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HISTORICALRESEARCH NO.0 ( )incentralasiaandawel-knownbirdalandui ( )inthetangdynasty.the pronunciationandmeaningofalanmiisakintothesanskritwordārāmaoraranyawhilethe alanduiorskylarkisrelatedtoanindianbirdcaledthekalandaka.futie( )isasinicized nameforthebuddha:fu( )meansbuddhaandtie ()isaphonetictranscriptionmeaningthe Buddha'senlightenment.Thereconstructedpronunciationsystem ofmiddleantiquitydoesnot ruleoutthepossibilitythatfutieisbodhi ( ).Thesenameswerebothimportantsymbolsof thediversityofsogdiancultureandclassicexamplesoftheindirectspreadofbuddhistculture. RegionalManagement:GentrySocietyintheJiningAreaduringtheTransitionfromtheMingtothe QingDynasty SunJinghao(9) AlthoughtheoficialstatusoftraditionalChinesegentrywasusualyconferredbythestate theprofoundchangesinthesocialenvironmentduringthemingandtheqingerascontributedto thedevelopmentofanon-statedefinedcharacter.fromthemiddleofthemingdynastyavariety ofresourcesfrom thenew socialandeconomicenvironmenthadnurturedthelocaly-oriented gentryclassinjining.ineverydaylifeliketheirpeersinthesouthernpartofthelowerreaches ofthechangjiangriverjininggentryinthelatemingmadefuluseoftheiradvantagesinterms ofcultureeducationmoralityandwealthtoshapeauniquelocalculturallandscapehumanist atmosphereandlocalidentityestablishingaculturalandpoliticalhegemonythatdominatedlocal socialrelations.thishegemonyhadacomplexrelationshipofbothconflictandcooperationwith statepower.thedrasticchangesandturbulentsocialenvironmentduringthetransitionfromthe Mingtothe Qing provided astageforthe gentryto maximizetheir multipleroles.their vicissitudesanddilemmasreflecttheirhistoricalnatureplacedastheywerebetweentheimperial politicalsystemandthestructureofsociety. JapaneseCemeteriesinChina(87-9) CaoDachen() ManyJapaneselivedinChinaintheearly modernperiod.afterdeaththey wereusualy buriedwheretheyhadlivedaccordingtocustom.duringthesino-japanese Warof89-89 therusso-japanese Warandespecialyafter9hundredsofthousandsofJapanese were kiledin batlein China.Inordertocolecttheirremainsandofersacrificetotheir holy martyrs"thejapanesebuiltmanypagodasmemorialtabletsandshrinestotheir heroicspirits" intheoccupiedterritories.afterthesecond World WarJapanlauncheda movementforthe releaseofwarcriminalsandcolectionoftheremainsofthefalenfrom overseas.theythen honoredtheremains offourteen Class A warcriminalsin YasukuniShrine.Such acts of afirmationandglorificationoftheirwarsofaggressionsparkedstrongprotestsfromthechinese governmentandpeople. TheFoundationoftheCommunistPartyofChinaand ModernSocietyinShanghai SuZhiliang Jiang Wenjun(0) InJuly9the FirstCongressofthe CommunistPartyofChina (CPC )washeldin Shanghai.AsanindustrializedandinternationalmodernmetropolisShanghaiprovidedthemost suitablegeographicalenvironmentfortheestablishmentofthecpc.thegrowthofthechinese workingclassinwhichshanghaiworkersformedthemainbodyandtheirclassconsciousness laidaclassfoundationfortheparty sestablishmentandshanghai shighlydeveloped media networkfacilitatedtheearlydisseminationofmarxism.withtheburgeoningofthenew Culture 9
CONTENTS MovementShanghaibecameagatheringpointandcenterofactivityforprogressiveintelectuals. TheeditorialstafoftheNew YouthjournalandtheMarxistStudiesAssociationbothofwhich hadchen Duxiuasacoreelementprovidedthebasic membershipforthe CPC sshanghai launchinggroup.thisgroupinfactplayedtheroleof Temporary CentralCommitee"in seting up the Party. The establishment ofthe CPC in Shanghai was the result ofthe modernizationofthecity.thecpc sestablishmentanditsearlyactivitiesinshanghaiconstitute agloriouschapterofshanghai'searlymodernhistory. Historiansand Historiography ABriefAnalysisofLiuDanian sresearchonthemodernhistoryofchina Zhang Haipeng ZhaoQingyun() LiuDanianmadepioneeringcontributionstothestudyofthehistoryoftheUnitedStates aggressionagainstchinathehistoryoftaiwanthehistoryoftheanti-japanese Warandother fields.hissystem ofinterpretationofchina s modernhistorytakesanti-imperialistandanti- feudalactivitiesasitsmainthreadwithoutignoringtheeconomicchangesespecialythehistory ofcapitalistdevelopmentfromthenineteenthcenturyon.volumeivofthedraft Historyof ChinaandtheDraft Historyof Modern Chinaforbothofwhich Mr.Liu waschiefeditor take revolution" astheir basic note butendeavorto overcome biasproviding a valuable explorationofasystem for writing a generalhistory of modern China. He advocated and supported the theoretical study of Western historiographyclosely folowed cuting-edge advancesinresearchonmodernhistoryandpromotedapracticalandrealisticstyleofstudy.asa pioneerofmodernchinesehistorymr.liualwaystriedtotakechinaasthemainobjectofhis studyand narrativerefusingtoslavishlyfolow Westernideas. Hisresearch methodsand orientationshouldbeinheritedandcarriedforward. Academic Review TheOriginandSpreadoftheWorshipofApolo LiYongbin GuoXiaoling() Apoloisconsideredas themostgreekofthegods."howeverhedidnotactualystartout asa Greek god.an examination ofancient Greek recordscombined withthefindings of etymologyandarcheologyleadstotheconclusionthatapolowasagreekgodformedfromthe merging of multiculturalelements. The culturalexchanges and integration underlying the formationoftheworshipofapoloreflectgreekcivilization sabsorptionofitsneighbors.onthe onehandexaminingtheoriginandspreadoftheworshipofapoloconstitutesa micro-study withinthematrixofresearchonculturalexchange;ontheotheritprovidesspecifichistorical evidenceforresearchonthehistoryofexchangesbetweencivilizations. Historical Notes HenryFarquharsonandtheDevelopmentofModernScienceinRussia Wu He LangYuan(8 9