现代中国多民族国家策略——“民族”识别的历史动因探源_托马斯S·墨垒宁;郎丽娜

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1 2014 /03 23 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY DOI /j. issn S / / 以云南地区的多元和多样性表现为例探讨现代中国多民族国家的策略和历史境遇通过梳理中国历史上民族国家策略的历史进程, 发现中国近现代历史中国民党和共产党在民族国家策略上的差异, 以及现代中国民族识别的出现, 是中国深远的历史情境中的一个必然结果, 亦是中国共产党建立现代国家与各民族达成共识的基本路径民族识别 ; 民族国家策略 ; 多民族国家 C A S Thomas S. Mullaney 我们说中国地大物博, 人口众多, 实际上是汉族人口众多, 少数民族地大物博, 150 至少地下资源很可能是少数民族物博毛泽东论十大关系

2 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2014 / enumeration 瑏瑡 nationality minzu 瑏瑢 the Ethnic Classification Project Walker Connor nationality nationality 34

3 2014 /03 23 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY empire peoples ethnopolitical 瑏瑤 Mark Elliott Qing universalism 瑏瑥 Qing universalism the Eight Banner System ethnicity nationality premodern 瑏瑣 nation state 35

4 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2014 /03 23 瑏瑦瑏瑧瑐瑥 19 瑏瑨 David Atwill Nicola Di Cosmo 1839 James Millward Peter Perdue 瑐瑤 Yinjishan Mianning - 瑐瑦瑏瑩 came to a boil 瑐瑧瑐瑨瑐瑠 minzoku 瑐瑡 C. Patterson Giersch C. 瑐瑩瑐瑢 Social Darwinist 瑐瑣瑑瑠 36

5 2014 /03 23 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY Kai - wing chow 瑑瑡瑑瑢瑑瑣瑑瑨 Xiaoyuan Liu Hsiao - ting Lin 瑑瑩瑒瑠 rhetoric Edward Rhoads 瑑瑤瑑瑥瑑瑦瑒瑡瑑瑧 Joseph Esherick James Leibold Sun Yat - sen 瑒瑢

6 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2014 / 瑒瑦 Frank Dikkotter 瑒瑧瑒瑨瑒瑩 1931 瑒瑣 national self - determination 瑓瑠 GMD 瑓瑡 1934 瑒瑤 1925 Chiang Kai - shek 瑒瑥瑓瑢 national self - determination Dru Gladney 38

7 2014 /03 23 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 瑓瑣瑓瑤瑓瑩 ethnonational self - determination 瑓瑥瑓瑦瑔瑠瑓瑧 1930 瑔瑡瑔瑢瑓瑨 1947 瑔瑣 39

8 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2014 /03 23 瑔瑤 Chen Lianzhen Huang Caoliang 瑔瑨 1945 瑔瑥瑔瑦 1940 瑔瑩 a monogenic singularity 瑔瑧

9 2014 /03 23 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY ethnonationalistic 瑖瑠瑖瑡 Henry Schwarz Chinese Policies Towards Minorities An Essay and Documents Bellingham Western Washington State College Program in East Asian 瑖瑢 Studies 瑖瑣 John Herman's 瑖瑤 A YNPA

10 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2014 / Donald S. Sutton Berkeley University of California Press B 瑏瑤 She Yize YNPA A ethnonyms 瑏瑡 YN 瑏瑥 Peter PerdueChina Marches West The B Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia Cambridge MA. Harvard University Press 瑏瑦 Mark C. ElliottThe Manchu Way The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China Stanford Stanford University Press PA James MillwardBeyond the Pass EconomyEthnicityand Chen Ta " The Beginnings Empire in Qing Central Asia of Modern Demography " American Journal 1864 Stanford Stanford University Press of Sociology Chen Ta 1998Nicola Di Cosmo" Qing Colonial Administration in Inner Asia " International Histori- cal Review20no. 2 June Peter Perdue" Empire and Nation in Comparative Perspective Frontier Administration in Eigh- 瑏瑢 John S. AirdThe SizeCompositionand teenth - Century China Journal of Early Modern Growth of the Population of Mainland China History 5no. 4 November WashingtonDC U. S. Government Printing Office1961 PerdueChina Marches West " La Recensement de la Chine 瑏瑧 Pamela CrossleyA Translucent Mirror Methodes et Principaux Resultats Population 11 History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology no. 4 October - December Berkeley University of California Press1999 Ping - ti 瑏瑨 Evelyn Rawski" Presidential Address HoStudies on the Population of China Reenvisioning the Qing The Significance of the 1953 CambridgeMA Harvard University Press Qing in Chinese History " Journal of Asian Studies November 1996 瑏瑣 Marc S. AbramsonEthnic Identity in Tang 瑏瑩 Nicola Di Cosmo" Qing Colonial Administration China Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania in Inner Asia" International Historical Press2008 Hoyt Tillman" Proto - Nationalism Review 20no. 2 June James in Twelfth - Century China The Case of Ch'en MillwardBeyond the Pass EconomyEthnicity Liang Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 39 and Empire in Qing Central Asia no Stanford Stanford University Press1998 Peter Pamela Kyle Crossley" PerdueChina Marches West The Qing Con- Thinking about Ethnicity in Early Modern China quest of Central Eurasia CambridgeMA Harvard Late Imperial China 11no University Press2005 Mark C. Elliott" Ethnicity in the Qing Eight 瑐瑠 C. Patterson GierschAsian Borderlands Banners in Empire at the Margins Culture The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier Ethnicityand Frontier in Early Modern China CambridgeMA Harvard University Press ed. Pamela Kyle CrossleyHelen F. Siuand

11 2014 /03 23 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 瑐瑡 John E. Herman" Empire in the Southwest Early Qing Reforms to the Native Chieftain versity of Chicago Press1995 瑐瑩 System Journal of Asian Studies 56no. 1 Evelyn Rawski February 瑐瑢 GierschAsian Borderlands45. Evelyn Rawski" Presidential Ad- Ping - Ti Ho In Defense of dress" Louisa ScheinMinority Rules The Miao and the Feminine in China 's Cultural Politics Durham Duke University Press2000. Dai Yingcong" The Rise of the Southwestern Frontier under Sinicization A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski's Reenvisioning the Qing Journal of Asian Studies 57 February Beyond Confucian and Chinese practicethe Manchu had positioned themsity the Qing l " PhD diss. Universelves as patrons of their other imperial subjects as of Washington1996 well including the Mongolians and Tibetans. See 瑐瑣 GierschAsian Borderlands61-62 瑐瑤 Harold L. KahnMonarchy in the Emperor's Eyes Image and Reality in the Ch 'ien - lung Reign 瑐瑥 190. CambridgeMA Harvard University Press 1971 David M. Farquhar" Emperor as Bodhisattva David Bello" To Go Where in the Governance of the Ch 'ing Empire No Han Could Go for Long Malaria and the Qing Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 38no. 1 Construction of Ethnic Administrative Space in Frontier Yunnan " Modern China 31no. 3 July 瑑瑠 J M Eedward J. M. Rhoads 瑐瑦 David AtwillThe Chinese Sultanate IslamEthnicityand Manchus and Han ethnic Relations and Political the Panthay Rebellion in Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China Southwest China Stanford Stanford Seattle University of Washington University Press Press2001. donald Sutton Laitinen Chinese Nationalism in the late Qing Dynasty art Anti - Manchu Propagandist London Curzon Press1990. Donald S. Sutton" Violence and Ethnicity on a Qing Colo- Young - tsu YongSearch for Modern National- nial Frontier " Modern Asian Studies 37no 瑐瑧 AtwillZhe Chinese Sultanate70-76 瑐瑨 Kai - wing Chow" Imagining Boundaries of Blood and the Invention of the Chinese Race in Modern China " in Racial Identities in East Asiaed. Barry Sautman Hong Kong Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 1995Dru GladneyMuslim Chinese Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic Cambridge MA Harvard University Press1991 Prasenjit DuaraRescuing History from the Nation Questioning Narratives of Modern China Chicago Uni- Kauko ism and Revolutionary China Hong Kong Oxford University Press Joshua Fogel A Joshua A. Fogel " Race and Class in Chinese Historiography Divergent Interpretations of and Anti - Manchuism in the 1911 Revolution " Modern China 3no. 3 July Peter Zarrow Historical Trauma Anti - Manchuism and memories of Atrocity in Late Qing China 43

12 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2014 /03 23 History and Memory 16no Van Young LanhamMD Rowman &Littlefield Ishikawa Yoshihiro " Anti Manchu Racism and the Rise of Anthropology in Early 20th Century China Sino - Japanese Studies 15 April Ishikawa Yoshihiro Racialism during the Revolution of 1911 and the Rise of Chinese Anthropology Beijing Central 瑑瑦 ElliottThe Manchu Way. Elliott" Ethnicity in the Qing Eight Banners. " Ning Chia The Lifanyuan and the Inner Asian Rituals in the Early Qing Literature Press2002. Tsou Jung 1903 Late Imperial China 14no. 1 June Evelyn S. RawskiThe Last Emperors A trans. John Lust The Hague Mouton Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions Berkeley University of California Press CrossleyA Translucent Mirror Peter Perdue James Reeve PuseyChina and Charles Empire and Nation in Comparative Perspective " Darwin CambridgeMA Harvard University 瑑瑧 Press1983 Pamela 瑑瑡 Chow Imagining Boundaries of Blood Crossley Nationality and Difference The Post Imperial Dilemma Late Imperial China 11 Kai - wing no Chow" Narrating NationRace and National Culture Imagining the Hanzu Identity in Modern China in Constructing Nationhood in Modern 瑑瑨 W Joseph W. Esherick How the Qing Became China East Asiaed. Kai - ruing Chow Kevin Doak 瑑瑩 20 and Poshek Fu Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press 瑑瑢 Xiaoyuan LiuRains of Liberation An Entangled History of Mongolian IndependenceChinese Territorialityand Great Power Hegemony1911 瑑瑣 RhoadsManchus and Han Stanford Stanford University Press 2006 May - bo 瑒瑠 Lin Hsiao - tingtibet and Nationalist Ching" Classifying Peoples Ethnic Politics in late Qing Native Place Textbooks and Gazetteers " in The Politics of Historical Production in Late Qing and Republican Chinaed. Tze - ki Hon and Robert Culp Leiden Brill 瑑瑤 Edward J. M. RhoadsManchus and Han Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China Seattle University of Washington Press2000 China ' s Frontier Intrigues and Ethnopolitics Vancouver University of British Columbia Press2006 瑒瑡 five race 瑑瑥 Joseph W Esherick " How the Qing Became China in Empire to Nation Historical Perspectives on the making of the Modern World ed. Joseph W. EsherickHasan Kayaliand Eric darwinian five peoples five lineages 44

13 2014 /03 23 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY James Leibold James 瑒瑧 Frank Dikotter The Discourse Leibold Competing Narratives of Racial Unity in Republican China From the Yellow Emperor to of Race 1992 in Modern China London Hurst Peking Man Modern China 32no 瑒瑢 John Fitzgerald Awakening China PoliticsCultureand Class in the Nationalist Revolution Stanford Stanford 瑒瑨 Patricia Stranahan Underground The Shanghai Communist Party and the Politics of Survival LanhamMD Rowman &Littlefield1998 瑒瑩 University Press James Leibold Positing within Sun Yat - sen s Discourse of Journal LiuFrontier Passages73 瑓瑠 Constitution of the Soviet Republic of Asia History 38nos November in SchwarzChinese Polities Towards Minorities 瑓瑡 49 瑓瑢 E Harrison E. SalisburyNew York Harper and Row L David L. Howell Ainu Ethnicity and the 瑓瑣 Dru Gladney Muslim Chinese87. Boundaries of the Early Modern Japanese State Past and present 瑒瑣 D. K. Lieu The1912 Census of China Lin Huangming 2 Bulletin de l Institut International de statistique 瑒瑤瑓瑤 LiuFrontier Passages80 瑓瑥 James Leibold Competing Narratives of Racial Unity in Republican China 瑓瑦 13. Xiaoyuan LiuFrontier Passages Ethnopolitics and the Rise of Chinese Communism Stanford Stanford University Press 瑒瑥 J Herold J. Wiens China's March Toward the Tropics A Discussion of the Southward Penetration of China's CulturePeoples and Political Control in Relation to the Non - Han - Chinese Peoples of South China and in the Perspective of Historical and Cultural Geography HamdenCT Shoe String Press 瑒瑦 Xiaoyuan LiuFrontier Passages23-24 瑓瑧 Elliott The Manchu Way 瑓瑨瑓瑩 James Leibold James Leibold Competing Narratives of Racial Writing in Republican China From the Yellow Emperor to Peking Man Modern China 32no 瑔瑠 David Michael Deal " National Minority Policy in Southwest China

14 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2014 / " PhD diss. University of Washington 瑖瑠 Henry Schwarz Chinese Policies Towards Minorities 瑔瑡瑖瑡 1980 瑔瑢 67 瑔瑣 Chen Boda 瑖瑣 John DeFrancis National and Minority policies Annals of the Amer- ican Academy of political and Social Science 瑔瑤 A Study of the Ethnic Policies of China Focusing on" Ethnic Theories" from the Late Qing until 1945 Tokyo Taga Shuppan1999. J Dorothy J. Solinger Regional Government and Polit ical Integration in Southwest China 瑔瑥 Chen LianzhenHuang A Case Study Berkeley University of California Caoliang press 瑔瑦瑔瑧 S. Walker S. Connor 瑖瑤 John Herman The Cant of Conquest Tsui Officies and China Political Incorporation of the Southwestern Frontier The National Question in Marxist - Leninist theory in Empire at the Margins CultureEthnicityand and Strategy Princeton Princeton University Frontier in Early Modern Chinaed Pamela Kyle Press1984 CrossleyHelen F. Siuand Donald S. Sutton 瑔瑨 Chen LianzhenHuang Berkeley University of California Press Caoliang 瑔瑩 David Michael Deal 46 National Minority Policy in Southwest China 瑖瑢

15 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2014 /03 23 The Strategy of Multinational Country in Modern China The Exploration for the Historical Reason of minzu Recognition Thomas S. Mullaney 1 Author Lang Lina 2 Translator 1. Department of HistoryStanford UniversityUSA 2. Southwest Nationalities Research AcademySouthwest University for NationalitiesChengduSichuan610041China JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGYVOL. 5NO CN /C in Chinese DOI /j. issn Abstract The Chinese Communist Party CCP launched a nationwide census and voter registration campaign in the summer of After debating which questions should be posed to their nearly six hundred million respondentsofficials ultimately decided upon only five. The first four of these involved the most basic of demographic informationincluding nameagegenderand relationship to the head of one s household. The fifth one was settled upon a question that of nationality or minzu. The outcome of the census proved shocking to Communist authorities and ultimately precipitated the Ethnic Classification Project. Why the Communists wished to include minzu on the census schedule The author argues that there were three reasons. The first reason is the deeply historical problem of maintaining the territorial integrity of a highly diverse empire. The second problem is more proximateand originates in the ongoing rivalry between the Communists and the Nationalists during the first half of the twentieth century. Thirdwith regards to categorizationthe advent of the Classification is attributable to a political crisis prompted by the failure of the state s initial experiment with a highly noninterventionist policy of self - categorization. To understand each of these questionsthe author brings the readers to explore the history of the term minzu itselfand suggests that the very inclusion of minzu in the census schedule was itself the culmination of a complex history dating back to the fall of the Qing dynasty and the formation of the first Chinese republic. Key Words minzu classification strategy multinational country national policy References AbramsonMarc. Ethnic Identity in Tang China. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press2008. AirdJohn S.The SizeCompositionand Growth of the Population of Mainland China. WashingtonDC U. S. Government Printing Office1961. AtwillDavid. The Chinese Sultanate Islam Ethnicityand the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China Stanford Stanford University Press2005. BelloDavid. To Go Where No Han Could Go for Long Malaria and the Qing Construction of Ethnic Administrative Space in Frontier Yunnan. Modern China 31no. 3 July Chen Ta. The Beginnings of Modern Demography. American Journal of Sociology 52 Supplement Population in Modern China Chen Boda. ping zhongguo zhi mingyun Critique of China s Destiny. In minzu wenti wenxian huibian7 / /1949. Edited by Zhonggong zhongyang tongzhanbu. Beijing Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe199. Chen Lianzhen and Huang Caoliang. Kangzhan zhong de Zhongguo minzu wenti. Hankou Liming shuju

16 2014 /03 23 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY Chiang Kai - shek. Zhongguo zhi mingyun University of Washington1971. China s Destiny. Taipei Zhongzheng shuju ChiaNing. The Lifanyuan and the Inner Asian Rituals in the Early Qing Late Imperial China 14no. 1 June ChingMay - bo. Classifying Peoples Ethnic Politics in late Qing Native - Place Textbooks and Gazetteers. In The Politics of Historical Production in Late Qing and Republican Chinaed. Tze - ki De Francis John. National and Minority Policies. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Deng Xiaoping. Guanyu Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo quanguo renmin daibiao dahui xuanjufa cao an de shuoming Explanation of the Draft Election Law for the All - Country People s Representative Congress of the People s Republic of China February In Minzu Hon and Robert Culp Leiden Brill zhengce wenxuan. Urumqi Xinjiang renmin chubanshe ChowKai - wing. Imagining Boundaries of Blood Zhang Bingling and the Invention of the Chinese Race in Modern China. In Racial Identities Di CosmoNicola. Qing Colonial Administration in Inner Asia. International Historical Review 20no. 2 June in East Asiaedited by Barry Saut - man34 - DikotterFrank. The Discourse of Race in 52. Hong Kong Hong Kong University of Science Modern China. London Hurst1992. and Technology1995. DuaraPrasenjit. Rescuing History from the. Narrating NationRace and National Nation Questioning Narratives of Modern China. Culture Imagining the Hanzu Identity in Modern China. In Constructing Nationhood in Modern East Asiaedited by Kai - wing ChowKevin Doak and Poshek Fu Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press2001. Chicago University of Chicago Press1995. ElliottMark C. The Manchu Way The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford Stanford University Press2001. Ethnicity in the Qing Eight Banners. In ConnorWalker. The National Question in Empire at the Margins CultureEthnicityand Marxist - Leninist Theory and Strategy. Princeton Princeton University Press1984. Frontier in Early Modern Chinaedited by Pamela Kyle CrossleyHelen F. Siuand Donald S. Sutton27 Crossleypamela kyle. Thinking about Ethnicity Berkeley University of California in Early Modern China. Late Imperial China Press no EsherickJoseph W. How the Qing Became. A Translucent Mirror History and Identity China. In Empire to Nation Historical Perspectives in Qing Imperial Ideology. Berkeley Uni - ver- sity of California Press1999. on the Making of the Modern Worldedited by Joseph W EsherickHasan Kayaliand Eric Van. Nationality and Difference in China The Young Lanham MD Post - Imperial Dilemma. In The Teleology of the Modern Nation - State Japan and Chinaedited by Joshua Fogel Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press2005. DaiYingcong. The Rise of the Southwestern Rowman&Littlefield2006. FarquharDavid M. Emperor as Bodhisattva in the Governance of the Ch 'ing Empire. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 38no. 1 June Frontier under the Qing PhD diss. FitzgeraldJohn. The Nationless State The University of Washington1996. DealDavid Michael. National Minority Policy in Southwest China PhD diss. Search for a Nation in Modern Chinese Nationalism. Australian journal of Chinese Affairs 33 January

17 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 2014 /03 23 FogelJoshua A. Race and Class in Chinese Historiography Divergent Interpretations of Zhang Bing - lin and Anti - Manchuism in the 1911 Revolution. Modern China 3no. 3 July ber - December LeiboldJames. Competing Narratives of Racial Writing in Republican China From the Yellow Emperor to Peking Man. Modern China 32no GierschC. Patterson. Asian Borderlands LieuD. K. The 1912 Census of China. Bulletin The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. CambridgeMA Harvard University Press GladneyDru. Muslim Chinese Ethnic Nationalism in the People s Republic. Cambridge MA Harvard University Press1991. de l 'Institut International de Statistique 26 no Lin Hsiao - tingtibet and Nationalist China' s Frontier Intrigues and Ethnopolitics Vancouver University of British Columbia Press HermanJohn E. Empire in the Southwest LiuXiaoyuan. Frontier Passages Ethnopolitics Early Qing Reforms to the Native Chieftain System. and the Rise of Chinese Communism Journal of Asian Studies 56no. 1 Feb Stanford Stanford University Press Mao Zedong. On the Ten Major Relationships.. The Cant of Conquest Tsui Offices and In Selected Works of Mao Tse - tungvol. 5. Beijing Foreign China s Political Incorporation of the Southwestern Languages Press1977. Frontier. In Empire at the Margins Culture Ethnicityand Frontier in Early Modern China Minzu wenti yanjiushied. huihui minzu wenti The Question of the Huihui Nationality. Beijing Minzu edited by Pamela Kyle CrossleyHelen F. Siu chubanshe1980. and Donald S. Sutton Berkeley University MillwardJames. Beyond the Pass EconomyEthnicityand of California press2006. HoPing - ti. Studies on the Population of Empire in Qing Central Asia Stanford Stanford University Press China CambridgeMA Harvard University Press1959. PerduePeter. Empire and Nation in Comparative. In defense of Sinicization A Rebuttal of Perspective Frontier Administration in Evelyn Rawski s Reenvisioning the Qing. Journal of Asian Studies 57no. 1 February Eighteenth - Century China. Journal of Early Modern History 5no. 4 November 200l Huang Guangxueed. Dangdai Zhongguo de. China Marches West The Qing Conquest minzu gongzuo shang Ethnicity work in Contemporary of Central Eurasia. CambridgeMA Harvard Uni- Chinavolume 1. Beijing Dangdai versity Press2005. zhongguo congshu bianji weiyuanhui1993. Pusey James Reeve. China and Charles Darwin. IshikawaYoshihiro. Racialism during the CambridgeMA Harvard University Press Revolution of 1911 and the Rise of Chinese Anthropology. Beijing Central Literature Press2002. KaukoLaitinen. Chinese Nationalism in the Late Qing Dynasty Zhang Binglin as an Anti RawskiEvelyn S. Presidential Address Reenvisioning the Qing The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History. Journal of Asian Studies Manchu Propagandist. London Curzon Press 55no. 4 November RhoadsEdward J. M. Manchus and Han La Recensement de la Chine. Methodes et Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing Principaux Resultats. Population 11no. 4 Octo- and Early Republican China Seat- 122

18 2014 /03 23 JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY tle University of Washington Press2000. SalisburyHarrison E. The Long March. New York Harper and Row1985. WiensHerold J. China s March toward the Tropics A Discussion of the Southward Penetration of China s CulturePeoplesand Political Control ScheinLouisa. Minority Rules The Miao in Relation to the Non - Han - Chinese Peoples and the Feminine in China s Cultural Politics. of South China and in the Perspective of Historical Durham Duke University Press2000. and Cultural Geography. HamdenCT Shoe SchwarzHenry G. Chinese Policies towards String Press1954. Minorities An Essay and Documents. Belling - YongYoung - tsu. Search for Modern Nationalism Zhang ham Western Washington State College Program Binglin and Revolutionary Chi- in East Asian Studies1971. na Oxford Oxford University She Yize. zhongguo tusi zhidu China 's N- Press1989 ative Chieftain System. Chongqing Zhengzhong Yunnan Province Nationalities Affairs Commission. shuju1944. Yunnan xiongdi minzu zhuyao fenbu diqu SolingerDorothy J. Regional Government jiantu Simplified Map of the Main Regional Distributions and Political Integration in Southwest China1949 of Brother Nationalities in Yunnan. YN A Case Study. Berkeley University of PAQuanzong 2152 Index 3File California Press yunnan sheng xiongdi minzu fenbu lvetu StranahanPatricia. Underground The Preliminary Distribution Map of Brother Nationalities Shanghai Communist Party and the Politics of Survival1927 in Yunnan Province. YNPAQuanzong LanhamMD Rowman and Littlefield Index 3File Yunnan sheng xuanju weiyuanhui. yunnan SuttonDonald S. Violence and Ethnicity on a sheng xuanju gongzuo baogao chugao Report Qing Colonial Frontier. Modern Asian Studies 37 no on Election Work in Yunnan County Draft. " YNPAquanzong 2Index 2114File 84 July TillmanHoyt. Proto - Nationalism in Twelfth - Century China The Case of Ch en Liang. ZarrowPeter. Historical Trauma Anti - Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 39no Tsou Jung Zou Rong. The Revolutionary Manchuism and Memories of Atrocity in Late Qing China. History and Memory 16no. z Fall /Winter Army A Chinese Nationalist Tract of John zhongyang renmin zhengfu minzu shiwu Just transl. The Hague Mouton1968. weiyuanhui Central People s Government Nationalities Wang Jianmin. zhongguo minzuxue shi Affairs Commission. zhongguo shaoshu Shang The History of Ethnology in China Part Kunming Jiaoyu chubanshe1997. minzu jianbiao Simple Chart of the Minorities of China. Beijing zhongyang renmin zhengfu minzu shiwu weiyuanhui

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