Microsoft PowerPoint - Chp 0. Review of Biosystem-English.ppt [相容模式]

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1 Review of Biosystem Nanotechnology in Biosystem: Self-assembly nano devices: nucleic acid ( 核酸 ) protein ( 蛋白質 ) carbohydrate ( 醣類 ) lipid ( 脂質 ).. Cell construction ( 細胞建構 ): Tissue forming ( 組織形成 ): Organogenesis ( 器官構成 ): Biosystem has mighty capabilities in self-assembly and self- reconstruction. 生命體具有強大之自我組裝與自我修復之能力 2011/9/14 1

2 Review of Biosystem (1) Nucleotide ( 核甘酸 ):Take ATP (Adenosine 5'-triphosphate ) as examples (AMP) 3 phosphate groups ( 磷酸 ) A pentose sugar ( 五碳醣 ) /images/ 09-CellularRespiration/ DNA replication and transcription : Inducing of protein compression: 2011/9/14 2 取自觀念生物學取自觀念生物學

3 Transporting small molecules: Cell membrane 取自觀念生物學 2011/9/14 3

4 Specialty of ATP Serves as a molecular signal that affect cell behaviors : 腺甘酸 Ca +2 Na +1 tab/nature04886_ F1.html nucleus organelle 取自科學人 2010 vol /9/14

5 Generating fluorescent light: Provide luciferin with energy to react with oxygen, generating carbon dioxide and emitting fluorescent light due to energy level shifting. 提供螢光素能量以便與氧反應產生二氧化碳, 藉由釋出二氧化碳導致電子能階轉移而產生螢光 ATP Oxygen Other: firefly.html In photosynthesis, provide enzyme with energy to produce carbohydrate. 光合作用中提供能量給酵素製造醣類, 讓分子形成鍵結 2011/9/14 5

6 (2)Protein ( 蛋白質 ): Review of Biosystem Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids (20 standard) arranged in a linear chain and joined together between the carboxyl ( 羧基 ) atom of one amino acid and the amine ( 胺 ) nitrogen of another. (by Wikipedia) 由 20 種天然胺基酸, 以不同種類數目及排列方式組成具有不同立體構造及活性之蛋白質 Carboxyl Amine nitrogen /9/14 www2.chemie.uni-erlangen.de/.../sbonds.html 6

7 (2) Protein ( 蛋白質 ): Review of Biosystem Structural proteins : Proteins that compose of the cell skeleton. 構造蛋白 : 如組成細胞骨架之各式蛋白分子 Functional proteins: Enzyme & antibody. 功能蛋白 : 如酵素和抗體 /9/14 7

8 Review of Biosystem (3) DNA:(Bottom up self assembly) DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides (adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C).) Nucleotide: Adenosine monophosphate Nucleobase C Phosphoric acid Deoxyribose ( 去氧核醣 ) A T G /9/14 8

9 Review of Biosystem (3) DNA:(Bottom up self assembly) There are 1,200 nucleotides in each gene of the DNA. Three nucleotides are in a set to correspond to an amino acid. DNA 中之每個基因約有 1,200 個核苷酸, 每三個核苷酸為一組 (3 聯體 ) 對應一個氨基酸 Each gene can be used by a ribosome to assemble protein with 400 amino acid. 每個基因可被核醣體轉譯成一個含 400 個胺基酸之蛋白質 2011/9/14 9 取自奈米科技交響曲生物篇

10 Review of Biosystem Heating a segment of DNA up to a temperature of C can denature the DNA template and primers, i.e., that the DNA is melted by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases of the DNA strands, yielding two single strands of DNA. When the temperature is cooled down to C, the hydrogen bonds between two strands reconnect. 兩股間加熱至 95 C 即可將兩股分開, 溫度降低則兩股間之氫鍵又會形成 A chromosome is a single large macromolecule of DNA, and constitutes a physically organized form of DNA in a cell. It is a very long, continuous piece of DNA (a single DNA molecule), which contains many genes, regulatory elements and other intervening nucleotide sequences. 染色體由一條 DNA 與某些蛋白質共同組成, 存在於細胞核中, 遺傳訊息即貯存於 DNA 之 ATGC 序列中一個基因只是一條染色體上之一小段 DNA 序列 ( 人只有 46 條染色體, 確有約四萬個基因 ) 2011/9/14 10

11 DNA Replication: Review of Biosystem 取自觀念生物學 The two strands are separated and then each strand's complementary DNA sequence is recreated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase. 2011/9/14 11

12 DNA Replication : Review of Biosystem 取自觀念生物學 This enzyme makes the complementary strand by finding the correct base through complementary base pairing, and bonding it onto the original strand. mrna : RNA transcribed form a single strand DNA The DNA sequences that are recovered from a mrna is named a cdna. 由 2011/9/14 mrna 倒推回去此段 DNA 之序列稱 cdan 12

13 Review of Biosystem RNA : Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is consisted of a long chain of nucleotide ( 核甘酸 ) units with each nucleotide consisting of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar ( 核醣 ), and a phosphate ( 磷酸鹽 ). RNA : single stranded; DNA : double stranded. RNA nucleotides contain ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose ( 去氧核醣 ). RNA has the base uracil ; DNA has thymine. RNA is transcribed from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases (RNA 聚合酶 ). Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mrna) : carries information from DNA to the ribosome. Transfer RNA (trna): transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. Ribosomal RNA (rrna): binds mrna and carries out protein synthesis. cdna : DNA copy reverse transcribed from RNA. 2011/9/14 13

14 RNA : Review of Biosystem RNA 也是由一些醣類和磷酸所組成, 但它是單股 (single-stranded), 且具有核醣而非去氧核醣 RNA 的含氮鹼基中有一個是尿嘧啶 (uracil) 而不是胸線嘧啶 (thymine) RNA 都存在細胞質內, 有三種型式 :mrna rrna (ribosomal RNA) trna mrna 就是負責攜帶基因訊號的 RNA, 每個 mrna 都是 RNA 聚合酶從 DNA 的部分片段轉錄而來 rrna 可以幫忙 mrna 附到核醣體上, 然後形成 mrna- 核醣體複體 (mrnaribosomal complex) trna 可以將個別的胺基酸帶到 mrna- 核醣體複體然後再形成多胜肽鏈由 mrna 倒推回去此段 DNA 之序列稱 cdan Transcription 2011/9/14 14

15 Review of Biosystem (4) Cell:The structural and functional unit of all living organisms, and is sometimes called the building block of life". 粒腺體 ( 細胞發電廠 ) 核醣體 ( 蛋白質製造廠 ) 取自觀念生物學 2011/9/14 15

16 (4) Cell: Cell membrane:is made mostly from a double layer of lipids (hydrophobic fat like molecules) and hydrophilic phosphorus molecules.it s oecues s thickness is about 10 nm. 由二層整齊畫一之磷脂質組成, 厚度約 10 nm, 外層之親水頭朝外, 內層親水頭朝內 Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Protein pump 取自觀念生物學 2011/9/14 16

17 (4) Cell: Cell membrane : 醣脂類 Voyage inside the Cell: Membrane 膽固醇磷脂 Lyposome ( 微脂體 ): A drug delivery system that is developed from the phospholipid. 由磷脂質所發展出之新型藥劑載體, 水溶性藥品包覆在微脂體內之水溶液中, 脂溶性藥品則包覆在脂雙層中蛋白質 m Water dissolvable medicine Grease dissolvable medicine 2011/9/14 mx.nthu.edu.tw/~ckyeh/page2.htm 17

(4) Cell: Ion channel Cell outer Selective

( 電壓偵測器 ) (b)selective filter ( 選擇過濾器 ) (c)gate

pushed out by the V in (+), opening the gate.

18 (4) Cell: Ion channel Cell outer Selective filter Voltage-gated ( 電壓依賴性 ) (a)voltage sensor ( 電壓偵測器 ) (b)selective filter ( 選擇過濾器 ) (c)gate ( 閥門 ) Ordinary:V Gate out =V in +60 mv Cell inner Depolarization:e.g. A large amount of Ca + flow in to make the V in a positive potential. The voltage sensor with positive charges is pushed out by the V in (+), opening the gate. Voltage sensor Depolarization Inside a cell:k + has higher concentration. Outside a cell:na +, Ca + have higher Gate concentrations. The opening of the ion channel results in ion diffusion. 取自科學人雜誌 2011/9/14 18

19 (4) Cell: Mitochondrion ( 粒腺體 ): Cellular power plants that convert food molecules into energy in the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylation ( 磷酸化作用 ). 外膜 A typical eukaryotic cell contains about 2,000 mitochondria. 細胞轉換能量的地方, 每個動物細胞約有 2,000 個粒腺體粒腺體利用氧氣燃燒醣類, 製造 ATP 內膜基質 g 2011/9/14 19

Steps of respiration ( 呼吸作用三階段 ) (1) Glycolysis ( 糖解作用

H ) 丙酮酸 (2) In mitochondrion matrix ( 在粒腺體基質內 ): Pyruvic

2ATP 6 CO +8( NADH H ) 2FADH 檸檬酸循環三梭酸循環 2 2 2011/9/14 20

20 Steps of respiration ( 呼吸作用三階段 ) (1) Glycolysis ( 糖解作用 ):In cytoplasm ( 細胞質 ) Glucose 2 pyruvic acid 2ATP 2( NADH H ) 丙酮酸 (2) In mitochondrion matrix ( 在粒腺體基質內 ): Pyruvic acid A(acetyl-CoA) ( 乙醯輔酶 ) Cytric acid cycle or TCA cycle 2ATP 6 CO +8( NADH H ) 2FADH 檸檬酸循環三梭酸循環 /9/

21 (3)Electrons transpotation ( 電子傳遞鏈 ): In mitochondrion cristae ( 在粒腺體內膜 ) ADP Pi ATP ( 共 32 個 ) 4e O 4H 2H O 2 2 student.ccbcmd.edu/.../energy/fg5.html 2011/9/14 21

22 (4) Cell: ATP synthase : A general term for an enzyme that can synthesize ATP 合成酶 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate by utilizing some form of energy. 取自奈米科技交響曲生物篇 /9/14 22

23 (4) Cell: Ribosome: A ribosome is an organelle ( 細胞器 ) in cells that assembles proteins. Ribosome is composed of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins. It translates messenger RNA (mrna) into a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein). It can be thought of as a factory that builds a protein from a set of genetic instructions. ti 細胞內之蛋白質製造機, 位於 DNA 與蛋白質交界, 利用 mrna 所攜帶之訊息來製造蛋白質接胺基酸之 trna 依據 mrna 上之訊息, 依序將特定胺基帶至核醣體, 由核醣體將胺基酸串成長鍊蛋白質 trna: connects to amino acid ( 氨基酸 ) mrna Large sub-unit u Small sub-unit 2011/9/14 cellbio.utmb.edu/ cellbio/rer2.htm 23

24 (4) Cell Ribosome: Each mrna contains a chain of codon (3 nucleotides) that represents a specific amino acid. e.g : UCU: serine ( 絲胺酸 );GGU: glycine ( 甘胺酸 ) Stop codons: -UAG UAA UGA- These three codons signal a termination ti of translation ti rather than carry amino acid information. The others codons are responsible of translating 20 amino acids. Amino acids translated by a single codons: methionine ( 甲硫胺酸 ) and tryptophan ( 色胺酸 ) Amino acids translated by six codons: arginine ( 胱胺酸 ), leucine ( 白胺酸 ), and serine ( 絲胺酸 ) The rest:2~4 codons Journey Inside The Cell Protein Synthesis, Translation DNA repairing 2011/9/14 24

25 (5) Chloroplast: Review of Biosystem Photosynthesis fig.cox.miami.edu/.../ spring00/blnphotosyn.html Thylakoid 葉綠囊 (1) Light-dependent reactions (2) Light-independent independent reactions Photosynthesis: Chlorophyll H O 2e 2H O e NADP NADPH 氧化性輔酶 ADP P ATP 2 2 還原性輔酶 Calvin cycle ( CO2, NADPH, ATP) glucose 2011/9/14i 25

26 Photosynthesis: photosynsumm.html Home work#0 1: Carefully read the following paper and submit an one page report before Sep. 20, H. Yan, S. H. Park, G. Finkelstein, J. H. Reif, T. H. LaBean, 2003, DNA Templated Self Assembly of Protein Arrays and Highly Conductive Nanowires, Science 301: /9/14 26

脂肪酸胰脏分泌的脂肪酶原要在小肠中激活 ) 2 磷脂酶 A 2 ( 水解磷脂, 产生溶血磷酸和脂肪酸 ) 3 胆固醇脂酶 ( 水解胆固醇脂, 产生胆固醇和脂肪酸 ) 4 辅脂酶 (Colipase)

脂肪酸胰脏分泌的脂肪酶原要在小肠中激活 ) 2 磷脂酶 A 2 ( 水解磷脂, 产生溶血磷酸和脂肪酸 ) 3 胆固醇脂酶 ( 水解胆固醇脂, 产生胆固醇和脂肪酸 ) 4 辅脂酶 (Colipase) Chapter 8 Lipid Metabolism (7h) 教学目的通过本章教学, 使学生掌握脂肪酸的 β- 氧化及其氧化过程中能量的计算 ; 酮体的生成和利用熟悉脂肪酸的合成及其与脂肪酸分解的区别 ; 甘油磷脂的降解和合成了解脂类的分类和生理功