國立中山大學學位論文典藏.PDF

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3 () (1)...42 (2)...43 () ().49 () iii

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8 89 2 Centralism and Localism: A Comparative Study on Local Elite s Attitude Across chi Taiwan Straits 268 Tsai Tien Chu Dr. Richard H. Yang Dr. Show Duan Hawang Centralism Localism Local Elite

9

10 Democracy differs from oligarchy not in the presence or absence of an elite who wield most influence, but in the closed or open, representative or unrepresentative, responsible or irresponsible character of the elite. Harold D. Lasswell, 1952 localism or regionalism intergovernmental relation

11 V.O. Key, 1961: Robert Dahl, 1961: Samuel J. Eldersveld drive 1995: 179 Teune, 1995: , Shen, Mingming, A Policy-Driven Elite Transformation and Its Outcomes: A Case Study of The New Local Elites in China Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Michigan. 1994pp

12 Democracy and Local Governance Kant,1975:20-21 Gordon Skilling

13 intergovernmental relation

14 ( ) 1. A. ( 2. ) 1. ( ) B

15 /

16 A. Comte G.W.F. Hegel A. Comte organic solidarity of society G.W.F. Hegel

17 L. J. Sharpeed., Decentralist Trends in Western Democracies, 1979, pp

18 88 18 Vincent Wright Sabino Cassese location of powers division of functions service function David Easton stable equilibrium Hebbert and Mackin eds., L.J. Sharpe Sharpe ed.,

19 Intergovernmental Relation, IGR 10

20 Reagan, ,041 3,

21 subject 1,722 community power structure the influentials decision-maker Comprehensive Dissertation Index, Vol. Law and Political Science Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan,

22 Beck et.al., 1965: 39 elite perspective elite formations Lasswell, Lerner, and Rothwell, 1952: general surveys theoretical contributions comparative studied analysis of trends Quandt, 1970: elite Robert D. Putnam1976 The Comparative Study of Political Elites, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall Politician Bureaucratic Lasswell, Harold D., Daniel Lerner and C. Easton RothwellThe Comparative Study of Elites: An Introduction and Bibliography. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press Bottomore, T. B., Elites and Society. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books Ltd. reprinted 1982p Aberbach, Joel D. and Bert A. Rockman, The Overlapping Worlds of American Federal Executives and Congressmen, British Journal of Political Science, Vol Part1, pp Administratives Beliefs about The Role of The Public: The Case of American Federal Executives, Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 31(December 1978) pp M. Kent Jennings, Community Influentials: The Elites of Atlanta, New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964Eldersveld, Samuel J., Jan Kooiman, Theo Van Der Takeds., Elite Images of Dutch Politics, Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 1981 Jacob, Betty M., Krzysztof Ostrowski, Henry Teuneeds., Democracy and Local Governance, Honolulu, Hawaii: Matsunaga Institute for Peace, University of Hawaii, 1993 Eldersveld, Samuel J., Local Elites in Western Democracies, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc, Edinger, Lewis J. and Donald Searing Social Background in Elite Analysis: A Methodological Inquiry, American Political Science Review, 1967Vol. 61, No. 2, pp , Lasswell, Harold D., Daniel Lerner and C. Easton Rothwel, The Comparative Study of Elites: An Introduction and Bibliography Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press 1952, pp Carl Beck et. al., A Survey of Elite Studies, (Washington, D. C.: The American University, 1965, pp Bachrach, Peter, The Theory of Democratic Elitism: A Critique. Boston, Mass: Little, Brown and Company

23 elite etymology eligere choose or select elect elite elect elite eligere elect divine appointment political election elite elite choice a choice of persons Froissart the best of the best Lord Byron elite Don Juan Canto XIII, LXXX, 1823 Thakur, 1988: XX Edward Shils Max LeClerc1982: 13 Tom Bottomore Elite and Society, Vilfredo Pareto ) Bottomore, 1974: Moyser, George and Margaret Wagstaffe (ed.), Research Methods for Elite Studies, London: Allen and Unwin Inc Lasswell, Harold D., Daniel Lerner and C. Easton Rothwell 1952 The Comparative Study of Elites: An Introduction and Bibliography Carl Beck 1965 A Survey of Elite Studies Carl Beck J. Thomas McKechnie 1968 Political Elites: A Select Computerized Bibliography Quandt, William B The Comparative Study of Political Elites 14

24 elite a governing elite a non-governing elite Tom Bottomore Bottomore, 1974: 7 Gaetano Mosca Bottomore, 1974: 9 Robert Michels Political Party Iron Law of Oligarchy Robert D. Putnam self-perpetuating 5. Putnam William A. Welsh Leaders and Elites,

25 the normative form the idea type form - the descriptive-analytical form elite - approach identify careers Welsh, 1979: Searing, Models and Images of Man and Society in Leadership Theory mechanistic organismic 3. Welsh, 1979: C. Wright Mills Parry, 1969: 52 Lasswell, 1965: 3 Mosca ruling class Pareto Lasswell the influential C. W. Mill power elite Nadel, 1956: elite

26 Mannheim Nadel, 1956: 419 Mosca Putnam Mathrew, 1954: 3 Mathrew, 1954: 4 Schleth, 1971: 99 Eldersveld, 1995: 31 (patrician) Mathrew, 1954: 4-5 orientation Searing, 1967:18 Robert D. Putnam Putnam 83 17

27 152 Edinger and Searing, 1967; Searing, 1969; Schleth, 1971; Putnam Putnam Barton, 1973:242 Putnam Aberbach and Rockman, 1977: 23-47; Aberbach, Putnam, and Rockman, 1981; Edinger and Searing, 1967: ; Eldersveld et. al., 1995; Eldersveld, Jan Kooiman and Theo Van Der Tak, 1981; Guttsman, 1951: ; Groholt and Higley, 1954: 12-32; Goldthorpe, 1955: 31-47; McClosky, Hoffmann, and O Hara, 1960: ; Rustow, 1966: ; Searing, 1967; Searing, 1969: ; Searing, 1971: ; Moore, 1979: (pluralism) (elitism) 18

28 (Dahl, 1961Wildavsky, 1964 Parry, 1973 Prewitt & Stone, 1973 Polsby, 1979Bachrach & Baratz, 1970 Merelman, 1968Wolfinger, 1971) Floyd Hunter 1953 Community Power Structure - reputation-positional method Atlanta City power elite Robert Dahl Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City, 1961 New Haven, Connecticut Heywood Rossi, 1968Walton, 1966:434 Walton, (Medding, 1982Alba et al., 1983) (Laumann et al., Lineberry, C. Wright Mills The Power Elite, 1956 Heywood Heywood

29 1971) Laumann - attributes category network approach Lineberry : 22 Moshe M. Czudnowski 1983 Political Elites and Social Change Toward a Second Generation of Empirical Elite and Leadership Studies Sociological Approach Czudnowski, 1983: 244 Kadushin Charles(1968), Power, Influence, and Social Circles: A New Methodology for Studying Opinion- Makers, American Sociological Review, Vol. 33, pp ; Allen Barton (1971), Empirical Methods and Elite Theories, Rivista di sociologia, Vol. 9, No. 1-2, pp.57-82; Moshe Czudnowski, Toward a Second Generation of Empirical Elite and Leadership Studies pp , in Moshe Czudnowski (ed.) 1983, Political Elites and Social Change; George Moyser and Margaret Wagstaffe (eds.)(1987), Research Methods for Elite Studies; Joel D. Aberbach, James D. Chesney and Bert A. Rockman (1975), Exploring Elite Political Attitudes: Some Methodological Lesson, Political Methodology, vol. 2, pp. 1-27;

30 agglutination, so what Putnam Robert D. Putnam Eldersveld, 1995: 31; Hoffman-Lange, 1985: 51 actor political outcome 83 26, 31 selfconsciously qualitative studies in-depth interview unstructured participant-observation Higley, 1988: George Moyser and Margaret Wagstaffe Research Methods for Elite Studies positional approach 21

31 Federick, 1990: 117; Hoffmann-lange, 1987; Linton et. al., 1963: ; Federick, 1990: 117; Hoffmann-lange, 1987 reputational approach leadership Linton et. al., 1963: 793 intersubjectivity decisional approach Robert Dahl Joel D. Aberbach Aberbach,

32 Federick, 1990: () ( )

33 ,000 67% ,539 24

34 log-linear model Aaron Wildavsky

35 % 89.8% 43.67% 39.95%( )

36 ()

37

38 29.6% 17.7%

39 () 67 Lerman Lerman, 1977: () the law of increasing disproportion Putnam

40 1995: path to top elitism the law of increasing disproportion 31

41

42 1-3 33

43 () ; L. W. Milbrath M. L. Goel 1976: J. N. Rosenau % 32% 67 71, Seymour Martin Lipset Samuel J. Eldersveld

44 Almond and Verba, 1963: 379 Alex Inkeles,

45 Karl Marx order Eldersveld, 1995:

46 46 Kim % 46 Kim, Chong Lim and Samuel C. Patterson Parliamentary Elite Integration in Six Nations 386 amateurs arrivistes parliamentarians careerists 37

47 () Merton, 1968 Smelser Heiss, 1990: Graham T. Allison The Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis bureaucrat politician bureaucrat hierarchical Eldersveld et al, Robert D. Putnam Almond and Powell, 1966: 101 Aberbach 1981: 4-23 Bureaucrats and Politicians in Western Democracies Policy/Administration Facts/Interests Energy/Equilibrium 38

48 The Pure Hybrid The Pure Hybrid () Moshe Czudnowski Louis Wirth Urbanism as a way of life 1938:

49 , , % % 41 1, , , , , , , , , , , ,

50 , % Aberbach, Putnam, and Rockman, 1981 Eldersveld, Jan Kooiman, and Theo van der Tak, 1981Eldersveld, Lars Stromberg, and Wim Derksen, 1995Inglehart, 1990Verba et al., centralization

51 centralized government decentralization city 3. positional method 52 (1) (2)

52 (3) () (4) () (5) 55 (1) (2) (3) probability sampling NSC H

53 A 58 J C Y 44

54

55 A C Y J

56 A C Y J

57 A C Y J

58 A C Y J NSC H Democracy and Local Governance Democracy and 49

59 Local Governance Samuel J. Eldersveld University of Pennsylvania Philip Jacob Betty Jacob The International Studies of Value in PoliticsISVIP Values and The Active Community, NSC H Pretest

60 % % coding Eldersveld, 1995: 179;

61 : : Democracy and Local Governance

62

63

64

65 Wheare

66

67

68

69 b

70

71

72 % 75%

73

74

75 % % %

76

77 social bias 22 path to top % % 6.3% 4.9%8.8%24.6% 24.1% 42.9% 5.5% 6.8% 27.93% 52.3% 58.3% 54.8% 81.5%25.9% 57.5% 81.9% 37% 60.2% % % 75.5% 52.4% 77.1% 76.4%38.7% 80.6% 80.8%69.6% 66.8% 62.8% 53% 74.3% 82.5% 19.8% 25.3% 82.8% 32.6% 14.6% 29.9%20% 58.9% 17.5% 30.8% % 25% Samuel J. Eldersveld, Local Elites in Western Democracies. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Elersveld1995Aberbach1981 Putnma

78 Democracy and Local Governance / / 17/ / / ,454/12, / ,688/48, / /2, ,165/3, / ,476/7, ,844/13, , ,

79 ,734, ,068, ,649, ,745, ,745, ,793, ,674, ,302, ,652, ,153, ,633, ,017, ,268, ,807, ,113, ,080, ,868, ,765, ,335, ,747, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,142 46,2 168, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , % 58.3% 27.93%

80 % % 33.6% % 70.3% 75.5% 80.6%80.8% % 82.5% 82.8% 77.1% 76.4% 52.4% 38.7% 25.3% 32.6% 7.3% 5.5% 10.7% 4.6% % 44.1% 51.7% 69.9% 86.5%

81

82 % 52.2% 60.5% 82.8% 77.5% 70.6% 62.6% % % % % %

83 Eldersveld, 1995: 46Aberbach and Rockman, 1977: %20% % % 69% % % %

84 % 5.8% Eldersveld, 1995: X 2 = (65.2)(66.3) 63(34.8)(91.3) 50 60(90.9)(33.7) 6(9.1)(8.7) (49.4)(44.2) 43(50.6)(87.8) 50 53(89.8)(55.8) 6(10.2)(12.2) (25.9)(53.7) 126(74.1)(82.9) 50 38(59.4)(46.3) 26(40.6)(17.1) (7.7)(28) 84(92.3)(77.1) 50 18(41.9)(72) 25(58.1)(22.9) 50 70(33.8)(45.8) 137(66.2)(63.4) 50 83(51.2)(54.2) 79(48.8)(36.6) P<0.001 X 2 = P<0.001 X 2 = P<0.001 X 2 = P<0.001 X 2 = P<

85 X p<.01 X 2=12.0, p= X 2=15.774, p<.001 X 2=5.253, p< X 2=1.925, P.05 X 2=4.504, (72.2) 14.3 (92.6) P< X 2= (95) 85.7 (7.4) 11.1 P.001 X 2=5.682, p<.05 X 2= P.05 X 2=2.333 P.05 76

86 X p<.01 X 2=9.374, p= X 2=14.830, p<.001 X 2=5.253, p<.05 X 2= P.05 X 2=1.143 P.05 X 2=1.925, P.05 X 2=11.094, P=.001 X 2= P.001 X 2=5.682, p<.05 X 2= P.05 X 2=.800 P.05 77

87

88 Eldersveld, 1995: Eldersveld % 23% 66% 71% 8% 63% 40 57% 7% 50% 94% 7% 87% 71% 28% 43% 42% 9% 33% 40 17% 0% 17% 63% 30% 33% 23% 54%Eldersveld 1995: 48 79

89 2-9 A (89 23) (71 28) (67 13) (71 8 ) (42 9) (80 20 ) (57 7) (17 0) (50 6) (94 7) (63 30) (82 27) (71 0) (54 25) (42 0) 42 B. ( 65% ) Eldersveld, 1995: % 27% 27% 46% 82% type 1995: % 18.8% 52% % 96 80

90 37.6% % % 29.5% % % 13.1% % % 10.1% % 24.3% 13.1% % 1.7% % 45.2% 32.3% % 12.4% % 52% % 11.2% 45.2% 32.3% % 12.4% % 37.6%

91 82

92 38 Robert D. Putnam the law of increasing disproportion

93 % 18.8% 52% % % % % 29.5% 2-10 path to top 84

94 Aberbach et al., 1981:80 85

95 - Putnam,

96 % % 14.4% 34.8% 51.5% 16.7% 30.6%45.3% 27.2% 18.2% 23.6% 17.1% 9%6.5% 13.7%28.8% 30.2% 54.2% 3.5% 28.0% 24.5% 6.7%

97 %1356.5%8734.8%3830.6% %5345.3% % %418.2%5823.6%1713.7%4117.1%2228.8% % %1354.2%6928.0%2520.7%5724.5%3127.4% % 33.2% 43.0% 28.8% 26.7% 31.0% 36.0% % 56.3% 42.4% 6 88

98 64.5% 33.1% 9.8% 9.3% % 52.0% 21.4% 62.5% 21.5% % %8156.3% %4835.0% % %6142.4% %8763.5% /0%252100%144100% %137100%

99 57.8% 60% A 90

100 3-3 N % N % N % N % N % N %

101 3-4 N % N % N % N % N % N % A Q Y J

102 3-5 N % N % N % N % N % N % A Q Y J

103 3-6 N % N % N % N % N % N % A Q Y J

104 3-7 N % N % N % N % N % N % A Q Y J

105 7 Putnam, ; 7 Eldersveld, Samuel J., Lars Stromberg, and Wim Derksen, Local Elites in Western Democracies: A Comparative Analysis of Urban Political Leaders in the U.S., Sweden, and The Netherlands. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995; Putnam, Robert D., The Beliefs of Politicians: Ideology, Conflict, and Democracy in Britain and Italy. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1973Putnam, Robert D., The Comparative Study of Political Elite. Englewood Cliffs: N.J.: Prentice Hall, ,

106 P<0.01 P<0.05 P< x x x x x ** ** x x x x x x x x x x x x x * x x x x x x x x x x x x ** * ** ***P<0.001 **p<0.01 *P<0.05 X :

107 48.6% % % % 3-9 P<0.05 P<0.05 P<0.05 P< % %

108 x x x x x x * x x x x x x x x x x x * x x x x x x x * x x * x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x * * x x x * x *** x x * *** x *** x x ** x x * * x x ** x x x x x ***P<0.001 **p<0.01 *P<0.05 X % 83.3% % % % % 99

109 X 2 test % % Merton, 1968 Smelser Heiss, 1990: Graham T. Allison The Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis 13 Max Weber politician 13 Allison, Graham T. The Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971, p

110 bureaucrat hierarchical Eldersveld, Koomen, Theo van der Tak, % 34 (9.2%) 31 (8.4%) 2 (0.5%) % % % % 96.7% % % % % % 8 100% 14 Eldersveld, Samuel J., Jan Kooman, Theo van der Tak, Elite Images of Dutch PoliticsAccommodation and Conflict. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 1981, p Eldersveld, Samuel J (1995)Aberbach, Joel D., Robert d. Putnam, Bert A. Rockman, Thomas J. Anton, Samuel J. Eldersveld, Ronald Inglehart, Bureaucrats and Politicians in Western Democracies. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981Aberbach, Joel D., Bert A. Rockman, The Overlapping Worlds of American Federal Executives and Congressmen, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 7, Part11977, pp.23-47aberbach, Joel D., Bert A. Rockman, Administrative Beliefs about The Role of The Public: The Case of American Federal Executives, Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 31(December, 1978) pp

111 % % % %

112 103

113 Moshe Czudnowski Louis Wirth Urbanism as a way of life 1938: Eldersveld

114 % % , , ,707 1 Samuel J. Eldersveld, Local Elites in Western Democracies: A Comparative Analysis of Urban Political Leaders in the U.S., Sweden, and the Netherlands. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995, pp

115 , % % % % , , , , , , , % 1, % 1, % , ,317,

116 2, , , , % 1, % ,305 1,146, , , , ,998, , , , , , , ,527, , , , , , , ,141, , , , , , , ,457, , , , ,071, ,037, , ,752, , , , ,317, ,146, , / 1,

117 ,607 30, ,550 50,523 81,565 85,876 64,864 94, ,027 43,876 84,039 36, , ,658 62,194 64,079 54, % ,205 50, ,523 40, , ,494 53,140 95,332 59, ,854 81,607 91, ,208 50, ,544 64,780 16,004 11, , , , , , ,892 56,020 33,569 57, , , , , ,230 43,538 43,258 66, ,

118 % 28.39% 25% % 42.97%42.96% % 34%39% , , , , , , , , , , , ,

119 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

120 / x100% % % % % % % /

121 Q 39.1% Y 27.9% A 13.3% J 30.6% A 86.7% J 69.4% Q 60.9% Y 72.1% A 82.8%J 80.0% Y 38.2%Q 23.3% x x x x x ** ** x x x x x x x x x x x x x * x x x x x x x x x x x x * ** * ***P<0.001 **p<0.01 *P<0.05 X 7 112

122 x x x x x x * x x x x x x x x x x x * x x x x x x x * x x * x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x * * x x x * x *** x x * *** x *** x x ** x x * * x x ** x x x x x ***P<0.001 **p<0.01 *P<0.05 X % % % % % % % % % % % % % 2 113

123 N(%) N(%) N(%) 22(15.9%) 4 6(22.2%) 2 26(12.6%) 5 21(15.2%) 5 3(5.8%) 6 28(13.5%) 4 24(17.4%) 3 7(25.9%) 1 51(24.6%) 1 25(18.1%) 2 2(7.4%) 5 36(17.4%) 3 26(18.8%) 1 5(18.5%) 3 40(19.3%) 2 20(14.5%) 6 4(14.8%) 4 26(12.6%) % % % % % % A 292, , Q 405, , Y 777, , J 474, ,

124 % % % % A 315, , , Q 436, , , Y 806, , , J 495, , , N% N%N%N% N% N% A 2(100) 1 26(32.1) 1 8(13.1) (35.4) 1 17(19.5) 4 Y 0 16(19.8) 3 20(32.8) 2 2(100) 1 8(16.7) 4 23(26.4) 2 Q 0 16(19.8) 3 21(34.4) 1 0 9(18.8) 3 25(28.7) 1 J 0 23(28.4) 2 12(19.7) (29.2) 2 22(25.3) 3 2(1.4) 3 81(56.3) 1 61(42.4) 2 2(1.5) 3 48(35.0) 2 87(63.5) AQYJ Q A A Q Y J A Y Q J A Q YJ YQJA A 115

125 21.7% 13.4% 10.0% A 10% 20.0% A 18.0% A Y Q Y Y % 42.4% 1.4% 63.5% 21.1% 35.0% 21.3% 1.5% 0.1% 4-14 A YQ 116

126 A % 117

127 - Democracy and Local Governance

128 22.8% 19%

129 81 10, , elite replacement % 9% , Shen, % % 14% % 25% 19%65% 2%23%

130 1% 69% , , , % % 3-8 P<

131 %42.7% 100% Aberbach, Putnam, and Rockman, 1981 Eldersveld, Jan Kooiman, and Theo van der Tak, 1981Eldersveld, Lars Stromberg, and Wim Derksen, 1995Inglehart, 1990Verba et al.,

132 % % % % 28.8% 31.0% 68.7% 67.8% 61.7% Democracy and Local Governance

133

134 path to top elitism the law of increasing disproportion 125

135 Robert D. Putnam the law of increasing disproportion

136 % 18.8% 52% % % % % 29.5%

137 A %

138 82 129

139

140

141 Robert D. Putnam

142 b

143

144

145

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273 (90.3) (9.7) (39.9) (30.2) (63.8) 140(71.1) 7(70) 48(69.6) 255(68.9) 24(25.5) 30(15.2) 2(20) 12(17.4) 68(18.4) 0 9((4.6) 0 1(1.4) 10(2.7) 10(10.6) 18(9.1) 1(10) 8(11.6) 37(10)

274 264

275 / (95.2) 31(96.9) (94.4) 13(92.9) 13(92.9) 9(100.0) 9(100.0) 241(95.6) 137(95.1) 4(4.8) 1(3.1) 6(4.1) 5(5.6) 1(7.1) 1(7.1) (4.4) 7(4.9) (6.2) 1(3.1) 6(4.1) 2(2.2) (4.4) 3(2.1) (22.6) 4(12.5) 35(24.1) 13(14.6) 2(14.3) 2(14.3) (22.2) 19(13.2) (48.8) 13(40.6) 67(46.2) 42(47.2) 5(35.7) 5(35.7) 3(33.3) 3(33.3) 116(46.0) 63(43.8) (21.4) 13(40.6) 34(23.4) 31(34.8) 6(42.9) 6(42.9) 3(33.3) 3(33.3) 61(24.2) 53(36.8) 60 1(1.2) 1(3.1) 3(2.1) 1(1.1) 1(7.1) 1(7.1) 3(33.3) 3(33.3) 8(3.2) 6(4.2) (37) 7(21.9) 59(41.3) 28(31.5) 4(28.6) 4(28.6) 3(33.3) 3(33.3) 96(38.9) 42(29.2) 24(29.6) 7(21.9) 44(30.8) 32(36) 8(57.1) 8(57.1) 6(66.7) 6(66.7) 82(33.2) 53(36.8) 27(33.3) 18(56.3) 40(28) 29(32.6) 2(14.3) 2(14.3) (27.9) 49(34.0) 72(85.7) 23(71.9) 119(82.1) 69(77.5) 11(78.6) 11(78.6) 6(66.7) 6(66.7) 208(82.5) 109(75.7) 12(14.3) 9(28.1) 26(17.9) 20(22.5) 3(21.4) 3(21.4) 3(33.3) 3(33.3) 44(17.5) 35(24.3) 78(92.9) 30(93.8) 124(86.1) 72(80.9) 10(71.4) 10(71.4) 6(66.7) 6(66.7) 218(86.9) 118(81.9) 4(4.8) 2(6.3) 9(6.3) 8(9.0) 1(7.1) 1(7.1) 1(11.1) 1(11.1) 15(6.0) 12(8.3) 2(2.4) 0 11(7.6) 9(10.1) 3(21.4) 3(21.4) 2(22.2) 2(22.2) 18(7.2) 14(9.7) 48(57.1) 26(81.3) 89(61.4) 57(64.0) 10(71.4) 10(71.4) 7(77.8) 7(77.8) 154(61.1) 100(69.4) 36(42.9) 6(18.8) 56(38.6) 32(36.0) 4(28.6) 4(28.6) 2(22.2) 2(22.2) 98(38.9) 44(30.6) 7(8.3) 4(12.5) 24(16.8) 17(19.5) 1(7.7) 1(7.7) 4(44.4) 4(44.4) 36(14.5) 26(18.4) 77(91.7) 28(87.5) 119(83.2) 70(80.5) 12(92.3) 12(92.3) 5(55.6) 5(55.6) 213(85.5) 115(81.6) ( ) 9(10.7) 4(12.5) 25(17.2) 13(14.6) 2(14.3) 2(14.3) 2(22.2) 2(22.2) 38(15.1) 21(14.6) 75(89.3) 28(87.5) 120(82.8) 76(85.4) 12(85.7) 12(85.7) 7(77.8) 7(77.8) 214(85.9) 123(85.4) ( ) 40(50.6) 12(41.4) 80(59.3) 44(55.0) 7(58.3) 7(58.3) 4(50.0) 4(50.0) 131(56.0) 67(51.9) 37(46.8) 15(51.7) 54(40.0) 36(45.0) 5(41.7) 5(41.7) 3(37.5) 3(37.5) 99(42.3) 59(45.7) 2(2.5) 2(6.9) 1(0.7) (12.5) 1(12.5) 4(1.7) 3(2.3) 18(21.4) 5(15.6) 31(21.4) 15(16.9) 1(7.1) 1(7.1) (19.8) 21(14.6) 66(78.6) 27(84.4) 114(78.6) 74(83.1) 13(92.9) 13(92.9) 9(100.0) 9(100.0) 202(80.2) 123(85.4) (0.4) 0 265

276 6-10 6(7.1) 1(3.1) 7(4.9) 3(3.4) (5.2) 4(2.8) 11 78(92.9) 31(96.9) 135(94.4) 85(96.6) 14(100) 14(100) 9(100) 9(100) 236(94.4) 139(97.2) (70.1) 20(69) 93(66.9) 60(68.2) 10(71.4) 10(71.4) 3(42.9) 3(42.9) 160(67.5) 93(67.4) (18.2) 8(27.6) 33(23.7) 24(27.3) 2(14.3) 2(14.3) 3(42.9) 3(42.9) 52(21.9) 37(26.8) 11 9(11.7) 1(3.4) 13(9.4) 4(4.5) 2(14.3) 2(14.3) 1(14.3) 1(14.3) 25(10.5) 8(5.8) 266

277 / (94) 21(80.8) 127(94.1) 85(94.4) 11(91.7) 11(91.7) 7(87.5) 7(87.5) 224(93.7) 124(91.2) 5(6.0) 5(19.2) 8(5.9) 5(5.6) 1(8.3) 1(8.3) 1(12.5) 1(12.5) 15(6.3) 12(8.8) (4.7) 1(3.8) 7(5.1) 7(7.7) 0 0 2(25) 2(25) 13(5.4) 10(7.3) 81(95.3) 25(96.2) 130(94.9) 84(92.3) 12(100) 12(100) 6(75) 6(75) 229(94.6) 127(92.7) ( ) 20(23.5) 7(26.9) 24(17.5) 18(19.8) 3(27.3) 3(27.3) 1(12.5) 1(12.5) 48(19.9) 29(23.1) 65(76.5) 19(73.1) 113(82.5) 73(80.2) 8(72.7) 8(72.7) 7(87.5) 7(87.5) 193(80.1) 107(78.7) ( )

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