夏夜精靈—螢火蟲

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邮嗣宦
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螢火蟲賺很大 r7632007@yahoo.com.tw 14,556,880 元 17,551,520 元阿里山地區賞螢季與非賞螢季民宿業者營收之比較, 具顯著差異 (P value= 0.023, δ < 0.

1 螢火蟲賺很大 14,556,880 元 17,551,520 元阿里山地區賞螢季與非賞螢季民宿業者營收之比較, 具顯著差異 (P value= 0.023, δ < 0.05,paired t-test) 阿里山地區賞螢之營業額 931,000,000 元大地星光螢火蟲火金姑, 來食茶, 茶燒燒, 配香蕉, 茶冷冷, 配龍眼, 龍眼會開花, 瓠仔換冬瓜, 冬瓜好煮湯, 瓠仔換粗糠, 粗糠要起火, 九嬸婆仔賢炊粿, 炊到臭火焦, 兼著火台大昆蟲所吳加雄 1

2 夏夜精靈真面目每年的三月到五月螢火蟲從寒冷的冬天醒了過來三月到五月的常見螢火蟲發光有什麼作用 2

3 Duration sec. 幼蟲期照明發光有什麼作用警示 ( 老鼠不喜歡吃螢火蟲幼蟲 ) 展示及調節族群成蟲期照明警示 ( 誤食螢火蟲的蜥蜴會致死 ) 溝通 ( 找尋彼此的伴侶, 螢火蟲的愛情故事 ) 展示及調節族群 Duration(sec.) Numbers Flash duration vs. the male numbers Adult male numbers Active Time Fig. 2 The relationship between the number of male fireflies, Luciola cerata Olivier and the flash duration in Tungshih population ( the black line is the male numbers of L. cerata, the black bar is the duration second of adult L. cerata) 3

4 Interval sec. Interval(sec.) Numbers Active time Fig. 3 The relationship between the number of male fireflies, Luciola cerata Olivier and the flash interval in Tungshih population ( the black line is the male numbers of L. cerata, the black bar is the interval second of adult L. cerata) Table 2 The flash duration and the correlation coefficient (flash duration vs. male numbe Site Date (Numbers) Mu-zha 2004/04/15 (12) 2004/04/22 (08) Tung-shih 2004/04/03 (24) 2004/04/11 (50) 2004/04/25 (08) Pin-Shih 2005/04/20 (14) 2005/04/29 (29) 2005/05/04 (27) 2005/05/10 (15) Flying (R 2 ) 0.28± ± ± ± ±0.03 (0.92) 0.16± ± ± ±0.03 (0.73) The motion of L.cerata Crawling (R 2 ) 0.20± ± ± ± ±0.03 (0.92) 0.17± ± ± ±0.03 (0.95) Motionless (R 2 ) 0.17± ± ± ± ±0.06 (0.75) 0.14± ± ± ±0.04 (0.54) Nei-dong 2005/04/19 (12) 0.18± ± ±0.10 Rui-sui 2006/04/14 (21) 0.18± ± ±0.03 San-min 2006/03/22 (23) 0.17± ± ±0.08 4

5 Table 3.The flash interval and the correlation coefficient (flash interval vs. male numbers) of different Luciola cerata Olivier population Site Date (Numbers) Mu-zha 2004/04/15 (12) 2004/04/22 (08) Tung-shih 2004/04/03 (24) 2004/04/11 (50) 2004/04/25 (08) Pin-shih 2005/04/20 (14) 2005/04/29 (29) 2005/05/04 (27) 2005/05/10 (15) Flying (R 2 ) 2.95± ± ± ± ±2.64 (-0.91) 3.85± ± ± ±2.01 (-0.93) The motion of L.cerata Crawling (R 2 ) 1.02± ± ± ± ±1.93 (-0.99) 3.56± ± ± ±1.98 (-0.99) Motionless (R 2 ) 1.58± ± ± ± ±0.23 (-0.77) 1.91± ± ± ±0.27 (-0.59) Nei-dong 2005/04/19 (12) 3.06± ± ±0.32 Rui-sui 2006/04/14 (21) 3.00± ± ±0.30 San-min 2006/03/22 (23) 3.89± ± ±0.24 兩類型的黑翅螢雄蟲閃兩節光的雄蟲體型大第二發光節五角形閃一節光的雄蟲體型小第二發光節半橢圓形 Male flashing in TWO segment Male flashing in ONE segment 5

6 The shape of 2 nd light segment in two types of male Male flashing in TWO segment Male flashing in ONE segment Width ( mm ) Length ( mm ) Pentangle Half-oval 兩類型雄蟲的比較 ( 31 (N= 半橢圓形 ( 46 (N= 五角形 ( mm ) Body length ( mm ) Body width ( g ) Male weight L/W of 2 nd light segment 2 nd segment size (cm 2 ) 9.12±0.05 a 3.01±0.01 a 0.024±0.001 a 0.93±0.01 a 0.239±0.001 a 8.73±0.14 b 2.86±0.01 b 0.021±0.001 b 0.67±0.00 b 0.194±0.011 b 五角形雄蟲體型較大第二發光節面積較大體重較重 6

7 兩類型雄蟲的比較 Male weight ratio after (%) mating Female weight ratio (%) after mating Female fecundity ( 15 (N= 五角形 ±1.71 a +3.59±0.50 a 75.00±1.81 a 半橢圓形 (N= ( ±0.26 a +1.62±0.50 b 56.00±1.36 b 與五角形雄蟲交尾的雌蟲產下較多的卵 Mating behavior of two types of male Control group the virgin male or female was nonflashing and motionless (staying on the wall of round box) 7

8 Flash interval time (sec.) Mating behavior of two types of male Experimental group 2 virgin male (1 pentangle male and 1 half-oval male) Pentangle male crawled around the box Flash interval change by active time Half-oval male just stayed on the box wall and non-flashing After 10 minute, pentangle male ceased flashing and also stayed on the box wall 12 Although male is primary signaler (especially pentangle male), male withoutabidinglyflashwon t presence of female Active time (Min.) Mating behavior of two types of male: Male-biased In multiple males and single female group, all female matted with pentangle male In multiple males and females group, 2 females mating with pentangle ones (N=2), 1 female matted with half-oval male ( N=1 ) OFS male ( N=5 ) TFS male? mins begin to mate 4.40± Mating duration ( mins ) ± Females prefer mating with pentangle males 8

9 Mating behavior of two types of male: Male biased ( (sec. Flash duration (. sec ) Flash interval (. sec ) Female response delay time TFS male 0.19±0.02 a 0.57±0.05 a 0.07±0.01 a OFS male 0.19±0.02 a 1.42±0.42 b 0.24±0.04 b TFS males have shorter flash interval and females response TFS male with relative shorter time. Mating behavior of two types of male: Male biased There were some males want to mate with female without flashing communication, they crawled to female,mounted its back and extendedtheirgenitaliadirectly,butfemaledidn topenitsvagina. During mating, there were still some males want to mount female, but they just stayed on the coupling-male sback. Aftermating,theothermalesdidn tmatewithmated-female In male-biased group, males and females were all single-mating In male-biased ratio, male-male competition and female choice are the main sex selection mechanism of L.cerata 9

10 Mating behavior of two types of male: Female biased In 1 male and 2 female group, male was multiple-mating In 2 males and 3 females group, pentangle male mates with 2 females, the other half-oval male mates with 1 female Mating behavior of two types of male: Female biased TFS male ( N=2 ) TFS male ( N=5 ) Male-biased OFS male ( N=1 ) OFS male ( N=1 ) Male-biased? mins begin to 1 st mating 2.90± ± st mating duration ( mins ) ± ± ? mins begin to 2 nd mating after 1 st mating 5.15± nd mating duration ( mins ) ±20.50 Female begin to mat quicker than female in malebiased group and female still prefer TFS male 10

11 Mating behavior of two types of male: Female biased TFS male TFS male Male-biased OFS male OFS male Male-biased Flash duration ( (sec. 0.19±0.02 a 0.19±0.02 a 0.19±0.02 a 0.19±0.02 a Flash interval (. sec ) 0.87±0.11 a 0.57±0.05 b 1.83±0.53 c 1.42±0.42 c Female response delay (. sec ) time 0.07±0.01 a 0.07±0.01 a 0.15±0.03 b 0.24±0.04 c TFS males still have relative shorter flash interval, but females response quicker than female in male-biased group Female competition increasing Discussion Male L. cerata have 2 types and females prefer mating with TFS males The numbers of TFS males are much more than OFS males, It could be attributed to female preference Male competition and female choice are the main mechanism of L. cerata in male-biased ratio, but female competition will increasing in female-biased ration The mate competition of L. cerata: ( males Attractiveness competition (For TFS ( males Alternative tactics (Sneaky behaviors, inconspicuous or femalelike signals) (For OFS TFS males have most opportunity to mate but OFS males still have their chance 11

12 螢火蟲怎麼發光的發光器氣管反射細胞神經發光細胞透明表皮神經衝動螢火蟲怎麼發光的發光細胞內乙醯膽檢水解醋酸 + 膽鹼神經端部突起 ATP + 輔酶 A 腺苷輔酶 A + 焦磷酸 + 腺苷磷酸游離發光酶移除抑制作用抑制發光酶氧發光質 + ATP Mg 2+ 腺苷發光質 + 焦磷酸活化腺苷氧化發光質光腺苷氧化發光質氧化發光質 + 腺苷磷酸 12

13 螢火蟲發光的種類閃光明顯持續光不明顯持續光不發光卵翅櫛角螢白天飛, 會發光嗎? 13

14 白天活動螢火蟲不會發光螢火蟲發光的種類台灣目前已知有 62 種螢火蟲, 但只有熠螢屬及脈翅螢屬的發光 ( 兩者相加不到 20 種 ) 是閃光其餘四十多種的發光都是持續光或不發光不發光的螢火蟲還叫螢火蟲? 全世界目前已知有 2000 多種螢火蟲, 只要是螢火蟲的幼蟲都會發光 14

15 螢火蟲生活史螢火蟲為完全變態昆蟲, 可分為 4 個時期卵成蟲幼蟲蛹產卵在溼岩水草上 15

16 卵也會發光由卵孵化出幼蟲 16

17 幼蟲長扁狀 17

18 沒有一隻幼蟲好看 18

19 畫面有多少隻生物? 答 :4 畫面有多少隻動物? 答 :2 隻 19

20 . 什麼動物? 螢火蟲幼蟲 20

21 什麼東西? 螢火蟲蛹室幼蟲在蛹室內化蛹 21

22 蛹也會發光有幾處發光源? 答 : 僅一處蛹羽化變成蟲 22

23 成蟲破蛹殼爬出來展開翅膀飛向天空 23

24 那一隻是公的? 公母有什麼分別公的 1. 發光器兩節 2. 光比較強 3. 體型較小 24

25 看到幾隻公蟲? 答 :4 隻螢火蟲活動的季節絕對不是只有春天而已 25

26 螢火蟲活動的季節春大端黑螢紅胸黑翅螢梭得氏脈翅螢黑翅螢黃緣螢台灣窗螢螢火蟲活動的季節夏端黑螢邊褐端黑螢 26

27 螢火蟲活動的季節秋橙螢山窗螢螢火蟲活動的季節冬雲南扁螢神木螢黃緣短角窗螢鋸角雪螢雪螢 27

28 黃緣螢黃胸黑翅螢依幼蟲棲地分類水生鹿野氏黑脈螢半水生 28

29 一年兩代黃緣螢台灣窗螢 29

30 猜猜哪邊會有螢火蟲出現影響螢火蟲分佈的原因水棲螢火蟲須有適合的水域黃緣螢靜水域黃胸黑翅螢流水域陸棲螢火蟲溫溼度溫溼度又受地形氣候植被影響 30

31 影響螢火蟲分佈的原因由於森林遮蔽度較低蒸散作用強烈不利蝸牛生存, 故少有螢火蟲生存人為開發密集處, 原生植被變成人工植被, 使螢火蟲種類減少人為除草及拓寬道路, 造成步道邊坡裸露, 使螢火蟲退到干擾少的地區螢火蟲吃什麼? 成蟲口器 ( 嘴巴 ) 退化, 只能喝露水或是植物分泌的蜜露幼蟲吃肉 31

32 幼蟲食性水棲幼蟲螺類雙殼貝類蝌蚪陸棲幼蟲蝸牛蚯蚓其他種幼蟲或同種幼蟲黃緣螢的食性 32

33 黃緣螢的食性幼蟲取食方式 33

34 雙色垂鬚螢幼蟲 34

35 雙色垂鬚螢幼蟲食性螢火蟲在台灣越來越熱 35

36 圖一年於聯合知識庫中有關台灣螢火蟲剪報件數螢火蟲對於人類之重要性 36

37 ( 一 ) 生物防治 (biological control) ( 二 ) 環境教育 (environmental education) 螢火蟲的幼蟲喜好自然的環境, 值得將其發光行為種類交尾基本生態棲地環境等為題, 向國人深入介紹, 希望能夠加以重視環境教育, 如果環境為優良者, 一定有螢火蟲的飛舞在日本已將螢火蟲的幼蟲列入重要的環境指標生物, 作為環境教育的教材, 且成立全國性的研究會, 積極推動螢火蟲的保育與復育工作, 有許多值得借鏡之處 37

38 ( 三 ) 戶外探索教育 (outdoor exploration) ( 四 ) 生態旅遊 (ecological tourism) 38

39 ( 五 ) 遺傳工程 (genetic engineering) Maker Reporter Tracer 螢火蟲之使用價值商品價值娛樂價值科學價值美學價值文化價值道德價值 39

40 全國性賞螢季活動內灣賞螢季瑞太賞螢季四獸山賞螢季鯉魚潭賞螢季地區性賞螢活動休閒旅遊農產品促銷賞花之旅香草及咖啡之旅文化之旅民宿 40

41 螢火蟲生態館生態館台北市立動物園美崙山螢火蟲館東勢林場螢火蟲館大山背螢火蟲館特生中心螢火蟲展館自然科學博物館小小動物園 41

42 螢火蟲酒螢火蟲藝品 42

43 螢火蟲相關產品螢火蟲面臨的威脅棲地遭到破壞人工光源帶來的衝擊河流溝渠水泥化所引起的危機農藥的使用水污染造成環境劣化外來種之引入 43

44 這樣的地方會有螢火蟲? 水泥及優氧化的池沼使水生螢火蟲無容身之處 44

45 除草劑及農藥都是陸棲螢火蟲的殺手人工光源的衝擊河流溝渠水泥化引起的危機 45

46 福壽螺亦是水棲螢火蟲的間接殺手螢火蟲保育之省思大量飼養就是保育? 復育如何做? 蟲源? 野放成蟲? 幼蟲? 野放前後應該做哪些事? 棲地燈火照明的管制棲地步道雜草如何管理? 商業大量飼養是否好? 商機多? 46

47 大量飼養就是保育? 黃緣螢的大量飼養技術台灣窗螢的大量飼養技術黃緣螢的採卵方式台灣窗螢的採卵方式於野外採集雌雄成蟲黃緣螢的飼養裝置及幼蟲食餌 47

48 台灣窗螢的飼養裝置及幼蟲食餌大量飼養就是保育? 大量飼養不等於螢火蟲復育棲地保護或棲地營造才是重點 48

49 復育如何做? 蟲源? 野放成蟲? 幼蟲? 野放後應該做哪些事? 台北市虎山溪黃緣螢野放試驗棲地之經營管理野放前的工作與當地居民溝通及協調清溪水文資料及水棲昆蟲相的調查野放野放 3~5 齡之幼蟲野放後的工作成蟲族群的估算 49

50 50 宜蘭頭城花蓮瑞穗高雄那瑪夏台南東山台北平溪台北烏來台北三峽桃園復興新竹北埔台中東勢苗栗三義苗栗獅潭 Luciola praeusta, Out group PP17 PP20 PP07 HZ15 PP03 SB02 PP05 ME04 HZ05 HZ06 ME06 PP06 SB03 CT03 ME03 PP04 PS03 PP01 IT08 HZ02 HZ03 PP15 MT02 HZ19 HZ17 ME10 PP11 ME05 SB12 HZ16 PP19 MT04 HZ20 HZ01 CT01 PP13 MT01 HZ18 HZ14 ME09 ME02 PP08 PP16 PW11 PP02 IT15 HZ04 HZ10 ME07 PP10 PP12 PP18 HZ11 ME08 PP09 TF03 TF06 TF09 CT02 CT07 CT04 CT06 CT05 CT08 PW09 PP14 PS01 PS02 PS04 PS05 PS07 PS08 PS12 PS15 PS16 PW07 PW16 SB06 SB11 TF01 TF02 TF07 TF08 TF10 TF11 TF12 TF13 TF16 TF04 TF20 TF19 TF17 TF18 PW04 PW05 ME15 PW01 PW06 PW12 PW14 PW15 ME01 SB04 SB01 SB07 HS03 NT03 HS10 NT10 NT05 HS05 HS09 NT09 HS01 HS02 HS06 HS07 HS08 HS11 HS12 HS13 HS14 NT06 NT07 NT08 NT11 NT12 NT13 NT14 HS04 NT04 LP04 LP08 LP01 LP09 LP14 LP12 LP02 LP05 LP10 LP13 LP Out group HS and NT population The other population Neighbor-Joining

51 The genetic distance within population (Mega 3.1) L. cerata population Genetic distance within population 頭城 0.12±0.01% 平溪 0.13±0.06 % 烏來 0.27±0.10 % 三峽 0.04±0.02 % 復興 0.09±0.05 % 北埔 0.15±0.08 % 獅潭 0.12±0.01 % 三義 0.23±0.07 % 東勢 0.27±0.10 % 東山 0.20±0.09 % 那瑪夏 0.17±0.08 % 瑞穗 0.05±0.03 % LP 0.16±0.09% The genetic distance between population (Mega 3.1) 頭城平溪 0.08 烏來三峽復興北埔獅潭三義東勢東山那瑪夏瑞穗 LP

52 棲地燈火照明的管制棲地步道雜草如何管理? 台中縣東勢林場螢火蟲棲地經營管理東勢林場的四不政策不使用除草劑, 改用人工除草不設置路燈不在螢火蟲棲地附近建小木屋於螢火蟲發生季節不開步道周邊路燈 52

53 別再亂野放! 螢火蟲保育需要正確的觀念及積極的行動 53

篇名：

篇名：篇名 : 作者 : 常雅婷國立內埔農工野生動物保育科一年甲班 1/29 壹前言螢科 ( 學名 Lampyridae) 是鞘翅目 ( 甲蟲 ) 裡面的一個科, 該科在全世界有 2000 多種口語稱螢火蟲火金姑 ( 閩南語 ) 等該科裡很多種蟲能發光, 但並不是全部都可以通常, 只要有發光器官的甲蟲, 就會被稱為螢火蟲所以, 狹義的螢火蟲單指 Lampyridae, 而廣義的螢火蟲則包括光螢科