2003 3 109 - USTDA 5 RWE NUKEM 2002 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 33
2003 3 2003 4 Wilson SGHWR 90 Brian Wilson NII UKAEA 33000 UKAEA 2025 50 <http://www.ukaea.org.uk/ NII winfrith/index.htm> 2001 IAEA 6 Kazatomprom 10 2003 10 IAEA 2 Kazatomprom IAEA Kazatomprom 1
2003 3-2003 3 27 UNEP UNEP - UNEP 3 26 UNEP - UNEP Klaus Toepfer UNEP UNEP 2001 UNEP UNEP 1994 UNEP 1995 1 2 UNEP <http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/bi 25% H_DU_report.pdf> 25 35 USTDA UNEP 2003 1 - USTDA 7 2 Toepfer
2003 3 2003 4 NAS 2 6 USTDA 1992 DOE DOE 2000 DOE 1200 8 DOE DOE 339 DOE <www.nap.edu/catalog/10611.h tml> DOE 30 Charles McCombie - USDTA DOE 2002 7 DOE 22.3 3
2003 3 DOE DOE 2003 2 13 DOE 2002 5 3 2003 4 UKAEA UKAEA 2 1600 300 ILW 1958 1996 15 UKAEA Brian 5500 Wilson 2008 4
2003 3 1 2003 / DOE 177 2 DOE 2028 DOE 9500 700 7200 DOE 47% 9800 2028 1 DOE 9500 5300 2007 4100 2 RWE NUKEM RWE NUKEM 2003 5 AWE RWE NUKEM 25 2800 2005 AWE RWE AMEC 2500 m 3 GeoMelt 2028 5
2003 3 CH2MHill 2002 2003 2 5 2004 RWE NUKEM AMEC GeoMelt NUKEM-AMEC AMEC GeoMelt -137 RWE NUKEM GeoMelt 50% RWE NUKEM 9 RWE NUKEM 2003 5 ISPRA RWE NUKEM ISPRA RWE NUKEM γ γ 6 ISPRA
2003 3 * R. S. Nash P. B. Woollam D&D D&D 2001 1 D&D D&D a D&D [1] b D&D * Windermere 2001 5 14 16 7
2003 3 c d 2 D&D a 99.9% b c POCO d e f D&D g D&D h i j 3 D&D 1 POCO D&D 8
2003 3 D&D POCO / D&D 1 D&D ALARP D&D D&D D&D 9
2003 3 D&D [2] EEC D&D [3] a POCO b 241 Pu 241 Pu 14 241 Am 432 241 Am D&D D&D D&D / D&D D&D - D&D 10
2003 3 γ 60 Co 108 Ag 94 Nb 5.27 418 20000 D&D 2 60 Co 2 6 135 PWR 200 MW 20 m 5000 t 1200 MW PWR 4.5 m 600 t PWR 137 Cs 30.2 γ 60 Co 137 Cs msv/h 11
2003 3 60 Co D&D γ D&D a D&D - b / c D&D 12
2003 3 D&D ALARP BEPO D&D D&D D&D 13
2003 3 D&D D&D D&D D&D D&D D&D D&D D&D D&D 4 a b D&D 14
2003 3 c D&D d e f g D&D D&D D&D a b c d e 5 D&D D&D 1. Review of Radioactive Waste Management Policy, Final Conclusions, HMSO, London, July 1995, Cm 2919 2. Statutory Instrument 1999 No. 2392, European Communities, Nuclear Reactors (Environmental Impact Assessment for Decommissioning) Regulations 1999. 3. MAGNOX ELECTRIC PLC. Trawsfynydd Nuclear Power Station, Environmental Statement (1998). Magnox Electric plc, Berkeley, 1998. [ Nuclear Energy, 2002, 41, No. 5, Oct., 325-331] 15
2003 3 * R. S. Peckover 1 1 10 msv 1 Sv [1] 0.1 msv * Windermere 2001 5 14 16 16
2003 3 2 50 msv/a 2 20 msv/a msv 20 msv 1991 10 msv 1 60000 ICRP [2] HSE 2 1996 20 msv 6 [1] OSPAR [3] NRPB Bexon [4] 1975 30 µsv 1995 1 µsv 3 1000 1 3 1995 500 126 Sv Sv 4 500 17 Sv 4 17
2003 3 3 Richard Doll 1997 [5] 200 msv [9] [6] 5 Gofman Luckey hormetic [7] [8] 5 Santos [9] 4 NRRW NRPB [10] Muirhead NRRW 120000 1990 10% NRRW 6 7 NRRW 1 1 6 hormetic 18
2003 3 5 NRRW [10] 1 SMR 6 10% 11% 1 NRRW [12] 93 89 65 89 Fremlin 1970 82 89 1 6 7 1996 Pierce 1950 1990 [14] 19
2003 3 86000 15% 11800 0.2 Sv 0.2 Sv 8 9 Little Murihead [15] Sv 10 8 Sv 8 DNA DNA Sv 11 9 DNA DNA DNA Sv 10 - - - DNA 20
2003 3 9 [17] 80 Mitchel Boreham mgy/min 1 mgy 500 mgy 60 Co γ Gy/min Gy 5 11 12 25% 1 γ [18] 2 12 [19] [16] 1 (a) (b) 1mGy mgy 100 mgy (c) 5mGy (d) 25mGy (e) 100mGy (f) 500mGy (g) 4Gy (h) 1mGy+4Gy (i) 5mGy+4Gy 2.4 mgy/min 3 (j) 25MGy+4Gy (k) 100mGy+4Gy 1 mgy 1 (l) 500mGy+4Gy 2 3 [18] [19] 1 1.00 4 Gy 11 1 mgy 0.35 100 mgy 4 10 mgy 0.22 + 4 Gy 100 mgy 0.27 21
2003 3 10 1 msv msv 4 10000 6 3 13 ICRP 2.4 msv/a 100 500 msv 13 11 [20] 22
2003 3 H x H = αx νtanh(βx/ν) (1) α / β ν tanh( ) = 1 (a) β< 0 (b) β= 0 (c) α>β (d) α=β (e) hormetic α<β 14 14 (1) ph 12 23
2003 3 1. HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Occupational Exposure to Ionising Radiation 1990 1996 : Analysis of Doses Reported to the Health and Safety Executive s Central Index of Dose Information. HSE, 1998. 2. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60, 1991. 3. DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT, TRANSPORT AND THE REGIONS. UK Strategy for Radioactive Discharges, 2001 2020. DETR, Consultation Document. June 2000. 4. BEXON A. P. Radiological Impact of Routine Discharges from UK Civil Nuclear Sites in the Mid-1990s. NRPB, 2000, Report NRPB-R312. 5. DOLL R.Effects of small doses of ionising radiation on human health. Nuclear Energy, 1997, 36, 435 441. 6. UNITED NATIONS SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON THE EFFECTS OF ATOMIC RADIATION. 2000 Report to the General Assembly (including Chernobyl). UNSCEAR, 2000. 7. LUCKEY T. D. Radiation Hormesis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, 306 pp. 8. TUBIANA M. The report of the French Academy of Science: Problems associated with the effects of low doses of ionising radiation. Journal of Radiological Protection, 1998, 18, 243 248. 9. SANTOS A. A. Regulatory Control and Scientific Research. A round table discussion on low doses of ionising radiation: biological effects and regulatory control. Proceedings of an IAEA/WHO Conference, Seville, November 1997, pp, 351 372. 10. MUIRHEAD C. R., GOODHILL A. A., HAYLOCK R. G. E., VOKES J., LITTLE M. P., JACKSON D. A., O HAGAN J. A., THOMAS J. M., KENDAL G. M., SILK T. J., BINGHAM D. and BERRIDGE G. L. C. Second Analysis of NRRW: Occupational Exposure to Ionising Radiation and Mortality. NRPB. 1999, Report NRPB-R307. 11. MUIRHEAD C. R., GOODHILL A. A., HAYLOCK R. G. E., VOKES J., LITTLE M. P., JACKSON D. A., O HAGAN J. A., THOMAS J. M., KENDALL G. M., SILK T. J., BINGHAM D. and BERRIDGE G. L. C. Occupational radiation exposure and mortality: second analysis of NRRW. Journal of Radiological Protection, 1999, 19, 3 26. 12. FOX A. J. and COLLIER P. F. Low mortality rates in industrial cohort studies due to selection for work and survival in the industry. British Journal of Preventive Social Medicine, 1976, 30, 225 230. 13. FREMLIN J. H. Power Production What Are The Risks? Oxford University Press, 1987. 14. PIERCE D., SHIMUZU Y., PRESTON D., VAETH M. and MABUCHI K. Studies of he mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, part 1. Cancer: 1950 1990. Radiation Research, 1996, 146, 1 27. 15. LITTLE M. P. and MUIRHEAD C. R. Evidence for curvilinearity in the cancer incidence dose-response in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 1996, 70, 83 94. 16. MITCHEL R. E. J. and BOREHAM D. R. Radiation protection in the world of modern 24
2003 3 / NEA/IAEA / 33
2003 3 NEA/IAEA - - 2000 11 1979 143 ph9 1985 1989 1990 1 2 3 m 3 m 33 1993 1995 1994 1995 4 15 10 1956 1964 13 1964 34
2003 3 4000 t U 3 O 8 6000 t/ 1986 2006 5 1988 γ Mn SO 4 U ERA (<0.02% U): 15247936 t; (0.02% 0.12% U): 26451574 t; (>0.12%): 6204869 t 4300 t U 1996 Gimbat 3 O 8 60 Jawoyn Jawoyn γ U 3 O 8 2015 12 ( 20% ) ERA 4 1 35
2003 3 ERA 2980 1680 ERA 2 ERA RMA 22 km (JMA) ERA 60% ERA 20 90 Deline Dene Band( ) 2000 1 / CDUT CDUT 1998 2003 36
2003 3 / 1 2 3 1 2 3 Beaverlodge 8-18 Denision, Stanrock/Can-Met,, Panel, Stanleigh, Spanish, American, 4 4 Milliken, Lacnor, Nordic, Buckles, 5 5 Pronto 19 Agnew Lake 6 20-22 Bancroft : Madawaska/Faraday, 7 Bicroft, Dyno Cogema Resources 1999 1999 10 2003 2005 (Environmental Remediation of Uranium Product Facilities) OECD 2 rue Andr Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France 37
2003 3 (CNSC) Claude CNSC 5700 t 1998 5400 t 1997 Deilmann Nero ph Ra-266 2025 Ra-266 CNSC γ Echo Bay 1982 CNSC 1998 Rayrock Gaertner CNSC 6500 t 1998 4500 t Eagle Point 1999 Ra-266 Ra-266 Pb-210 γ CNSC 2020 t 1998 1040 t CNSC 38
2003 3 JEB 10 Mt Eagle Point Sue C 24 Mt B-Zone Sue A Sue B Sue C Eagle Point 2 1999 12 Key Lake 2300 t 1999 JEB 7200 t CNSC 1999 Sue C JEB Sue 5 McClean Lake / 40 γ / JEB Sue C 900000 m 3
w.