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2 ( C I P) 2008 / :, ISBN I. 2 II. 2 III. - IV. D CIP ( 2008) : 2008 ( ) : 2008 : : : ( ) 3 : http: / / www. chinasybook. com( ) : ( 010) , : : : : /16 : : 710 : : : ISBN : : ( )

3 ,,,,,,,,,,,,

4 / ( 2) / ( 5) / ( 11) / ( 18), / ( 26) / ( 34) / ( 39) / ( 46) / ( 52) / ( 58) / ( 62) / ( 68) / ( 73), / ( 80) / ( 85) / ( 93) / ( 98) / ( 101) / ( 104) / ( 113) / ( 117) / ( 121)

5 / ( 128) / ( 133) / ( 137) / ( 148) / ( 155) / ( 162) / ( 168) / ( 177) / ( 182) / ( 187) 2006 / ( 197) 2006 / ( 210) 2006 / ( 218) 2006 / ( 224) / ( 229) / ( 235) / ( 239) / ( 249) / ( 253) / ( 259) / ( 266) / ( 276) / ( 280)

6 / ( 283) / ( 288) / ( 295) / ( 302) / ( 309) / ( 319) / ( 325) / ( 334) / ( 343) / ( 353) / ( 358) / ( 364) / ( 371) / ( 379) / ( 386) / ( 392) / ( 400) / ( 406) STW39 / ( 411) / ( 417) / ( 424) / ( 430) / ( 438) / ( 444)

7 2008

8 ( ), :,,,,,,,,, 2020, : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2

9 ( ),,,,,,,, 12, 12,,,,, 12 18,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3

10 ,, ( ), 2006, 2006,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 2008,,,,, ( ) 4

11 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,, ; 5

12 ,,,, ( ),, IMO SOLAS MARPOL, ;,,, STCW ;,,,,, 2006,,, ;, ;,,,, ( ),, ;, 50,,, 10,, 6

13 ( ),,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;, :,,!,,,,,,,,,,,, 7

14 , 8% 10%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 8

15 ,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9

16 , ( ),,, :! :,,,,,,, :,,,,?, PSC FSC,,,,,,,,, ( 1),,,, ( 2),,,,,,, 10

17 ( ),,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, :, : ,

18 395,, 97, 146, 152 ;, , 39. 7%, , 23. 3%, , 36. 5%,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,,,,, ;,,, ;, 40%,,,, ;,,, ( ), 45,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, :,,,,, ;,, ;,,, ;,,,,,, 12

19 ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13

20 ,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, :, ;,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 14

21 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15

22 ,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ILO),,, STCW 78 /95,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 16

23 ,,,,,,, 21, IMO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17

24 ( ),, STCW ( STCW 78 /95 ), STCW 78 /95,,,,, STCW 78 /95,, ( 1977-) :,,, PSCO, STCW STCW, : , pscowjh@ 126. com ( 1973-) :,,,, : , E- mail: zhshyu_zh@ gdmsa. gov. cn 18

25 ( ), 95%,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, : 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 4., 19

26 , 5.,,, 12 4, 6.,,, 7.,,,,, ( ) BIMCO/ ISF 2005, ,,, : 1.,,,,, 2., 2%, 3%,, 50%, 20% 3. ( ),, 20

27 , STCW78 /95,,, ( ),,,,, : ,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, STCW 78 /95,,,, 21

28 ( ), 1996, ,,, ;,,, ;,,, 1.,,, ( 1),, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,, ( JT ),,,, ( 3),,,,, ISM 22

29 , ( 4), ;,, ;,,, 2.,,,,,,, 3., ( ),,,,,,,, ( ), 20 90,,,,,,,,, ( ), STCW 78 /95,,,,, 23

30 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,?,,,,, ( ), WTO,,,,,, 2007,,,, 24

31 ,,, 2006,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].., 2007( 5) : [ 2]. STCW., 2000 ( 10) : [ 3] , 2006( 4) : 8 11 [ 4].. [ ]., 2002 [ 5],.., 2007 ( 4) :

32 , ( ),,,,,,,, ,,,,, 2003,,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( 1963-) :,,, : , , , jameshan2007@ 126. com 26

33 ( ) 1.,,,,, :, ;, ; ( ),,,???,,,,, 5,,,,, 2.,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4. 27

34 ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, 5. 07,,,,,,,, 6.,,,,,,,, 8,,,, 8 7.,,, 8, 8.,,, : 2, 9. 28

35 , 2007, 500, 75%, 120,,,,,,,, 10.,,,, 11.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 29

36 ,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, -, 3.,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,, 30

37 10,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 4.,, ;, ( ) ,,,,,,, 2.,,, 3., 31

38 ,,,,,,,,, 3 1, ( ) 4 1,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3, 3 6 ( ),, 12 ; , 30,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5,, 3,,,, ( ) 1., 2006,,, 32

39 2.,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4.,, 2,,, 2, ;,,,, ( ) 1.,, 2.,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 33

40 ( ; ),,, 90%,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1972-) :,,, :, liuguiyun@ nbu. edu. cn, : ( 1971-) :,, 34

41 ,,,,,, 1,, 50%, 20%, : 17%, 25%, 45%, 83%,,,,, 1998,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, 1. 0,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 35

42 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 36

43 ;, ;,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, GMDSS 12,,,,, PSC,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,, 37

44 ,,,,,,,, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] [ 2],.., [ 3]. 21., [ 4],.., [ 5].., [ 6].., [ 7]. ( )., [ 8]..,

45 ( ),,,,,, 60% 70%, 93%,,,,, 3 5,, ( ), ( ) 151, 50, , , 4000,, 39

46 ,,, 76, 22, , , , ,, 8000,,,,,,,,, : 50%, 27%, 16%, 5%,,,,,, 4,,, ( 42% ) ( 7. 3% ) ( 6. 8% ), ( ),,,,, 40

47 ,,,,, 2%, 3% ( ),, 6000, 8000,,,, 6000, ( ),, :,,,,, STCW 78 /95,,,, IMO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 ( ) 20 80,, :, ;, 41

48 ,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ,,,,,,, 42

49 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ( ), ,,, ;, ( ) ,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ; ;,,, ; ; ; ; ;,, 43

50 , ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ;,,,,, ; 44

51 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, [ 1], 2007 [ 2],, , 2004 [ 3] BIMCO/ ISF Manpower 2005 update 45

52 ( ),,,, ( IMO) ( STCW ),,, STCW,,,,,,,,,, 90 %,,, : : ; , ; ; , , lsf@ szmsa. gov. cn, Ttjia82@ 163. com 46

53 ,,,,,,,,, 2400,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1. 50, 17, A 10000,,,, 10000,,, 50%,, 20%,,,,,,, 2. STCW,,,, 47

54 ,,,, 3., 9418, 8106, 2987, 827,,,,,,, 2007 : ; 13278, 84. 4% ; 13000, 6330 ; 1202, 1134 ; 99% ; 4764, 30% ; 3646, 23% 2004, :,, ; 50,, ;, ;, ;, ,, 42%, ( 7. 3% ), ( 6. 8% ), ( 4% ),, 17,,,,,, ( ),,, : 1.,, ( ), ( ),, 48

55 ,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,, 2. STCW,,,,,, 3. ( ),, 20,,, 13000,, 4.,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 49

56 ,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), ; ( ),,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50

57 ,, ( ),,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ), 2006,,,,,,,,, ( ) 2006,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 51

58 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 50%, 20%, 10 85%,,,,,,, ( 1964-) :,,, , : , , hzdxm@ yahoo. com. cn ( 1962-) :,,,, : , jiyq@ zjvtit. edu. cn 52

59 ,,,,,, : ( 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 70,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,, :,,, 53

60 ,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 54

61 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 2006,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, 55

62 ,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1], [ J]., 2007( 3) :

63 [ 2],. [ J]., 2006( 7) : [ 3] [ J]., 2007( 2) : 2 3 [ 4],. [ J]., 2007( 3) : [ 5],. [ M]. :, 1999:

64 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1993, ,, DPA( ) : , , ( ), ; kang_weimin01@ yahoo. com. cn 58

65 , :,, : ( ) ( 1) ;,,,,,,,,, ( 2) ;,,, ( 3) ;,,,,,, ( ) ( 1) ;,,,,,,,,, ( 2) ;,,,, ( 3) ;,,,,,, 59

66 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,, ( 3),,, ,,,,,,,,,, 60

67 ,, : ( 1) :, :,,,,,, :,, ( 2) :,,, :,,,, ( 3) :,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].., [ 2]. ( 2007)

68 ( ), ;,,,, 5, ;,,,,,, [ 1 ] 21,,, [ 2], :,,,,, ; 62

69 ,,,,,,,,,, ( ), [ 3 ],, : :, ; :, ; :,,, ; :,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,, ( A) ( B) ( C) ( D),,, 1 ( ), 63

70 ,,, 1 ( A) ( B) ( C) ( D),,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, [ 4], 64

71 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, [ 5], 31,,, ( ),, ;,,,,,,,, [ 6],,,, ( ), O = ( A, B, C, D), A = (, ), ( ), 65

72 W O = [ O A, O B, O C, O D ], W A = [ A 1, A 2 ], ; W A1 = [ M 1, M 2 ],,, ( ),,, P = { },, [ 7, 5, 3, 1] ( ) X = P* W,, X = 7, ; 5 X <7, ; 3 X < 5, ; 1 X < 3, ; X < 1, ( ) :, ( ), : W O = [ 0. 25, 0. 35, 0. 25, 0. 15], W A = W B = W C = W D = [ 0. 4, 0. 6], W A1 = [ 0. 5, 0. 5], W A2 = [ 1], W B1 = [ 0. 3, 0. 3, 0. 4], W B2 = [ 0. 4, 0. 56], W C1 = [ 1], W C2 = [ 1], W D1 = [ 1], W D2 = [ 1] [ 7, 5, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 5, 5] = ,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 66

73 [ 1].., [ 2] :, [ 3], [ 4].., [ 5],.., 2006 [ 6]..,

74 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , 27,, : :, 7, ; : ,

75 ,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 150, 100, 50,, ( ) 6,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( IMO),,,, STCW 78 /95 ;, ;, ;,,,, 69

76 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000, 2 4, 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,, : ( ),,, : 70

77 ,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,, SOLAS STCW 78 /95 ISM MARPOL ;,, ( ) ( ), GPS ECDIS, ARPA, GMDSS, VTS, ALS, VDR,,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ), :,, 71

78 , [ 1].., [ 2].., [ 3]..,

79 ( ),,, IMO( ) Efthimios Mitropoulos 2006,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 73

80 ,,,,,, STCW ( ),, ,,,, 50%, 20%,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 74

81 ,,,,,, ( ),,,, :,,,, ( ),, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,, : : ;, ;, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, 75

82 ,,,,,,,, VTS,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;, ( 80% ),, ;, : ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 76

83 , ;,, ;,, : ( ),,,,,, 1.,,,, 2.,,,,, GMDSS 12,,,, ;, 3.,,,,,,, ( ) 1., 77

84 ,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ; ; ;,,,,,,, 78

85 , 90%,,.,, [ 1]. [ S] 2006 : [ 2],. [ J]., 2005 ( 2) : [ 3],. [ J]., 2005 ( 3) : 9 11 [ 4],. [ J]., 2003, ( 5) :

86 , ( ),,,,,,, ; ;,, 93%, 46%,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ( 1973-) :,, 16, , : ( 0760) , : ( 0760) , jinhehuang@ 163. com ( 1974-) :,, 16, , : ( 0760 ) , : ( 0760)

87 ,,,,,, 2006, 1. 7, 93%,,,,, 10 : GDP 3000,, GDP 3000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 85% ,,,, 81

88 ,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, 155, 51, 40%, , ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 82

89 ,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( 1),,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,, 8 10,,, 2004,,,,, 4, 3,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,,, ;, 83

90 , ( ),,, 8 10,,,,, PSC FSC,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1],.. :, [ 2] :., [ 3].., [ 4].., [ 5]..,

91 ( ),,,,,,,,,, 2007, 92%, 20,, ,,,,,,, :, : : :, Tel/ Fax:

92 ,, ( BIMCO) ( ISF) 2005 [ 2], , 47. 6, 58. 6, 46. 6, 72. 1, 1, %, 5, , 25. 5,,,,, 10, , 20,, 2005, 60, 4, , , 3%, 4 5,,,,,,,,, ( )

93 2338, / 2258, / 1345, / 1472, 2003, 3989, 3014, 75. 6% ; 2006, 6417, 5425, 84. 5% ( : ) 1 / / ( ),, %, %, %, %, % ( ),, ( ) ( 10% ),, ( 90 ),,,,,, 28% ;,, 25%, ( 15% ) 575 : % ( ), 87

94 ,,, ( ), ;, ;, ;,,, , 500, 21, , ,, 81, 15, / 13, / 3, 50, , / 5799 [ 9],, ,,,,,, /, , ,,,, 2006,,, 60,,, 88

95 , DMI ( ),,,,, 4,, 16,,, , 1. 72,,,,,,,, 196,,,,,,, 2004,, ; 60% ; 3,,,, STCW,,, 89

96 ,,,,,,,,,, 2003, 3989, 3014, 75. 6% ; 2006, 6417, 5425, 84. 5% ,,,, ( IMO) ( ILO) ( IMLA) ( IAMU) ( AMETIAP) ( APEC) ( ISF) ( IACS) ;,,,, 90

97 ( ),,,,, ( ),,, ;, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, ( ) ( ),,,, 91

98 ( ),,, ( ),,, 8863, 1 2,, 2007,,,,,,, ;,,, [ 1].., [ 2] , 12 [ 3] [ 4].., [ 5].., [ 6].., [ 7].., [ 8] BIMCO/ ISF Manpower 2005 update. Dec 2005 [ 9],,

99 ( ),,,,,,,, IMO( ) Efthimios Mitropoulos 2006,,,,,, ( ) :, ,, 93

100 :,,,, : 17,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,,, CEO ( Ron Yang) :,,,,,,,, ( Sustainable Development) 20 80,,,,,,,, /, 94

101 , ( ),,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,, ( ) : ; 95

102 ,,,, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,, 96

103 ,,,,, web2. 0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] ( 11) : 232 [ 2],,.., 2002( 11) : [ 3],,.., 2005( 7) : [ 4] [ 5], ( 07) : [ 6], ( 05) 97

104 ( ) ;, ;,,,,,,, ;,,, 500, ;,,, 75% ;, ;,,, 98

105 ,,,,, : ISM NSM,,, SMS, ; SMS ISM, SMS,, ;,, SMS, SMS,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,, ;, : SMS ; ; ; ; ( ),, ;, 99

106 ,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, : MARPOL,, ;,,, ;,,, 100

107 ( ), 2006,,,, ,,,?,?,,, , 1% 5, A 18, A 11, 000, 10,

108 ,, 10, 000,,,,,,, :,,, 73%, 27%, 13%, 87%, %,,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 102

109 ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,, 21,,, 2006,,,, 103

110 ( ), MMEC,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40, VLCC 20, ( GP ), ( 1970-) :,,,, 3000,, zimcwyb@ 126. com, 268,, : , : ,

111 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 11, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ISM ISPS),,,,,,,,, ( PSC),,,,, 80%, ( USCG), 16% 33%,,,,,, 5 20, 71. 8%, 30. 2%, 44. 3%,,,,,,, 105

112 ,, STCW78 /95 ISM,, MMEC( M-Man, M-Machine, E-Environment, C-Control ), : ( ) M ( 1) ; ( 2),, ; ( 3),,, ; ( 4),,,,, ; ( 5),, ; ( 6),, ; ( 7),, ( ) M ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( ) E ( 1), ; ( 2),, ; ( 3),,,,, CO 2 ; ( 4),,,,,, 106

113 , ( ) C ( 1), ; ( 2) ; ( 3),,, ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ; ( 6) ( ) ( 1), ; ( 2),, ; ( 3), ; ( 4) ( ),, : ; ; ; ; IMO A. 890( 21),, IMO,,, STCW, 107

114 ,, ILO 2006, : 2. 7-,,,,,, 2. IMO STCW 78 /95,,, IMO STCW 78 /95,,,, 3., ( IMO) ( ILO), STCW A- / : ; 2, 6 ; 10 6, 2, 7 70 ; ; STCW B- /, :,,, ;,,,, ; 24 ; 24 ILO 2006 STCW, 108

115 2006, : ; 7 72 ; : ; 7 77, STCW, IMO SOLAS :, ( ISM ), ISM,,,, 5., IMO 1995,,, ;,,,, ISM SMS PSC ( ) 1.,, STCW78 /95, 30,,,, IMO ILO ITU WHO, 2006,,,, : ; ; 109

116 ;, 2. PSC PSC, IMO ILO PSC,,,, :, ;,,,,, IMO ILO,, ( Paris MOU),,,,, 6, 3.,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, 110

117 ,, ( 1) ; ;, ; ( 2) ; ;, ; ; 24 ; DVD ;,,, ( 3),, ; ; ;,,,,, ; ;, 4. ( 1),,,,,,, ( 2),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,! 111

118 [ 1],. [ A]. [ C] [ 2], [ J]., [ 3] IMO. Res. A. 772( 18) Fatigue Factors in Manning and Safety, October 1993 [ 4] ILO. the Maritime Labour Convention [ 5] IMO. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, as amended in

119 ( ),,,,,, 2 /3, 90%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, IMO( ) Efthimios Mitropoulos,, ;,,,,, 50, 113

120 13. 5,,,, ;, 1. 3, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 80%, 90%, 95%,,,,,,, 90%, 114

121 120 A,? : ( 1),, ,,,,,, 155,, 80%,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,, ( 4),,,,, ( 5),,, 115

122 ,,,,,,,,! 116

123 ( ; ),,,,, 30,,,,, 3700,, 120,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 8000, 117

124 4000 ;, ( ),, 50%,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 80, ; 90,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 118

125 ,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 7 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 8,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,, 119

126 ,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1]. : [ 2]. : [ 3] : : 120

127 ( ; ; ) ,, ( ) , , ,,,, ( ),, ( 1958-) :,,, 11, , :

128 ( ),,,,,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( [ 2002] 14 ) ( [ 2003] 5 ),,,,, ( IMO) ( STCW ) I/8,,,, IMO, IMO A, STCW,,,,,,,,,, 122

129 ,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 3, 123

130 ,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,, ( ) 124

131 ,,,,,, ; ( ILO) ( IMO), 2006 (, ) ( STCW ), ( ),, ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 125

132 ,,,,,, ( ) STCW 78,, ;,,, : ; ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),, 126

133 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] :, 1997 [ 2]. :, 2003 [ 3]. :, 2007 [ 4]. :, 2000 [ 5],.. :,

134 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 128

135 ( ),, 2010, 4. 6,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, : 17%, 25%, 45%, 13%, ;, 2006, 129

136 ,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,, ( ),,,, STCW,,, :,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,, 130

137 ,, 44 25%, 55. 9%, %, 46. 7%,, ;, STCW,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( 1),, ISM NSM,,,, ( 2),,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,, ;,,,, 15 ; 131

138 ,,,,,,,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].. : [ 2].., [ 3],..,

139 ( ),, , ( ), , , ( ), ,,,,,, 155,,,,, 133

140 ( ) ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( ) ( 1),,,, ; ( 2),, ; ( 3),, ;,,,,,,, ; ( 4),,,,, : ( 1), ( 134

141 , ) ( 2),, ( 3),,, ( 4),,, ( 5) ( 6) ( 7), ( 8) ( ), ( 9), 2 5, ( 10),,, : ( 1) SOLAS, IMO,,, 135

142 ,,, ( 2),,,,,,,, ( 3),, STCW IMO,,,,,,, ( 4), ( 5), ( ) ; / ;, ; ;,, ;,, 136

143 ( ; ) 80%, 521, : ( ),, ( Man) ( Machine) ( Environment) ( Manage), ( MMEM) [ 1 ],,,,,,,,,, ( Efthimios Mitropoulos) :, 80% [ 2],,, ( )

144 ,,,,,,, ( ),, [ 3 ] ; 1 24 ; 2 24 (,, ) % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % ( ),,,,

145 2, 3 4 ; 6 7, ; ,, 0 4, , , 24, ( ) 1. 2 [ 3 ] 521, % 24% % 30 % 2. 2 [ 3], 521, 1, 87, % ; 2, 125, 24% ; 3, 3, 156, 30% ; 139

146 156 30% 4, 4,,,,, 4, , 40%, 60%, ( 4),,,, ( 4 ), 2 3, 3 4, 30%, 17% ( 5 ),,,,,,, ( ) IMO, , : ; : , : ,,,, 4,,,,, [ 3] 521, % % % 140

147 2. 3,,,,,,,, STCW 78 /95,,,, ; 12,, 12,,, :,,,, % %,,, % %,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 24,, ( ),, 4 [ 4] 141

148 4 0 1,, % 1 2, % 2 3, % 3 4,, % 4 5, % 5 6, % % 7 8, % 8 9,, % 9 10, % 10 11, % % 12 13,,,, % ,, % % 15 16, % 16 17, % 17 18, % 18 19,, % 19 20, % 20 21, % , 12000,, % 22 23, % , %,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, : 3% : , 142

149 ,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, :, 2 3, 8. 10% ;,, 3 4, 9. 60% ; 6. 30% : ,,,,, 24,,,, ( ),,, 80%,,,,,,,, ;, ,,,, ; ; ;,,,,,,, 4 ( 5 ),,,, 90, ,,, 2, 143

150 ,, ,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, ,,,, ( ), 1948 IMO 60,,,,,, 3, 3 4, 30%, 17% : t 3. 3i ( i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), 3. 3, 3. 3,, 3,, 4 3,,,,,,,, 5,, 3,,, 5 144

151 % 4. 78% 2. 21% % 6. 25% 3. 31% % 5. 80% % 2. 57% 1. 84% % 4. 78% 5. 15% % 5. 15% % 3. 68% 1. 84% % 1. 47% 2. 57% % 4. 04%, 3, 5, : , , , , , , , ( ), % % % % :,,,, ( 7),, 1 ; % % % : 521,,,, 2 ( ), , 3, 145

152 , 1, 2 3, 12, 12, : 18, 18,, ( ),,,, : ( 3 4 ), ( ), ; 6,, ; ; ; ; ;,,, : ( 1) ( ), 3. 3 ( 2), ( 3) ( 4), : 4 3, : , , , , , , , ( ) 20,,,,

153 [ 1].., [ 2] , 2006 [ 3].. :, [ 4]. 24.,

154 ( ),, 2007,,, 21,,,,,,,,,,, , ( ),,,, :,,, : , , 12,

155 ,,,,,,,,, 2006, 440, 76, 248, 376, 250, , 372, 79, 191, 345, 228, ,, 2007,, ,,, , 5 2, 2, ,,, , , , 01065,,, 1, , 369, 369, 5 : , , , 2522, ,

156 22037, 0138, 3, ,,,,, ,, , 1, , , 218, 7, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 150

157 ,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,, ;, ; ;,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 21,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 151

158 ,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,, ;, 152

159 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 21,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 4, , ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 153

160 ,,,,,,, 154

161 ( ),,,,,,, Web Services IntPerIDA,,,, WTO,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, IMO 9. 11, IMO,,,,,, :,, 1, , : , ftc@ dlmu. edu. cn :,, 1, , : , xjl@ dlmu. edu. cn 155

162 ,, ( IntPerIDA),,, ( ) : / IC 1 1 /, IC ( ) ( ) ( ),, 1 : ( ) 2 156

163 1 2 DNA ( ), 157

164 ,, (, ), ( ), : ( ),,, ( ATM),, : : IC 0000, 0010, 0020, 0030, 0040 A IC, 0000 B IC +,, 0000 & 0010 C,, IC + C 4 : IC & 0010,,,,,, ( ) IntPerIDA IntPerIDA, :, + +, IntPerIDA,,, , HASH ,, 158

165 , IntPerlDA 2 2 IntPerlDA ( ) UML,, 159

166 WebServices : ( ID ), IntPerIDA 3 UML, IntPerIDA, 4 5 : :, : ( ) : IntPerIDA : ID : : 3 IntPerIDA 4 IntPerIDA ( ) 160

167 5 IntPerIDA, Borland Together UML,, IntPerIDA [ 1],. [ M]. :, 2000 [ 2] C. C. Chang, C. S. Laih, Correspondence for remote password authentication with smartcards[ J]. IEE Proc. E, 1992 [ 3] Fiat A, Shamir A. How to Prove Yourself: Practical Solutions to Identification and Signature Problems[ C]. In Advances in Crypto-logy-Proceedings of CRYPTO 86, LNCS263 Berlin: Springer- Verlag, 1997 [ 4],. [ J]., 2000, ( 4) [ 5] Harris, J. A. ; OPA: a one-time password system Parallel Processing Workshops[ J], International Conference on, 2002 [ 6]. [ M]. : 2003 [ 7] M. S. Hwang and L. H. Li. A new remote user authentication scheme[ J]. IEEE Transaction on Consumer Electronics, 2000 [ 8]. [ J]., 2004( 2) [ 9],. [ J]., 2001( 12) [ 10],,,. [ J], 2000, ( 9) 161

168 ( ),,,,,, :,, 90%,,, 120, , 50, 100, 500 [ 1],, ILO , ,,,,,, :,, ; hm@ whut. edu. cn :,,, ; xpyan@ whut. edu. cn 162

169 ,,,, ( BLS),,, : R = [ ( p 1, c 1 ), ( p 2, c 2 ),, ( p x, c x ) ] ( 1) : R, p x x, c x x,,,,,,,,,,, [ 2, 3 ] ( ), 1 ( ),,, :, : ( ),, : ( ),, ( ), 1 163

170 ,, [ 2, 3 ] : : ( 1), ( 2), ( 3), ( 4), ( 5), ( 6), ( ) ( 7), ( 8), ( 9), : ( 1), ( 2), ( 3) ( 4),,, ( 5), ( ) ( Risk Identification),,,,,,,,,, ( Delphi Method) ( Risk List, RL) ( Safety Checklist Analysis, SCA), ( Hazard and Operability 164

171 Study, HAZOP) ( Risk Rank, RR), ( Failure Mode Effects Analysis, FMEA) [ 4-6],,,,,,, ( ) ( Risk Analysis),,,,,, ( Preliminary Hazard Analysis, PHA) ( Human Reliability Analysis, HRA) ( Health Worsening Estimate, HWE) ( Event Tree Analysis, ETA) ( Fault Tree Analysis, FTA) [ 4-6 ], : R ; n R = P i C i i ( 2) i = 1 P ; C ; ( ) 1. ( Risk Acceptance Criteria),,,,,,, 165

172 , [ 7-8 ] 2. ( Risk Evaluation),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].., 2007 [ 2],,.., 2005 [ 3],,.,, 2007 [ 4].., 2007 [ 5],.., 2006 [ 6] Tan ZR, Wang WL, Huang M, Yan Xinping. Formal Safety Assessment and its application to 166

173 maritime[ C]. Progress in Safety Science and Technology, PTS A and B, 2004, 4: ( ) [ 7] GB [ 8],,..,

174 ( ),,,,,, [ 1 ],,,, ( ),, [ 2],, ;, : ; : ( ) : ; : 168

175 ( ) [ 3 ],,, ( ),, [ 3 ] ( stress),,, ( ),, [ 1],,,,,,,,, [ 1],,, [ 1 ] ( ),,,, [ 1 ] 432 [ 4 ], 304 ( 70% ),, 38 ( 10% ), 92 ( 20% ), 41 ( 10% ),, 10%, 391 ( 90% ), 169

176 37 ( 10% ) ; 67 ( 15% ), 85%,,,,,, 2006,, 87. 3% 63. 8% 55. 5%, 4 7 [ 5] ( ),,,,,,,,,,, PSC,, [ 6],,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, [ 7] ( ), 170

177 ,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, [ 8],,,,,,,, ( ) [ 9 10 ],,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, [ 1 1],,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 171

178 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, :

179 ,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, ( ),, :,,, [ 6],,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1 1],,,, 4.,,

180 ,,,,, ;,,,, 6.,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 174

181 ,,,, ;, ;,,,, ( ),, : ( ), [ 8], ( ),,,,,, :,,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,, [ 1],.., p

182 [ 2]. -., 1999,. p131 [ 3].., 1999,. p128 [ 4] p87 [ 5],,. 2006, [ 6],,,.., p72 77 [ 7] p42 [ 8]. ( ). :, p [ 9].,., [ 10].,., [ 11],.., , p

183 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 177

184 ,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 178

185 ,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,, 2000,,,,,,,,,,, 179

186 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1),,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,, ( 3),, 180

187 ,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 5), 500,,,,,,,,,,, 181

188 ( ),,, 2006, 1. 7, 93%, A 2006, 155, 51, [ 1 ],,,,, 85%,,,,, :,,, ( ) : , :,,, : , :,,, : ,

189 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) : [ 2 ],,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) :, ( ),, [ 3 ] :,,,, ;, [ 2 ] 183

190 ,,,,,,,, ( ) :,,,, [ 2 ],,,,,,,,,,,, [ 4],, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, [ 5 ] 184

191 ,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 185

192 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] : [ 2] [ 3] ( ) [ 4].. :, 2006( 1), 193 [ 5],.. :, 2007( 1), 7 186

193 2006 ( ) 2006,, % [ 1 ],,,,,,,, ( ILO) 70,,,,, ILO 5, , ( MLC 2006 ) ( 1973-) :,,,, : , E- mail: zhshyu-zh@ gdmsa. gov. cn ( 1977-) :,,, PSC0, STCW STCW, : , pscowjh@ 126. com 187

194 MLC 2006 : ; ;, MLC 2006,,, MLC 2006,, [ 2 ], 33% , [ 3], [ 4] [ 5 ], ILO, , 2011, 2012,,,,, MLC 2006, MLC 2006,,, MLC 2006,,, MLC ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, [ 6 ] 1997,, : ( 1) ; ( 2), ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) [ 7 ] MLC

195 ,, MLC 2006,,,, MLC 2006,, A ; A,, MLC 2006,,,, MLC 2006, MLC 2006, ; ;,, MLC 2006,, MLC 2006,, 3184 ( 1870, 1314 ), 7040, [ 8 ] 50, 13. 5, 20, [ 9], 4, 256, 314, [ 10 ], % 28% [ 1 1],,,, ;,, [ 1 2],,, 10,,,?,, : ; ; 189

196 ; ;, [ 13 ],,,, ;, ; ;, ;, [ 14 ], : ; ; ; ; [ 15 ],, ; ;, ; [ 16 ],,,,,,,, MLC 2006,,,,, ;,, ; ( ),, ;,,,,, MLC 2006, ( ), ( 1) ILO,, MLC 2006, MLC 2006, ILO 2006 : ,,, 190

197 ,,,,,,,,, [ 17 ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 18 ],,,, MLC 2006,,,, ( ITF) ( ISF),,,,,, ( ), ( 1),, 191

198 , ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,, MLC 2006, MLC ,, A ,, MLC 2006,,,, MLC 2006,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, [ 19 ],,,,,,,,,, [ 20 ] 192

199 MLC 2006,,, : ; ; ; 18 ; ; ; ;,, ;,,,,,,, ( ), ( 1),,,,, [ 2 1],, [ 22],, : MLC 2006,,,,,,,,,,, MLC 2006,, ( 2), ( PSC) [ 23], [ 24] PSC,, 1980,, 193

200 1976 ( ILO No. 147), PSC ILO PSC, PSC ( ) PSC, PSC, ILO No. 147, PSC, PSC, ILO No. 147, [ 2 5],,, ILO PSC,,,, ILO IMO, PSC,, ( 3) 4, MLC , MLC 2006, A5. 3, J Wonham, : ; ILO ; ;, ; PSC, ; ;, ;,, [ 26 ],, ( ),, MLC 2006,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 194

201 ,,,,,, MLC 2006, ; ;,,,,, 2006, [ 27 ], MLC 2006,,, [ 1] LO. A Brief Introduction to International Labour Standards, 2005: 64 [ 2] ILO. Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 Action Plan : 2 [ 3] www. ilo. org/ilolex/ english/ newratframee. htm [ 4] ww. europarl. europa. eu/ sides/ getdoc. do? type = REPORT&reference = A &lan guage = EN&mode = XML#title2 [ 5] , 2007( 2) [ 6],.. http: / / www. wiapp. org [ 7]. E... :, 2004: 118 [ 8] UNCTAD. Review of Maritime Transport http: / /www. unctad. org/ Templates/ Webflyer. asp? intitemid = 4398 [ 9]., 2005 [ 10].. ( ), 2005 ( 12) [ 11] , 2007( 2) [ 12] http: / / www. msa. gov. cn/ Zwgg/ Zwggview. aspx? ID = 117 [ 13].. ( ), 2005 ( 12) 195

202 [ 14].., 2003( 4) [ 15] , 2007( 3) [ 16],.., 2005( 4) [ 17], http: / / www. gov. cn/ [ 18]., http: / / www. chinaelections. org/ NewsInfo. asp? NewsID = [ 19].. :, 2004: 145 [ 20].. :, 2004: p [ 21] United Nations: UNCLOS. 94 ( 1) ( 3) ( 4) [ 22], J. Wonham.. :, 2001: p193 [ 23], J. Wonham.. :, 2001: 201 [ 24] United Nations: UNCLOS. 217 [ 25]. :. :, 2005: [ 26], J. Wonham.. :, 2001: [ 27] ttp: / / www. moc. gov. cn/2006 /06buzhangwy/ xuzuyf /buzhanghd_1 / / t _ html 196

203 2006 ( ) , 51,,,,,, , ( ILO) , 80 65, ( SOLAS) ( STCW) ( MARPOL), ILO 120,,, ILO 33% 30 :, 1977, 2003,, 2004, 25, : , , FAX: , yinshaozhou@ sohu. com 197

204 , 5, 90%,,,,,, ILO, ILO,, ,,, 2006 [ 1] 2006,,,, 500, [ 2],, 50,, 2 /3,,,, 198

205 ,,, ( ) 51, 40%,, 13. 5, , 2,,,, 4, 9%, 7. 8% 16. 2% ;, 70% 80% 1 [ 3], ( 2000 ) 1,,, ( 100% ) 9. 9% % % %,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 199

206 , 1 /3 1 /5, ,,,,,,, 365, 52,, 52 2 = 104,,,,,, = 24,, 120, 15,, 120, 15, 8,, , ; 1 /3 1 /4,,, 60% ( ),,,,,, ; ;, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 200

207 ,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, P&I,,,, ( ),, ILO147,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 20,,,, 20 90,,,, 1, 201

208 1 [ 4],, 10 : GDP 3000,, GDP 3000,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,, 202

209 2 [ 5], 5 : 1: ; 2: ; 3: ; 4: ; 5:,, 2006,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 203

210 ,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, A, B,,,,, 204

211 , ( ) ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,, A,,,,,, A, B, B ( ITF), B A,,,,, ITF,,,,,,,,,, 205

212 , ( ),,,,,,, A, 7, :,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 206

213 ,,,,,,, ( ), ( PSC) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, B, A,,,,, 207

214 ,,,,,, 80%,,,,,, 2006,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 208

215 [ 1] , 2007 [ 2] : 2007 [ 3].. :, 2005 [ 4].. :, 2005 [ 5].. :,

216 2006 ( ) 2006,,,, ( ), 2006 ( MARITIME LABOUR CONVEN- TION 2006, ) 314, 0 4, : 30, 33%, 12,,, 120,, ( No More Favorable Treatment),,, 210

217 ,,,,,,,,,,, ,, ,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1. A ,,,,, 2., A B1. 4-2( d) ( f),, 3.,, 211

218 4. A5. 15 ( ),, A ( c) ( vi),, ( ) 1.,,,, 2., ( ) A2. 1-4,, ( ),,,,,,, [ 1] 212

219 ,,,,, 90, 90,,,,,,, A,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ), 213

220 ( CCOSE) [ 2],,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ;,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 214

221 , , 51,, 13. 5, 40% [ 3 ],,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,, ; ; ;,,,,,,, [ 4 ], ( ),,,,,, ; , [ 5] 2010, 2011,,,,,,,,,,, 215

222 ( 1),,, ;,,,, ;, ( 2),,,, ( 3),,,,,, ( 4),,,,,, :,, ( 5),,,,, ( 6),,,,,,,,, 4800 /,,,,,, 20%,, : ( 1 ) ; ( 2), 216

223 , [ 1] : http: / / www. shippingchina. com/? package = newfashion&modu le = zwgkzs&act = setpage [ 2]., : http: / / www. ccelaws. com/ int/artpage /3 / art_7887. htm [ 3] : http: / / www. chinanews. com. cn/ sh/ news/2007 /06-18 / shtml [ 4] : http: / /www. cnss. com. cn/ cms/features/ root/07 /0701 / / / X [ 5].., ,

224 2006 ( ) 2006,,, 2006,, , ( International Labour Organization, ILO) 94, ILO ( the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, MLC 2006) MLC 2006 ILO ( ),, MLC 2006 ( International Maritime Organization, IMO),, ( 1972-) :,, ;, 25, , ( Tel), ( Fax), gunjin@ sina. com 218

225 MLC 2006,,,,,,,, MLC 2006,,,, ( ), MLC 2006,, MLC 2006 MLC 2006, 5 ( five titles) ( ) MLC A , 18 ; 3. 2 A ( ) 18, 16 ; 20,,, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC A 1. 2 ( Medical Certificate),,,, ( JT ) 219

226 ,,, ( 1 ) ( ) ( Health Certificate), 12,,,,,, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC A 1. 3,, IMO, 1978,, STCW, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC A 1. 4 ( Seafarer recruitment and placement service), MLC 2006 A 1. 4, A 1. 4,, MLC 2006,, ;, ;, MLC A 1. 4,,,, 220

227 MLC 2006,,, ( ) MLC A 2. 1 ( ), MLC 2006 A2. 1, MLC 2006 MLC 2006 ( ) MLC A 2. 2 MLC 2006 A 2. 2,,,, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC A 2. 3,,,, ,, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC A , 221

228 2 5,,, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC A 2. 5,, (, ),,,,,,,, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC A 2. 6,, MLC 2006 ( ) MLC A 2. 7,,,,,, ( ), MLC A 2. 8,,,, 222

229 ,,,,,,, MLC 2006,, MLC 2006,,,,,,,,, MLC 2006,,,,,,, [ 1] :, 2007 [ 2],.. :, 2007 [ 3] , 2006 ( 4) : 8-11 [ 4]. :, 2007 [ 5] :, 1997 [ 6].. :, 1995( 10) [ 7] International Labour Organization Maritime Labour Convention Frequently Asked Questions, International Labour Organization

230 2006 ( ) 2006,,, , ( ILO) 94 10, , 2006 ( ),,, ;, 93%,,,,,,, : 1987,, ; ,, ( , , : , , yueming_z@ sohu. com) 224

231 ,,,, ( ILO),,, : ( 1), ; ( 2),, ; ( 3), ; ( 4), ; ( 5) ;, ;,,,,,, A,, 150,,,,, : ( ),, 225

232 ,,,,, ILO ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ; ;,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 226

233 ,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ,,, ;, ;,, ;, 2 5,, ;, ;,,, 227

234 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ILO,,,, ; SOLAS STCW ; ;,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 228

235 2006 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, : ;,,,, ,, 2006 ( ), ( 1972-) :,,,, : , ( 1982-) :, 2007,, : ,

236 ,,,,, ;,,, 1919, 1945,,,, 178,,, 2006, ILO,, ILO 5 : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5), A ; A,,,,, 5 : ( 1), ; ( 2), ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5),, 230

237 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1., :,,,,,,,,,, 85%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 231

238 ,, 2. :,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,, 2006,,,, ( ),,,,, : ;,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 232

239 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,, 10,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] LO. International Maritime Labor Convention[ S]. Geneva. ILO

240 [ 2]. [ J]. ( ), 2004, 3( 3), [ 3]. ( ) [ D]., 2005 [ 4]. [ J]., 2006, ( 3) : 1-3 [ 5] [ R].,

241 ( ( ) ),,, 90%,,,,,,,,,,, 100 8, , : ( ), :

242 ,,,, 10, , ( ISF) ( BIMCO), , ,, 4 5,,, , ( ) 55930, 13025, %, 2. 9%,,,,,,, ( ),,,, A,, : , 15, 9 : ( ),,,, ( ), 236

243 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ITF( ), ITF,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 2, 10,,,,,,,, : 237

244 ; ; ( ) ; ;,,,,, ( POEA),,,,,,,,, POEA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 238

245 ( ),,,,,,,, 20 70,,,,,,,, ; ( 1976-) :,, : , zhangzhifeng@ nbmsa. gov. cn ( 1975-) :,, : , cliff3324@ hotmail. com Lloyd s Register of Shipping World Fleet Statistics WTO World merchandise export volume, ,

246 ,,, ( ) 1.,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 240

247 ,,,, ;,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1), ( 2), ( 3),,, ( ) BIMCO/ ISF ,

248 , , 2%, , 24. 3% 2004, 10. 4% 3. 2% OECD ( ) 49. 8%, 66. 5% 2002 OECD, OECD, ( ),, ( GDP) 3000,, 3000, 20 ( ),,, ( ), 5 10, 1. OECD, 2000 OECD %, 22. 9% OECD 1 OECD : recious Associates Limited prepared for the OECD Maritime Transport Committee: Availability and Training of Seafarers, ( International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for seafarers, 1978, as amended in 1995, STCW78 /95), OECD 242

249 46. 5, 41. 1, 1 2,, OECD, , 3 10, OECD,, 1 OECD : BIMCO/ISF Manpower Update Summary Reports April : BIMCO/ISF Manpower Update Summary Reports April , , 16, ( ),,,,, 55 60, OECD 46. 5, 41. 1, 243

250 ,,,, OECD 3 3 OECD : PAL 3.,,, , 1, 6, 2, 80 4, 400,,, OECD, , 451, 378, 277, 66, 46, 46 ; 613, 430, 423, 56, 33, 34 2 BIMCO/ISF Manpower Update Summary Reports April :,, ,, 244

251 / ( ) / ( ) / / ( ) / / ( ) / / ( ) /83. 8 % 277 /73. 3% 66 /23. 8% 46 /16. 6 % 46 /16. 6% /70. 1 % 423 /98. 4% 56 /13. 2% 33 /7. 8% 34 /8. 0% : :,, ,, 2,, OECD,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ) 1.,,,, 245

252 ,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, ( 1),,,,, WTO,,,, 246

253 ,, ( 2),,,,, 3.,,, ;,,,, OECD,,, OECD,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,, ;,,,,, 247

254 ;,, [ 1] ichael L. Wachter and Randall Wright, The Economics of Internal Labor Markets, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 29, Spring 1990, [ 2].. :, 2000, 23 [ 3] Precious Associates Limited prepared for the OECD Maritime Transport Committee: Availability and Training of Seafarers, 2003, 6 [ 4].., 2002( 2), 1 4 [ 5].., 2003( 2), [ 6] U. S. Department of Transport, Maritime Administration: A Review of Crewing Practices in U. S. Foreign Ocean Cargo Shipping, Nov, 2006, 3-4 [ 7] BIMCO, ISF: BIMCO/ ISF MANPOWER UPDATE

255 ( ),,,,,,,,,, BIMCO ISF1990, , 167, , 543, ,,,,,,,,, ( 1979-) :,,, 25, : , E - mail: laocucumber@ yahoo. com. cn 249

256 :,, ( ),, ( ), ( 1) : : 1,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1) : ( 2) :,, ( 3) ( 4) :,, ( 5) : 250

257 ( 6) : ( 7) : ;, ;,, ( ), ( ),,, ( ) ( ),,, : ( 1),, ( 2),,, ( 3),, ( 4) ( ),, ; ( ),,,,,, 251

258 ( 1), ( ) ( 2), ( ) ( 3), ( 4), ILO , 2006,, ,, 2006,,,,, [ 1].., 2007 [ 2].. :, 2002 [ 3]..,

259 ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 1990,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 253

260 ,,,,,,, ( ) 155, 51, 4,,,, 2 3 WTO,,,,,,, ;,,, SEAS- PAN, ( MAERSK),,, ( ) 1. STCW78 /95,,,,,,,, 254

261 14,, 51,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ; 80,, ; 255

262 ,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 2006,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 80%,,,,,, ;,,, ;, : 2007, ; 2008,, 256

263 ( ),,, 8 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,, VTS CCTV, : ( 1),, ( 2) FSC PSC,, ( 3),, 257

264 ( 4),, ( 5), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1]. [ J] [ 2] : [ 3]

265 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1 ], [ 2 ],, [ 3 ] ( 1967-) :,,,, 259

266 ,,,, [ 4], [ 5 ],,,,, ( ), 1.,, STCW78 /95,,,,, 2., STCW78 /95,,,,,, 3.,, 260

267 ,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,, ( ) 2006, ( European Maritime Safety Agency),, 261

268 ,, : V = { v 1, v 2, v 3, v 4, v 5 } = { - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2}, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2,,,, , B = ( b 1, b 2,, b n ), ( 2), , , ,, ; 262

269 , ;,, < n < < n < < n < < n < < n < ,,,,, STCW,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 263

270 ( ),, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 264

271 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1],.., 2006, 8: [ 2],.., 2007, 5: [ 3] , 5: 45 [ 4].., : [ 5].. ( ), 2007, 1:

272 ( ),,,,,,,,,, 2007, 4. 9%, 7. 6%, 90%,,,,, 6000,,, 2015, 2. 75,, 2005 : 466, 000, 721, 000,, : 476, 000, 586, 000, :, 266

273 ;, ( ),,,,, : 50%, 27%, 16%, 5%, 2% : ( 42% ) ( 16. 6% ) ( 6. 8% ) ( 6. 8% ) ( 6. 2% ) : BIM- CO SIRC : ( ), 20, 15,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 12%,,,,,,,,, 267

274 ,,,,, STCW95,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,, :,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, - ZODIAC ( 168 ) 25, 3300,,, 5,, , 40 ( ),,, 20 70,,, 268

275 ,, ;,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ),,, 50 ;,,,,,,,,, ( ),, :,,,, 8 10,,,,,,,, ;, 269

276 ,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 76, 8 22, 22,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,,, :,,, ( ),,,,, :, ( /, 9800 / ) ( / , ),, 2, 270

277 , 7,, ( ) ( ), (, / ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, :, GNP( ),,,,,, 20,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,, : ( ) 1.,,, 271

278 ,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( 1600 / ),,,, ;, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;, 4.,,, 272

279 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2004, %, 86%, 86%, 2. 2% ( ) 1.,,, ,, 3000( GT/ KW) 5000,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 273

280 3.,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 2.,,,, ;,, ;,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 274

281 ,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,! [ 1]. :., , [ 2].., , [ 3].., , [ 4].., , [ 5] ,

282 ( ),,,,,,,, :,, BIMCO/ ISF( ), 2010, 35% ( 4. 5 ),,, 100,, ( ILO),,,,,,, , 94 ( ) 2006 ( ),, :, : , ,, : PSC FSC 276

283 , ( ),,,, :,,, 20,, ( ),,, 40, 4, 12, 25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;, 5%,,,, WTO, 277

284 ,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,, ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ) ; ( ) 278

285 ,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1],. - [ 2] : 279

286 ( ),,,, 20 70,,,,,, , , 29, 20 80,, , 1989,, 80, ( 1953-) :,, : , , chengrx@ coscoman. com 280

287 ,, , 16000, 40%, 13000, 29000,, 60, 10,, : ( 1),, ( 2),,,,,, ( 3), ISO ISM ( 4),,,,,, ( 5),, :,,,,,,, :,, ;, ;,,,, : ; 281

288 2% 4%, 8% 10%, ;,,,,, 282

289 ( ),, ( ),,,,, :,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, :, :,, , E - mail: 163. com, : : 283

290 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 122,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 284

291 , 68 :,,,,,, 248 :,,,, 23 :, : ( ) ; ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, : 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 285

292 ( [ 1992] 16 ),,,,,,,, 1996,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 8 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,

293 ( ) ( ),,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1],,. [ M]. :, [ 2]. [ M]. :, [ 3]. [ M]. :, [ 4]. [ M]. :, [ 5]. [ J].. [ M]. :,

294 ( ) 2006 ( MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION, 2006),,,, 2006,,,,,,,, : ; :,, : ( 1979-) :,, : , 20, , hailuegui@ sina. com 288

295 ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,, ,, 2006,,, :,,, 289

296 : :,,,,,, :,,,,,, 2006,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 2006,,,,,,, 290

297 ,,,, 2006,,,, ( ),,,,, ( 1) 1. ( 1) 1, ( 2) 2006, 500,

298 ( 1) ; ( 2) (, ) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ( ) ; ( 5) ; ( 6) ; ( 7) ; ( 8) 3. ( 1) : 500 ; ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) 4.,, ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) 5. ( 1) (, ) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ( ) ; ( 6) ; ( 7) ; 292

299 ( 8) ; ( 9) 6. ( 1) ( ) ; ( 2) ( ) 7. ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) 8. PSC ( 1) : ; ; ; ; ; ; ( 2) PSC : 2006, 9. PSC,,,, , 293

300 94 ( ),,, 2006, [ 1].. 94 ( ) [ 2] , [ 3], [ 4] , [ 5],. ( 2006)., [ 6] [ 7]. J 2EE., , [ 8] [ 9] 294

301 2006 ( ) 2006,,,, ( ILO) 2001, 5, ILO 60,, % 12,, 2006 ( ),, :, 07 ; : , Pierre8461@ yahoo. com. cn :, 07 ; : , com,

302 :, ;, ( ) 1. A :,, 2.,,,,, 3., A ,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 296

303 ,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2007 ( ) 2006, :,,,,, : 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,

304 120,,,,,, 4, 5,,,,,, : ( 1),,,, ( 2),,, ITF,,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, 298

305 ,,,,,,, ;,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 299

306 ,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2007,,,,, ( 2006 ),,,, ,,,,, 300

307 , ;,,,,,,,,, 2006,,, ,, [ 1].. [ 2] [ 3].. [ 4].. [ 5].. law-lib [ 6].., [ 7], [ 8],. WTO. e-law [ 9].. : 301

308 ( ) 2006,,, 2006, , ( ),,,,,,,,,,, :, : :, :, / : , E - mail: yahoo. com. cn 302

309 ,,, ( ),,,,, ( ) ( Regulations) 2. 6 ( injury) ( loss) ( unemployment), A B, A, ( Standard) ; B, ( Guideline) A2. 6,,,, A, B2. 6 B,,, A, B,, :,, 4. 2,, A4. 2,,, : ; ; 303

310 ILO,, IMO ( International Chamber of Shipping, ICS) ( International Transport Workers ' Federation, ITF), IMO ILO, IMO/ILO, 2001,,, IMO ILO IMO ,,,,,,,,,, ( a model receipt and release form),,,, IMO ILO, ,,, ICS ITF,, IMO/ILO 2008,,,, IMO Draft guidelines on abandonment, personal injury and death of seafarers developed by IMO/ILO Working Group, 8 /5 /2001 IMO news. 304

311 ,,, IMO 92,, ,, , : ( ) 22,, 169,,,,, 208,, ( ) 25,, ( ) 6,, ; ( ) 2001,,, 305

312 , ( ) 8,,, ( ) 1992 ( ) 8, 2003,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 306

313 ,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, :, 107,,, ;,,,, ;, ;,,, ;, 1992 ( ), 80,, ( ), ( ( ) 1 ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,, 307

314 :,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,, 2006,,,,,,,,, [ 1],.., [ 2].. ( ), :,,,,,,,,, ( ) 4 : 308

315 ( ) 2006,,,,,,,,, :, ( ILO) ( IMO),,,,,, ;, ; 2006,,,,, :,,, , , : , ( ) ; wangzan9@ sina. com : < ( ) >,, , http: / / www. fjgh. gov. cn/ article_show. asp? ArticleID =

316 ,,,,, ;, ( ),, (,,, ), 52 73,, ( ),,,, 31 42,,,,,, ( ),, ( 179 ) ( 186 ),... : 1, -, 2004, 5, ,..,.. :,, 2006,

317 ( 2 ),, ;,, ( ), ;, ;,,, ( ) : ( 1),,,, ; ( 2) ( ),, ; ( 3),,, ; ( 4), : ( 1),,, ( ), ; ( 2),,,, ( ), :, :,,...,..,.. :,, 2006, ,..,.. :,, 2006,

318 ,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...,..,.. :,, 2006, 24. :, : 20: 12,, http: / /www. hebei. com. cn/node2 / jingji /rcsc /userobject1ai html, :, : 11 : 09,, http: / /www. ccelaws. com/int/ artpage /3 / art_7887. htm 312

319 ( ), ,,, ; ; ; ;,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; : ;,, : ;, ; ; ; ; ; ;,, ( ),, 8, 40,, : ( 65 45, ) 7. 2, 36, ;, 6, 36,,,...,..,.. :,, 2006,

320 ,, : (,,, ) (,, ), 8, 12 /,,, (,,,, ),, ( ) 120,,,, 150, (,, ) ( ), 48 12, ( ), :, ; ; ;, ,, ;,,,,,, 314

321 ,,,,,, ( ) :, : ( 1),,, ; ( 2) :,, ; ( 3), ; ( 4) : ( 1), ; ( 2) :,,,, ; ( 3) ; ( 4), ; ( 5) ; ( 6), ( ), 30,,, 2 5, 315

322 ,, : ( 1) 24 10,, 6 ( 2) 10 6, 2,, 70 ( 3), ( 4) 12, ( 5),, ( STCW ), 2,, 2 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, < > :, , http: / /www. simic. net. cn /news / detail. jsp? id =8592 : : 38 : 55,, http: / /www. zybw. net/newsdetails. aspx? infoid = 2891 &type =

323 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, : [ 1]... 1, -, 2004, [ 2]..,..,.. :,, 2006, [ 3],. - /. :, , [ 4].. :, , [ 5],.., [ 6].., 317

324 [ 7].., [ 8].., [ 9].., , http: / /www. zgsyb. com/ Article /ArticleShow. asp? ArticleID = [ 10] 2006 ( ) :, : 01: 56, http: / / www. cncshipping. com [ 11]. ( )., , http: / / www. fjgh. gov. cn/ article_show. asp? ArticleID = 3586 [ 12].., : 20: 12, http: / / www. hebei. com. cn/ node2 / jingji/ rcsc /userobject1ai html [ 13].., : 11: 09, http: / / www. ccelaws. com/ int/artpage /3 /art_7887. htm [ 14]., , http: / / www. simic. net. cn/ news/detail. jsp? id =8592 [ 15]., : 38: 55, http: / / www. zybw. net/ NewsDetails. aspx? infoid = 2891&type = 41 [ 16] , : 55, http: / / www. zghylm. com/ archiver/? tid html [ 17] [ 18] [ 19] [ 20] [ 21] 318

325 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 90%,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, MBA,,, , ( ), :

326 , 93%, 46%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 80%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 320

327 ,, 2003,,,,,,,, 2006,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2001, ( ILO),,, ILO, ILO,,,,,, ILO, ( ), 2006, 321

328 ,, ( IMO), 1974 ( SOLAS), 1978 ( STCW) 1973 /1978 ( MARPOL),,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 90%,,, 93%, 99% 120,,, 50, 40%,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ILO,, 322

329 , , 2006,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;,,, ( ),, ( IMO), 323

330 , IMO,, 2006, ,, SOLAS ( ISMC),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 324

331 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; :,, ; : ( ) qmczx@ 163. com, : ;

332 ,, ;,,, 1., : ( 1),,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( stress),,,, 326

333 ( 3),,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,,, 2., : ( 1),,,,,,,, ( 2),,,, 327

334 ;,, ;,, ;,, ;,,, ; ( ),, ( ), ( 3),,,,, 3., : ( 1) (,, ) ( ), ;, ( SOLAS STCW MARPOL MLC ) ; ;, ; ; ( ) ; ; ;, ; ( 2),, 328

335 , : PSC, ( 3),,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,, 17,, ;, 5,, 16, 8,,,, STCW,,,,,,, 329

336 , 2.,,,, ( 1),,, (,, ),,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ;,,, ( 2) 330

337 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3., : ( 1),,, 331

338 ( 2),,, ( 3),,,,,,, ( 4),, STCW,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( 5),,,,,,,,, ( 6),, 332

339 , ( ), ( 7),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, [ 1].. :, [ 2],.. :, [ 3].. :, [ 4] 333

340 ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),, 90%,,,, ;,, , 6900, 4,,,,,,, 334

341 ( ) BIMCO2005, 2015, , 55,, 20,,, 2020, ( ),,, : ,,,,, ,,, 16,,, ( ) 1.,,,,, ;,,,,, 2., :,,,, 2009,,,,,, 335

342 ,,,, ( ) 1. ( 1997) ( 14, 97 ),,,, : ( 1) 97,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,, ( 4),,,,, ( 5),,,,,

343 ( 1) STCW STCW 78 /95, ( ),,, ( 2) ( MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION, 2006),, ( 3) PSC FSC PSC FSC,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( MPA),,, 1. MPA 2002,,, : 337

344 ( 1) 360 :,,, ( 2) 240 :, ( 3) :, ( 4) : IMO 1. 27, ( 5) GMDSS : GMDSS, ( 6) ( VTS ) : VTS, VTS ( 7) :, MAN B&W 5L90MC, MAN B&W ( 8) : VLCC/ Product Tanker /Chemical Tanker/ LNG Tanker, ( 9) : IMO,,,, ( 10), 2., ( ) 1,,,, 338

345 3. 欧美等国实训与评估 美国和加拿大海岸警卫队采购多套全任务 型和桌 面型 系统, 不 仅对其 所辖 船员 进行培 训, 还利用模拟器的评估系统进行各项考核, 既节省了大量经费, 有提高了船员的素质, 还没 有任何 生命风险 荷兰政府非常重视对海运教学设施的投入和更新, 其评估中心具有世界第一流的各 种教学 模拟器, 有港口的集装箱 海上引航 航道疏浚 船舶轮机 驾驶 海上平台以及各种物流链 等等 在教师的指导下学员在模拟器上操作, 具有在船舶现场操作一样的感觉和效果 4. 中挪合作中海船员评估中心 1998 年, 挪威船东协会( NSA) 决定, 在中国和波罗的海建立长期的海员 招募基 地 1999 年 4 月, NSA 与中国海运集团签订了 在上 海海事 职业 技术学 院挑 选学 员的合 作项 目 的指 导协 议 2002 年, 中 海集 团 和挪 威船 东协 会于 建 立了 杨林 海船 船员 基 本安 全培 训评 估基 地, 其 培 训模 式 培训设备全部参考国 际海 事组 织 示范 教程 和中 挪两 国 主管 机关 的要 求, 培训 高 标准 严要 求, 实操培训人人必须通过所有的项目 在抢 救伤 病员, 模拟 身体 被甲 板异物 插入 和机舱 锅炉 蒸汽烫伤训练中, 模拟伤员化装真假难辨, 现场触目惊心, 记忆难忘( 图 1) 在防火和灭火训练中, 演习露天火场油池火焰有近 20 米高( 图 2) 图1 模拟 身体被 甲板 异物插 入 图2 模拟 甲板 火场 碰到风助火势, 高倍泡沫, 消防水雾全上, 真刀真枪训练, 那火势, 没有丰富的实战经 验是消 灭不了的 这样利用培训评估基地对船员开展有针对 性, 实战性 的安 全训练, 使船员 能对 船舶应 急机 制和预案有进一步深化了解, 弥补船舶安全培训 项目( 不 能设置真 正火警) 的缺陷, 使船员 真正 感受和体验到事故现场的真实气氛, 提高船员应急操作能力, 增强船员应对灾难的信心 5. 其他 目前我国部分航海院校已经建立了航海 轮机 模拟器, 在 船员 适任 评估培 训上 发挥了 重要 作用 利用航海模拟器对船员进行 特定 水域的 船舶 航行 值班( 进出 港 狭水 道 复 杂航 区 VTS 区域) 以及各种紧急情况下的应急处 理与 操纵 ( 碰 撞 油 污 搁浅 主 机 与舵 机失 控 弃 船 人员 339

346 ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1), ( STCW),,,,, 2020,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,, ( 3),, / /,,,,,,,,,,, 3D 340

347 : GIS ; ( Oil Spill model and management system, OILMAP) ; ( ) ( Chemical ( marine and atmospheric) spill model and management system, CHEMMAP) ; ( Search & Rescue model and management system, SARMAP) ; ( Marine Emergency Management system, MEMS), ( 4),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 5),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 6),,,,,,,, 341

348 ,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] BIMCO2005 [ 2] STCW. :, [ 3] [ 4].,

349 ( ),,,,,,,, , 282 ; , SALAM98, 1000,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 343

350 ,,,, :, ;, ;, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ISM,,, SALAM , 344

351 , SALAM98 2,,,,, ,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, 345

352 , :,, ( ) U, : U = { u 1, u 2,, u n }, u i ( i = 1, 2,, n),,, : U = { u 1, u 2, u 3, u 4 } u 1 = { u 11, u 1 2, u 1 3, u 14 } u 2 = { u 21, u 2 2, u 2 3 } u 3 = { u 31, u 3 2, u 3 3 } u 4 = { u 41, u 4 2, u 4 3 },,, V = { v 1, v 2,, v n }, V = { v 1, v 2, v 3, v 4, v 5 } = { - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2}, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, {,,,, }, ( ),,,,,,, 2 346

353 ( ) ( ), ( ) 100, 70, 40,,,,, : m, m a ij = m a ( k) ij 1. ( 3) 3 k = /7 1 /7 1 1 /2 1 /5 1 /5 2 1, :

354 CI/RI =0. 01 < 0. 1, W = A = [ ], max = , CR = 2. ( 4) /2 1 /3 1 / /2 1 / / , : W = A 1 = [ ], max = , CR = CI/RI = < 0. 1, 3. ( 5) / /5 1 /3 1, : W = A 2 = [ ], max = , CR = CI/ RI = <0. 1, 4. ( 6) 348

355 / /4 1 /2 1, : W = A 3 = [ ], max = , CR = CI/RI = <0. 1, 5. ( 7) / /3 1 /2 1, : W = A 4 = [ ], max = , CR = CI/RI = <0. 1, ( ), : A 1 R 1 A 2 R 2 B = A R = A ( 1) A 3 R 3 A 4 R 4 349

356 A = [ ] A 1 = [ ] A 2 = [ ] A 3 = [ ] A 4 = [ ] R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4,,,, ( 1) B,,,,,,, ( 8) : ( ) 1. U 1 U 1 350

357 ,, : A 1 = [ ], R 1 = B 1 = A 1 R 1 = [ ] 2. B 2 = A 2 R 2 = [ ] B 3 = A 3 R 3 = [ ] B 4 = A 4 R 4 = [ ] ( ) B = A R = [ ] ( ) v = m b j v j j = 1 m b j j = 1 = < 0, :,, ( ),,,,, 351

358 ( ),,,,, ( ),,, , ;, - 1, - 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] 1978 ( 1995 ) [ 2] [ 3],.. [ 4]. AHP., 2004( 1) [ 5]., :,

359 ( ),,,,, ;,, 1994, 45, 44,,, ( ) ( examination wash-back effect),, :,, ;, Bachman 353

360 , ( ) :,,, ( ), : 1.,,,, ;, ;, ; 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,, ;,, ;,, ;, ( criterion-referenced test),, ( criterion) 354

361 ( Hughes) ( Bachman),,,,,,, ( ),,,, : ( ),,? :,,, :,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;, ( ),,, 355

362 ,,,,,,, ( ),,,, : 1. ; 2. ; 3.,, ( ),, : 1., 09,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 356

363 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] achman, L. F. & A. S. Palmer, Language Testing in Practice, Oxford: Oxford University Press [ 2] Bachman, L. F. ( 1990), Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing, Oxford: Oxford U- niversity Press [ 3] Hughes, A. ( 1989), Testing for Language Teachers, Cambridge: Cambridge University press 357

364 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ( ) :,, 47, , : , lhyan@ gdmsa. gov. cn 358

365 , ( Motivation),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, [ 1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 2],, ;,,,,,,,,, 359

366 , ( ),,, [ 3],, :, ;,, ;,, ;, ( ),,. 1. ( Two-Factor Theory),, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 2.. ( Equity Theory),,,,,,,, 360

367 3.. ( Expectancy Theory) : = :,,, : ; ; ; ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 361

368 ,, ; PSC,,,, ;, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,.,,,, ( ),,,,,, [ 4] ( ),,,, 362

369 ,,, ( ),,,,,, [ 5],,,,,,,,, [ 1],.., 2005, 6, [ 2],., 2003, 6, [ 3].., [ 4],.., 2006, 4, 255 [ 5].. :,

370 ( ),,, :, 3. 5, [ 1 ],,,,, ;, ( IMO), STCW 95 ;,?, ;,,, ( 1963-),,,,, :,, 268, , wangjie@ zimc. cn, : , : ( 1982-),,, : 364

371 , ( ) 2001 STCW 95, IMO [ 2] : ; ;, ;, ;, ;, ;,,, ;,,, 1 /3,,, ( ), 60% ( 1) 2007, % 18% 70% 75 % 64% 40% : ( ) 365

372 ,,,, [ 3, 4 ] ( ),,,, STCW 95 sufficient adequate, [ 5]?,,, ( ) 6,?,,,,,,, 50-60,,, ( ),,,, ( ) :,, ; : 366

373 ,,, ;,, ; :, [ 6 ],,, ( ), [ 7, 9], ( ) (,,,,, ),?, IMO,,,, [ 6], STCW 95,, : ( ) [ 6],,, ; ( PBL),, [ 9] Ridvan : PBL, [ 9 ] Brown and Atkins,,,,,,, [ 10 ] 367

374 ,,,, ( ),,,,, ;, 2 4, [ 6 ], [ 5] ( ) PBL : ( 1) ( ),, [ 11 ] ( 2) ( SMCP) A. 918 ( 22) ( ) SMCP [ 8] ( 3) ( IMLP), Mr Van Kluijven,,,,,,,,,, STCW 95, 2002 [ 12 ] ( 4) ( Marlins) 1994,,, ( 5) ( MEITC)

375 , 2003, ( 6) VIDEOTEL,,,,, : ( Lloyd s Register Marine Training Services) : www. lr. org/marine-training, ( IMAREST) : www. imarest. org., www. books. elsevier. com,,,,,, [ 6],,,,,,,, [ 1].,, [ J]., [ 2] Cole. Clive ( 2002). A comment on Asia. Retrieved April 5, 2004, from http: / / home. planet. nl / kluijven/ [ 3]. [ J]. ( ), [ 4]., [ 5] Weeks. F. ( 2000). Language Training for Non-Native English Speaking Mariners. Maritime Education and Training. The Nautical Institute [ 6]. ( 2001). Report on the Implementation of the STCW 95 Upgrading and Revision of Training Programmes and Maritime English Syllabi ( PRC). London: IMO [ 7] Cole. Clive ( 2000). SWOT-analysis of IMEC. Retrieved April 5, 2004, from http: / /home. planet. nl/ kluijven/ 369

376 [ 8]. [ M]. :, 2000 [ 9] ATILLA. Ridvan, ( 2003). Practices and Professional Skills in PBL, In A. Guldem Cerit ( Editor), Problem Based Learning in Maritime Education and Training ( pp ), Izmir. Turkey: DOKUZ EYLUL Publications [ 10] rown, G. and Atkins, M. ( 1994). Effective Teaching In Higher Education, London: Routledge [ 11]. ( 2000). Model course 3. 17: Maritime English. London: MO [ 12] Van Kluijven, P. C. ( 2003). The International Maritime Language Programme, ALK & Heijnen Publishers, Alkmaar, The Netherlands 370

377 ( ) ; ;,, 20, 4400, 85% 54%,,, 1978 ( STCW ), STCW STCW,, STCW,, :,, baojunzhong@ yahoo. com,, 371

378 12,, , 623 ; , 6000,, 40, 13. 5,, ;,,,,,, : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3), ; ( 4) ( ) ( ) STCW 75,, 14, 13, 3, , 1, ; , , :,,

379 ( : ) N/A , 737, 910, ,,, ( AR- PA GMDSS ), ( ), 19, 38 GMDSS, 42, 18 22,, 10, 2,

380 ,,,,, 4 5, ( ), :, : ( ) STCW,,,,,, ( ), STCW, :

381 ,,,, ( ), 16,, 19, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,, 375

382 , ( ),,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,, 376

383 ; 2, 7,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,,,, STCW 377

384 ,,,,,,,,, [ 1] orrison, W. S. G. ( 1997). Competent Crews Safer Ships: An aid to understanding STCW 95. Malmo: WMU Publications [ 2] BIMCO/ ISF, ( 2000), Manpower update: the world-wide demand for and supply of seafarers: main report. Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, 2000 [ 3] IMO. ( 2001). STCW Convention and STCW Code. London: Author [ 4] Wu B. Participation in global labour market: experience and response of Chinese seafarers. Maritime Policy and Management, 2004 [ 5] China Maritime Safety Administration. ( 2006). Chinese Seafarers Examination, Assessment and Certification. Dalian: Author [ 6] IMO. ( 2006). STW 37 / WP. 6-Draft Report to the Maritime Safety Committee. London: Author [ 7].., 2005 [ 8],.., 2005( 4) [ 9].., 2006( 1) [ 10].., 2006( 1) [ 11]..,

385 ( ), 4,,,,,,, [ 1 ],,,,,,, [ 2],, ; [ 3],,, [ 4 ],,,, [ 5], ( 1978-) :,,,,,, , : , E - mail: honin@ zjvtit. edu. cn 379

386 , ( ) [ 6], [ 7, 8 ],, : ( 1), ; ( 2), ; ( 3),, ; ( 4) ( ), [ 2, 3, 6, 9, 10],,,,, 4,,

387 ( ),, 25,,, 4, 21, [ 7],,,, : U x ( x =1, 2) A = ( a 1, a 2 ) = ( , ) U 1i ( i =1, 2, 3) A 1 = ( a 11, a 12, a 13 ) = ( , , ) U 2i ( i =1, 2) A 2 = ( a 21, a 22 ) = ( , ) U 11j ( j = 1, 2, 3, 4) A 11 = ( a 1111, a 11 12, a 11 3, a 114 ) = ( , 0. 35, , ) U 12 j ( j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ) A 12 = ( a 121, a 12 2, a 1 23, a 124, a 125 ) = ( , , , 0. 23, ) U 13j ( j = 1, 2) A 13 = ( a 13 1, a 132 ) = ( , ) U 21j ( j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) A 21 = ( a 211, a 212, a 213, a 214, a 215 ) = ( , 0. 17, , , ) ( ) U 2 1j ( j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) A 21 = ( a 211, a 212, a 2 13, a 214, a 215 ) = ( , , 0. 13, , ) ( ) U 2 2j ( j = 1, 2, 3) A 2 2 = ( a 22 1, a 2 22, a 223 ) = ( , 0. 66, ) ( ) U 22j ( j = 1, 2, 3) A 22 = ( a 22 1, a 222, a 223 ) = ( , , ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,, 381

388 ,, ( ) n, n = 1, 2,, k, k, D d 111 d 112 d 111 k D = d 1121 d 1122 d 112 k d 2231 d 2232 d 223 k ( 1) ( ) g = 4, e =1, 2, 3, 4, 4,, [ 5] : 1 ( e =1), 1 [ 4, ), f 1 2 ( e =2), 2 [ 0, 3, 6], f 2 3 ( e =3), 3 [ 0, 2, 4], f 3 4 ( e =4), 1 [ 0, 1, 2], f 4 ( ) U xij, e, X xij e, X xije k = f e ( d xij n ) ( 2) n = 1 U xij,, X xij, X xij g = ( X xije ) ( 3) e = 1 ( ) U xij, e r xije, r xije = X xij e X xij ( 4) r xij = ( r xij1, r xij 2, r xij3, r xij4 ) R xi = [ r xi1 r xi2 r xij ] T ( 5) 382

389 ( ) U xi U x Z xi = A xi R xi ( 6) Z x = A x R x ( 7) ( ) Z = A R = [ a 1 a 2 ] Z 1 Z 2 ( 8) ( ) Z, C ( C = { 4, 3, 2, 1} ), W = Z C T ( 9) ( ),,, ,,,,,, 6,, 383

390 ,, ( ) ( 1),,,,, ( 2),,,,,, ( 3),, ( ),,,,,,, : ( 1),, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,, 384

391 , [ 1]. [ J]., 2006, ( 3) : [ 2],. [ J]., 2004, ( 4) : [ 3]. [ D]. :, 2004 [ 4]. [ J]., 2006, ( 1) : [ 5],,. [ J]., 2001, ( 1) : [ 6]. [ J]., 2004, ( 4) : [ 7],,. [ J]., 2005, ( 2) : 5-7 [ 8],,. [ J]., 2001, ( 1) : [ 9]. [ J]., 2006, ( 1) : [ 10] ilipowicz W. Vessel traffic control problems[ J]. The Journal of Navigation, 2004, 57( 1) :

392 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, 2007,, :, szmsa. gov. cn 386

393 , ISM,,,,,, STCW,,, ( ARPA GMDSS ), ( ),,, : ( 1), 2004,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, 387

394 ,, ;, ( 3),,,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 5), 04,,, 12 ; 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 388

395 ,,,,,, 5, 7,,,, : ( 1),,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ( 2),,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,, 389

396 ,,,,, ( 5) 85,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 6),,,,,,,, ISM,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 390

397 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 391

398 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1), ; 392

399 1 ( ) ( BP / / ) 60 /,,, ( / ) 35 /,, ( GS / 70 /,, / ) ( 70 /, / / SHELL), / ( ) ( 4 /, ),,, ( / ) 40 /,,, ( ) ( ) 40 /,,, ( SABIC) 25 /, ( + 26 / ) /, ( ) 45 /, 65 /, / 70 / 2010 ( 16 /, ) ( 24 /,, ) /, 2008 INEOS 20 /, / , ( ) 173 /33. 6, /

400 , ,,, 33 / , 206 /43. 1 ( 2) 2 ( 3 ) ( ) 20 ( 15 ) 25 2 ( 2 ) 3 1 ( 1 ) ( 4 ) 4 8 ( 8) 12 11( 6) 5 ( 4) ( ) / 10 4 ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) 55, 1000 ( 14, 30% ), 700,,

401 , ( ),,,,,,,, ( ), ( 3) 3 ( ) / ( ) ( ) 200 ( ) , STOLT STOLT ( ) 290, 60 STOLT, ( ),,,, :,, ( ) 395

402 ,,,, 10,,,,,,,,, ( ),, EHS,, PSC/ FSC ( CDI, OCIMF, SHELL, BP, EXXON-MOBIL ),,,, ( ),, ;, ( MARPOL) ( IBC/ IMDG) ; :,,, 2, 396

403 ,, 3 ( ),,,, STCW,,, ; ; ;, ; ;,,, ; ;,,,, 3 (, ) 3,, ,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, 397

404 ( ),,,,,,, SOLAS ( ), ; ; ( / / ) ; ( / / / ) ;, / ; ;, ;,, PSC/ FSC ( CDI, OCIMF, SHELL, BP, EXXON-MOBIL ), ( ),,,, 4000DWT,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 398

405 ,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, LNG LPG,, 399

406 ( ; ),, 20,,, :,,,, 50%, OECD, 20, ,, / , 4%, BIMCO/ ISF, , ,, 1 BIMCO/ISF Manpower 2005 Up- 400

407 1 ( ) ( Source: BIMCO/ISF estimates based on Lloyds Register-Fairplay data. ) date,, 520, , 000 ;, 462, , 000, : OECD, / 1985,, 20, / ,, ( ) ( Sources: Retrieved from Unpublished handout of World Maritime University by Professor Takeshi Nakazawa) 401

408 2,, 2000, % %,,,, / / 3 JPY / USD ( JPF),, EXCEL 3 JPF ( JPF), JPY /USD /, ( ) 0. 93, , 3 : /,, 4 4 ( ) ( : ) 4, 20, , 1982,,,,,, 402

409 , ,, 2006,,, 2007 /,,,, / : ( ) ,, :,,, ( ) , ;,, ( ),, 10 ( ),, 1 403

410 / 1 ( 1 ) ( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 1 & 2) , 10,, / 1 6,,,,, 2006, , , , ( ), : ,,,, ( ) ( ),,, /,,, /, /,, 2006,, [ 1] IMCO/ ISF ( 2005). The Worldwide Demand for and Supply of Seafarers: Manpower Update. Prepared by the Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, Coventry UK and 404

411 Published by BIMCO/ISF [ 2] SIRC ( 2007). Welfare services for seafarers. Prepared by the Seafarers International Research Centre, University of Cardiff, Wales, UK, Not published [ 3] Neil G. Ruiz. Protecting Overseas Workers: Lessons and Cautions from the Philippines. Migration Policy Institute

412 ( ; ) STCW 78/95,,,,, STCW STCW 78 /95,,, 1987, ( ),, ( ),, :,, 10, 11 : , E- mail: chiefjiang@ sina. com :,, 17, 6, : , chenguang@ cosbulk. com 406

413 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 407

414 ,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ) STCW 78 /95,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 408

415 !,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 409

416 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 410

417 STW39 ( ; ; ) STCW STCW STW, STW39 52, STCW ( IMO) ( STW) STCW STCW, 52,, 10,, ( 1967-) :,, STCW,, STCW, : , jqyang@ gdmsa. gov. cn ( 1977-) :,,, STCW STCW, : , pscowjh@ 126. com ( 1967-) :,,, : , baojunzhong@ yahoo. com 411

418 STW39 ( ),, STCW B ( ) STCW A ( ),, ( ), ( STW39 /7 /1), ( STW39 /7 /12), ( ),,, STCW 52,, STCW,, ( GMDSS ),,, STW,,, GMDSS,, GMDSS GMDSS ( ) ( STW 39 /7 /12)

419 , B ( ) 2006, MSC82 STW ( ITF), MSC83 MSC /MEPC ISM, ITF, ISM, ITF ( ) V V /1- ( LNG) ( WG2),,, ;, ( WG2),, A-V /1-1 A-V /1-2, ( Table A-V /1-1) ( Table A-V/1-2) ( Table A-V /1-3) ( ), A / VI-6,, ( WG3),, II III,, A-VI/

420 ,, ( LNG) ( ) , 61, 2, ( LNG), STCW ( ) ( LNG) ( ) ( LNG) ( ),,, ( ) STW ( ) STCW ( ) A-VI/ I,, 2008, STW40, ( ) STW, STCW A, STCW 2010, STCW 2012, 2012 STCW,

421 , ( ), A-VI/1-4, ( ),, ( ) 1000,,,,, ( ) ( LNG) ( LNG), ( LNG) ( LNG), ( LNG) ( LNG), ( LNG) [ 1] MO. Draft Report to MSC. STW39 / WP. 5, March 2008 [ 2] IMO. Electronic officer ( Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran). STW39 /7 /1, July 2007 [ 3] IMO. Bridge Resource and Engine-room Resource Management ( Submitted by Singapore). STW39 /7 /7, Nov

422 [ 4] IMO. Definition and mandatory requirements for certification of electro-technical officer and senior elector-technical officer and a special training for engineering personnel managing the operation of electrical power plant above 1000 Volts( submitted by Bulgaria, et al). STW39 /7 /12, Nov

423 ( ),,,,, 50,,,,,,,,, [ 1], [ 2 ],,,,,, ( 1976-) :, / ; :, 355, , : , , caiweiwei@ tom. com 417

424 4, 1 1 1,, ;,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 418

425 ,,,, 2 2 ( ) 1. 2, U = { u 1, u 2, u 3 },,,,, 2. V, : V = { U 1, U 2, U 3, U 4, U 5 } = { - 2, - 1, 0, + 1, + 2 } 419

426 - 2, - 1, 0, + 1, + 2, : V = { U 1, U 2, U 3, U 4, U 5 } = { - 2, - 1, 0, + 1, + 2 } = {,,,, } ( ) ( AHP),,,,,, : {,, } = { , , } ; {,,, } = { , , , } ; {,, } = { , , } ; {,, } = { , , } ; {, } = { , } ; {, } = { , } ( ),,,,,,, 100, 50, O 3 3,,,,,,, (, ) 420

427 ( ), 2 ( ) : u 11 u 111 u 112 B 11 ; u 21 u 211 u 212 B 21, B 1 2 B 13 B 14 B 22 B 23 B 3 1 B 32 B 33 : u 1 B 1 ; B 3 u 2 u 11 u 12 u 1 3 u 14 B 11 B 12 B 13 B 14 u 1 u 21 u 22 u 23 B 21 B 22 B 23 u 2 B 2 ; u 3 u 31 u 32 u 33 B 31 B 32 B 33 u 3 : B 1 B 2 B : : B 3,,, R 11 ; A 11, B 11 B 21 = A 21 R 21 : B 11 = A 11 R 11 B 11 B 12 B 13 B 14, B 1 : B 11 B 1 = A 1 R 1 = A 1 B 12 B 13 B

428 B 21 B 22 B 23, B 2 : B 2 = A 2 R 2 = A 2 B 21 B 22 B 31 B 32 B 33, B 3 : B 23 B 3 = A 3 R 3 = A 3 B 31 B 32 : B 1 B 2, B: B 3 B 33 B 1 B = A R = A B 2 B, B = ( b - 2, b - 1, b 0, b + 1, b + 2 ), B,, [ b( u i ) ] 2, : B = n [ b( u i ) ] 2 u i i = 1 n [ b( u i ) ] 2, u i = i( i = ) i = 1, B, B B, B, 1 B 3 B 1 B < , B < ,, B < 0. 55, B < 1. 50,, B 1. 50, ( ),, 422

429 ,, B,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1].,, ; [ 2]. [ J]., ; 79 [ 3].,

430 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ISF) ( BIMCO) , , ;, ; [ 1 ],,,, ( 1963-) :,,,, : :,, 268, , wangjie@ zimc. cn, : , : ( 1974-) :,,, :, : 424

431 [ 2, 3 ], 500, 10, , 20, :,,, , 2004,, ( DNV) ISO9001, STCW 78 /95,,,,, 1994, , 50%,,,,,,,, 4000,, GMDSS 2500, 425

432 ( ),, STCW95,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 2 ] ( ),, [ 4],,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 426

433 [ 5, 6, 7] ( ),,,,,, [ 8 ],,,,,,,, 18,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, : ; ISM,, ;, [ 9 ],,,, 427

434 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 428

435 [ 1] [ R] http: / / www. moc. gov. cn/ zizhan/ siju/ renlaosi /lingdaojianghua/ / t _ html [ 2],,. [ J]., [ 3],. [ J]., [ 4]. [ J]., [ 5]. [ J]., [ 6]., [ J]., [ 7]. B [ J]., [ 8] , 2005 [ 9]. [ J].,

436 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1999 :,, 2010,, , 2008 :,,, ; xpyan@ whut. edu. cn :,, ; hm@ whut. edu. cn :,, ; ganzhipin@ whut. edu. cn :,, ; cs@ whut. edu. cn 430

437 599, %, , 1867, 720, % ; 1147, % [ 1 ],,,,, 2000,,,,,,,,, [ 2] ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 431

438 ,,,,,,, [ 3] ( ),,,, : ; ; ;,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, [ 4] 2.,,,,,,,, 21,, 3.,,, ;, ; 432

439 ,, ( ) 3 ; 11 ; 23, 554 ( ) ; 8, 2, 163 ( ) 1 ; 8 ; 18 ( ),,,,,, : ( 1) 75, 8, 14, 50, [ 5] ( 2) ; ;, ( 3),, ( 4) : STCW, STCW,, 433

440 ( 5), STCW, ( 6),,,,,,,,, : ( 1) 21,,,,, ( 2),, ( 3),,, STCW,,, ( 4),,,,, [ 6 ], ; ( ),,,,, 434

441 ,,,, [ 7],, : ( 1), 21,,,,, ;,,,, ( 2),,, ( 3),, ;,, [ 8],,, ( 4),,,,,,, ;,,, [ 9 ] ( 5),,,,, ( 6) STCW, 435

442 ISO,,,, ( 7),,,,,, 211,, 79,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),, ;,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 436

443 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, [ 1] : http: / / www. moe. gov. cn/ [ 2],,.., ( 01) [ 3].., ( 1 3) [ 4].., [ 5]., [ 6], [ 7].., ( 01 04) [ 8].., ( 29 31) [ 9].. ( ), ( 05 07) 437

444 ( ; ),,,,,,,,,,,, STCW78 /95, 1997 l1,, 2000,,,,,,, [ 1-4] ;, ;,, :,,, :, : , E- mail: zsmsardf@ sina. com,,,

445 [ 5] ( ),,,,,,,, ;, ( ) ( 1),,,,,,, ( 2),,, ;,,, ( 3),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1, 5 : 439

446 1 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,, 1 2, 440

447 2 5,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ( ) ( 1),,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 441

448 ( 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 4),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 5),,,,,,,,,,,, ( 6),,,,,, ( 7),,,,,,, ( 8),,,,,,,, 442

449 ,,,,,,, [ 1],,.., 2001, 1( 22) : [ 2],.., 2002, 3: [ 3].., 2007, 1: [ 4].., 2003, 1: 16 [ 5].., 2002, 8:

450 ( ),,,,,,, 5700, 2600, BIMCO ( ISF) 2005, 2015, 2. 7, ( ) 18, 60%,,, 12000, 65%,,,, :,, : ,

451 ( ) 1. IMO 1978 ( STCW ), I/ 6,, STCW A-I/6, STCW A-I/6 : 2.,, ( ),,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, 2000, ( ),,,, , ( ) ( ),,,, 445

452 ,, ( ), 80%,,, , , 8100,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30,,, 1,, 2, 4, 10, 446

453 , ,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 5, /,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,

454 ( ),,,,, 1315,,,, 500 ;, 400, ;, ,,,,,,,, 110, 70, 5446TEU,,,,, ( ),,,, 5, 106, 20,,,, 2007,,,,,,, 448

455 ,,,, GMDSS GMDSS,,,,,,,! [ 1].., [ 2] BIMCO / ISF MANPOWER 2005 UPDATE - The worldwide demand for and supply of seafarers. December UK: Team Impression Ltd [ 3] [ 4]. [ J]., 2007( 1) 449