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D 1 1.1 2 7 2 1 26 2 14 2 16 382 2 21 2 2 097 150 = 2 113 658 2 0 1 I D 1.2 D - 1 1993 8 D-1 NSFNET 2000 1.3 3 3.1 I D 1 27 A 127. 0. 0. 1 3.2 k p n o 5 3 2 R 10 4 g a t e w a y 3 2 1 n e t b 1 2 3.3 C 255. 255. 255. 0 3.5 16 R F C 3.6 1024 5 12 M T U Solaris 2.2 M T U 8232 8 192 4 0 8192 20 I P 20 T C P 3.7 U D P T C P

382 TCP/IP 1 4 4.1 r s h T C P I A R P r s h A R P r s h a r p A R P 4.2 A R P f o o f o A R P f o o t c p d u m p f o o t e m p a r p A R P f o o f o o A R P 4.3 Host Requirement R F C 2. 3. 2. 2 11. 9 4.4 A R P 20 A R P A R P A R A R P 20 5 5.1 4-3 o p A R P A R P R A R P R A R P R A R A R P 5.2 R A R P R A R P R A R P 6 6.1 I C M P 1 2 6.2 s h o u l d 6.3 3-2 I C M P TO S 0 I C M P TO S TO 6.4 n e t s t a t s 4800 I P S u n O S 4. 1. 1 g e m i n i I C M P

383 D 21 10 SunOS 4.1.1 S N M P 25-26 Solaris 2.2 S N M P n e t s t a t-s 7 7.2 86 960 / 2 179.2 ms p i n g 180 ms 7.3 8 6 4 8 960 / 2 279.2 ms 48 56 48 0 x c 0 SLIP END 7.4 C S L I P T C P T C P I P p i n g I C M P 7.5 S PA R C E L C p i n g 1.310 ms RT T 8 p i n g 1.460 ms RT T p i n g 8.1 T T L 0 T T L 255 T T L 0 8.2 t r a c e r o u t e U D P 12 6 9 I C M P I 8 8 U D P I C M P t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e I C M P RT T 7 p i n g I C M P p i n g RT T 8.3 1 R 1 T T L 2 R 1 1 R 2 T T L 1 0 R 3 R 3 T T L 0 T T L 2 R 3 R 2 R 3

384 TCP/IP 1 8.4 T T L 1 R 1 T T L 2 R 2 T T L 3 R 3 T T L 4 U D P T T L 1 I C M P T T L 1 T T L I C M P R 3 T T L 1 I C M P I C M T T L 5 T T L 2 T T L R 2 T T L 6 R 1 T T L 7 T T L 1 t r a c e r o u t e T T L 0 1 I C M P RT T T T L 1 2 3 R 1 R 2 R 3 T T L 7 8.5 I C M P T T L 255 n e t b 255 T T L b u t c h 253 T T L b u t c h n e t b T T L 254 252 249 e n s s 142. U T. w e s t n e t. n e t U D P I C M P T T L 1 T T L I C M P U D P t r a c e r o u t e 8.7 p i n g I C M P 7-1 I D I C M P t r a c e r o u t e U D P I D 3 2768 I C M P I 8 6-9 8 U D P I C M P 8.8 p i n g I C M P I C M P t r a c e r o u t e I C M P U D 6-9 U D P t r a c e r o u t e p i n g t r a c e r o u t e p i n g t r a c e r o u t e 8.9 Solaris 2.2 3 2768 U D P

385 D 9 9.1 I C M P RFC 792 [Postel 1981b] N 9.2 s l i p I P s u n b s d i s u n I C M P s v r 4 s v r 4 9.3 4. 2 B S D 140. 1. 255. 255 1 40. 1 A R P 140. 1. 255. 255 A R P 4. 2 B S D A R P 9.4 A R P 4. 2 B S D k 4. 2 B S D A R P 140. 1. 255. 255 I P A R ( E t h e r n e t m e l t d o w n ) [Manber 1990] 10 10.1 13 k p n o 140. 252. 101. 0 1 40. 252. 104. 0 g a t e w a y 10.2 25 60 3 R I P 10.3 R I P U D P U D P U D P 11. 3 O S P F I P I P I O S P F 10.4 10.5 split horizon 10.6 12-1 100 I P U D P 11 U D P U D 520 11.1 IEEE 802 8 1465 11.3 I P 8200 8192 8 U D P

386 TCP/IP 1 t c p d u m p 1 1480 @ 0 + 1 480 1 2 1480 @ 1480 + 3 1480 @ 2960 + 4 1480 @ 4440 + 5 1 480 @ 5920 + 6 800 @ 7400 1 480 5 + 800 = 8200 11.4 1480 528 424 532 5 52 20 8 528 8 00 528 272 8192 S L I P 17 11.5 I P 11.6 IP 47942 11.7 11-4 g e m i n i U D P U D SunOS 4.1.1 U D P U D P WA N WA N 11.8 11.9 11. 12 I P I P 12 U D P 12.1 I C M P 12.2 12.3 n e t s t a t - r i f c o n f i g 3. 8 12.4 1472 I P 1500 M T U 12.5 100 13 13.1 I P N T P 13.2

387 D 14 14.1 14.2 44 31 2 1 0 T T L 1 9 s v r 4. t u c. n o a o. e d u. 34. 13. 252. 140. i n - a d d r. a r p a. 14.3 D N S D N S D N S 14.4 RFC 1035 4. 2. 2 D N S 14.5 N S 14.6 InterNIC 14.7 14.8 A 15 B I N D A 15.1 T F T P Host Requirements RFC A P I U D P 11. 12 T F T P 15.2 R F C 33 553 920 6 5535 5 12 16 776 704 3 2767 5 12 16 15.3 T F T P 15.4 T F T P 512 T F T P 512 3 ms 170 000 / 16 16.1 R A R P

388 TCP/IP 1 R A R P B O O T P I R A R P 16.2 17 17.1 U D P I I P I P 17.2 I P 17.3 I n t e r n e t NVT ASCII 26. 4 D N S 14. 4 Sun RPC 2 9. 2 17.4 6. 5 I C M P I I P 8 T C P I C M P T C P 8 17.5 TCP U D 18 18.1 I S N 32 bit 9. 5 4 294 912 000 8704 9. 5 17 408 9. 5 26 112 I S N 1 4 8 2 6 0 I S N 18.2 s o c k U n i x A S C I I 012 Te l n e t U n i x A S C I I 015 012 18.3 F I N F I N 18.4 2 M S L 18.5 T C P s o c k connection closed by peer. T I M E _ WA I T 18. 6 T I M E _ WA I T 18.6 F I N F I N 18.7

389 D 18.8 A R P TCP SYN A R P 18.9 s o l a r i s b s d i S Y N A C K 3 T C P F I N 4 5 F I N 7 18-13 9 18.10 F I N 19. 3 F I N E O F T C P F I N 18. 5 18. 11 R S T A C K R S T A C K 6 1 A C K 2 26368001 I S N 18.12 [Crowcroft et al. 1992] 18.13 5 3 1 1 1 4 11 55 U D P 10 10 19. 3 18.14 268 T C P 65536 1024 = 64512 T I M E _ WA I T 2 M S L 18.15 F I N 2 M S L 18.16 T I M E _ WA I T R S T T I M E _ WA I ( a s s a s s i n a t i o n ) RFC1337 [Braden 1992a] R F C T I M E _ WA I T R S 18.17 F I N 18.18 I P I P 19 18. 11 T C P I 19.1 N a g l e 8 12 200 ms RT T 19.2 5 C S L I P I P T C P S L I RT T 14.5 ms RT T 5~10 ms s u n b s d i

390 TCP/IP 1 19.3 19-6 9 533 m s 19-8 12 20 272 m s F 2 F 1 F 1 20.1 0 S Y N 8193 F I N S Y N F I N 20.2 P U S H B S D / 386 T C P P U S H P U S H 20.3 1920 2062 T C P 2048 16000 20.4 T C P 21. 11 20.5 15 T C P 9 16 20.6 21 (ACK compression) (ACK smashing) [Mogul 1993, 15.8.13 ] I n t e r n e t A C K 21.1 48 0 4 1 2 4 21.2 S V R 4 RTO 2D 4D 21.3 T F T P 512 32768 / 512 1. 5 9 6 21.4 4 1 2 3 4 1 3 2 4 ACK 1 ACK 1 3 2 ACK 3 2 3 ACK 4 1 3 4 2 21.5 21.6 E - 1 21.7 21-2 256 s l i p b s d i 9600 b/s C S L I P 250 ms b s d i v a n g o g h 250 ms v a n g o g h 200 ms

391 D 22 22.1 b s d i 0. 170 0. 370 b s d i 200 ms s u n 18 ms 22.2 F I N S Y N 1 23 T C P F I N 1 23.1 k e e p a l i v e k e e p a l i v k e e p a l i v e 23.2 k e e p a l i v e 24 2 24.1 T C P S Y N 0 24.2 64 000 128 1 55 000 220 000 2 24.3 24.4 2 32 8 / 120 286 Mb/s 2. 86 F D D I 24.5 T C P R F C 1323 B. 2 24.6 S Y N 24.7 1 118 881 / 62 31 1 158 675 24.8 K a r n 24.9 T C P T C P E S TA B L I S H 24.10 5 1) S Y N F I N 2) S Y N S Y N 3) S Y N F I 1 4) F I N

392 TCP/IP 1 F I N S P T T C P RT T S P T 5) F I N 24. 11 16 128 64 512 4 24.12 T / T C P U D 25 T / T C P U D P T / T C P 25.1 U D P 162 t r a p U D P 161 t r a p S N M P 25.2 25. 7 Table Access 26 26.1 2 4 9 2 4 190.7 ms 2 9 400.7 ms 6 11 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 6 5 400. 0 6 00. 0 8 00. 0 1 000. 0 2.600 ms 26.2 T C P 26.3 512 ~ 1023 512 R l o g i n 512 27 T C P 4 R l o g i n 513 R l o g i n R l o g i n 512 R l o g i n 27.1 2 M S L 18. 6 T I M E _ WA I T S Y N 27.2 3 28 28.1 (domain literal) I P m a i l

393 D r s t e v e n s @ [ 1 4 0. 2 5 2. 1. 5 4 ] 28.2 6 H E L O M A I L R C P T D ATA Q U I T 28.3 (pipelining) [Rose 1993 4. 4. 4 ] b r a i n - d a m a g e d S M T P 28.4 28. 2 5 5 6 28.5 B I N D M X 29 29.1 t c p d u m p U D P R P C 2049 U D P N F S R P C 29.2 1. 9 1024 Te l n e t F T P R P C 29.3 X I D U D P X I D s t u b 0 1 4 1 5 1 5 2 9 2 10 1 2 11 2 0 1 5 1 5 1 4 10 1 10 2 5 11 2 11 2 9 12 2 U D P X I D 29.4 4. 7 S V R 4 A R P s u n N F S s u n s u n A R P s u n s v r 4 A R P A R P 29.5 I / O 73728 0. 74 1 31 ~ 145 1 0. 74 167 168 I / O 168 0. 74

394 TCP/IP 1 I / O 29.6 T C P T C P T C P T C P T C P T C P N F S U D P N F S N F S 29.7 N F S N F S R P C R P C 29.8 N F S T C P 30 I P I P 4 I P 30.1 w h o i s net 88A 64 ~ 95 30.2 whois whitehouse-dom h o s t n s l o o k u p D N S 30.3 x s c o p e x s c o p T C P 6000