第四章空氣污染

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1 4.1 (Dust) (Fumes) (Gas) (Mist) (Odor) (Smoke) (Vapor) 1. (SO 2 SO 3 SO X ) 2. (CO) 3. (NO NO 2 NO X ) 4. (C X H Y ) 5. (Cl 2 ) 6. (HCl) 7. (HCN) 8. (CS 2 ). 9. (HF SiF 4 ) 10. (CmHnXx) 11. (CFCs) 1. TSP 100µm TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) 2. PM (µm) PM µm PM (µm) (PAN) 1. (NH 3 ) 2. (H 2 S) 3. ((CH 3 ) 2 S) 4. (RSH) 5. ((CH 3 )XNH 3-X X=1,2,3) 1

2 4.2 VOCs (PAHs) (SO X ) (NO X ) (CO) (Particulate) Pb Cd Cu Cr Zn Ni V Hg (VOCs) (PAHs) (PCDDs PCPFs) (PCBs) 4.3 (PSI) (Pollutant Standards Index PSI) (PM 10 )( 10 ) (SO 2 ) (NO 2 ) (CO) (O 3 ) (PSI ) 4.1 (PSI) 4.2 PSI 100 PSI 100 PM Mg/m 3 SO 2 140ppb CO 8.1ppm O 3 140ppb NO 2 120ppb (PSI) 4.1 PM Mg/m 3 PSI 150 SO 2 140ppb PSI 100 2

3 CO 6ppm PSI 90 O 3 140ppb PSI 125 NO 2 120ppb PSI 40 PSI 150 PSI 100 PM 10 O CO O PM 10 SO 2 3 NO 2 PSI (µg/m 3 ) (ppb) (ppb) (ppb) (ppm) (PSI) (PSI) 0~50 Good 51~100 Moderate 101~199 Unhealthful 200~299 Very Unhealthful 300 Hazardous TSP 0.05~100µm 100µm 100µm 10µm 2.5~10µm 2.5µm 2.5µm Pb Cd Cu Cr Zn Ni V Cr 2.5µm (PAHs) (PCDDs PCDFs) (CO) 3

4 210 (SO x ) (SO x ) (SO 2 ) (SO 3 ) (H 2 SO 4 ) (SO = 3 ) (SO = 4 ) (NO x ) (NO x ) (N 2 ) (O 2 ) NO NO 2 N 2 O (NO 2 ) NO 4 (O 3 ) PAN (O 3 ) 50ppm 1 (VOCs) VOCs( ) C 2 C 6 (20 760mmHg) 0.1mmHg VOCs (radicals) NO 2 O 3 (Smog) PANs VOCs 1. PAN / PAN VOCs 4

5 VOCs VOCs 2. VOCs VOCs (acute effects) VOCs (SOCs) (PAHs) (PCDDs PCDFs) (PCBs) (PAHs) PAHs PAHs PAHs PAHs Benzo[a] Pyrene (BaP) 21 PAHs 4.3 (PCDDs PCDFs) PCDDs PCDFs (PCDDs PCDFs) 0.6 g/kg 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2,3,7,8-TCDD

6 (0.1ng TEQ Nm 3 ) (PCDDs PCDFs) (PCBs) DDT (PCDDs PCDFs) DDT 4.1(A) 4.1(B) 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2,3,7,8-TCDF 0.1 ng TEQ Nm PAHs ( o C) ( o C) Naphthalene Nap Acenaphthylene AcPy Acenaphthene Acp Fluorene Flu Phenanthrene PA Anthracene Ant Fluoranthene FL Pyrene Pyr Cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene CYC 228 NR NR Benz[a]anthracene BaA Chrysene CHR Benzo[b]fluoranthene BbF

7 Benzo[k]fluoranthene BkF Benz[e]pyrene BeP Benzo[a]pyrene BaP Perylene PER NR Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene IND 276 NR 534 Dibenz[a,h]anthracene DBA Benzo[b]chrycene BbC NR Benzo[ghi]perylene BghiP Coronene COR : N.R

8 4.1(A) 2,3,7,8-TCDD 4.1(B) 2,3,7,8-TCDF SO 2 SO ~60 8

9 0.5~1.5 ph 330ppm ph ph 5.0 (SO = 4 ) (NO - 3 ) SO 2 NO 2 NO % % % % O 2 O + O (O ) O 2 (O 3 ) CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons Pu Pont 1920 Freon CFCs 1974 Rowland Molina Nature CFC CFC + h Cl Cl + O 3 ClO + O 2 ClO + O Cl + O 2 O 3 + O 2 O Joe Farman 40 CFC UARS CFC CFC CFC Rowland Molina Crutzen 9

10 280 ppmv ppmv 49% (H 2 O) (CO 2 (CH 4 ) (N 2 O) (CFCs) (SF 6 ) (PFCs) (HFCs) (Greenhouse Effect) (Greenhouse Gas, GHG) ~3.5 15~ ~19 7~ Radiative inversion 4.2 A Subsidence inversion 4.2 B maximum mixing height 10

11 4.2 A 4.2 B 11

12 Cyclone

13 2. Bag House m 99%

14 3. Electrostatic Precipitators 4.5 1µm 99% 4. (1) 4.6 (2) Venturi Scrubber

16 (1) a. b. FeS 2 (Gasification) (2) a. ( ) ( ) b. ( CaO CaCO 3 Na 2 SO 3 /NaOH MgO Citrate FeS 2 K 2 CO 3 ) ( CaO Na 2 CO 3 ) 16

17 ( 150 C) ( (Na 2 CO 3 ), (NaHCO 3 )) 2. NO X NO X (1) a. b. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2) 50% (Selective Catalytic Reduction, SCR) (Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction, SNCR) SCR ( ) NO X N 2 NO X 4 NO + 4NH3 + O2 4N2 + 6H 2O 2 NO2 + 4NH3 + O2 3N2 + 6H 2O SCR NO X 80% NH 3 SNCR Thermal DeNO X NO X NH 3 NO X N 2 H 2 O ( SCR 1/5 1/3) ( ) ( 1,000 C) NH 3 /NO (NH 3 ) NH 3 NO X FGD NO X L/G ratios (3) VOCs VOCs / VOCs VOCs VOCs

18 3 4. PCDDs PCDFs 1. PVC 2. PCDDs/PCDFs PCDDs/PCDFs PCDDs/PCDFs PSI

19 Secondary Air Pollutants PSI PSI 8. CO SO x NO x O 3 9. VOCs PAHs PCDDs/PCDFs PCDDs/PCDFs pp pp pp. 3-1~ pp pp pp. 8-1~ MnO/Fe 2 O 3 pp. 12~ Fe II EDTA pp. 14~

( ) 30% ( ) ( ) (CIC) 60% 70% [1]

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - 1 - ( ) 30% ( ) ( ) (CIC) 60% 70% [1] 57 10 62 65 65 73-2 - ( ) 16.4% 12% 70% [2] ( 1) [3] ( 2) ( ) 11 384 555 770,000 270,000 ( ) 106 106 ( ) 21-3 - ( ) 64 10 67 391 79 312 72 75 7% (