(Microsoft Word 材料1-2 英中对照 Biology_Android_translation_final_six topics 第1部分陈伟呈邬婷排 _Part1 呼吸系?26

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1 O _Respiratory system O _ 呼吸系统 Objective: 目标 : To understand the process of breathing 理解呼吸的过程 In humans, the main organs responsible for respiration are present in the thoracic cavity. In the thorax region, the rib cage, and a dome shaped fibrous tissue known as the diaphragm are observed. Present within the ribcage are the pleural membranes, which enclose the lungs. 对人类而言, 负责呼吸的主要器官位于胸腔在胸部, 可见胸廓, 以及被称为膈的圆顶形的纤维组织位于胸廓内的是胸膜, 胸膜将肺密封起来 The right lung is divided into three lobes- the right superior, right middle and the right inferior lobe. The left lung is smaller and has only two lobes- the left superior and the left inferior lobe. 右肺被分隔为三叶, 分别是右上叶, 右中叶和右下叶左肺较右肺小, 仅有两叶, 分别是左上叶和左下叶 Both the lungs are associated externally with small, tubular bronchi which unite and extend into the trachea. The trachea has incomplete, C-shaped rings of cartilage, which prevent the tracheal wall from collapsing. The trachea leads into the pharynx, which is connected to the nostrils. As we breathe in air, the oxygen molecules enter the nostrils and travel downwards, through the pharynx, and trachea, to finally reach the bronchi. From each bronchus, oxygen travels into the lungs. Within the lungs, the bronchus divides repeatedly to form bronchioles. Oxygen travels through these bronchioles, and reaches the alveoli; each of which is surrounded by a network of capillaries. 两侧的肺都向外与小的, 管状的支气管相连, 这些支气管连结并最终延伸入气管内气管具有不完全的,C 形的软骨环, 这些软骨环能够防止气管壁塌陷气管延伸至咽部, 藉此与鼻孔相连由于我们是吸入空气的, 氧分子进入到鼻孔内, 并继而向下扩散, 穿过咽部, 以及气管, 最终到达支气管内从每一个支气管处, 氧分子进入到肺内在肺内, 支气管重复地分开, 形成细支气管氧经过这些细支气管, 到达肺泡内 ; 每一个肺泡的周围都包绕着毛细血管网 A section of one alveolus shows the presence of numerous alveolar chambers with pores. Blood containing RBCs is seen flowing through the capillaries. The oxygen

2 molecules from the alveolus diffuse into the capillary, and then get absorbed by the bluish purple RBCs. This causes oxygenation of the RBCs, and a transition in their colour from bluish purple to red is observed. The blood moving into the alveolus contains RBCs and carbon dioxide molecules. These molecules are released into the alveolus. The carbon dioxide collects in the alveolar chamber and then from the alveolus it travels through the bronchioles, into the bronchus which finally reaches the trachea and it breathed out through the nostrils. 在一个肺泡的截面内, 可见大量的带有细孔的肺泡腔含有红细胞的血液流过毛细血管来自肺泡内的氧分子扩散入毛细血管内, 并继而为带蓝色的紫色红细胞所吸收这引起了红细胞的氧合作用, 可见红细胞的颜色由带蓝色的紫色转变为红色进入到肺泡的的血液含有红细胞和二氧化碳分子这些分子被释放入肺泡内二氧化碳聚集在肺泡腔内, 接着从肺泡内, 通过细支气管, 进入到支气管内, 并最终到达气管内, 经由鼻孔呼出 So the process of breathing in air rich in oxygen is called inhalation. During this process the alveoli inflate like balloons, thus the lungs expand and the muscular diaphragm moves down. During exhalation, the diaphragm moves up and the lungs contract, thus the alveoli deflate causing the air to be forced out. This exhaled air is rich in carbon dioxide. This process of inhalation and exhalation is known as respiration, which is approximately 20 times per minute. 所以, 吸入富含氧的空气的过程, 被称为吸气在这个过程中, 肺泡像气球一样充气, 这样, 肺舒张, 肌性横膈向下移动在呼气过程中, 膈向上移动, 肺收缩, 这样, 肺泡就放气, 使得气体被挤出肺泡呼出的气体中富含二氧化碳这个吸气和呼气的过程就称为呼吸, 每分钟大约进行 20 次 Respiratory system The process of breathing Thoracic cavity Rib cage Diaphragm Pleural membrane Lung Right superior Right middle Right inferior Left lung 呼吸系统呼吸过程胸腔胸廓膈胸膜肺右上右中右下左肺

3 Left superior Left inferior Bronchi Trachea Cartilage Pharynx Nostril Bronchiole Alveolus Capillary Alveolar chamber Pore RBC Oxygen Carbon dioxide Inhalation Alveoli Exhalation This process of inhalation and exhalation is known as respiration O _031 Detailed description regarding the physiology of respiratory system in human and various animals. This link provides description regarding the structure and functions of respiratory system. This link provides description regarding the structure and functions of human respiratory system. 左上左下支气管气管软骨咽鼻孔细支气管肺泡毛细血管肺泡腔孔隙红细胞氧二氧化碳吸入剂肺泡呼气呼吸和吸气的过程被称为呼吸有关人体和各种动物的呼吸系统生理学的详细描述这个链接提供了有关于呼吸系统结构和功能的描述这个链接提供了有关于人类呼吸系统结构和功能的描述

4 This link provides illustration showing the human respiratory system. This link provides an illustration depicting the human respiratory system. O _041 In the human beings, the organs responsible for respiration are present in the. thoracic cavity buccal cavity Larynx None of the above In the human beings, the lungs which are the organs for respiration are present in the thoracic cavity. 这个链接提供了显示人类呼吸系统的说明这个链接提供了描述人类呼吸系统的说明对人类而言, 负责呼吸的器官位于. 胸腔口腔咽以上皆非对人类而言, 负责呼吸的器官是肺, 它位于胸腔内 The bronchi extend into the. 支气管延伸入 Pharynx Trachea Both A and B None of the above The bronchi are associated with the lungs and extend into the trachea. 咽气管 A 和 B 以上皆非支气管与肺相连, 并延入气管内 The trachea leads into the. 器官通向 Cartilage buccal cavity Pharynx None of the above The trachea leads into the pharynx, which is connected to the nostrils. The process of breathing in air rich in oxygen is called. 软骨口腔咽以上皆非气管延伸至咽部, 藉此与鼻孔相连吸入富于氧的空气的过程被称为

5 Inhalation Exhalation Both A and B None of the above The process of breathing in air rich in oxygen is called inhalation. During the process of inhalation, the alveoli. Deflate Inflate Both A and B None of the above During inhalation, the alveoli inflate like balloon, the lungs expand and the muscular diaphragm moves down. O _051 Respiratory System Introduction Living organisms require energy for carrying out all metabolic functions of the body. A large part of this energy is derived from chemical reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen. The respiratory system is the route through which oxygen gains entry into the body. The human respiratory system starts with a pair of external nostrils through which air enters into the nasal chamber and moves on to the trachea. The trachea is a straight tube that divides into two bronchi, each of which enters into a lung. Each bronchus divides repeatedly into bronchioles that terminate into bag-like structures called the alveoli. Alveoli are the prime sites of gaseous exchange. Carbon dioxide formed as the waste product of the metabolic reactions, 吸气呼气 A 和 B 以上皆非吸入富于氧的空气的过程被称为吸气在吸气的过程中, 肺泡放气充气 A 和 B 以上皆非在吸气过程中, 肺泡像气球一样充气, 肺舒张, 肌性横膈向下移动呼吸系统说明活有机体需要能量, 来执行机体的代谢功能这部分能量中有大部分都来源于有氧条件下发生的化学反应呼吸系统是氧进入到机体内的途径人类呼吸系统是从一堆外鼻孔开始的, 气体通过外鼻孔进入到鼻腔内, 并随之进入气管中气管是一个直的管, 分为两个支气管, 每个支气管重复地分为细支气管, 并最终终止于被称为肺泡的袋状结构肺泡是气体交换的主要部位以代谢反应废气形式出现的二氧化碳, 聚集在肺泡腔内, 并继而通过支气管, 气管, 以及最终的鼻孔, 排出体内

6 collects in the alveolar chamber and then is excreted out via the bronchi, trachea and finally through the nostrils. Objective The simulation is designed for understanding the processes involved during inhalation and exhalation. Instructions Follow the given instructions to understand the ventilation of lungs followed by gaseous exchange. A health bar displayed on the screen indicates the level of oxygenation of the tissues. Invert stereo Stereo effect Stereo Settings Eye separation Controls Zoom in Zoom out Select and Drag Hold and Rotate 目标这个模拟器是设计来用于理解吸气和呼气过程所涉及到的过程的说明按照所给予的说明, 来理解气体交换之后的肺通气屏幕上所显示的显示健康值的条柱表明, 组织的氧合水平反转立体声立体声效果立体声设置视觉分离控制器放大缩小选择并拖动握住并旋转 Reset Help Menu 复位帮助菜单 OK OK Label On Label Off Physiology 显示标签隐藏标签生理学

7 Anatomy Health bar Oxygen Carbon dioxide RBC Fast Next Back Click on OK button after reading the synopsis. Step 1 Inhalation Click and drag three oxygen molecules to the nostrils. Click on the correct option and continue with the simulation. Name the dome shaped structure which contracts on inhalation. Lungs Diaphragm Alveolus Try again. Click on the arrowhead and drag it down. Click on the highlighted area of the lung. Molecules of which gas diffuse from the alveolar chamber to the RBC? Nitrogen Carbon dioxide Oxygen Step 2 Gaseous Exchange 解剖学显示健康值的条柱氧二氧化碳红细胞加快下一个返回读完摘要后点击 OK 键步骤 1- 吸气点击并拖动三个氧分子到鼻孔处点击正确的选项并继续模拟命名圆顶形结构, 该结构在吸气时会收缩肺膈肺泡再试一次点击箭头并向下拖点击肺的高亮区域气体从肺泡腔弥散至红细胞所经的膜? 氮二氧化碳氧步骤 2- 气体交换

8 Drag and drop three molecules of carbon dioxide from the capillary into the alveolar sac. Similarly, drag and drop three molecules of oxygen from the alveolar sac on to the RBCs in the capillary to oxygenate them. Click on Menu button and then select Next button or click Fast button to increase the pace of this activity and play again. Good!! The RBC s have been oxygenated. Step 3 Exhalation During exhalation, the diaphragm is pushed to remove carbon dioxide. Downwards Upwards Sideways Finally click on the arrowhead and push it upwards to exhale air rich in carbon dioxide. To go through the simulation again, click on Reset button. This process of exchange of oxygen from the atmosphere with the carbon dioxide produced by the cells is called respiration. Human respiratory system comprises a pair of lungs enclosed within the thoracic cavity. As we breathe in air, the oxygen molecules enter the nostrils and travel downwards, through the pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to the sac like structure called alveoli. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries. Oxygen molecules diffuse in the RBCs flowing through the capillaries, while the carbon dioxide molecules are diffused out of 拖动并从毛细血管放下三个二氧化碳分子到肺泡囊内相似地, 拖动并从肺泡囊放下三个氧分子到毛细血管内的红细胞处, 以氧合这些红细胞点击菜单钮, 接着选择下一步钮, 或是点击加快钮, 以增强该动作的速度, 并再播放一次好的! 红细胞已经被氧合了步骤 2- 呼气在呼气过程中, 横膈向方向被推动, 从而移除二氧化碳向下向上侧向最后点击箭头, 并向上推动, 以呼出富含二氧化碳的空气点击复位钮, 以再次操作模拟器将由细胞所产生的二氧化碳与大气中的氧进行交换的过程, 就称为呼吸人体的呼吸系统包括有密封于胸腔内的两侧肺当我们呼吸空气时, 氧分子进入到鼻孔内, 并且向下扩散, 穿过咽, 气管, 支气管, 细支气管, 最终到达被称为肺泡的囊样结构内每个肺泡周围都包绕着毛细血管网氧分子弥散入流过毛细血管的红细胞内, 而二氧化碳分子则从毛细血管内弥散至肺泡中

9 the capillary into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide thus, collected in the alveolar chamber travels through the bronchioles, into the bronchus which finally reaches the trachea and is breathed out through the nostrils. The simulation aims at the following learning outcomes: Memorizing the main steps involved in the process of respiration. Identification of various organs of the respiratory system. The entire simulation is divided into the following steps: In the first step you have to perform inhalation by moving the diaphragm downwards. In the second step you have to perform the exchange of gases in the alveolus. In the third step you have to exhale carbon dioxide by the upward movement of diaphragm. O _091 Respiratory System Alveolus Left lung Diaphragm Bronchi Trachea Right lung Bronchiole 接着, 二氧化碳在肺泡腔内聚集, 并经由细支气管, 扩散入支气管内, 最终到达气管中, 并从鼻孔呼出体外模拟器的目的是为了以下学习结果 : 记住呼吸过程中所涉及的主要步骤识别呼吸系统的各种器官整个模拟过程被分为以下几个步骤 : 在第一步, 你必须向下移动膈来进行吸气在第二个步骤, 你必须在肺泡内进行气体交换在第三个步骤, 你必须通过向上移动膈, 来呼出二氧化碳呼吸系统肺泡左肺膈支气管气管右肺细支气管

10 O _091 Bronchi They are the tubular structures situated between the lungs and extend into trachea. Bronchiole The small, thin-walled tubes that branch from a bronchus and end in the alveolar sacs of the lung. Rib cage The bony structure consisting of ribs, thoracic vertebrae and sternum that encloses and protects the lungs and heart. Cartilage rings C-shaped rings made of cartilage that prevents the trachea from collapsing. Pleural membrane The membrane that surrounds the lungs. Diaphragm A dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Exhalation The act of breathing out air. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, causing compression of the lungs and an outward flow of air. Also called expiration. Alveoli Tiny, delicate air sacs deep within the lungs, where the gaseous exchange occurs Inhalation The breathing in of air, or other vapour etc. Pharynx 支气管它们是位于两侧肺之间的器官结构, 延伸入气管内细支气管小的, 薄壁的管, 从支气管处分支而出, 并终于肺的肺泡囊胸廓骨结构是由肋骨, 胸椎骨和胸骨构成的, 密封并保护肺和心脏软骨环由软骨构成的 C 形环, 能够放置气管塌陷胸膜包绕肺的膜膈圆顶形的肌肉组织, 将胸腔和腹腔分离开呼气呼出气体的动作在呼气过程中, 膈松弛并向上移动, 使得肺收缩, 向外排出气体, 也称为呼气肺泡位于肺深处的很小的, 精致的气囊, 是气体交换发生的部位吸气吸入空气, 或是其他蒸汽咽

11 It is the part of the throat situated immediately posterior to (behind) the mouth and nasal cavity. Trachea A large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe. O _201 Comprehend that the primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen so that the oxygenated blood reaches all parts of the body. O _202 Respiratory system, Respiration, Diaphragm, Inhalation, Exhalation, Trachea, Lungs, C-shaped rings of cartilage, Alveoli, Bronchioles 这是位于口腔和鼻腔紧后方的 ( 后面的 ) 胸的一部分气管一个由软骨环加强的较大的膜状管, 从咽部延伸至支气管, 将气体输送至肺内, 并且将肺内的气体输送出 ; 气管理解呼吸系统的主功能是为血液提供氧, 这样氧合的血液就能够到达机体的所有部位呼吸系统, 呼吸, 膈, 吸气, 呼气, 气管, 肺,C 形软骨环, 肺泡, 支气管

Microsoft Word - 20120125材料1-1：英中对照 Biology - 5 topics Demo 11139字宋磊 _Part2 青蛙的生命周期_

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(Microsoft Word 材料1-2 英中对照 Biology_Android_translation_final_six topics 第1部分 陈伟呈 邬婷排 _Part1 呼吸系?26

(Microsoft Word 材料1-2 英中对照 Biology_Android_translation_final_six topics 第1部分陈伟呈邬婷排 _Part1 呼吸系?26