1, 1 Superconducting Heat Generator for Wind-powered Thermal Energy Systems to Realize High-efficiency, Low-cost Power Generation Toru OKAZAKI *1, a

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1 *1, *1 Superconducting Heat Generator for Wind-powered Thermal Energy Systems to Realize High-efficiency, Low-cost Power Generation Toru OKAZAKI *1, and Yutaka YAMADA *1 Synopsis: Wind-powered thermal energy system (WTES) is the novel idea for utilizing renewable energy as the base-load power source. WTES employs a light and economical heat generator at the top of the tower to convert the rotating energy to the thermal energy. The thermal energy is transferred to the thermal energy storage system, which cost is 1/20 of the batteries. The application of the superconductor to the heat generator enables a higher operating temperature, which leads to the higher efficiency and better use of energy in areas such as fuel production. This paper also describes the situation of energy throughout the world to explain the necessity of WTES. Keywords: wind-powered thermal energy system, thermal energy storage, Curie temperature, induction heating (Some figures in this article may appear in color only in the electronic version) COP ) Fig. 1 2) Intermittent Input 2. Heat Generator 4. Stabilized Output 3. Thermal Storage Received February 19, 2016 * KSP A-9 International Superconductivity Technology Center, KSP A-9, 3-2-1, Sakato, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa , Japan t-okazaki@iae.or.jp DOI : /jcsj Adjust with wind Adjust with demand Fig. 1 Configuration of a thermal-only wind-powered thermal energy system (WTES). 2)

2 / Installed Capacity (MW) ,000 GWh % kwh 20% Fig Fig. 2-2 GDP 3% 4) 120, ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Fig. 2-1 Change of electricity capacity. 5) Fig. 2-2 Details of power source in Spain. 5) Thermal non RE Themal reneable CSP PV Wind Hydro CCGT Fuel/Gas Coal Nuclear Hydro % 5) dena 6) % 30% 25% DOE ) ) 172 TEION KOGAKU J. Cryo. Super. Soc. Jpn. Vol. 51 No

3 Table 1 Cost, efficiency and capacity factor of components employed for estimation Component Cost Efficiency Capacity factor Tower / blade (common) 90 M /2MW Not counted 30% Wind Electric generator 15 rpm 40 M /2MW 93% AC/DC. DC/AC 20 k /kw 95% 30% Wind + Battery Electric generator 15 rpm 40 M /2 MW 93% AC/DC 20 k /kw 95% 30% Battery (NaS) 40 k /kwh 83% 70% DC/AC 20 k /kw 95% 100% WHP Heat generator 20 M /2 MW 96% 30% Thermal storage 2 k /kwh-t 93% 70% Steam turbine 38% 100 k /kw Electric generator 3600 rpm 96% 100% Fig. 3 6, 24, 48 30% Table 1 Fig. 4 Wind Power Output Fig. 3 Considered wind patterns. 1/20 40% Fig. 4 Estimated energy cost. 2) Different repetition time of 6, 24, 48 hours

40% 300 600 60% 0.6 0.7 100 MW 700 10 MW 50% 9) 300 MW - 2 GWh 800 ha Solana 2013 Fig.

7 13) 1000 600 40 % Fig. 5-1 Trough type concentrated solar power. Fig. 5-2 Tower type concentrated solar power.

4 40% % MW MW 50% 9) 300 MW - 2 GWh 800 ha Solana 2013 Fig ) m Fig. 5-2 Arpa-e PJ ) 12) 800 Fig % Fig. 7 13) % Fig. 5-1 Trough type concentrated solar power. Fig. 5-2 Tower type concentrated solar power. Magnetic Field Eddy Current Fig. 6 Principle of eddy current heating. 174 TEION KOGAKU J. Cryo. Super. Soc. Jpn. Vol. 51 No

Fig. 7 Example of superconducting furnace. Courtesy of Zenergy Power. 2 MW 100 10 14) Table 2 Fig. 8 2 MW Fig. 6 Fig. 8 25 mm 5 mm 25 mm 0.

5 m 60 22 km 2 /m 4 NI NI NI Table 2 Possible Parameters of HTS heat generator Item Parameter Capacity 2 MW Rated speed 15 rpm Outer diameter 4 m Axis length 1.

5 Fig. 7 Example of superconducting furnace. Courtesy of Zenergy Power. 2 MW ) Table 2 Fig. 8 2 MW Fig. 6 Fig mm 5 mm 25 mm W/mK 600 1/ mm 10 kw 500 W/m 2 19 m 2 2 MW 0.5% 55 mm 0.3 T 30,000 AT 20 K 250 A m km 2 /m 4 NI NI NI Table 2 Possible Parameters of HTS heat generator Item Parameter Capacity 2 MW Rated speed 15 rpm Outer diameter 4 m Axis length 1.5 m Number of poles 60 Minor outer axis of HTS coil 200 mm Major outer axis of HTS coil 1500 mm Thickness of thermal insulation (cold) 25 mm Room temperature (R.T.) gap 5 mm Thickness of thermal insulation (hot) 25 mm Fig. 8 Cross section of HTS heat generator

6 NI 40% 15 /kw 2 MW 3 40% % 50% 25% 25% 25% MW 2 2 MW MW /kw Table 1 20 /kw 10MW 30 /kw 80% 15) Solana Fig Crescent Dune Fig ) Fig GW 16) 2 MW 2 COP TEION KOGAKU J. Cryo. Super. Soc. Jpn. Vol. 51 No

JSPS 26630118 1) M. Arita, A. Yokoyama and Y. Tada: Evaluation of battery system for frequency control in interconnected power system with a large penetration of wind power generation, Int. Conf.

Nakamura: Concept study of wind power utilizing direct thermal energy conversion and thermal energy storage, Renewable energy 83 (2015) 332-338 3) Statistical Series of RED Electrica: http://www.ree.

7 JSPS ) M. Arita, A. Yokoyama and Y. Tada: Evaluation of battery system for frequency control in interconnected power system with a large penetration of wind power generation, Int. Conf. on Power System Tech., Oct., 2006, Chong qing, Chi 2) T. Okazaki, Y. Shirai and T. Nakamura: Concept study of wind power utilizing direct thermal energy conversion and thermal energy storage, Renewable energy 83 (2015) ) Statistical Series of RED Electrica: (Retrieved 22/12/2014) 4) RE ) CEPOS: Wind Energy The Case of Denmark, Center for Polotiske Studier (Sep. 2009) 25 6) dena: dena Grid Study II Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in the German Power Supply System from with an Outlook to 2025, German Energy Agency (Apr. 2011) 7) U.S. Department of Energy: 20% Wind Energy by 2030, DOE/ GO (Jul. 2008) 80, 162 8) U.S. Department of Energy: Grid Energy Storage, December ) M. Mohagheghi and J. Kapat: Thermodynamic optimization of recuperated S-CO 2 Brayton cycles for waste heat recovery applications, The international symposium Supercritical CO 2 power cycles (Sept. 2014) 10) DOE global energy storage database: (Retrieved 20/01/2015) 11) C. Forsberg: Strategies for a low-carbon electricity grid with full use of nuclear, wind and solar capacity to minimize total costs, MIT-ANP-TR-162, August ) A. Steinfeld and R. Palumbo: Solar Thermochemical Process Technology, R.A. Meyers Ed., Academic Press, Vol. 15 (2001) ) M. Runde, N. Magnusson, C. Fülbier and C. Bührer: Commercial induction heaters with high temperature superconductor coils, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 21 (2011) ) NEDO (to be published) 15) M. Jonemann: Advanced thermal storage system with novel molten salt, NREL/SR , May ) Ph.D KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

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