p = p1 - p2 (,, v), d x b d y, p, x pbd y + ( + d ) bd x - bd x - ( p + d p) bd y = 0 d d y = d p d x = d u/ d y, d 2 u = 1 d p d y 2 d x y u y = 0 = 0 2 23 u y = h = v, p x, d p/ d x = - p/ l, u = q = h 0 ubd y = h [ y( h - y) p + v 0 2 l h y( h - y) p + v 2 l h y ( 2 47) bh3 y ] bd y = p + bh 12 l 2 v ( 2 48) (2 ), v = 0, p = p1 - p2,,
38 q = bh3 p ( 2 49) 12 l (3 ) p,,, q = bh 2 v ( 2 50) ( 2 48) (2 49 ),, q, ( ) 2., ( ) (1 ) 1) 2 24 l, h d h/ d l,,, b = d (2 48 ), q = dh3 12 l p dh v (2 51) 2, v p, +, -, v = 0, q = dh3 p (2 52) 12 l 2) 2 25 e, h,, r1 r2 = r3, db b = rd (2 : 48) d q = rd h3 12 l p d h v (2 52 ) 2 h h0 h0 ;, = e/ h0, max h (2 - ecosh0 ( 1 - cos ) = 1 2 52 ), 24
39 q = dh3 0 p(1 1.5 2 ) dh0 12 l 2 v ( 2 53 ), v = 0, q = dh3 0 p(1 1.5 2 ) ( 2 54 ) 12 l (2 51) (2 54 ),, max = 1 ( e = h0 ), ( ) 2.5,, (2 ),, 2 25 1) 2 26,, 2 26 (a),, ; 2,, 26 ( b) 2 26 ( a) ; ( b ), h1, p1 h2, p2, v, x h p, d x, d x, d x 2 (2 51), h = h1 26 (a), - p/ l = d p/ d x q = dh3 d p 12 d x + dh 2 v + xtan, d x = d h/ t an, 12 q d h d p = - + 6 v d h v ( 2 55) dtan h 3 tan h 2
40 p = p1 - p1 = q = d 6 l t an = ( h2 - h1 )/ l ( 2 56) 6 l( h1 + h2 ) d( h1 h2 ) 2 q - ( h1 h2 ) 2 ( h1 + h2 ) 2 p +, v = 0, q = d 6 l dh1 h2 h1 + h2 6 l h1 h2 v v ( 2 57) ( h1 h2 ) 2 ( h1 + h2 ) 2 p ( 2 58) (2 55 ) p h = h1 = p1 ( 2 56 ) ( 2 57 ), p = p1 -, v = 0, 2 1 - ( h1/ h) 2 p - 6 v( h2 - h) 1 - ( h1/ h2 ) 2 h2 ( h1 - h2 ) x ( 2 59) p = p1-1 - ( h1/ h) 2 1 - ( h1/ h2 ) 2 p ( 2 60) 26 ( b),, p = p1 - ( h1/ h) - 1 p ( 2 61) ( h1/ h2 ) 2-1 2) 2 27, e, 2 27( a) ; 2 17 ( b) (2 60 ) ( 2 61),, ( ), 2, 2 27 (a), e, 27 ( b), e,,, 2 27 ( a) ; ( b )
41,, F = 0.27 ld p f ( 2 62) l ; d ; p ; f, f = 0.02 0.08,,,,, 0.3 1.0 mm, 1 5 mm, 3 6%,, ( 2 28 ),,,, 2 28 1., : (1 ),,,,,
42,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ), ;, 2.,, (1 ) 2 29 ( ), dl v0, B,, B p ( ),,, c B A, A, B, c A, B, 2 29,, :, t T = 2 l/ c, p = p = c v0,, t > T = 2 l/ c, p = p = c ( T/ t) ( v0, c ( v0 - v1 ) ( 2 63) c v T/ t (2 63) (2 64) ; v0, v1 - v1 ) = c ( T/ t) v ( 2 64) ; t B A ; T ( = 2 l/ c) l, ; c,
43 c = Ke ;, d ; E Ke 1 + K d E ( 2 65), p, pmax = p + p ( 2 66), t T c (2 ), m ; p = m v A t v ( ) ; A ; t ( ) (2 ( 2 67) 67),, t, v 3. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) ( ) (5 ) 1., pg ( ),,,,,,,,,, 2.
44 : (1 ), p1/ p2 < 3.5 (2 ), ; (), (3 ), (4 ),, 1.?? 2.,? 3. 4.?? 10 M Pa,?0.03 MPa,? 5.,? 6.??? 7., 8.,,? 9.? 10.?? 11.??? 12. 20, 200 ml 51 s, 200 ml ( = 900 kg/ m 3 ) 50 229.5 s, E, v 13. 2 30, ( 900 kg/ m 3 ), h = 1.5 m, 2 30 2 31 14. 2 31 A, B A = 900 kg/ m 3, B = 1 200 kg/ m 3 Z A = 20 cm, ZB = 18 cm, h = 6 cm, U C = 13 600 kg/ m 3, A, B
45 15. 2 32,, 30 kn(),? 2 32 2 33 16. 2 33 d = 50 mm, 100 mm,, : ; E 17. q = 40 L/ min, = 10-5 m 2 / s,, d 18. q = 25 L/ min, h = 400 mm, d = 25 mm, = 900 kg/ m 3, = 30 10-2 cm 2 / s,? 19. 2 34, q = 60 L/ min, = 900 kg/ m 3, = 30 10-6 m 2 / s, d = 3 cm, L = 2 m, 0.5 m,, pg = 0.04 MPa, 2 34 2 35 20. 2 35, p = 3.2 M Pa, 1 2 A1 = 0.02 cm 2 A2 = 0.01 cm 2, Cd = 0.6 ; A = 100 cm 2, F = 16 kn, = 900 kg/ m 3, v 21. d = 50 mm, l = 40 mm, r = 0.05 mm,
46 = 45 10-3 Pa s, p = 10 MPa, :, ;, e = 0.03 mm;,, v = 10 cm/ s
, ( ), 3 1 e 1 ( ), 2 () 1 4 3() 2, (5 ),, 6 ;,,, 7,, 6,7, 8 3 1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8,,,, ; ;, 3 1
48 3 1,,,,,,, V, L/ r( m 3 / r), qt n,, q, qt = Vn (3 1),,, 1.,, T n( ),, p q,,, Tt Pt = pqt = pvn = Tt = 2 Tt n (3 2) ;,,,
49 2. Po Pi,, = Po Pi (3 3) ( ), q qt,, ql q ql q, ql q = qt - ql (3 4) p,,, V V = q qt = qt - ql qt = 1 -,, qt p,, kl ( 3 5), (3 V = 1 - ql qt (3 5) ql = kl p (3 6) kl qt p = 1 - kl p V n (3 7) 7 ),, ( ),, m, Tt ; Ti m = Tt Ti (3 2 ) Tt = pv/ 2, ( 3 8) m = pv 2 Ti (3 9 ) ( 3 2) ( 3 7) (3 9 ) ( 3 3), = Po Pi = pq 2 nt i = q Vn p V 2 Ti = V m ( 3 10 ) 3 2,, 3 (3 8) 2
50, 1. 3 3, 7 8 4 7 6 12 15 5 6 3 8 4 3 4 :,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 3 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,13 ; 6 ;7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16; 17
51 3 4 2., zdhmb,, (3 V = Dhb = 2 zm 2 b ( 3 11) V = 6.66 zm 2 b ( 3 12) q = 6.66 zm 2 b V ( 3 13) 13) q,, qmax, qmi n = qmax - qmin q, ( 3 14),, 20%,, 1. (1 ), 1( 1.05 1.30),,,, 3 5, (3 5( a) 3 5( b) ), (3 5( b ) 3 5 (c) ),,, ( ),,,
52 3 5 (3 5 ), ( 3 5( a) ), (3 5 (c) ) (2 ) :,,, 75 % 80%,, ;,,,,,,,, (3 ),,, ( ) F(3 6 ),,, ( ),,
53,,,,,, 3 7, 1, 2, 32 M Pa 3 6 3 7 2.,,,, (), (3 8 (a) ), 1, 2 3, 4 5 (3 8( b ) ) 1( ) 2, 6 7,,,
54 3 8 (a) ; ( b ) 1; 2 ;3 ; 4 ;5, ( ) ( ),,,,, 1. (1 ) 3 9 1 2 3 46 5 () e,,,, 3 9,,,,,,,,, e,,,, (2 ) :, b ; e ; D q = 2 b edn V ( 3 15)
55 3 9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ( 3 15 ), e,,,,, 13 15 (3 ) 1) e, 2),,,, 24 3), 7 MPa 4),, 2. :, ;, (1 ) 3 10 1 O, 3 2, O1, e0, qmax,,, 4 ( ), ( ) A x, pa x Fs, 2, 6, e0,
56 pmax A x,,,,, (),,,, 3 10 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 (2 ) q = kq ( x0 + emax ) - kq ks ( Ax +, q, p, kq, kl ; emax ; ks, x0 3 pc AB,,, B, pc, e0 pc,,, BC pmax 3, 3 3 ks kl kq ) p 11, 11 10 6,, AB, pc 11 Bp C pc pmax,, BC,, BC, pmax
57 ;,, BC, pmax,, AB ;,, BC,,, ;,,,, 1. 3 12 1 2 34 5,, 4 4 8, 4,,,,, ;,,,,, 3 12 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 2. 3 12,, z, 2 z,
58 q = 2 b[ ( R 2 - r 2 ) - R - r sz ] n cos V ( 3 16), b ; R r ; ; s ; z,,,,,, 4 8 12 16 3. (1 ),, (2 ) 3 13,,, ( ),,,,, = -, 1020, 3 13 3 14 1 ;2 ;3 (3 ),,,,,,,, F F = psb ( 3 17), p ; s ; B F, p, s, B
59 p 3 14 1 3,,,, ( 3 14 ),,,, 3 15 3 4, f e, d, a, g 1 b, f 2, B( (3 17) ), 3 15 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 3 16 d,,, d, 3 16
60,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 1. (1 ) 3 17 1 2 34, 1,, 2 5 3 2 3 17, 2,,, 4 a ;,, b,,,,, (2 ) q = 4 d2 Dtan z n V ( 3 18), z ; d ; D ;
61 3 17 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,,,, 7 9 11 (3 ) 3 18 3 18 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ;15 ;16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 1) 3 18, 8 5, 9, 123 2 A 13, 14,,, 6, 10, 4, 11,
62,, 2), ; ; 3 18 18 17, 16 ( ) 15 A,,,, 3 19 1 23 4, c, d, e a b 4,,, a c b,,,,,, b d e, a,,,, 3 19 1 ; 2 ; 3; 4 ; a ; b ; c, d, e (30 MPa ), 2., 3 20 3 5, 2 4,,,, 1 6 7,,,
63 3 20 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5; 6 ; 7 1. 3 21 1 3 4 5 3, 1 ( ) 2 3 21 (a), e,, a,, b,, a b, 3 21 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6
64 e, e, ;,,,,,,, 2.,, q = 4 d2 2ez n V = d2 2 ez n V ( 3 19),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 3 2,,,, ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ;,,, 3 2
65 1.? 2.?? 3.??? 4.????? 5.? 6.?? 7.? 8., ( 3 22) D, pmax,? 3 22 9.? 10. 11. 12. p = 10 M Pa, n = 1 450 r/ min, V = 100 ml/ r, V = 0.95, = 0.9, 13. 950 r/ min, 168 ml/ r, 29.5 MPa,
66 150 L/ min, 0.87, : (1 ) qt ; (2 ) V ; (3 ) m ; (4 ), ; (5 )
,,,,, 1. (1 ) 4 1( a),,,, ;, l 3,, 4 1( b ),, ;,, l 2, 4 1 ( a) ; ( b),
68, F1 = F2 = ( p1 - p2 ) A m = ( p1 - p2 ) 4 ( D2 - d 2 ) m (4 1) v1 = v2 = q A V = 4 q V ( D 2 - d 2 ), A ; D, d ; q ; p1, p2 ; m V, (4 2) (2 ) 4 2,,, ( ) l 2, 4 2 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c),,, (4 2 (a) ), F1 v1 F1 = ( p1 A1 - p2 A2 ) m = 4 [ ( p1 - p2 ) D2 + p2 d 2 ] m (4 3)
69 v1 = q A 1 V = 4 q V D 2 (4 4) (4 5 ( b) ), F2 v2 F2 = ( p1 A2 - p2 A1 ) m = 4 [ ( p1 - p2 ) D2 - p1 d 2 ] m (4 5) v2 = q A2 V = 4 q V ( D 2 - d 2 ), A1 A2, A1 > A2, v1 < v2, F1 > F2, v, v = v2 v1 d = D, D v, d = 1 (4 6) 1 - ( d D ) 2 (4 7) ( v - 1) v, 4 (4 8) 2 (c),,,,,,, ( ),, (4 v3 F3 = p1 ( A1 - A2 ) m = p1 v3 = A 1 q V - A2 2( b) ) F3 4 d2 m (4 9) = 4 q V ( 4 10) d 2, v3 = v2, (4 10 ) ( 4 6 ) D =, 2.,, 4 2 d 3( a), ( ),,,, 4, d 3( b ) F = pa m = p 4 d2 m ( 4 11) v = q V A = 4 q V ( 4 12) d 2
70 4 3 ( a) ; ( b ),,, 3. (1 ), 4 4,, D d, p1, :, p3, 4 d2 p3 = 4 D2 p1 ( 4 13) p3 = p1 ( D d ) 2 m = p1 K m ( 4 14), m ; K = ( D d ) 2, 4 4 4 5 (2 ),,,, 4 5,
71,,,, i i Fi = p1 vi i 4 D2 m i ( 4 15) = 4 q V i D 2 i,, (3 ), 4 6,, T 4 ( 4 16) 6 T = p 8 D2 Di m ( 4 17) = 8 q V D 2 Di, p ; q ; D ; Di 4 ( 4 18) 7 45 2 7, O, Y, 4 7 1, 6 ; 2, 7 ; 3 ;4 ; 5 ( ) 4 8 10 8 1 15 18 24 36 19 16 25 4, 7, 17 4 8,, ( ), 12 21,,, 2, 9 22 O
72 Y 13 23, b d a c c, a, ;, a c,, 5 14, () 4 8 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;4 ; 5 ; 6; 7; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19; 20 ; 21 ; 22 ; 23 ; 24 ; 25, 5,, : 1., 10 M Pa ; 20 MPa ; 20 M Pa 4 9,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
73 4 9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 2.,,,,,,,, ( 4 7)(4 8) ( 4 10( a) )(4 10 ( b) ),,,,,,,,, 4 10 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ; 6 ; 7
74 3.,,,,, :,,,,,, 4 11( a),,,,,,,,, ( 4 11 ( b) ),,,, 4 11( c),,,, 4 11 ( d),,,, 4 11 (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) ; ( d) 4.,,,,,,,,, :, (4 12( a) ), (4 12 ( b) ) ( ),
75 4 12 ( a) ; ( b ) 1.,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, 2. D d L F p vq (1 ) D, (2 ) d, d = (0.3 0.5) D;, 4, D v, ( 4 8 ) 1 ;, v, GB/ T 2348-1993 ( )
76 4 1 p1/ MPa p 5 5 < p 7 p > 7 d ( 0.5 0.55 ) D (0.6 0.7 ) D 0.7 D (3 ) L, 20 3. (1 ),,,, D/ 10,, py D 2 [ ] ( 4 19), D ; py, pn 16 MPa, py = 1.5 pn, py 16 M Pa, p y = 1.25 pn ; [ ], [ ] = b/ n, b, n, n = 5 D/ < 10,, D 2 [ ] + 0.4 py [ ] - 1.3 py - 1 ( 4 20) (2 ) d, d 4 F [ ] ( 4 21), F ; [ ], [ ] = b/ n, b, n, n 1.4 l 10 d, F, 1.,,,,,,,,,, 2. 4 1,
77, ( ), 1 FN, FN F F y F, Fy T i = Fy r = Fy Rsin = FRt an sin, R ; T i,, 4 13 1 ;2 ; 3, ( 500 r/ min ) ( 500 r/ min ), ;, 4 2 4 2 1. p,,, p,
78 2. V,, n q, q qt, qqt V, V = qt q = q - q q n V ( qt 3. n = qt V q = 1 - q q ( 4 22) q) V = q V V ( 4 23) T, T T t, Tt T T T T t 4. Pi Po, m = T T t ( 4 24) Pi = pq ( 4 25) Po = T2 n ( 4 26), (4 23 ) (4 24 ), = Po Pi = 2 nt pq 2 nt t = m = 2 nt t V m = V m ( 4 27) p qt pqt V, V m : Po = pq ( 4 28) T = pq 2 n m = pv 2 m ( 4 29) ( 4 23) (4 29),, V, qp, n T ;, V, n T q p, V, n T 1. 4 13,,
79,, ( ), 2. ( ),, ( 10 r/ min, 0.5 r/ min ),,,, 4 14 1 23 4 5 6 7 6 8, a, b 2 7 2 10,,,,, 1 2 x,, 1 A, B x x a b a, b,, a, ;, V b, ;,, a, a FN1, FN2,, x Z, a ( b ), 2 7 x,, x, x 4 14 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ; 6 ; 7,,,, ( 0.5 1 M Pa)
80,, (),,, 4 15 (a),, 300 T = b 2 ( R2 2 - R 2 1 ) ( p1 - p2 ) m ( 4 30) = 2 n = 2 q V b( R 2 2 - R 2 1 ), b ; R1 ; R2 ( 4 31) 4 15 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) 4 15( b),, 150, 4 15(c) 4 16 1 23 4 5 6 4 16 1 ; 2 ; 3; 4 ; 5; 6
81, 4 16, 1.?? 2.,? 3., 4.,,? d1, d2 ( d1 > d2 ),, p, q,?? 5.,,,, 6. D = 50 mm, d = 35 mm, q = 8 L/ min : ; F = 1 000 N, ( ) 7., F = 20 kn, Ff = 1.2 kn, 5 M Pa,, vmax = 4 cm/ s, 10%,?0.85,? 8.,, 0.1 m/ s,, 25 000 N 25 L/ min, 0.2 MPa, : D, d; (45 ) 9. 80 ml/ r, 50 N m, 0.85,, 4.62 MPa,,
(),, ( )( ),,,,,,, () ; ( ), ( ),,,,,, q = CA p ( C, A, ),,, 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,,
83 2. (1 ),, ( ) (2 ) 1), ( ), ( ), ( ) 2),, 3), 3. (1 ) ( ) (5 1),,,,, 5 1 (a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2; 3 ; 4 (2 ) ( ),, ( 5 2),,,
84 5 2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 (3 ) (), ( ),, ( ), (4 ) ( ),,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 3. (1 ) ( 5 3( a) ), D d, ( ),, x 5 3 (a ) ; ( b) ; ( c)
85,,,, ( ), q = Cd Dx Fs 2 ( p1 - p2 ) (5 1) = 2 Cd Dxcos ( p1 - p2 ) (5 2) Fs, 5 1 5 1, ( ),,,,,, (2 ) (5 3 ( b ) ) 1240,,,,, q = Cd dxsin 2 ( p1 - p2 ) (5 3) Fs = 2 Cd dx sin2 ( p1 - p2 ) (5 4) (3 ) ( 5 3 (c) ), q = Cd dh0, R () ; h0 = R 2 - ( d/ 2 ) 2 x R 2 ( p1 - p2 ) (5 5)
86,, 1. ( ), mm,,,,,, ( ), 1.1 2., ;, (1 ),,,, (2 ), ;, (3 ) (), (4 ),,,, 5 2 5 2
87 1. (1 ),, (5 4 ) : P ( 5 4( a) ), P 2 A 3 1,, P A, A ( 5 4 ( b) ), A,,, 5 4 (c), 5 4 1 ;2 ; 3 (2 ), 5 5,, ( 1 ), 5 5( a) 5 5 ( b ),,,,, 5 6 ( 3 ),, (6 ), 1 2 4 (5 5 ( b) ),, ;
88 5 5 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4, 5 ; 6 5 6 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 (3 ),, :,, 0.03 0.05 MPa ;,, 0.2 0.6 M Pa ( ),,,, (4 ) 1),, ; 2), ; 3), ;
89 4) 2. (1 ),,, 5 7( a), 4 X X,, P A, ; X, 2, A P, 5 7( b ) 5 7( c) 5 7 (a) ; ( b ) ; (c) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 (2 ), 5 8 ( ) 5 8 (a), 6 P, P,,, 2, P ( 5 8 ( b) ) P,, P, L ( ), P, P (5 9), 5 9( a), 5 9 ( b) 5 9 (a) : () 2, ()3 A P ( ), 6,, A
90, A,, 2,,, 5%, 40% 50% 5 9( b ) 8 7,,, 5 8 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 5 9 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8
91 (3 ),,, P, A 5 % ( ),,,,,,, (4 ) 1), () 2), 3), 4),,, 1. (1 ) 5 10 (a), 1 2 ( P, A, B, T ) (), ( ),, ( ), ( P, A, B, T L ),, 5 10( a),, 2, 4 P, A, B, T, ;, P A, B T ;, P B, A T,, P, A, B, T, P, A B, T 5 10( b ) 5 10 (a)
92 5 10 (a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ( ) ; 4 ; 5 ; ( )5 10 3, 4, 5 3 5 3 () ( ) (2 ),
93, (4 ), 1, (5 11), ( ),,,, 5 5 11 11,,, P, T, A, B,,,, P A, B T, (3 ) ( ),,, 5 5 4 4, O H, X, M M U P,
94 Y, C J B K A D B N A,,,, ( ) B ( ) ( ) ( ) A : 1),,,, :,,,, 5 12 O P OM M P 5 12 (a) OP ; ( b ) OM ; (c) M P 2),,,, 5 13 O :, 5 13( a) A T, P B; 5 13( b ) P B, A T,
95, 5 13 O ( a) A T, P B; ( b ) P B, A T,, 3),, ;, (4 ) 1), 5 14, O 5 14( a), 10, P, T, A, B, 2, P A, B T,, P B, A T 12 5 3,, 12,, 5 14 () ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ;10 ;11 ; 12
96 5 15,,,,, 5 15 () ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 2),, ( ),,,,,, 5 16 5 16 (a), 5, 2, P, B, A ; 4,, P, A, B 3),,, ( PLC),,,,,, 5 17 ( 5 17( a), 5 17( b ) ), 9 ( ), 2 4, P A, ;,, 8, P A
97, 2 1 L 5 16 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 5 17 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 O ; 8 ; 9 5 18 9, 4, 2,, P A ; B T,, P B,
98 A T 5 18 ( ) ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 O ; 8 ; 9 5 19,,, P B, A T,,,,, P A, B T 5 18,, O,,,,,, 5 19 ( ) ( a) ; ( b),, (5 4 ) 5 20
99 1 7, 2 4O, 3, P, T, A, B, ; 1 ( 7 ), 3, P B, A T ; 7 ( 1 ),, P A, B T 5 20 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 4) ;, ( ), ( ),,, 5 21 O 4 P, T, A, B, K1 K2, 2 4,7, 4 P, T, A, B K1,, P B, T A K2,, P A, T B,, K1, K2,
100 5 21 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4, 7 ; 5 ; 6 5 22 (a) O 5 21, : K1 K2,, ( 5 22 (a) 1 ) ( ),,,,, ( ), ; 2,, (5 22( b ) ), 5 4, 7 8, 5, 6 9, 10,, 3, 5 22 (c) 5) () 5 23 ( ), P, T, A, B 4 P 1, ( X ) ( P ) ; T 2, ( Y ) ( T ),,, 4 5 23,,,
101 5 22 ( a) ; ( b ) ; (c) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;7 ; 8 ; 9; 10 5 23 1 P ; 2 T 5 23 Y,,, ( ), O
102,,,, P A, B T ;,,,, P B, A T 5 24 ( a) ; ( b) ; (c) 1 ;2 ; 3 Y H,,,, ( 5 24) P,,, p1 = p1,, 1 2 3 A1, A2, A3, A1 : A2 : A3 = 1 :2 :3, p1, 2 R 3, p1 A1, p1 A2, p1 A2 - p1 A1 = p1 A,,,,,
103,,,,,, 5 22( b ), (5 ), 1),,,,,, (5 25) 2) 5 25,, 3),,, 4) ;, ( 5 26), t t1 t2, t t1 t2, 0.01 0.03 s ( 0.08 s ), ; 0.02 0.07 s( 0.1 0.2 s), 5) 60 / min ( 120 / min),, 250 300 / min, 6),,,, 1 000, 4 000
104 5 26 (6 ),,,, ( ),,,, 2. (1 ) ( ),, (5 27), 1 2 () P, A, B, T, 2, P, A, B, T, ;, P B, A T ;, P A, B T 5 27( b),, (2 ) 5 28 A B 90, P A 3, B T 90, P B, T A 5 5 29 1, P, c, b A, B ea T 2 1 45, b, e A, B, 45, B d P, 5 6, 5 6 5 27 ( b)
105 5 27 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 5 28 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 (3 ),,,,,,,,, (
106 ), 5 29 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, 6 3. ( ) (1 ),, ( ),, : 3 4, ;,, ;,,,, ( 0.03 0.04 s, 0.02 0.03 s) ; (250 / min ) ;,,,, ;,,,, ;,,, (2 ) 1) 5 30 8 5 6, 1 9, 13 16,
107 3 4 6 8, A T, P A ;,, 16 6 5, A T, P 5 30 ( a) ; ( b) 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 Y ; 16 2) 5 31 7 10, 2, 8 9 5, 11 1 10 9, 2 7 8, P, A T, P A, T 3) 5 32 5 32( c) 5 32 ( d) : 2 1 (5 32( c) ), P A, 1, 2 P B, T B ( 5 32( d) ), A T, 2, B T, P B (3 ) 6 mm 10 mm,,,,,,
108 5 31 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ;11 4. (1 ) (),,,,, ( ) ( ), ( ), ;, (2 ) 1) 5 33, (, ( ) ),,, ( ),, ;, ;
109 5 32 ( a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; ( d ) 1 ; 2 5 33 ( a) ; ( b)
110 2) 5 34,,, 5 34 ( a) ; ( b) 3) 5 35, (), ( ),,,,,, 5 35 ( a) ; ( b)
111 4), 5), 5 36,,,, 5 36 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6, 13 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 14 ; 15 6), ;, ; ;,, 5 37 ZFS 1 2,, P T, A, B C, D,,, 3,,,, 4,, (3 )
112,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 37 ZFS 1, 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5,,,,, O, A, Y, OY,, M, K, H, MH, 5 38, O M A ; OY M H, K,,,, ; Y H,,
113 5 38,, 5 5,, ( ) 5 5 ( ) 1.,
114, ( ),,,, 2. (1 ),,, ( ),,, 5 39 : 2 3 ( 5 7 ) P ( ) T ( ), 1 8 3, P T,,, T,,,, p, 7 1,, 8,, 5 39 ( b),, (),,,,,, (2 ) 5 40, ( 7 8) ( 2 4 ) 1 ( P T ) K(), 3 12, 5 P, 3, 7 8,, 3, 4, 2, P T, 8,, 3 12 3,,, P, T,, 5,,
115 5 39 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6; 7 ; 8 5 40 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3, 5 ; 4 ; 6 ; 7 ( ) ; 8 ; 9 ;10 ;11 ; 12
116 K : ( ),,,,, ;, ; K,,,,,, 3. (1 ) 1) 5 41, 5 P T,, e, 4 f g,,, T g,, e () 3 180, L, L, 5 42, 5 39 ( b),,, P ( 2.5 M Pa) 2) 5 43, 3 ( ) 5 41 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 4, 2,,,
117 5 42 5 43 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 3),,,,, DBD, 6 30 mm, 40 M Pa, 300 L/ min; 10 mm, 63 M Pa, 120 L/ min 5 44 (), 5 44 ( b ) 2 1, 3 1,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,, 5 44 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ;2 ; 3
118 (2 ),,, 1) ( 5 45) 8, 5 43, 2, 5 41, 1, a, b, a A, b B, 9 d 8 6,, B d c,, b,, 5 45 1; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10,,,, Y (6.3 M Pa) 2) (5 46 )8 1 10, c,,, P 1, a b c, 7 8 8 9, 8, c d
119 T,, a 1, P T K ( Rexroth ) DB ( 31.5 MPa) 5 46 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ; 6 ; 7 ;8 ; 9 ; 10,,,,,,,,,,,, 3) (5 47), 4 ( ) 6 1 3, ( 1.04: 1 ), 8, 4 ( ) 2, a, 7 c(,, ),, P, a bc ; 9,, T, a, a,, T, T,,,, K,
120 5 47 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11,,,,, (31.5 MPa) ;,,,,,,,, 21MPa YF (3 ),,,,, O ( ) : 5 48, 6 P, T, K ; P1 T1, 5 48,,, P a a, P1 T1,,, P1 T 1, P1 T1 d, T,,, P1, T1,
121 5 4. 48 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 (), ;, (1 ) : () p D2 4 = K( x0 + S + x) + Fs (5 6) () q = Cd Dx p ; D ; K ; x0, x ; S ; Cd ; Fs 2 p (5 7) (5 6 ) (5 7), p q, x x0,,
122 x Fs, q, p 5 () p1 Ax = K2 ( x0 + x) (5 8) qx = C2 d xsin 2 p (5 9) ql = qx = 4 ( p - p1 ) ( 5 10) 128 l pa = p1 A1 = K1 ( y0 + y) + G Ff + Fs ( 5 11) q = C1 Dy K1, K2 ; y0, x0 ; y, x ; q, qx ; ql ; p ; 2 p ( 5 12) p, p2 ( ) () ; A1, A ; D, d ; ;, l ; ; ; G ; Ax, A x = d 2 / 4; C1, C2 ; Ff, Fs (5 8 ) (5 12) ( ) p q,,,, K1 A x K2 A, p,, x GFf Fs,
123, p, qx, 1% d,,,, : 1),, 2) ( ),,, 5 49 (a) 5 49 ( b ),, ;,,, 5 49 ( a) ; ( b ) 5 49 (a), K B p K pb, K B N p N ( qn ),,,, 5 49( b ), K B p K p B, K1 B1 pk 1 pb1 N p N ( qn ), 1 % ( ) ; ( ), p N - pk p N - pb,, 85 %, 80 % 5 49,,,
124, 3),,, 4), 15% 5),, (2 ),, ( ), 5 50, 5 51 5 50,,,, 5 50 p ; t 1 ;, : t 2 ; t 3 1) p p,, 30% 2) t1 t1, 0.10 s 3) t2 t2, 4) t3 t3, 5 51,
125,,, 5. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,, ;,, (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ),,,, (6 ),,, 6.,,,,,, 1.,,, (, ), (, ),,,, ( ),, ;,,,,,
126,, 2. (1 ),,, 5 52 5 52( a), : (, ) P1 (, ) P2 L P1, 3 ( x), P2, a 3,, 3, 5 52 ( a) ; ( b ) ;, 3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;, x,, 5 ; 6 ; 7,, L (2 ) 5 53 ( 7 8 ) ( 2 4) 1 (P1 P2 ) K( ) L, 3, 5, x,, : P1, a, 3, 7, 8, 8, 2,, x,, ; 8,, 3 L 3,, 2, x,,,, 2, x,,, ;,, x,,, ;, 5,,
127 K : ( ),,,,, ;, 5 53 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ( ) ; 3, 5 ; 4 ;6 ; 7 ( ) ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11,,,,, ( ),, (3 ), 5 54 1 P1 P2,, x = 0, 2 A = ( A1 - A2 ),,, P2, 5 54, A (a ) ; ( b ), 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6
128,, p1 p2, p = ( p1 - p2 ) = K( x + x0 ) p,,, p ;, p1 p2,,,, p1 p2 p p2, p, x,, p2, p ;, p2,, p2 3., p p, x (1 ) 5 55( a), 3 P, T (Y) ; A 4 P A A T A 7, 4, A 2,, P A, A T ( Y) 5, A P A, 4 A T( Y), ( A ) 6 5 55 ( b) 5 55 (c), ( Rexroth) DR6DP (6 mm ( 60 L/ min ) 21 M Pa) 5 55 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7
129 (2 ), 5 56 ( ), 6 P1, P2, 5 K L 9( ),, 9, 3, 8,,, 1, L ; K JF ( 32 M Pa) 5 56 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 5 57 1 ; 2, 7, 9 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ; 6, 14 ; 8; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 5 57 ( ), A, B, Y 4 3, 2 6, 9, 12, 14 Y, 4, 9,, ( Rexroth) DR10 (10 mm (80 L/ min ) 31.5 MPa), ( A, B ), A B 5 57, (3 ), ( P1 P2 ), ( P2 P1 ) 5 56 (5 58 ), 5 56 P2 P1,, JDF ( 32 MPa)
130 5 58 ( a) ; ( b) 4. (1 ) 1) ( ),, 2), 3) ( ),, = p20 - p2 s p2 s 100% ( 5 13), p20 ; p2 s 4), 5), (2 ),,,, ( ), () 5. (1 ),,
131,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ), (4 ), ( ), 1.,, ( ),,, ;, ( ) ( ), 2. (1 ) 5 59, 3 P1, P2, P2, ( ), 6 L,, 5, ( )3 2, p1 I I, P1, 4, I, () p1 a 2, 4, P1 P2, P1 I P2,, P2,, P2,,,, P1 P2,,,,, 1 90180, K,, 5 59 (c)
132,,, 5 59 ( a) ; ( b) ; (c) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ) ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ;,,,,,, 8 MPa, (2 ),,,,,,,, 5 60 5 60,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ) 5 61 ( ) ( ), 7 180K, ()5, 6
133,, XF (32 M Pa, 8 MPa), Vickers R 5 61 () 5 62 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 1 ;2 ; 3 (2 ) 5 62 ( ),, 3 K, 5 63 ( ),, A 21 3, 6 5 7,, 8 9 B,,, A B 10 11,,,,, 5 63 12, ( Rexroth) DZ (21 MPa, 1 100 L/ min) 5 63 (3 ),, 5 64 ( ), 5 61,, P1, P2,,, P2, P1,,, XDF, Vickers RF 5 65
134 5 63 1,5,8 ;2 ;3 () ; 4 ;6 ( ) ; 7 ; 9 ;10,11 ;12 5 64 5 65 1 ;2 ; 3 ;4 4.,,,, (),, (5 6),,
135 5 6 ; ; ; ; ;,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),
136, 5 66, P 1 5, 1, 2 4,,, 1, 2 4, 3 L, DP 320 ( 32 M Pa) Rexroth HED1 (50 MPa) 5 66 5 66 ( ( a) ; ( b ) ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, ( ), ( ),, ;,, ;,,,,, ( ) ( ), 5 7 5 7
137 1.,, ; 2. 5 67, 5 P1 P2, 2 6, 1 3 P1, 2 6 b, P2, 4 3 2, 5 67 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 3. (1 ) 5 68, 8 3 b a P1,, 5 7,,, L ( 31.5 MPa) Yuken SRT (2 ) 5 69, ( P1 P2 ), 5 ; ( P2 P1 ) 1 a P1, b 68 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8
138 6, 2,,, LDF ( 14 M Pa) 5 69 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 4. (1 ) : q = CA ( p1 - p2 ) = CA ( p) ( 5 14) C, ; A ; p, p = p1 - p2 ;, 0.5 1.0, (5 14 ), q, A, 5 70,, 5 70
139, ( ),, k, k,,, : ( 5 k = p q = p1 - C A ( 5 15) 15 ), k, p, ( = 0.5) ( = 1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 50 10 (3 ),,, ; 5.,, 1.,,, ( ),,,,,,,,
140 2.,, : 5 71 (a), A,, B 4 p1, a b, 3 p1 p2 d 1 pw A p0 B p2, pw = p0 - p2 ; pn p1 p2, pn = p1 - p2, 5 5 71 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 71 (a) pn = p1 - p2 = AP ; K ; x0 ; x ; ; K( x0 - x) - qvcos AP ( 5 16) q = CA p n = CA ( p1 - p2 ) ( 5 17) vcos AP x0, K, ( 5 16 ) K( x0 - x) vcos pw,, pn p2, pn, p1 p2 pn = p1 - p2,,,,, p1, pn, p1 p2
141 pn = p1 - p2 pn,,,,,, ( p0 - p1 ),,,, 3. (1 ) 5 72 ( ), QF (32 MPa) 5 72 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ;10 (2 ),,, 2, 5 73 (a) ( ), 4 ( ), 2 ( ), 4 3 ( ) 5 73 ( b) 5 73 1 ; 2 ; 3; 4
142 4. (1 ) (5 16 ) ( 5 17) ( A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 ), pw ( 5 74 ),,, pn AP, pn < pmin ( pmin ),,, 5 74 pr, min, pw, mi n,,, pw, min,, pw, min,,,, p0 p2, p0 - p2 ( ) ( ) (2 ), 5.,, 1.,,,,,, 2. 5 75 2 3, P ; A, p2, T p1 p2, p2,, P p1, p( p = p1 - p2 ),, 1
143 5 75 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 p1,,,,, 5 76 LY (6.3 M Pa), 12 3, h a, 1 c b,, h g, f,, e d i, d 2,,, 5 76 1; 2 ;3 a, f ; b, d, i ; c, g ; e ; h
144 3. 5 77, A1 < A2 < A3,, pmin,,,, 5,,,, 1. 77, ( ),,, ; ;,, ;,, 2., 5 78, 5 78( a), 5 78( b ) 5 78( a) O O, O O, O O pb > pa 5 78( a), 1 2,3 ; da db, ; ba bb, da b A a, p1 db bb b, p2 4 5 A, 5B A B,, pa,, 5,, 5 pb ; P ( T ), 78 (a) P ( T ) ; 78 ( b) T ( P ) 5 78 (a), P ( T ), da db, p1 = ps - p1 p2 = ps - p2,
145 1 2 ps, ps p1 p2, 1 2,,,, 5 78 (a ) ( p B > p A ) ; ( b ) ( p B > p A ) ; ( c) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;4 ; 5 A, 5 B pa = pb, 1 2, ba bb da db p1 = ps - p1 p2 = ps - p2,, qa = qb, pb, pa, pa = pb pb > pa,, p2,, ba,, A,, p2, qb, qa, p1, p1 = p2,, ba bb, da db p1 = ps - p1 p2 = ps - p2, ), 5 78 ( b), qa qb A B, ba, bb da, db, T ( P ),, ba, bb,,,, p1, p2 ( T ) pt,, ;,,,
146,,,,,,,,,, 3. ( ),, = qa A ; qb B ; q 2 qa - qb 100% = 100% ( 5 18) 1 2 ( qa + qb ) qa + qb q, q = qa - qb, q, p = pa - pb, q, p, p, (5 79),,, p, 2 % 5%, 5, 1% 3%, 2 4, 79 1.,,,,,,,,
147,,, ( ), 5 80 ( ) 5 80 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12,,, P T, P T, A, B,, P, A, B, T, ( ISO7790 ISO4401),,, 5 8 5 8
148 2. P, A, B, T,,, 5 81,, 1 2 3 4, A A,, A,, 5 81 ( a) ; ( b) ; 1 ; 2 ; 3; 4 3.,, :, ; ;, ;,, ;,,,,,,
149 1.,,, ( ) 5 9, ; ;,,, ( ),,, ( 18 000 L/ min ), ( ),, ( H PU ) 10, 5 9 2. 5 82, ( 1 2 3 ) ( ) 5, 4, A B 4, ( 4, ),, 5 ; 82 X ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 p A A A A ; 5 83 ( 5 82) : p B A B B ; X p C A C X
150 AC, A B, Fs FY,, FW, FX FX = Fs + px AC + FY ( 5 19) FW = pa AA + pb AB ( 5 20), FX > FW, ( 5 83( a) ) ; FX > FW, ( 5 83 ( b) ) 5 83 (a) ; ( b ) 3. (1 ), 4 1) 5 83,, A, B AA, AB ( C ) AC AA + AB = AC, AA AC, = AA/ AC (,, ), = 1,, < 1 AC, AA, A B, B A, AA AC AA AC AA AC = 1 1 ; A B, B A, A B 15 5 1 2, A B B A = 1 1.07 A B, 10 2),,, X B O ;,, (, )
151 5 10 AA AC 1 A 1 1.20 A B 16 160 ; 2 1 1.5 A B B A 16 160 ;, 3 C 1 1.0 A B 16 160 B, B 4 D 1 1.07 A B 16 160 5 D 1 1.07 A B 16 160 6 1 1.0 A B 16 63 A,B,, A,B, 7 1 1.0 A B 16 63, ;, 3),,, AB AA = 50%, ( MPa) 0 ( ), 0.05,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4
152 (2 ),, 63 mm, 80 mm,,,, ;, ; ;,,,,, 5 84 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 5 85 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 1) 5 84, 1, 2 2) 5 85, 1 ( ), 5 86 2 3, 3) 5 87, 2 3( 5 87 (c) ), 1 4) 5 88 2,,,, 5 89 (a) 2 ( 5 89( b ) ),
153 5 86 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 5 87 (a) ; ( b) ; ( c) 1 ; 2 ; 3 5 88 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 5 89 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2, GB 2877 1981,
154 (3 ), (10 mm),, 4.,,,,, 5 90 (a) CV1 CV2 1 4, 3 CV2 CV3, CV2,, CV1 CV4 2 1YA 2YA 2, CV1 CV4,, 1 4 ; 2YA 2, CV1 CV3, CV3,,, 4, 4, ; 1YA 2, CV2 CV4,, CV2, 5 5 90 ( b) 5 90 ( a) ; ( b ) 1. ;, 2.,?
155,? 3., ( ) 4.?? 5. ( ) ( O ) 6.,? 7.? 8.? 9.?? 10.??? 11. 12.? 13.?? 14.,,,, 15.?? 16., 17., 18. 5 91, pa = 6 MPa, pb = 4 M Pa, pc = 2 M Pa, : 5 91( a)? 5 91 ( b) 1YA, 2YA ; 1YA 2YA ; 1YA 2YA,? 5 91( b )? 5 91
156 19. 5 92, 5 M Pa, 2.5 M Pa,, (1 ),, A, C? (2 ), 1.5 M Pa ( ), A, C? (3 ), A, B, C? 5 92 20. 5 93, A1 = A2 = 100 10-4 m 2, F = 3.5 10 4 N,, 4 MPa,2 MPa 3 MPa, A, B C (1 ), (2 )1Y A, (3 )1Y A 2YA, 3YA, 5 93 21. p = 0.3 MPa, q = 25 L/ min,
157 = 900 kg/ m 3, A 22. A = 100 10-4 m 2, 500 40 000 N,,, (6.3 M Pa),??
,,,, : 1.,, ;,,,,, 2.,,,, ;,,,,,, 3.,,, (),,,,,, ( ),,
159 1. 6 1, 2 1 3,,,,,,, 2. 6 2 (6 2 ( b) ), 2 31 4,,,,,, 32 M Pa,, ( - 10 70 ),,, 6 1 1 ; 2 ; 3 6 2 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 6 3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;4 3. 6 3 ( 6 2( b) ) 3 4 2 1,,,,
160, 1. VA pa VW p1 p2, pa V n A = p1 V n 1 = p2 V n 2 = const (6 1), V1 V2 p1, p2 ; n,,,, n = 1 ;,,, n = 1.4 (6 p1 p2,, V W = V2 - V1, 1 ) V A = 1 p2 VW 1 n 1 pa - 1 n 1 p1 1 n (6 2) pa p2,, p2, pa < p2,, pa = ( 0.8 0.85 ) p2, pa = (0.6 0.65) p2 2. V A pa p2 ( A lv2 ) 2 ), ( 6 V 1 V A pdv = V 1 V A V A pa ( VA = A L v2 2 V ) 1.4 dv = - ( 0.4 ) pa ( p1 pa pa VA 0.4 1 ( p1 pa ) 0.286-1 ) 0.28 6-1 ( (6 3) 3 ), pa, 90% 3. : VP ( L/ r) ; V A = V i P 0.6 K i, i = V/ VP, V ( L) ; (6 4)
161 K, K = p/ pp, p, pa = 0.6 pp,,, 1. GB/ T 14039 1993, ISO4406, 1 ml 5 m, 1 ml 15 m 26,, 5 m 15 m, (6 1) 1 ml 5 m 2 600, 15 m 170, (6 1 ), 19 15, 19/ 15 6 1 (GB/ T 14039 1993) 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml / / / > 80 000 160 000 24 > 160 329 15 > 0.32 0.64 6 > 40 000 80 000 23 > 80 160 14 > 0.16 0.32 5 > 20 000 40 000 22 > 40 80 13 > 0.08 0.16 4 > 10 000 20 000 21 > 20 40 12 > 0.04 0.08 3 > 5 000 10 000 20 > 10 20 11 > 0.02 0.04 2 > 2 500 5 000 19 > 5 10 10 > 0.01 0.02 1 > 1 300 2 500 18 > 2.5 5 9 > 0.005 0.01 0 > 640 1 300 17 > 1.3 2.5 8 > 0.0025 0.005 0.9 > 320 640 16 > 0.64 1.3 7
162 6 2 6 2 13/ 10 14/ 11 15/ 12 16/ 13 17/ 14 19/ 16 20/ 17 21/ 18 2., ; ( ),, ( m ),, 100 m 10 100 m 5 10 m 5 m, 6 3 6 3 / MPa 0 2.5 < 14 14 32 > 32 21 / m < 100 25 50 < 25 < 10 < 5 1. 6 4, 1 3 2
163,,,, 6 4 6 5 1 ;2 ; 3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 2. 6 5, 1 2 3 4,,, 3. 6 6, 1 2 3 4,,, 0.01 0.1 mm,,, ;, 6 6 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4
164 4. 6 7,,,, 0.005 0.03 mm,,,,, 5., 6 8 (a), 6 8 ( b) 6 7,,,, 6 8 (c) 6 8 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) 1.,, 2. 6 9, 6 4 6 9
165 6 4 1, 2,,, 3,,,,, 4,,,, 5 6, 7, : 6 9, ( ),
166 1., (6 10 ),,,, 6 10 2., ;,,,, 3.,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, 2 000 L,,,, 6 11, 2 6 810 4,,,,
167 5, 12(), (6 12 ),, 9 11 ( 6 13), ( ) ( ), 1 3 7, 6 11 1 ; 2 ; 3; 4 ; 5; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 6 12 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7; 8 ;9 6 13 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10,
168 6 14,,, 25%, 6 14 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 6 15,,, 0.05 0.07 M Pa,,, 6 15 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 1., 10% 15 %
169,,,,,, V = qp (6 5) V ( L) ; : = 2 4, = 5 7, = 10 12; qp ( L/ min ),,,,, 2., : (1 ) 1 1 1 1 2 3, 80% (2 ),, ; () (3 ),,,, ( ),, (4 ),, ( 1/ 25 1/ 20 ), ( ) 150 mm,,,,,,,, (5 ) 100 L,,, 0.3 0.6 m/ s,,,, 1030 (6 )
170, 45, ( ) ( ),, 75 mm, 50 mm, ( 6 16),,,, 6 16 20 mm,,, (7 ), (8 ) 30 50, 65, 15,, ;,,,,, 6 17( a),,,, ( 6 17 ( b) ),, ( ),,, 6 17( c), ( ), 8 10,, 6 18,,,,
171 6 17 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 6 18 6 19 (a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2, 7 ; 3 ; 4, 5, 8 ; 6 :, 2 4 ( 6 19 (a) ), 2 5, ;, 3,, 7
172 (6 19( b) ),, 6,, (6 20),,,,,,, 6 20, () (ZM ), ;, O ( BSP ) ( ) N P T ( ) () ( ), 6 5,,,, ( ),,, d = 4 q v pdn 2 b (6 6) (6 7)
173 q ; v ( 6 6 ) ; d ; ; p ; b ; n ( 6 6 7 ) 5,, ;(, 10 15 ) ; ;,, 6.5 10 MPa,, 25 MPa,,,,,,,,,,, 2.5 8 MPa,,,, 0.5 MPa 6 6 / (m s - 1 ) 0.5 1.5 2.5 5 1.5 2.5 5 7 : :, ;, ;
174 6 7 () / MPa < 7 17.5 17.5 8 6 4,, 1. 1 2 3 (6 21), 6, O 4 5, 6 21 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 O ; 5 ; 6 2. 1 2 3 (6 22),,,,, 6 22 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 3.,,
175 6 23 12 3 37,, 37,,,,, 6 23 37 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;4 ; 5 6 24 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 4. (), ( 6 24) (6 25 ),, 6 25 1 ; 2 ; 3; 4 5., ( 6 26 ) ( ),,, ;,,, 6 8 V, 7,,
176 6 26 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ; 6 ; 7 ;8 ; 9 ; 10,, 6 27 1,, 4 5, 6, 2, 3 ( ) 1.5 ( ) 10 MPa, 10 M Pa 1.5% = 0.15 MPa, 1.5 4, 1.5,,,, 6 27 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ; 6
177,,,,,,,,, 6 28 6 28, : (1 ) ; (2 ), ; (3 ),, ; (4 ),,,,
178 1., ( 0.02 0.05 mm),, (6,, 29) 6 29 2. (1 ) O O (6 6 30 (a) ) 30( b),, p,, O,, ;,, O O 6 30 O (a) ; ( b) (2 ),,,, Y Yx V,
179 6 31 Y,,, ;,,,,,,, 6 6 31 Y 6 32 Yx ( a) ; ( b ) 32 Yx, Y,,,, ;,, Yx 32 MPa - 30 + 100 (3 ) V V (6 33), 10 MPa,, V,, 50 M Pa, - 40 + 80 3. 6 6 33 V 34 ( Q235),, hs, 6 34 6 35 1 2( O ),,,,
180, 6 35 1 ; 2 ( O ) 1. 2.? 3. 4.,? 5. 6.? 7.?? 8., 4 L, 3.2 MPa, 8 MPa, 5 M Pa, ( ) 9. 7 MPa, 60 L/ min, : ;
,,,,,,,, 7 1( a), 1 2,,, 7 1 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) 1 ; 2; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6
182 7 1 ( b), 3 5 4, 3 ; 4, 5 p3 > p5, 7 1 (c), 6,,, 7 2, 3, 2, 3 4, 7 2 1 ; 2; 3 ; 4, ( ), 7 3 (a), A1/ A2 7 3( a) 3, p1 4, p2 3, 4, 6 4, 7 3( b ), 7 8 12 a, b, c, d 11, 9,10, 7,, a 10,,
183 7 3 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3, 7 ; 4 ; 5, 8, 9, 10, 11; 6 ; 12,,,, ( PP = pp qp 0), ( pp 0), ( qp 0) : (1 ) M, H K, 7 4( a) M 3 0.3 M Pa, (7 4 ( b) ) 7 4 ( a) M ; ( b) 1, 5 ; 2, 7 ; 3; 4 ; 6
184, (2 ) 7 5 3 22, 3, 1 1, 2, 7 5 1 ; 2 ; 3 7 6 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 (3 ) 7 6 1, 4 3 7 6, 1,,,,, 2,,,,, 7 7( a) ( ) 1, 4, 3 3,,,,,, ( 7 7( b ) ), 5 ( ), 30 % 40%,, 6, ( )
185 7 7 (a) ; ( b) 1 ( O ) ;2 ; 3, 6 ;4 ( H ) ;5 7 8 1YA 1, 5, 2, 32 1, 1YA 2Y A 1,, 2YA 1, 1 2 3,,, 4 7 8 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5
186,,, 1. 7 9 : 2Y A 2, 6 5,, 2YA,, 1 2 M, 4, ( ),, 2YA,, 1Y A,,,, 7 9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 7 10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 7 10 1Y A 5, 6,, 1 4, 3, 3Y A, 7, 1 8, ( ), 3YA, 2. 250 mm 7 M Pa, 7 11 4 ( 5 9 ),
187 3, 8, 7 5, 1 5 6, 6 2 M Pa, 4 5 ( 2 4 M Pa), 5, 1, 1, 4, 7 5, 7 11 1; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6; 7 ; 8 ; 9,,,,,, v n v = q/ A (7 1) n = q/ V M (7 2)
188 q ; A ; V M (7 1) (7 2), q A VM,,,, ( ) 1. : ( ),,, ; ( ), (1 ) 7 12,,,, ( ),,,,, 7 12 (a ) ; ( b ) ; (c),,,
189,, 7 12 (a) v ; q1 ( ) ; A1 ; q1 p1 () ; F ; C, ; AT ; pt, pt = pp - p1 ; pp () v = q1/ A1 (7 3) p1 A1 = F (7 4) = CAT p T = CAT ( pp - p1 ) (7 5) (7 3 ) (7 4 ) ( 7 5) (7 v = q1 A1 = CAT ( pp A1 - F) A 1 1 + (7 6) 6 ), v AT AT (7 6 ) AT v F,, ( 7 13 ), ( ),,, ( ) 7 13 : AT, ;, AT,, ( 7 6 ), AT, F = pp A1, p, ( v = 0 ),, 7 13 Fmax = pp A1 (7 7),, (7 6 ) Rc = vmax vmin = AT max AT min = RT (7 8)
190 Rc, RT ; vmax, vmi n AT max, AT min ;, Rc = 100 ( ),, qp pp,, PP, ( ) p = PP - P1 = pp qp - p1 q1 =, PP = pp qp = con st (7 9) P1 = Fv = Fq1 A1 = p1 q1 ( 7 10) pp ( q1 + q) - ( pp - pt ) q1 = pt q1 + pp q = pj + py ( 7 11) q, q = qp - q1 ; pj ; py,,, (7 c = P1 PP = Fv pp qp = p1 q1 pp qp 11 ), p1 ( F ) q1 ( v ),, p1, pp AT, q1 P1 c (7 14), ( 7 5) ( 7 10 ) P1 = p1 CA T p T = CA T p1 ( pp - p1 ) ( 7 13 ) ( 7 12) p1 = 0 p1 = pp p1 = pp 1 + 7 14 P1 max = CA T ( pp 1 + ) 1 + ( 7 14 ) ( 7 14) (7 14 ),,,,
191 7 c CA p T P qp ( 1 + ) 1 + 7 1 + ( 7 15) 12 ( b) 12 (c),, : 1) ( ), 2),,,,, ( 3 kw ),, (7 13),, (2 ) 7 15, (),,,,, v = q1 A1 = qp - CAT p P qt ; A1 = qt - kl ( F A1 ) - CA T ( F A1 kl 7 (7 16) AT v OF v F A1 ),, (7 AT (7 16) 15 16) :,,,,, ;, AT (), ( 7 16 ),, AT,, 7 c = P1 PP = pp q1 pp qp = q1 qp = 1 - CAT p P qt - kl pp 17, ( 7 17)
192 7 16 7 17 (7 17), q1 ( v ),, ( ), RT - 1 Rc = 1 + qt - kl ( F ( 7 18) ) A 1 CAT mi n ( F - RT ) A1 (7 18),, F kl,,,,, (7 16) 2.,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) 7 18, 7 18( a) 3, ; 7 18( b) 4, 1
193 2, 7 18 ( b) 5,, 6 7 18 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ; 6 7 18 (a),, v = qp/ A1 = np VP / A1 ( 7 19), qp, np, VP, VP v 7 18,, nm = qm/ VM = qp/ V M = np VP/ VM ( 7 20) T M = pm VM/ 2 ( 7 21) PM = pm VM nm = pm np VP ( 7 22), pm ; qm ( qm = qp ) ; VM, np, VM, VP nm PM TM,,, ( Rc = 40 ) 7 19 (2 ) 7 20( a) 1, 42, 5 VM nm, VM, TM VM ;, pp M,
194 (7 20( b) ) ( Rc 3 ),, 7 19 ( a) ; ( b ) 7 20 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 (3 ) 7 21 (a) 6, 8 4, 7, 9 3, 4 5,, 7 21 ( b),,, VM V Mmax,, VP, VPmax,,, ;, VP = VPmax,,,,,, RP RM, Rc = RP RM
195 7 21 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6, 7, 8, 9 3.,,,,, 7 22 (a) 1 2 3, 4 v 5, 4 qp q1, qp = q1,, q1, qp, qp > q1, 5,, pp,, qp = q1 ;,,,,, 7 22 ( b),,, p1 p2 A2/ A1 p1 pp - p ( 7 23), p, 0.5 MPa ; p2 p1 = p1 max, (7 22( b ) ), a, b, p1 (, b), p1 c = ( p1 - p2 pp qp A2 A1 ) q1 = p1 - p2 pp A2 A1 ( 7 24) (7 24) qp, pp ;,,
196 7 22 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3; 4, 5 4.,,,,,, 7 23 7 23 1, 2, 3 ; 4,5, 6 ; 7, 8, 9 ; 10 ; 11; 12 i qi = 2 i - 1 q0 ( 7 25) 2, i ( i = 1, 2, 3) ; q0 (), 7 23 1, 2, 3 q0, 2 q0, 4 q0 7 23 1Y A,2Y A, 3YA ( ), (K ) qp = 7 q0
197 qp = 0 (), 7, 7 1, 7, 7 1 1Y A 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2Y A 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 3Y A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 q P / q 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3, 7, 7 23 q0,, 0 7 q0,, ( PLC),,,,,,, : (1 ) 7 24 P 1YA 2YA 3, 4 3 P, ; 1YA 3, 4, (2 ) 7 25, 1 4 6, ; 5,, 3, 2,,
198 7 24 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 7 25 1 ; 2; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 (3 ) 7 26, 1 4 2,, 3, 1, 2 5, 5 3, 1,,, 7 26 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 7 27 1 ; 2 ;3 ; 4 ; 5 (4 ) 7 27 (a, b, c, Aa, Ab, Ac ) 5, 2 4, ; 1, 6, ( ) 5 H, 1YA 2, 2 5 a, 3, Aa, ( ), c
199 3 4 b, 2 1, 3YA 7, b a, Aa Aa + Ab, a b,, c 2 1 2Y A 5, 3 c, 3YA 4, b c,, ( ) (),, 2 7 2 7 2 1YA 2 YA 3YA + - - + - + - + - - - - : + ; - ( ),,, 1. 7 28 1, 5 6 4, (), 5 5, 1, 2,,,, 4 7 28,,,, 2. 7 29 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;6
200 7 29( a) 2 3, 4, 5 2 4, 5 3,,,,,, 7 29 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2, 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;6 7 29 ( b) 2 3 7 29( b ), 3 6, 5 2 6, 3 2, 5 3 2, 3,,,,,,,,,
201 1. ( ),,,, 7 30 6, 3, 6, 1 6 7, 7, 6 10 ( ), 3, 3, 34 6, ; 6 83, v 8 6, 3,, 6, 6 a ( b), a,, t = b/ v,,,,,, 7 30 1 ; 2; 3 ; 4,9 ; 5, 8, 10 ;6 ; 7 2., 7 31, 7 30, 7 6, 3 10( ) 7 30, 6, 1 6,,
202 12 11, 11 3 3 a( b), 12 11 3 a, 6 ; 34 6, 6, 8 3 3,,, 3 ( a b),,,,,,, 3,,,, 7 31 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,9 ; 5, 8, 10 ; 6 ; 7 ; 11 ; 12,,, 7 32 () 1YA 3, 1 4 5, 5, 5 3, ;,, 1YA 2Y A, H,,, ( ),,,, O, H Y,,
203,, 7 32 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4, 5 ; 6 7 33 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6,,, ;, 7 33, 5, 4,,,,, 6,,,,,, 1. 7 34 1,2, 5 4 1, 1, ; 1,, 4 2, ;,, 3 2,,
204 0.8 1.0 MPa, 7 34 1, 2 ; 3, 4 ;5, 2. 7 35 2 5 1 8 ( ), 1YA 1, 2 ;, 2 4 3YA, 8, 5 ; 5 7 2Y A, 1, 2, ; 2 3 4YA, 8, 5,, 5 6,, 2 5, 7 3,, 7 3 1YA 2 YA 3YA 4 YA + - - - 2 4 - - + - 5 7 - + - - 2 3 - - - + 5 6 - - - -
205 7 35 1, 8 ;2, 5 ; 3, 4, 6,7 ; 9 ; 10,,,,,,,, 1. 7 36 5 6, 1 3, 7, 2, 4,,, 2. 7 37 1 a 2 b, a b,, : 6,, 1, 7, 3Y A, 5, 5 3 2 b,, 2, 8 4YA, 4,
206 3, 1 a 3, 7 36 1, 3 ; 2, 4 ; 5, 6 ; 7 7 37 1, 2 ; 3 ; 4, 5 ; 6 ; 7, 8 3. 7 38, 3 6 7 1, 12 3( )4 5 6 7, ; 1, 1, 4 5, 4 53()1, 7 38 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4, 5 ; 6, 7 7 39 1 ; 2, 3 ; 4, 5, 6
207 7 39, 2 1 1 1 2 3 4, 5, 6, 7 40, 11, 12 1 2 3 4 ( p3 > p4 ), 1YA, 2YA 9, 10, 2 6, 8 9,10 11, 12, ( 11), 15, 11, 6, 1 5 9 11, 12, 1 ( 11), 16, 1YA, 2 69 13 11, ( ), 12 1 5, 7 14, 18, 14, 18 7 40 1 ; 2 ; 3, 4 ; 5, 7, 14, 18 ; 6, 8, 13, 17 ;9, 10 ; 11, 12 ;15, 19 ; 16, 20, 7 41
208, ( ), 2 5, 1,, 7 41 1 ; 2 ; 3, 4, 5 ; 6, 8; 7 1. 7 42, p1 = 8 MPa, p2 = 4 M Pa( ), :,?B C? 7 42 7 43 2. 7 43, F = 1 200 N, A = 15 cm 2 py = 4.5 M Pa, pj1 = 3.5 M Pa pj2 = 2 M Pa,,, A, B, C 3. 7 4 ( b) 7 5
209 4. 7 7( a), A1 = 80 cm 2 ; A2 = 40 cm 2, W = 6 kn, Ff = 2 kn, FL? = 24 kn, 5. 7 12 (a), qp = 0.1 10-3 m 3 / s, pp = 3.0 MPa( ), A1 = 20 cm 2, F = 4 kn, AT = 880 kg/ m 3 = 1 10-6 m 2, C = 0.60,, : v; ; AT = 5 10-6 m 2, 6. 7 12 ( b) 7 12( c) 7. 7 12 (c) -, AT1 = AT2 = 0.1 cm 2, Cd = 0.62, = 900 kg/ m 3, A1 = 100 cm 2 A2 = 50 cm 2, F = 5 kn,, p = 2 MPa( ), qp ;? 8. 7 44, VP = 120 10-6 m 3 / r, np = 1 000 r/ min, P V = 0.95, p y = 7 M Pa( ) ; V M = 160 10-6 m 3 / r, MV = 0.95, M m = 0.8, T = 16 N m, AT = 0.2 cm 2, Cd = 0.62, = 900 kg/ m 3,, = 0.42 10-3 m 3 / s : 7 44 : ; p y = 8.5 MPa,,? 9. 7 45, 7 45
210 10. 7 46 1 2, 1 2 7 46 11., 12., 1 2 1 2 ( )
,,,,,, GB 786.1 1993,, ( ( ), Y T4543,,,, 8 1,, ( ),, ( ),, YT4543, : 800 mm 450 mm, 125 mm 800 mm, 45 kn, 7.3 m/ min, 6.6 660 mm/ min
212 8 1 1. YT4543 8 2 ( ),, 1, 8,9 4 () 14,, 3, 7 ; ( ) 13 10 ; 3 M 5, 5 11, 2,, ; 6 ; 12 8 1 8 1 5 7 3 10 13, 1YA 13, 3YA 11, 1 YA,2 YA, 2YA 3YA
213 8 2 1 ; 2, 6, 12; 3 ( ) ; 4; 5 ; 7 ( ) ; 8, 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 13 ; 14 2. (1 ), 1YA, 3,, 5, 1, 14, : : 1 2 3 () 13() 14 : 14 ( ) 6 13 () 14 (2 ), 13,,, 9 :
214 : 1 2 3( ) 9 10 () 14 : 14 3 () 5 4 (3 ),, 3YA, 8 ( 8 9 ): : 1 2 3 () 9 8 14 : (4 ),,, 1, 11,,, 1YA, 2Y A, ;, : : 1 2 3() 14 : 14 12 3 () (5 ),, 1Y A 3YA, 3, 14,, 1 3. (1 ) (), (2 ),,, (3 ),,, Y A32 200, 8 3( a),,, 8 3 ( b ) (,,, ), YA32 200, 2MN
215 8 3 ( a) ; ( b) 1. Y A32 200 8 4, 1 2, 32 MPa, 5 ;, 6 21, 3 16 17, 6 21 ; 14, 16, ; 9 16, 10 ; 13 16 ; 11, 1 ; 19 20, 18 19
216 12 8 2 8 4 YA32 200 1 ; 2 ;3, 4; 5 ; 6,21 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9, 14 ; 10 ; 11 ( ) ; 12 ; 13 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 22 ; 23 8 2 1YA 2YA 3YA 4YA 5YA + - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - + - + - - - -
217 2. (1 ) 1), 1Y A,5YA 6, 8, 2 8 9, : : 1 6( ) 13 16 : 16 9 6( ) 21, 22 1, 15, 14 2) 22 23 2SQ, 5YA 8, 9, 14, 1, : : : ( ) 10 6() 21( ) 22,,, 1, 3), 12, 1YA, 6,, 13, 12 ( ),, 1 6 () 21() 4),, 2YA (, 3SQ ), 6,,,,, 6,,, 11, 1 6 () 11 1, 14, ( ), 15, () 11, 1, 14 : : 1 6( ) 9 : 14 15
218 5) 23 1SQ, 2YA 6, M, 1 ( ) (2 ) 6, 6 17 21 1), 3YA, 21, : : 1 6( ) 21 () 17 : 17 21(), 2) 3YA, 4Y A,,, : 1 6( ) 21 () 17 : 17 21() 3),, 3YA, 21,, 3Y A, 21,, 19 20 3. (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ) 6, 21, 3 mm481 mm () 18 ( 1 200 kn), ( (4 320 5) mm ), 9, 2 / min
219 1. 8 5 12 14( 2 ),,, 1( 21 M Pa, 40 L/ min), 2 1, 3, 4 5 15 12, 6, 7, 10 9 8,,, 13 8 5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;6, 15 ; 7 ; 8 ;9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 2. (8 3 ),
220 8 3 1YA 2YA 3YA 4 YA 5YA 6 YA + + - - - - + + - - - + + + - + - - + - + - - - + - - + - - + - - - + -, - - - - - - :,, 3. (1 ),,,, (2 ) ;,,, (3 ),, JS01,,, JS01,, : 180 95
221 () ( ), 1. 8 6 1, 2, 6.3 M Pa, ( 35 + 18) L/ min 1 2 p1, p2 3 4 8 p3 ( 1.5 1.8 MPa), p1, p2 p3 28 27 5 6 1 2 8 6 JS01 1, 2 ; 3, 4 ; 5, 6, 7, 9; 8 ; 10,14 ; 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 23, 24 ;12 ; 16, 22 ; 19 ; 20 ;21 ; 25 ; 26 ; 27 ; 28 ; 29 ; 30 ; 31 ; 32 ;33 ; 34 29 30, 30, 10 14 ; 29, 12,, 11 13 29 ; 15 30
222 31 33 16 22, 17, 18 23, 24, 19 31 32,, 21, 34, 25 ( ), 26 7 1 31 34 2., 8 4, 8 4 1YA 2YA 3 YA 4YA 5YA 6YA 7 YA 8YA 9YA 10YA 11YA 12 YA YP + - - - - - - - - - - + - / + - - - - + - - - - - - + + + - - - - - - - + - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - + + - - + - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - + - - - - - + + + - - - - - - - - + - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + - / + - - - - + - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + - - - - - - - + - - + + + - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - + - - - - - + + - - - + - - - - - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - -
223 3. (1 ) (, 2, ),, (2 ), (3 ),,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 19,, (4 ) ;,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 8 7, 1, 8, 2,5,6 3, 4, 11 12
224, 1, 6,, 11, M : 1 11 6 6, ( ), : 1 11 7 8 : 8 9 8 ; 8, 5, 5 ( ), 5 8; 11; 5 min,,, ; 6,,,,, ; 6 ( 8 7 ) ;,,,, 5, ( ) 6,, 2 8 7 1 ; 2 ; 3, 4; 5 ; 6 ; 7, 9, 13 ; 8 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 2. (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,,,,
225, (3 ),,, 5,,,,,, 6,, (4 ),,,,,, ( ), 8 8, ( ) ( 6 7 ), 1, 3, 5 4 8 8 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;7 1. 8 9, 3, 4 2, 12 ( )11,
226 12, 4 1 8 9, 5 5 2 5 3, 5 1 7 (, ), 6,, 10,, 9, 8 9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10; 11 ; 12 2. (1 ) 1 4 2, 12, 11 ( ),, 4 2, (2 ) 5 5 2, 3 4 2 () 5 2 () 6 7 8 5 2 ( ), 5 2,,
227 6 7 6 5 2() 7 6, 5 5 3, 3 9,, 10 7,, 3. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, (3 ),, 1m 3, 0.25 6.0 m 3,,, 8 10, 1 2 3, 6, 7, 8 ; 4 5 () 8 10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 :,, 8 5,, (12 25 s),
228 8 5 ;,,,,,,,,, 1. 8 11 1 m 3,, 110 kw 1,2 ( 32 MPa, 2 100 L/ min ), 1,2, 14(2 000 cm 3 / r) 9 (, 2 4 000 cm 3 / r) 2. 1 3 14 16, 7 2 45 17, 11 1 2 13 ( ), ;, 1 2,, 1 2 7 11, 23, ; 6 10 10 12
229 8 11 1m 3 1, 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7, 11 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16, 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21 ; 22; 23 14,,,,, 20 (8 ),,,,, 3.4 k m/ h, 1.734 km/ h
230 1.? 2. Y T4543 ( 8 2 ), 3. Y A32 200 ( 8 4 )?? 4. 8 12, (8 6 ) 8 6 1YA 2 YA 3YA 8 12 5. 8 13 8 13
231 6. 8 14 90 90, ( ) 8 14
,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9 1,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) () () ( ) (, ;, ),, (2 ) (3 )
233 (4 ) ( ) (5 ), (6 ), (7 ), 9 1, (9 1 ),,,,
234 9 1 ; ;, ( ) ( ),,,,,, 1. (),, ( ),, 9 2, 9 3 9 4 9 2 F/ N T/ ( N m) F e + F fs T e + T fs Fe + F fd + Fi Te + T fd + Ti F e + F fd T e + T fd F e + F fd - F i T e + T fd - T i : F e, T e, -, + ; F fs, T fs ; F fd, T fd ; F i, T i
235 9 3 F f / N T f / ( N m) ( 9 2 ) V ( 9 3 ) s ( G + F n ) s ( Gcos + F n ) s ( G + F n )/ sin( / 2) s F n R d ( G + Fn ) d ( Gcos + Fn ) d ( G + Fn )/ sin( / 2 ) d Fn R : G ; F n ; ;V ; F n ; R, m; s, d,, s = 0.1 0.2, d = 0.05 0.12 9 2 9 3 V 9 4 F i / N m T i / ( N m) J : m ( kg ) ; ( m/ s 2 ) ; J ( kg m 2 ), J = md 2 / 4 ; D ( m ) ; ( rad/ s 2 ), ( F t, 9 4) 2. () ( v t, 9 4 ),,
236 9 4,, ( ) ( ),, ( ),,, 1., :, (9 5 ) 9 5 / MPa 0.8 2 3 5 2 8 8 10 10 16 20 32, 25 100 : 32 MPa,
237 2. :, 9 6 9 6 ( 9 5) p 1 A 1 - p 2 A 2 = p 1 A 2 - p 2 A 1 = A 1 = A 2 = A F max / cm F max / cm A( p 1 - p 2 ) = F max / cm VM = Tmax/ ( p mm ) A q min / v min ( A A 1 A 2 ) V M q min / n min : p 1, p 2 ( Pa), ( ) 9 7 ; A 1 = D 2 / 4 ( m 2 ) ; A 2 = ( D 2 - d 2 )/ 4 ( m 2 ) ; D, d ( m ) ; F max, cm, v min ( N ) ( 0.9 0.97) ( m/ s ) ; T max, Mm, n min, V M, p ( N m ) ( 0.9 0.95, 0.8 0.9 ) ( r/ s ) ( m 3 / r ) ( Pa) ; q min ( m 3 / s ),, 9 5 ( a) ; ( b ) 9 7 / MP a 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.8 1.5
238 9 6,, D, d, d = D 9 ( - 1)/, d 9 8 8 d 1.1 1.2 1.33 1.46 1.61 2 d 0.3 D 0.4 D 0.5 D 0.55 D 0.62 D 0.7 D : 1.61 ;, A 2 = A 1 / 2, d = D 2 0.7 D 3. (1 ) A ( m 2 ) ( A1 A2 ) ; qmax = Avmax (9 1) vmax ( m 2 / s), (2 ) V M ( m 3 / r ) ; qmax = VM nmax (9 2) nmax ( r/ s), 4. ( p t )( q t ) ( P t ),,, p t ( p1 t ) 9 9 ( ) p1 q t (9 1 ) ( 9 2), q - t, q t P = pq 9 6 t P t p t q 9 9 ( ) p1 : Pa ( 9 5 ) 1 A 1 F cm + p2 A2 1 A 2 F cm + p2 A1 F T + p 2 + p 2 A cm VM Mm : A 1, A 2 ( m 2 ) ; A, m 2 ; V M ( m 3 / r ) ; ( N ) ( N m ) ; cm, Mm ; p 2 ( )
239 9 6,,, 1. ( ) ( ),,,, ( ), ; ( ), ; ( ), ;,, ;, ; ; ;,, ; : (1 ) : 1), ( ),, ( ),,, 2),,,,,
240 3), (9 10 ), 9 10,, ( < 3 kw) ( > 5 kw) (3 5 kw) (2 ),, 9 11 :, 9 11,,,,,,,,,
241 (3 ),, ;, ;,,, ( ), q t,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,, (4 ), ( ),,,,, ;, (5 ), (6 ) ( ) ;,, 2.,,, : (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), (6 ),,,, : : : :,, :,,
242 1.,,, (1 ) p1 p t ( Pa) ; pp p1 + p (9 3) p, p = 0 ; ( ) : p = 0.2 0.5 M Pa; p = 0.5 1.5 M Pa (2 ) qp ( m 3 / s ) 1),, ( 9 7), qp K( q) max (9 4) K, 1.1 1.3 (, ) ; ( q) max ( m3 / s),,, 2 3 L/ min 9 7 2), qp ( m 3 / s ) : A1, A2 ( m 3 ) ; qp K( A1 - A2 ) vmax (9 5)
243 vmax ( m/ s ) 3), qp, qp z z ( ) ; i = 1 KVi V i ( m 3 ) ; Ti ( s ) T i (9 6) (3 ) pp qp,,, pp 25% 60 % (, ) ; qp, qpo ( L/ min) V (cm 3 / r ) ; n ( r/ min ) ; V ( % ) qpo = Vn 10-3 V (9 7),, (9 11),, (4 ), (), PP ( W ) : PP = pp qp P pp, qp ( Pa) ( m 3 / s ) ; P, 9 12 (9 8), ;, 9 12 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.85 0.8 0.9 :, ;, ( ),, :
244 PcP = n P 2 i t 2 i i = 1 n ti Pi i ( W ) ; ti i ( s ) i = 1 (9 9),,, ( (, ) ),, 25%,, ;,, 2. (1 ) ( ), ( ),, : 1), 2), ( ),,, (2 ), (),,,, (3 ), 310, ;, 3., ( ),, : (1 ) : ;,, :
245 (2 ),,, ;,,, (3 ),,,,, ;, ; (4 ), :, ;,,,,,, :,,,,, ( ), H, Y,,,,, (5 ),,,,,,,, 0.3 1 M Pa (6 ),, 4. (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) (6 5 ), (4 ) ( ) () ( ),
246, (5 ),, ;,,,,,,, 5. () ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),, ( ), ; ( ),, :, 1. p( () ) p p pv, ( 2 p = p + p + pv ( 9 10) ( 2 29 ) ( 2 40) 41),, p v, p, p,
247 2., P A C : = P C A ( 9 11),, 0.9 0.95 C C = pl ql pp qp ( 9 12) pl ql ( ) ; pp qp C : C i ; ti ( s) ; T ( s) 3. C = C i t i T ( 9 13) (1 ),,,,,, : PPi ( W) ; PAo ( W) H = PPi - PAo ( 9 14), :, H = PP i (1 - ) ( 9 15),,,,, Ho : Ho = K A t ( 9 16) K( W/ ( m) ), : ( ), K = 8, ( 1 m/ s ), K = 14 20 W/ ( m),, K = 20 25 W/ ( m ),, K = 110 175 W/ ( m) ; A ( m 2 ) ; t, ( ) t 35, t 40, t 25
248 H H 0,, t = H/ ( KA ) ( 9 17) 1 1 1 1 2 3 0.8, (9 15) (9 16), V ( L) A = 0.065 3 V 2 ( 9 18) t = H 0.065 K 3 V 2 ( 9 19), AT,, tm (2 ) 1) AT = H - H0 K tm ( ),, tm = T1, T2 ( ) ; t1, t2 ( T1 - t2 ) - ( T2 - t1 ) ln[ ( T1 - t2 )/ ( T2 - t1 ) ] ( ) (9 22), T2 qw, H - HO = qo O CO ( T1 qo, qw ( m 3 / s) ; O, W ( kg/ m 3 ) ; CO, CW ( J/ ( kg) ) ( 9 20) ( 9 21) - T2 ) = qw W CW ( t1 - t2 ) ( 9 22) 2),, V ( L) ; t ( ) ; ( s) ; P = CO O V t h h, h = 0.6 0.8 4. ( 9 23),,,,
249, (, ),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),, 9 8,,,,,
250 9 8 (),, 9 9,, ; 9 9 (a) ; ( b )
251, :,,,, ([ 9] ),,, ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ),,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ; ( ), ( ), ( ), ( P LC),,,,, 1.,, : ; ; ; ; ;, ()
252 2. () CAD,,,,,, CAD,,,,, CAD, (, s = 0.2; d = 0.1 ),, ; : 9 9 13 13 / mm / (m/ s - 1 ) / s G/ N Fe/ N t/ s 100 0.1 t 1 1 50 0.88 10-3 t2 56.6 9 800 30 468 0.2 150 116.667 t 3-1.5 9 14 9 13 9 14 9 10 L t v t F t
253 9 14 / N F fs 1 960 Ff d + G g v t 1 480 Ff d 980 Fe + Ff d 31 448 F fs 1 960 Ff d + G g v t 1 480 Ff d 980 : : F fs 980 N ; : F i = = s ( G + F n ) = 0.2 ( 9 800 + 0) = 1 960 N ; : F f d G g v t = 9 800 0.1 9.81 0.2 = 500 N ; v t : ( m/ s2 ) = d ( G + F n ) = 0.1 (9 800 + 0 ) = 9 10 L t v t F t
254, 9 5, p1 = 4 M Pa,,,, A1 A2 A1 = 2 A2 ( D d D = 2 d), 9 0.6 MPa, cm = 0.9, p1 A1 = F cm ( p1 - D = = p2 2 ) 31 448-4 0.9( 4-0.6 = 94 10 2 ) 106 4 A1 = 4 94 10-4 = 0.109 m GB/ T 2348 1993, D = 110 mm = 11 cm; A1 A2 d = D/ 2 = 11/ 2 80 mm ( ) A1 = 4 D2 = 112 4 = 95 cm 2 = 4 ( D2 - d 2 ) = 4 ( 112-8 2 ) = 44.7 cm 2 A = A1 - A2 = 50.3 cm 2 m 2 7 = 2 A,, p2 p1, p = p2 - = 0.5 M Pa,, p = 0 ;, 0.7 MPa ( 9 15 ), (9 11) 9 11
255 9 15 F/ N p2/ MPa p1/ MPa q/ (m 3 s - 1 ) N/ kw p1 = F cm + A2 P A q = Av1 ; N = p1 q 1 960 0.48 1 480 1.27 0.77 980 1.16 0.66 0.5 330 p1 = F cm + p 2 A 2 A 1 q = A 1 v 2 ; N = p 1 q 31 448 0.6 3.96 0.83 10-2 33 p 1 = F cm + p 2 A 1 A2 q = A 2 v 1 ; N = p 1 q 1 960 0.48 1 480 0.7 1.86 980 0.7 1.73 0.45 780 1. :,,,,, :,,, 60,,, :,,, ( Y ), :, ;,
256 2., : ;, 9 12 9 12 1 ; 2 ; 3 ( ) ; 4 ; 5,6, 9, 10; 7 ; 8, 13 ; 11 ;12 ; 14 1. : 9 11 9 15, p1 = 3.96 MPa,, p = 0.8 M Pa(9 3) pp1 = 3.96 + 0.8 = 4.76 M Pa 9 11,, p = 0.4 M Pa, pp2 = 3.96 + 0.8 = 4.76 MPa : qp ( 0.5 10-3 m 3 / s) (9 4 ) K = 1.1, qp = 1.1 0.5 10-3 m 3 / s = 0.55 10-3 m 3 / s = 33 L/ min 2 L/ min, 0.83 10-2 m 3 ( 0.5 L/ min),
257 2.5 L/ min YB1 :, 2.5/ 30 9 11,, (9 12 ) P = 0.80, PP = pp qp = 2.26 106 ( 2.5 + 30) 10-2 = 1.53 kw P 0.80 60 10 3 :, Y112 2.2 kw 6,,, (9 16), 9 16 ( L/ min) / (m s - 1 ) / s q = A1 ( qp1 + qp2 ) A = q = q A2 A 1 = v 1 = q P1 + q P2 A = t 1 = L 1 v 1 = [ 95( 2.5 + 30 ) ] = 50.3 61.4 44.7 95 = (2.5 + 30) 10-3 60 50.3 10-4 = 100 10-3 0.108 = 61.4 28.9 0.108 0.93 q = q A2 A1 = v 2 = q A 1 = t2 = L2 v 2 = q = 0.5 0.5 44.7 95 = 0.5 10-3 60 95 10-4 = 50 10-3 0.88 10 I - 3 = 0.24 0.88 10-3 56.6 q = qp1 + qp2 = 2.5 + 30 = 32.5 q = q A 1 A2 = 32.5 95 44.7 = v3 = q A 2 = 32.5 10-3 60 44.7 10-4 = t 3 = L3 v 3 = 150 10-3 0.121 = 69 0.121 1.24 2., 9 17 (6 V = qp = [6 (2.5 + 30) ] = 195 L 5 ), = 6,
258 9 17 (L min - 1 ) (L min) MPa MPa 1 2.5/ 30 6.3 YB 1 2.5/ 30 2 69 100 6.3 0.3 35D Y 100BY 3 62 100 6.3 0.3 22C 100BH 4 < 1 6 6.3 Q 6B 5 69 100 6.3 0.2 I 100B 6 32.5 63 6.3 0.2 I 63B 7 30 63 6.3 XY 63B 8 < 1 10 6.3 B 10B 9 69 100 6.3 0.2 I 100B 10 30 63 6.3 0.2 I 63B 11 32.5 50 6.3 XU 50 200 12 K 6B 13 2.5 10 6.3 Y 10B : 6.3 MPa, ; 4 0.03 L/ min, 0. 5 L/ min 1. d = 18 mm, l = 2 m; = 1 10-4 m 2 / s, = 0.917 4 10 3 kg/ m 3 (9, 16) q = 69 L/ min Re = vd = 4 q d = 4 69 10-3 60 18 10-3 1 10-4 = 813 < 2 320 : = 75/ Re = 75 d v = 4 q (2 39) 4 q d 2
259 p = 4 75 pvl 2 d 4 q = 4 75 0.917 4 103 1 10-4 2 q = 0.834 9 q 2( 18 10-3 ) 4, p : p = 0.1 p (2 42), pv = ps ( q/ qs ) 2, 9 9 18 18 ( Pa) p 0.854 10 5 0.006 96 10 5 0.452 10 5 p 0.085 4 10 5 0.000 696 10 5 0.045 2 10 5 p v 1.448 10 5 5 10 5 0.317 10 5 p 2.367 4 10 5 5 10 5 0.814 10 5 p 0.402 10 5 0.003 48 10 5 0.690 10 5 p 0.040 2 10 5 0.000 348 10 5 0.069 0 10 5 p v 0.406 10 5 6 10 5 2.38 10 5 p 0.848 10 5 6 10 5 3.094 10 5,, p = 2.387 4 5 44.7 105 + 0.848 10 95 = 2.786 10 5 Pa, 2.,, pp1 pp2 pp2 3. 3.96 + 0.5 = 4.46 M Pa, 8, 1.86 = 0.081 4 = 1.941 4 MPa 9 16,, 8%, 97%, (9 12)
260 C = p1 q1 pp1 qp1 + pp2 qp2 = 3.96 10 6 0.83 10-5 4.46 10 6 2.5 10-3 + 0.068 10 6 30 10-3 60 60 = 0.15, pp2, pp2 = 0.3 10 6 ( 30 63 ) 2 = 0.068 10 6 M Pa P = 0.80, cm = A = 0.95, (9 11) = 0.80 0.15 0.95 = 0.114, PP i = pp1 qp1 + pp2 qp2 P (9 (9 = 4.46 10 6 2.5 10-3 60 + 0.068 10 6 30 10-3 0.80 15) H = PP i (1 - ) = 274.8 (1-0.114) = 243.5 W 19), K = 15 W/ ( m), t = H 0.065 K 3 V 2 = 60 243.5 0.065 15 3 (195 ) 2 = 7.43 = 274.8 W 1.?? 2., 3. 9 13 : ( ), = 100 cm 2, 50 cm 2, G = 5 kn F1 = 10 kn, v1 = 6 m/ min; F2 = 50 kn, v2 = 0.2 m/ min ; F3 = 10 kn, v3 = 12 m/ min,, : 1 2 ; 3, 4, 6 4. 9 13
261 5., : G = 5.5 kn, Fe = 9 kn, L1 = 0.3 m, L2 = 0.1 m, v1 = v3 = 0.075 m/ s, v2 = 0.016 m/ s, t = 0.05 s,, s = 0.2, d = 0.1
,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ), ( ),,, 10 1, 1, ( 2 ) 3 4( ) 3, ( ),,, (), : (,, xi = 0 ),,,, xp = 0,, xi, a, b xv = xi, a, xp, b, xp, xv = xi - xp, xp = xi ( xv = 0),,,,,
263 10 1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4, : (1 ),, ;, ;, ;, ( ) (), (2 ), xp xi,, ( xp ), ( xi ), (),,, ( ), ( ),,,, (3 ) ( ),,,,,,, 10 2 ( ) (1 ), ( ), (2 ),
264, 10 2 (3 ),,, (4 ), (5 ), (6 ) (7 ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, :
265,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 1 10 1,,,, 1 5 m 25 m / % 1 % 0.1 1 / Hz 100 500 10 150 20 %, ; D/ A ;D/ A ;, D/ A,, 10 3 6 3
266 1.,,, ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (10 3), ;, ; ( ),, ; ( ) ; ( ),, 10 3, ( ), ; ;,, :
267 2. (1 ), 1) 10 4,,, ( 0.02 0.06 mm) 10 4 1, 4, 8 ; 2, 5, 7 ; 3, 6 p s ; p T ; p c, q c 2) (10 5 (a) ) (10 5 ( b) ),, 1 (0.5 2 mm) 2,, ; ;,, ;, ;,,, 2 1,,, ;, ;, 3) (10 6 (a) ) (10 6( b) ), ( ),,,,,,,,
268, 10 5 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2; 3 ; 4 10 6 (a) ; ( b )
269 (2 ) (), 1), ( 10 7 ), x ( ),,, x1, x2 ;, x1, x2, ;, 4, x1 x2, x3 x4 ;, x1 x4, x2 x3,, 10 7 ( a) ; ( b) ; (c), ;,,,,,,,,,, 2) ( ), ( 10 8 )(), (, ) t ( ) h; (), t ( ) h; ( ), t ( ) h (),,,,, 3) ( ) (10 7 (a) ), ( ),,, ( 10 7 ( b) )
270,,, ( ) (10 7( c) ), 10 8 ( a) ( t > h) ; ( b) ( t = h) ; (c) ( t < h) 2, 2 3, 3,,,, 3. (1 ),, 10 9, 1, 2, 4, 8 5,, 90 100 L/ min 40 %, 90, 200 Hz, (2 ) ( 80 250 L/ min ), ( 10 10), 4 3 7 2,, 10, 11, 1 2 4,, 4, 7, 3,, 2 7,, 1 ( ),, 12 11 1,,,, 10, 10,,,
271 10, 3 10, 10 2, 10, 4, 7 2 10 10, 10 1 2 7,,, 10 9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ) 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9,, ( ( 0.02 0.06 mm ), ),, ; ;
272 4. 10 10 1 ; 2 ; 3; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ;10 ( ) ; 11 ;12,,,,,, (1 ), ( ), 1) ( ),, (10 11 ),,,,, ps xv, q1, q3 q1 = Cd x v 2 ( ps - p1 ) ( 10 1)
273 q3 = Cd x v 2 p2 ( 10 2) 10 11, q1 = q3 = ql, ps = p1 + p2 pl = p1 - p2, p1 = ps + pl 2 ( 10 3) p2 = ps - pl 2 ( 10 4) ( 10 3 ) (10 4) ( 10 1 ) (10 2) () ql Cd ; ; ql = Cd x v 1 ( ps - pl ) ( 10 5) (), = d, d ; xv ps pl 10 ; ; 10 ( ), xv = Kx v, ( ) ql = Cd x v 1 ( ps - pl ) = Cd K x v i 1 ( ps - pl ) ( 10 6) Kxv () ; i ( 10 5 ) (10 6 ), ql xv, xv i, ql i,
274 2), (i), 10 12,,,, ql = ql ( xv, pl ) ( 10 7) (ii) 10 12 (10 13), p L ; p L p L / p s, p L,,, p s ; i, i = i/ i m, i, i m ; q L, q L = q L / q Lm, q L, q Lm ( ), qr 10 13
275 (iii) ( ), (10 14),,,, 10 14 (iv) ( ),,, (10 15 ),, ;,,,, 10 15 3) ((10 7) ),,, ql = ql xv + ql pl ( 10 8) x v pl (10 7)
276 ( 10 8) 3, 10 2, ql = Cd x v 1 ( ps - x xv 3, (10 pl ) ( 10 9) 8) ql = Kq xv - Kc pl (10 10),,,, (10 10 ) ql = Kq xv - Kc pl (10 11) 3, ( ql = pl = xv = 0 ), ( ), ( ), ( ),,,, 10 2 10 2 ( ) ( ) ( K q = ) K q q L x v,, K q = C d p s - p L K q0 = C d p L,, Kc K c = - q L p L Kc = Cd xv 2 ( p s - p L ) Kc0 = 0, K c,, ( K p = ) K p p L x v,, ( ),, K p = 2( p s - p L ) x v Kp0 =
277 4), (10 9) xv > 0, Nvo = pl ql = PL Cd x v 1 ( ps - pl ) (10 12) Nvi = ps ql (10 13) = Nvo Nvi = pl ps (10 14) N vo pl = 0 pl = ps,, pl = 0 pl pl = 2 3 ps (10 15) max = 2 3 ps ps = 66.7%, pl ( 10 15) (2 ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ( Bode) ) (10 16),,,, 10 %, 100%, 7 M Pa 10 16
278, (, 5 / s 10 / s ) - 3 db( 70.7% ), - 90,, + 2 db, 100 130 Hz, 50 100 H z, 250 Hz, ( ), (10 17 ) Mp E( tp1 ) E( ) ; tp1 tr ( ) 5% 95% ; ( 5% ) ( ts ) 10 17, :,,, Gv ( s) Gv ( s) = O( s) I( s) v ( Hz) ; = Kq s 2 + 2 s + 1 2 v v,, = 0.4 0.7 ; I( s) ; Q( s) (10 16)
279 50 Hz, Gv ( s) 5. Gv ( s) = O( s) I( s) = Kq s + 1 v (10 17),,,, 10 18 10 18 1. ( ),
280, ( ) (10 19 ),, ( ),, ;, ;, 10 19,,,,,,, ; (10 1),,, ( ),,, :
281 2.,,, 3., ( ) (1 ) 10 20,, 3, 4 6 5 7, 2 3 4,, 4 6, 3,,,,,,,, ( ), 10 20 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 10 21( a), 10 20, 1, 10 21( b),,,, 7 9,, 1
282 ( 6 ),,, 6,,, 10 21 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ;11 10 22,, 5 ( ), 4,, A, B, X, 2,,,, 10 22 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ;2 ; 3 ; 4 ;5 ; 6 ; 7
283 (2 ) 10 23, 1 ()3, 4 (),,,,,, 10 23 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 10 24 3 4 5 6 3 6 B A,,,, 10 24 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 (3 ),,,,
284 10 25, 1, 2, 3, ( )4, 2, 5 1,, P B, A T, 1 ; 2,, P A, B T, 6,,,,,,, 10 25 ( a) ; ( b) 1,6 ; 2, 5 ;3 ; 4 10 26,, 2, 3, 2,,,,,,,, 4.,,, ( ) ( ), ( 10 16), 1 10 Hz, 120 Hz
285 ; ( ), (10 17 ), 10 26 1 ; 2 ; 3 1. ( ) ( 10 1), :, D/ A,,,,,,, ;,,, 2. (1 ),,, 10 27 (),,,,,, ( ),,,
286 10 27 (2 ),,, 10 28,,,,, 10 28 3. (1 ) 10 29 1 2, 3,, 3 4,,,,, ;,,, 3 600 L/ min,,, 5
287, 6,, 10 10 29 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 30,, ( 13,15, 16 ),, ; (57BYG450C, 36 VDC, 1.5 A, 0.1 kh z, 0.9 ),, ; 10 30 (a) 10 30( c) : ( A T89C2051),,, 3 6, 19, LED, 22,, 16 M Pa, 63 L/ min, 0.5 16 M Pa, 0.16 M Pa/, 0.1% (2 ),,, 10 31 4, 2, 1, P A,, 3 6 5, 0.3 mm, 3 ms, 0.7 A, 12 L/ min 10 32,,, 2, 4,7 5, 6,,
288 4, P, L2 T, 5, A P, 7 P, L1 P, 6, P T,,, A T 1.2 L/ min, 20 MPa, 0.8 m s 10 30 ( a) ; ( b ) ; (c) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8T ;9 P ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 K ; 13, 15, 16 ; 14 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21; 22
289 10 31 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;6 10 32 1 ; 2 ; 3, 8 ; 4, 7 ; 5, 6 1. BF1010 BF1010 1 2 3 45 6 ( 10 33),, 5 6, 2 (), () 10 34,, ( ) 1 2, ( )31 11 (1 ) 29 27,28, 28 29, 27 ; 11 27 28,, 12 14, 15,17, ; 11 36; 18 20 19 21, 27 28 ; 22 25 26, ; 9 10 27, 28
290 ( ) 1 2 (, 28 ; 1 2, 28 ), 6, 8, 11, ; 6 7 ; 3, 4 : 1), 1Y A 36, 31 3234 36 16 11, 12, 14 36, 11 ( 1 ), 1 11 19 28, 29, 19, 27, 27 18 11 10 2), 2Y A 36, 31 3234 36 13 11, 15, 17 36, 11,, 11 8, 1,, 1 11 18 27,, 18, 28, 28 19 11 9 10 33 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6
291 10 34 1, 2 ; 3, 4, 9, 10, 13, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 32, 40 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 11 ; 12,14, 15, 17 ; 18, 19 ; 20,21 ; 26 ; 27, 28 ; 29 ;30 ; 31 ; 33 ; 34 ; 35 ; 36 ; 37 ; 38 ( ) ; 39 ; 41 ; 42 ; 43 ; 44 ; 45 ; 46 ; 47 ; 48 (2 ) (10 35), 43 43 44 41 48, 41 39, 42 ( ) 38 46 45,, 45, 31, 33, 32 ; 34 ; 35 10 35 : ( ) 31
292 3234, 46, 41 a, 44 a x1, b 44 ( p1 ), x2 p2, c 40 44 31 ps, x1 x2, 44, 38 39, 41, x1, 44,, x1, x1 x2, 44,, 48 47 35, (3 ), (),,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,, ;, 2.,, :,,, ( ) 10 36, (), 1 4 3 S, 2,, S 5 3, S,, S 15, 12 11 7, 14, 10 9, 17 18
293, 13 7 5, 6, 7 8, 5 3, S 6, 3,, ( CP U) 10 36 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; ; 12, 13 ; 14; 15 ; 17 :,,,,,,, 15,,,,,,,, 3.,,,
294 10 37, 3 5 6 2 ; ;, ; 9 1 ; 4 7, 10 37 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 10 38 1 ;2 ; 3; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8; 9 ;10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 10 38 CY C 5( 31.5 MPa, 30 L/ min), 6, 8 13, 12, 16 ; 12 10341 27 10 39 ;, D/ A,,,,, ;,
295 A/ D ;,,, 10 39 4.,,, 10 40, 9, ( )8 2, 3, 4 1 5, ; 7 10 12 13 1 500 N m, 30 / s, 377 / s,, 6.3 MPa, 60 L/ min 10 40 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 10 41 : ( )
296,, A/ D, 10 41 5.,,,,,, ( 10 42),,,,,,, ( ) 1 m, 10 42 10 43, 1, 2 12 13, 12
297 17,, 13, 15 10 44,,,, R1, R3, R1 R3 = R2 R4,,,, R1, ; ug,,,,, 10 43 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8, 9, 10, 11 ; 12 ( ) ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 12,,,,, 13 ;, 12, ( 8, 9 10, 11 ), 6, ;,,
298, 10 44 ( 10 45) 10 45 6. 10 46 56 7 8, 5 6 2 3 ( ) ( )9,, 2 3, ;,,,,,, 6 4,
299 10 46 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;7 ; 8 ; 9 1. XS ZY 250A (),,, ( ) ( ) 10 47,,, 10 48 XS ZY 250A,, 11 12 ; 13 (10 3)
300, 10 47 10 48 1 ; 2; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11, 12 ; 13 10 3 1YA 2YA 3 YA 4YA 5YA 6YA 7 YA E1 E2 E3 - - - - - - + + + + - - - - - - + - + + - - - - - - + - + + - - + - - - - - + + + - - - - - - + + + + - - - - - - - + + - - + - - - - - + + - - - + - - - - + + - - - - - + - + + + - - - - + - - - + - + + - - - - - + + +
301 : (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ),,,, 2.,,,,, 10 49 (a), 1 2, 3 4, 6 5, ( ), 10 49 ( b),, 10 49 ( a) ; ( b ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 O B ; B C ; C E ; E F ; F H, 10 kn ; 7.5 m; 0.5 m/ s; 15 m/ s 2 ; 4 5 mm; 0 mm/ 10 min; 55 db(a ) ; ( ) 85 db( A) 10 50 151, 5 8 15, 6
302, 5 6 5 8,, 14,, ;, 11 12 ; 10 3 7 ; 2 4,,, MCS 48,, 10 50 ( b) 10 50 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2, 4 ; 3, 7 ; 5 ; 6, 9, 11, 12 ;8 ; 10 ; 13 ;14 ; 15 : (1 ),, ;
303, ; ; (2 ) ;,,,, (10 51 ) 10 29,, 10 52 10 51, v1,,,, v2,,, v3, v4, v5,,,,,,
304 10 52 v 1, v 2 ; v 3, v 4 ; v 5 ; v 6, 10 53, ( ), xi, xv, xp 10 53 1.,,, xv = b a + b xi - a xp = Ki xi - Kf xp (10 18) a + b
305 Ki, Ki = Kf, Kf = 2. b a + b ; a a + b 3., ql = Kq xv - Kc pl (10 19) q1 - qi - qe1 - Ap d xp d t (10 20) (10 20 ) ( 10 21) qi - qe2 - q2 + Ap d xp dt - qp 2 = 0 (10 21) q1, q2, ql, q1 = q2 = ql ; qi,, qi = Ci ( p1 - p2 ) = Ci pl ; Ci ; p1, p2 ; pl, pl = p1 - p2 ; qe1, qe2,, qe1 = Ce p1, qe2 = Ce p2 ; Ce ; Ap d xp d t Ap ( ) ; ; qp1, qp2, qp1 = V1 Ke d p1 d t, qp2 = V2 Ke d p2 dt ; V1, V2,, V 1 = V2 = Vt/ 2, Vt (10 20 ) ( 10 21) 2 ql = Ap d xp d t + Ct pl + V 4 Ke Ct = Ci + ( Ce/ 2) 4. Ap pl = Mt Mt ; d 2 xp dt + Bp d x d t d pl d t (10 22) + Kxp + FL (10 23) Bp ( ) ; K ; FL
306 5., ( 10 19) ( 10 22) (10 23 ) ql ( s) = Kq x v ( s) - Kc pl ( s) (10 24) ql ( s) = Ap sxp ( s) + Ct pl ( s) + Vt 4 Ke sp L ( s) (10 25) Ap pl ( s) = Mt s 2 xp ( s) + Bp sx p ( s) + K xp ( s) + F( s) (10 26) (10 24 ) (10 26 ) pl ( s), xp = Vt Mt 4 Ke A 2 p s 2 + Kce Mt A 2 p Kq A p + xv - Bp Vt 4 Ke A 2 p, Kc e = Kc + Ct ( 10 Kce A 2 p 1 + Vt 4 Ke Kc e s 2 + 1 + s FL Bp Kce A 2 p + KVt 4 Ke A 2 p s + Kc e K A 2 p (10 27) 27) xv FL,,,, K = 0, Bp A 2 p Kce 1, ( 9 27 ) xp = Kq A p xv - Kc e A 2 p s( s2 2 h ( 1 + Vt 4 Ke Kc e + 2 h s + 1) h s) FL (10 28) h, h = 4 Ke A 2 p Vt Mt ; (10 29) h, h = Kce Ap Ke Mt Vt + Bp 4 Ap Vt Ke Mt (10 30) ( 10 18) ( 10 28 ), 10 54 10 54
307, 10 54 W1 ( s) = s( s2 2 h, Kv, Kv = Kv + 2 h s + 1) h a a + b K q A p (10 31) ( 10 31 ) 10 55 < h, - 20 db/ dec, 0 db, c > h, - 60 db/ dec; = h,, h 180, = h 0 db, 20 lg W1 ( j ) < 0 db = h W1 (j ) = Kv 2 h h (10 Kv 20lg < 0 2 h h Kv 30 ) < 2 h h (10 32) 10 55 ( 10 32), Kv, h, h Kv,, h h 10 55, c - 20 db/ dec, c = Kv, c, Kv, h,, Kv, ( 10 32) Vt (10 29 ), Ap, Ke, Mt,, h,,
308,, Ke ; ( 10 Kc, h 0.7, Kv Kq, Kq 30), h, Kc, K q,,,, 1. 10 54 FL = 0,,, 10 56 (, Kv = Kf Kq/ Ap ), Ki/ Kf = b/ a, ei x i 10 ei ( s) x i ( s) = 1 + s 56 1 Kv s 2 + 2 h s + 1 2 h h = s( s2 / 2 h + 2 h/ h s + 1 ) s s2 + 2 h s + 1 + 2 Kv h h (10 33) 10 56 (10,, x i = v t, x i ( s) = v/ s 2, 33 ),, ei ( ) = lim t ei ( t) = lim v, Kv 2. s 0 ei ( s) s x i ( s) x i ( s) = v/ Kv (10 34), 10 54 xi = 0, el ( s) FL ( s) = Kce A 2 p 1 + V 4 Ke Kc e 1 + s s 1 s( s 2 / 2 h + 2 h/ h s + 1) Kv s 2 + 2 h s + 1 2 h h = s Kce A 2 p s 2 1 + Vt 4 Ke Kc e + 2 h s + 1 2 h h F0, FL ( s) = F0/ s, el ( ) = lim s 0 s el ( s) Kc FL ( s) = FL ( s) e Kv A 2 p s + Kv (10 35) F0 = F0/ KG (10 36)
309 F0, KG = Kv A 2 p 3. Kce et ( ) ei ( ) el ( ), et ( ) = ei ( ) + el ( ) = v K v + F 0 KG (10 37) ( 10 34 ) ( 10 36 ),,, Kv Kc e, h,,,,, ( ), ( ),,, ;,, ( ) ( ),, (10 57 ), (), (10 58 ), ps, 5 31.5 M Pa A F p L, A = F/ pl (10 38) pl = ps - pv (10 39), pv, :,, pv = 1 1.2 MPa,, pl = 2 ps/ 3 (10 40) pv = ps/ 3 (10 41) 20 M Pa, pv 7 M Pa
310 10 57 (a) ; ( b) 10 58, (10 58 ),,,,,,, ( 10 40 ) (10 41 ), ps ql = Av (10 42),,, 7 M Pa, 20 M Pa 2 ps/ 3, ps qs = q0 = 3 ql ( q0 ),, (10 58 )
311,, 1. 2.?? 3.? 4.?? 5.? 6.? 7. 8. 10 59 ( ) 5, 12 9 11, 12, 8 3, 6, 10 59 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ;13 ; 14 ; 15