4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 1
, ( ) 4.1 4.1.1 water quality station 1 2 2
basic station special station ( ) 3
4.1.2 1 () 50 () 100km 2 1 m 3 () ( ) : () ( ) 4
2 3 : 1 2 3 5
4.1.3 1 ( ) 2 6
4.1.4 4.2 4.1.1 sampling cross-section control sampling cross-section check cross-section attenuation cross-section 7
1 ()() 4-1 8
2 80 1000m 80 9
3 4 ( ) () 100 1000m 1 5 () () 10
4.2.2 1 5 1 ( ) () 4-1 m <50 50 100 1 3 1 3 5 10m 100 1000 3 5 5 10m >1000 3 5 7 11
( ) 4-1 () 1 5 2 ( ) 4-2 () 0.5m0.5m 1/2 12
4-2 m <5 1 0.5m 1. 1m, 1/2 5 10 2 0.5m, 0.5m 2., >10 3 0.5m,1/2, 0.5m 3. 4.2.3 13
1 12 62 31 121 12 12 3 1 2h 2 ( ) ()12 () 3 () 6 ( ) () 14
3 10 1 2 3 4 ph 15
1 2 3 1 () 2 () 3(BOD 5 ) 4 16
4 1 2 ( ) 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 17
5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4(BOD 5 ) 5 ( ) 6 18
1020 1 2 3 1 2 ph ph 3 4 5 6 7 19
6 4.2.4 36 23 20
1 2 ( ) 4-4 4-4 21
22 4-4a 4a ph 4-4b 4b ph
4-4c 4c ph a 3 1 2 ISO 3 10 23
Hydrological Monitoring Rain gauges Ultrasonic stage recorder Tidal level station Measuring by boat Flow measurement is made with electric wave current-meter Flow measurement is made with Doppler current-meter 24
Hydrological Operational Systems Real-time Rainfall and Weather Information System Tropic Cyclone Information System National Flood Forecasting System (NFFS) Hydrological Consultation System for Flood Control and Drought Relief Hydrological Information Services 25
Hydrological Information Services Hydrological Information Services 26
Hydrological Information Services Services Hydrological Information Water quality of groundwater, surface water of rivers and lakes is periodically monitored and assessed and water quality condition of provincial boundaries water is routinely measured and reported. Beijing mobile lab of water quality monitoring providing water quality information on water source zones of water supply 27
Hydrological Information Services Services Hydrological Information Public Information Service Hydrological Information http://sqqx.hydroinfo.gov.cn/websq/ Water Quality Information http://sqqx.hydroinfo.gov.cn/shuizhi/ Groundwater Information http://sqqx.hydroinfo.gov.cn/shuiziyuan/ 28
4.3 4.3.1 1 29
2 () ( ) 1 /200km 2 30
4.3.2 1 2 31
3 4.3.3 1 32
2 4-6 4-6 PH 4-6 33
3 ISO 4.4 34
4.4.1 1 2 (25m 25m) ( ) 50 50 1 m 3 50km 2 1 3 1% 3% 35
3 4.4.2 1 40cm 60cm 15cm 15cm 36
2 1 2 1.2m 3 4 5 37
双翻斗雨量传感器 虹吸式雨量计 体积量雪器 38
3 5mm 10mm 2mm 4 4 12 39
5 10 (V/V) HCl 24h (0.45 m) 4 ph ph 6 ph NO 2 - NO 3 - NH 4 + CI - SO 4 2- K + Na + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ p p p p p p p p p p p 4-7 4 0 C 4 0 C 4 0 C 4 0 C 4 0 C 4 0 C 4 0 C 4 0 C 4 0 C 4 0 C 4 0 C 40
4.4.3 1 2 4.5 41
4.5.1 1. ( ) 1 2 3 4 80 5 6 42
2 1 100s 210m 390 (H) 0.05 0.035m Q 0.1m 3 /s (P)2H 4 5 l m 3 10s 3 Q V A t (4-1) Q t/d V m/s A m 2 t s/d 43
Q q k (4-2) Q,t/d q t/ k 4 6 8h13 2 4h13 6 8h13 2h13 1h1 44
5 ( ) 6 () 7 ( ) ( )1m 1/2 1m 1/4 45
8 4-8 4-8 phcodcr BOD 5 CODcrBOD 5 ph CODcr BOD 5 phcodcr BOD 5 9 46
4.5.2 1 1 2 3 4 4-9~ 4-12 4-9 km * m 3 /d >150m 3 /s 15~150m 3 /s <15m 3 /s >50000 15~30 20~40 30~50 50000~20000 10~20 15~30 25~40 20000~10000 5~10 10~20 15~30 10000~50000 2~5 5~10 10~25 <5000 <3 <5 5~15 47
4-10 m 3 /d >50000 50000~20000 20000~10000 10000~5000 <5000 (km) 4~7 2.5~4 1.5~2.5 1~1.5 1 (km 2 ) 25~80 10~25 3.5~10 2~3.5 2 4-11 m 3 /d >50000 50000~20000 20000~10000 <5000 (km ) 5~8 3~5 1.5~3 1.5 (km 2 ) 40~100 15~40 3.5~15 3.5 48
49.... 4-12,,
2 1 2 3 4, 3 1 2 3 4 5 50
4 1 2 3 5 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 5 51
4.5.3 2 52
4.5.4 1. () 53
2 3 ( ) 4 54
4.6 4.6.1 1 1 ( ) 2 3 55
2 ( )( ) 2 10m 50m 50 1000m () 4.6.2 1 1 2 3 1.5m 56
2 2 3 ( ) 0.5 1.0kg() 0.5 5 0g() 3 57
4.6.3 1-20 -40 0.45 m 4-13 4-13 P G 4 6 P G 6 P G 6 P G 6 P G 4 720 P G P G P G P G G 4 7 80g/1mL HCI 4 28 80g/2mL 1mol/L 4 7-20 6 30 4 40 14 P G 58
2 1 (105 ) 2 20 80 200( ) 59
3, 80 4.6.4 1 60
2 4-15 SOD 4-15a 1 2 1 2 1 2 61
4-15b ph 1 2 =1.0 2.5 4.7 62
4.7.1 ( ) 63
1 ( ) ( ) ( ) () ( ) ( ) 2 3m 0.5m 3 10m 0.5m 10m 0.5m 0.5m 1.0m 64
3 4 4.7.2 3 5 ( ) 65
4.7.3 ( ) 8:00 10:00 4.7.4 1 1 ( )25 (0.064mm) PFU() 13( 0.112mm) 1 3min 2 () 1 2L 3 1 66
2 PFU 1 2PFU 14 3 4 3 ( 1/16m 2 ) 18cm20cm 5 lcm40 14 40 67
4 0.25m 2 3.3cm 3.3cm 5 6 160 170 121 15min 0.5 10 15cm 2/3 68
69 4.7.5 4.7.5 4-16a 6 5 4 3 2 1 1. 10 9 8 7 2. 4-16b 16b
70 14 C 14 4. 13 12 11 3. 4-16c 16c 22(PCBs) 21(PAHs) 20 19 18 17 16 15 5. 4-16d 16d
4-16e 6. 23 24hEC50 LC50 96hLC50 24 Ames 25 4.8 71
4.8.1 1 () 5 2 4 8 1 2 72
3 ( ) 4 ( )[ S/cm(25 )] (mv) ( /ml) ( /L)(cm) mg/l / (mg/kg) DL 1/2 ( ) 73
4.8.2 1 ( ) 2 74
3 515 ( ) 1/10000 4.8.3 1 1 2 2 5 75
1 2 3 4 5. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 76
21 ( ) 22 23 24 25? 26? 27? 28? 29 30 31 32 77