2012 11 Nov. 2012 6 Arab World Studies No.6. 2010 8524 62% 3024 19
8629 / 35.0% 15 8 5 2011 4 5 120 / 130 / 1550 / 1/3 2010 1.14 8% 2009 180 110 2% 320 2009 830 / 400 / 430 / http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=690 See Liquid Fuels Production in Middle Eastern and North African Countries, http://www.eia.go v/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=690. http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/reports.aspx See Liquid Fuels Production in Middle Eastern and North African Countries. http://www.huanqiu.com/2033/1476374.html Ibid. 20
50%2011 960 / 420 / 56% FACTS Global Energy 2009 400 / 200 50% 2009 B 25 2002-2009 45% 43% 41% 39% 37% 35% 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 U.S. Energy Information Administration, China, http://www.eia.doe.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fip s=ch. See China s Annual Oil Report 2010 An Outline, p.22. BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2003-2010 21
B 2004 2 2011 3 2007 12 2009 1 2009 5 2009 6 2010 2008 11 2009 6 2009 12 2010 3 BC 2009 8 2009 11 1 /2 /4 1997 3 /7 2001 11 6 1995 9 15 2005 1997 6 1997 1997 3638 2004 10 6971 2004 2003 7 112/102A 350 2003 12 438B 2004 7 Octouat 2004 9 2005 5 17 4 2005 12 71abaa-1 2010 22
2009 8819 13331 66.2% 3406 / 42.3% 2556 / 5293 / 48.3% 20 165 / 2% 2009 13 / 4% http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001037260 http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001036768 See BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2010, p.6. Ibid., p.9. Ibid., p.20. 23
50 19901991 4.2 19671973 1979 1973 25000 1.2 10 10 50 2003 350 800 24
20 911 1973 1979 Melvin A. Conant, The Oil Factors in U. S. Foreign Policy, 1980-1990, Lexington, Mass.: The Council of Foreign Relations, Lexington Books, 1982. 25
20 2004 Qystein Noreng, Crude Power: Politics and the Oil Market, I. B. Tauris Publishers, 2002, pp. 1-13. 26
2005 40 15% 11% 5% 2% 0.5% 2006 32 360 740 2009 31 20 110 2010 136 IOC NOC2006 IOC 8% Julie Jiang, Jonathan Sinton, Overseas Investments by Chinese National Oil Companies: Assessing the Drivers and Implications, IEA, February 2011. 27
26.7 ExxonMobil 1/3 NOCs NOCs NOCs NOCs Ian Bremmer, Robert Johnston, The Rise and Fall of Resource Nationalism, Survival, Vol. 51, 28
NOCs NOCs NOCs NOCs NOCs NOCs NOCs NOCs No. 2, April May 2009. 29
NOCs NOCs The Structural Contradictions of Energy in the Middle East and China-Middle East Oil Cooperation WU Lei Abstract China-Middle East oil cooperation is of strategic importance to China s energy security. In a broad sense, China s energy security depends very much on the geopolitical stability in the Middle East and North Africa. As the geopolitical conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa are defined as structurally contradicting, long-running and insolvable in the foreseeable future, oil supplies from these regions are inevitably unstable, which exerts direct impact not only on international energy market and oil price, but also on China s energy security itself. Despite the substantial progress made over the years in China-Middle East energy cooperation, there are still some problems and restrictive factors. Up to date, major cooperative breakthroughs are yet to be achieved in China s involvement in the exploration and production of the upstream sector in oil-rich Middle Eastern countries, like what has been done in Sudan. With this view in point, the paper tries to come up with some new thinking concerning policies or policy proposals that may help to push China-Middle Eastern energy cooperation up to a higher level. Key Words Middle East Energy; Geopolitics; Structural Contradictions; Oil Cooperation; China-Middle East Cooperation 30