open short A R1 A R1 B R R 0.3 A B B 0.4 A B power P = VI R V I V P = VI = I R = R 1/4 W 1/ W 1/ W 5 10 W MΩ 5
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- 反 翟
- 5 years ago
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1 1 ( ) 1.0 in parallel 0.1 in series 0. R1R 0.1 R = R1 + R 0. R = R 1 + R R1 R R1 R
2 open short A R1 A R1 B R R 0.3 A B B 0.4 A B power P = VI R V I V P = VI = I R = R 1/4 W 1/ W 1/ W 5 10 W MΩ 5
3 Volts V 10k 0k 0.5 9V 10k 0k Amps V 10k 0 k Amp s k 0k 9V Amps
4 1-1 (single pole single throw, SPST) (single pole double throw, SPTD) (DPST) (DPDT) SPST SPDT DPST DPDT NO (normal open) NC (normal closed) (limit switch) ( 1-3) (a)no (b)nc (a)no (b)nc (a)(b) (rotary switch) (dip switch) b 4 8 ( ) 7
5 1-5 SPST + dc motor - DPDT LAMP 110V SPDT (a) SPDT LAMP 110V SW1 sw sw3 (b) 1-6 8
6 (a) (b) (c) V ideal voltage source ( 1-7) 1.5 V Ω 1.5 A 0.1 Ω 15 Α 15 0~30 V 3 A 15 V 5 Ω (3 Α) (stiffness) ( ) 9
7 R S 1 (equivalent circuit) A R S V S R L B ( 0) ( ) V S =1.5 V R S = 0. Ω (R L ) Ω ( R L (AB ) A R L I S R S R L B
8 (ideal current source) ( 1-9) 1-a R S I S = 1 A R S = 1 kω R L Ω AB 1.3 (resistor) ( ) (damping) V = RI V R 1-11 ( ) 11
9 R 1 A + R 1 V S R V A - R V S A (a) (b) (voltage divider) a b ( KVL KCL ) V A R = VS (1-1) R 1 + R (1-1) (voltage-divider theorem) 3 ( ) ( ) A R TH A R L V TH R L B B (a) (b) (theorem) (law) 1
10 A A B B (a)v TH = V AB (b)r TH = R AB (Thevenin s theorem) 1-1 ( ) ( ) b 1-13a (Thevenin s equivalent circuit) V TH R TH V TH R TH A B ( 1-14a) A B V TH 0( 1-14b) A B ( ) R TH 1-15a A B 7.5 V( ) A B 500 Ω( ) 1-15b 1 kω A 500 Ω A 15 V 1 kω R L 7.5 V R L B B (a) (b)
11 R L = 500 Ω 1-15a 1-15b A B V 110 V Ω 400 Ω = W (1/4 W 1/ W) 4 W 5 14
12 ( ) R 1 R R 1 R 6 R 1 R V OUT (capacitor) 7 ( 1-18) 6 7 ( ) 15
13 q V = (1-) C V q C ( F ) ( ) ( ) X V 1 = = C I j (1-3) π f C f (1-3) j 90 (1-3) ( ) ( ) ( 1-6) 110 V 60 Hz 1-19 ( ) 8 AC short, DC open "AC" "DC" 16
14 W 1 kω ( 1-3 ) ( ) ( ) 1-0 (high-pass filter) ( ) ( ) In Out In Out ( 0) (low-pass filter) (noise) 17
15 (1-) 9 1-a (closed) A 1-b A 63 τ = RC τ (time constant) SW I R A I C V A switch closed (a) (b) 1- (dc open) 1-b 0 dc open 1- RC 0 ( ) 0 0 R µf 1 Ω 1 kω
16 ( R 1 ) 1.5 (inductors) IC (switching power supply) di V = L (1-4) dt V I L X L = jπ f L (1-5) f (1-3) (1-5) (1-4) 1-4 (close) (open) ( 0) (1-4) A (inductive kick) ( ) ( ) (water hammer) 19
17 SW A SW (a) (b) (sw) A ( 1. b c. ( ) ( ) 3. (a) 0 (b) 6V (c) -1V ) 100 Ω SW A 100 Ω SW A 1 V 100 Ω 1 V 100 Ω (a) (b) 100 Ω SW A 1 V 100 Ω (c) 1-5 0
18 1.6 ( ) 1-1 (charge) 1-1 (force) (torque) (pressure) (velocity) (angular (flow rate) velocity) (displacement) ( ) ( ) 1-6 ( ) 1
19 RLC (step response) I (or v) q (or x) V (or F) V (or F) ( ) ( ) di dt dv dt V (or F) I ( ) v ( ) V ( ) F ( ) q ( ) x ( ) ( )
20 F ( ) I V S ( ) v ( ) ( ) Time response RLC - - (1) () (flywheel) 1-8 (3) (1.4 ) ( 1-3 ) (4) ( ) (5) (6) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3
21 V IN IN OUT V OUT (1) 1.3 () (F = ma) (3) LC ( ) 11 (4) ( ) (Coriolis force) (flexibility) ( ) (ODE) (5) 11 (parasitic) 4
22 (6) (IC) 5
23 (diode) ( ) (rectifier diode).1-1 (anode) (cathode) (reverse biased) (forward biased) (short) (open) 6
24 (a) (b) V 1 ( ) -3 I = V S 0.7 R L I 0.7 V V S R L V S R L -3 ( ) V 0.5~0.8 V 7
25 100 Ω 1 V 100 Ω V 1 (9 V) V -4 9 V V 1 V V 5 V - -5 ( ) -3 I D 1 A + V D V -1 µa 0.7 V V D I D V 8
26 ( -6 ) (breakdown) V 10 V ( ) + V S V S V L - V L -7.3 ( ) (rectification, rectify) (half-wave rectifier) (full-wave) V V 14 9
27 -7 ( 0.7 V) 0( ) -5-7 (V S ) -0V V S V S - + VL V L -8 ( ) V S D 1 D - + D 3 D 4 - V L (bridge rectifier) -8-9 D D 3 D 1 D 4 (V L ) (V S ) 1.4 V 30
28 -6-8( -9) ( ( 0 ) V D 1 D V 15 ( ) ( ) : V (RMS) ( peak value) V 31
29 V C I L V C V S C R L V R (Ripple) ( 1.4 ) (charge) ( 0.7 V) ( (=V C )) ( ) (discharge) 1.4 V L = q C q C ( ) (C) ( ) ( -1 3
30 (R L ) ) ( (ripple) -1) IL V R = f C (-1) V R I L f ( ) -1 V S 30 V 60 Hz 1000 µf R L = 1 kω V C V C(peak) = = 9.3 V I L = = (A) (-1) V = R = (V) V L(dc) = 9.3 = 9.06 (V) ( ) (power on ) (surge current) ( ) ( ) 16 33
31 30 V (peak) 60 Hz µf 00 Ω ( 1.19 V ) ( ) ( -1) A V A V S V ( ) (relief valve) 34
32 V S V A 1000 V V S A V S A switch Switch open -1 V S V S V A V s +0.7 V A V S switch Switch open N A 50 V ( -1) 110 V V 0 V 1N A 1000 V 35
33 ( ) - (3A) -1 1 (1N4001~1N4007) 1N4001 1N400 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N V 1.0 A - 3 (1N5400 ) 1N5400 1N5401 1N540 1N5403 1N5404 1N5407 1N V 3.0 A 36
34 3 ( ) ( ) I + V - -V Z 0 V I (a) (b) ( ) (zener diode) ( ) (reference voltage) (ideal zener) 37
35 3-1 V-I ( V Z ) V V S 3 V I = 0 V S 9 V 17 5 V 9 5 I = - = 0.0 (A) 00 I 00 Ω V S VZ = 5 V (V Z ) V S 15 V 3-3 V S 3 V 3 I L = = 0.01(A) V S 6V AB V Z AB V Z AB V Z V S 6 V AB ( ) 00 V AB = 6 = 4 (V)
36 100 Ω A V S V Z = 5 V I L 00 Ω B 3-3 V AB V Z ( ) 6 I L = = 0.0 (A) V S 1 V V AB = 8 V AB V Z V S = 1 V I L AB 3-4 V TH V Z A R TH A V TH B B (a) (b) (c) V S = 1 V ( ) 39
37 a ( ) ( 3-5b) V C V Z ( ) V C V Z ( ) ( ) 110 V 5:1 - + V C 30V V C Time (a) 5:1 30V V C - + V C V L 15V V L V Z = 15V (b) Time
38 I V ( 3-7) t V C V Z 41
39 ( ) ( 3-8) V S ( ) V Z 3-8 IC IC(three-terminal voltage regulator) IC 5 V %(5 ± 0. V) 1A ( ) 19 5 V IC 78xx xx 05,06,08,09,1,15,18,4 8 IC V 7805 ( 1) 7 V~35 V V~35 V IC IC ( ) IC V~5 V 50 mv( line regulation ) 5 ma 1.5 A 0.1 V( load regulation ) IC 18 78xxCT 4 % 78xxACT % 19 78xx 1 A 78Lxx 100 ma( IC ) 78Txx 3 A 0 78xxCT 78xx A CT 4
40 µf IC IC (0.33 µf IC ) 10 µf ( 0.33µF) µf 0 V 10 V 110V 10: V µF 10µF IC V V xx IC ± 15 V IC ( 3-11) 43
41 Input. Ground 3. Output Ground. Input 3. Output xx 79xx V(rms) ( ) + - (a) - + (b) 3-1 LED 44
42 3.4 (Light Emitting Diode) LED( 3-1) 00 1 LED LED LED 1. LED. LED V(1.5V~.5V ) 3. LED LED 5 V LED (incandescent lamp) ( ) LED LED LED (Electron/Photon) LED 9~17 lumens/w LED 0.04~6 lumens/w( LED 0 lumens/w) LED ( 0.4 µm~0.7µm) 0.7µm~µm (infrared) LED 90 LED LED LED 3 LED 3-5 LED LED LED LED LED LED ( ) LED 1 Optoelectronic device Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (fluorescent lamp) 30 lumens/w (halogen lamp) 18~5 lumens/w 3 (RGB) 45
43 ( LED ) LED 5~30 ma +5 V 00 Ω LED 0.33 µf 0.33 µf 110 V 110 V (a) (b) LED 3-14 LED LED 4 LED 40 ma ( ) 3-14a LED LED ( 0.7 V) LED ( 1/10 ) LED ( 3-14b) LED 90 0 ( ) ( 1.3 ) 4 power on 46
44 LED ( ) ( 110V LED 1 ) π f C LED 3-9 LED 5 V ( LED ) LED LCD LED LCD LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) 5 LCD LED (seven-segment display) LED LCD (1) LED LCD ( ) 6 () LCD LED (3) LED (4) LCD LED ( )LCD LED 5 6 LCD 47
45 3.5 0 (b) (a) 10µA (c) 3-15 (photo diode) LED ( 3-15) LED LED 7 ( ) LED LED (opto-interrupter 3-16) 7 48
46 LED (opto-coupler) (opto-isolator) 3-18 ( ) ( ) (On-Off) 5 V 1000 V 3-18 (photo transistor 3-19) ( ) IC 49
47 (Schottky diode 3-0) ( ) 0.5 V 3-0 (constant-current diode, or current-limiting diode) 3-1 V S I ( ) 50
48 V S I ( ) (varactor diode 3-) 8 LC 3- +V 3- ( ) LC 8 51
49 (radio frequency) LC (varistor 9 transient suppressor) (10 V~1000 V) 3-3b ( ) 00 V 00 V ( ) FUSE 110V V Z =00V (a) (b) b (fuse) ( ) ( ) 3-4 ( -13 ) 9 5
50 3-4 ( ) (tunnel diode) 3-5 V-I ( ) ( I V (a) (b) 3-5 ) LC LC ( ) 53
51 (Laser diode) (semiconductor laser) LED (optoelectronic devices) LED ( ) (coherent light) (in phase) ( ) ( ) 54
52 4 (transistors) ( ) 30 (active device) (vacuum tubes) 31 (1000 MHz ) IC 3 IC 30 (passive device) 31 ( ) ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 1946 ( "electronics" Encyclopedia Britannica Online.) (John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley) (1956 ) 1958 Jack Kilby 000 Robert Noyce Kilby Noyce Kilby IC Noyce Intel 55
53 4.1 ( 4-1) (collector, C ) (emitter, E ) (base, B ) 4- (1) V CE 0 ( V C V E ) I C = β dc I B β dc R C C R B B C I C B I B E V CC E V BB I E 4-1 npn 4- () V C V E ( ) (3) B E 0.7 V (V BE 0.7 V) (4) I E = I B + I C (1) I C I B E C (I C I E ) (1) B (I B 0 (I C ) C 4- V BB 0.7 V ( (3)) I B VBB 0.7 = R B (1) I C = β dc I B V C = V CC -R C I C V E =0 V CE = V C -V E = V C 56
54 V CC = 0 V V BB = 5 V R C = 00 Ω R B =1 kω β dc =100 I C V CE 4-4- V BB = 0 V CE V BB V CE 4. β dc ( ) (current gain) (data sheet) β dc h FE (small signal transistor) (power transistor) C E W 0.5 W β dc β dc (Darlington) (Darlington transistor) β dc (Q 1 ) (Q ) C I C1 I C B Q 1 Q I B E I C Q 1 Q Q 1 β dc 00 Q β dc 50 I C1 I B I C I B 33 (power dissipated) I C V CE 57
55 β dc β dc β dc (V CE ) (I C ) ( β dc ) β dc (I C I E ) 00 Ω 1 kω I B B C E I C β dc = V V BB V BB 3 V I B = = 0.46 (ma) 5000 I C = = 46 (ma) = (A) V CE = = 5.8 (V) V BB = 4 V I B = 0.66 ma I C = 66 ma V CE = 1.8 V I B I C V CE I B I C I C V CE 4.1 (1) () V CE 0 I C I B V CE 0 I B I C (saturated) I C C E V CE 0 ( 0.4 V) V CE 0 58
56 (1) I C V CE V BB = 5 V I B = = 0.86 (ma) 5000 (1) I C = = 86 (ma) = 0.086(A) V CE = =. (V) (4-1) (4-1) V CE = I C = = 75(mA) 00 β dc β dc I C β dc ( ) β dc (A) V BB = 10 V V CE I C (B) β dc = 00 (V BB = 10 V)V CE I C ( ) 4-5 (base biased) ( ) ( ) V BB 0 I B = 0 I C = 0 ( 4-6a) V BB ( 59
57 4-6b) 4-6 (switch) ( ) ( ) V CC V CC V CC V CC V BB (0) C E C E V BB ( ) C E C E (a)open (b)closed ( ) 4.4 (On-Off) (digital switch) 60
58 5 V 5 V 00 Ω I LED 00 Ω LED LED 100 kω N3904 V IN 1 kω N V 4-7 LED 4-8 LED 4-7 V IN V ( β dc 0) LED 5 I LED = = ( A) 00 V LED V IN 0.7 V LED 0 ( ) IC LED( ) ( N3904) LED 4-7 V IN 0 V LED 15 ma LED B 110 V 4-8 B E ( LED 3-14 ) (relay) IC
59 4-9 ( 1.4 ) (flyback diode) ( ) (flywheel) (flywheel diode) 35 ( AC ) 110 V +1 V IC 4-9 (solenoid) IC 1 ma β dc 50 ma ( ) IC. ( )
60 1.4 V V ( ) + V IN W flywheel dc motor diode - 5V 0 V IN T D (duty cycle) = W T (PWM) 36 PWM (time constant) 4-11 ( ) ( ) ( ) On-Off 4-1 (W ) W T (duty cycle) 50% 100% (On) (pulse width modulation, PWM) PWM V
61 PWM 10 khz 0 khz ( V CC I C R C V BB I E R E V I E V 0.7 R BB = (4-) E (4) I C I E V C = V CC I C R C C E V CE = V C V E = V C (V BB 0.7) (4-) (emitter biased) (V CE > 0) (active region) I E I C β dc ( β dc ) β dc β dc (I C I E ) β dc 64
62 V CC = 0 V V BB = 5 V R E = 00 Ω R C =300 Ω I C V CE 4-9 β dc =100 I B I C I E I LED V CC (10 V) V IN (5 V) I E 00 Ω 4-14 LED LED I LED I E = = (ma) VCE = VC VE = (10 ) (5 0.7) = 3.7 (V) V CE 0 ( ) Pd = VCEIC = = 79.6 (mw) V CC 15 V LED V CE 65
63 V CC V CC (0 V) V IN V IN (10 V) I IN V L β dc =100 R L V L I L R L (0 Ω) V L = V IN 0.7V ( 0.7 V) (emitter follower) ( β dc ) (current boosting) (power amplification) 4-16 V L = 9.3 V I L = 465 ma IL I = β IN = dc 4.65(mA) POUT VL IL = = = 93 P V I IN IN IN 93 β dc ( ) 4-16 ( 66
64 V CE 0 V BE I E ) V CC R L I L VIN 0.7 = R E V CC V IN V IN R E R L V L = V IN 0.7 (a) (b) PWM 4-14 LED V CE 0 V CE 0 I C PWM On-Off (fatigue) ( 4-11 ) 67
65 37 ( ) PWM 5 V E I B E I E I LED 00 Ω B B C C I C (a) (b) V IN 4-17 pnp 4-18 LED 4.7 pnp pnp npn pnp npn pnp 4-17b V BE -0.7 V (V B <V E ) V C V E ( ) 4-18 LED V IN 0 V E = 0.7 V LED I LED I E = = 3 (ma) 100 V IN 5 V ( E B ) 3 V V IN LED 37 PWM V CE 0 0.4V I C (V CE 0) on-off 68
66 V CC 9 V 10 kω B + V IN R L npn 9 V dc motor -V EE - pnp pnp npn 4-19 V B 0.7 V npn V B -0.7 V pnp V B -0.7 V 0.7 V 4-19 ( ) npn pnp (push-pull emitter follower) (analog amplifier) 69
67 9 V 10 kω 9 V 10 Ω 9 V + dc motor 9 V + dc motor - - (a) (b) ( 4-1a) ( 4-1b) ( ) ( ) (buffer) PWM 4-1b b IC ( ) IC IC
68 IC 40 ( ) 803 (transistor array)( 4-) 8 ( ) ( ) 1000 TTL 41 CMOS 4 IC 803 ( ) LED ULN803 NT ULN ma( 350 ma) 50 V (IC 85 ) IC 500 ma 8 1. A( 4 A ) (duty cycle) A 803 IC Allegro Microsystems, On 40 IC TTL(transistor-transitor logic) IC CMOS 4 CMOS IC 71
69 Semiconductor, Texas Instruments Semiconductor IC 803 1~8 11~ ( 50 V) IC (open collector) 4-3 IC (sink) In Out R L V+ IC V IC (6~15V CMOS PMOS ) V 83 IC 95 V 800 UDN A ( 750 ma ) IC 803 ( ) IC 4-4 UDN98x (981~984)IC ( 4-5) IC IC (source) 43 IC 43 (current source) ( ) 7
70 V+ In Out IC R L 4-4 Input Output V S Input Output GND 4-5 ULN98x(981~984) ( ) (bridge) IC (source and sink) 4-6 Q 1 Q 4 Q 1 Q 4 Q Q 3 Q IC L93B ( Q 3 IC ( ) 73
71 4-7) L93B (sink) (source) 1A( A) 36V IC ( ) ( 44 ) L93D 0.6A( 1.A) L93B (93B ) V+ Q 1 Q R L Q 3 Q L93B 44 Bipolar driver (Unipolar)
72 IC 1A (power 45 ) IC (Power Darlington) N3055 MJ955 npn pnp N3055( MJE955) 15 V CE 60 (I C V CE ) 115W ( W) N3055 MJ955 NT5 N3055 MJ MJ15015(npn) MJ15016(pnp) N3055 MJ N3055 V CE 10V 180W( ) N3055 (β dc ) N3904( ) TIP10 TIP107 npn pnp TIP10( 107) C E 100V 80W Power 46 I C = 4.0 A, V CE =.0 V 47 I C = 10 ma, V CE = 1.0 V 48 I C = 3A, V CE = 4 V
73 TO-3 TO TO-9 N3904 (npn) N3906 (pnp) N (npn) 1 1. Base,. Emitter, CASE: Collector. 1. Base,. Collector, 3. Emitter. 4-8 TO-3 TO TO-9 76
74 5 (field effect transistor, FET) (npn pnp) BJT(bipolar junction transistor, or bipolar transistor) 50 FET BJT FET BJT JFET MOSFET n-channel p-channel ( npn pnp ) MOSFET(enhancement mode MOSFET, E-MOS) MOSFET MOSFET BJT JFET BJT MOSFET IGBT 5.1 MOSFET MOSFET( MOSFET) 5-1 (drain, D ) (source, S ) (gate, G ) MOSFET D S G BJT C E B 50 npn pnp ( ) BJT 77
75 D G MOSFET BJT MOSFET ( ) ( ) G S (I G = 0) 51 BJT MOSFET MOSFET (V GS ) MOSFET BJT I C I B 5 N-channel MOSFET (1) V D V S () V GS (threshold voltage) S 5-1 MOSFET ( n-channel) R D I D D I D V GS S V DD 0 V TH V GS(ON) V GS (a) (b) a MOSFET I D V GS 5-b V GS V GS(TH) ( ) I D 51 5 BJT ( ) V BE 78
76 V GS I D V D ( ) V D 0 I D ( (1)) MOSFET BJT I D V GS ( V D V S ) MOSFET (active region) V D V S MOSFET (Ohmic region) BJT I D V GS 5-a npn MOSFET V GS < V GS(TH) ( 5-3) V GS ( )V GS(ON) (V DS 0) D S (R DS(ON) ) 5-4 V DD V DD R D R D D D V G (0) S (a)v GS =0 S (b) 5-3 MOSFET V DD V DD V DD R D R D R D V G (=V GS(ON) ) I D I D I D D D S S D R DS(ON) S (a)v GS (b) (c) 5-4 MOSFET 79
77 5-5 V G = 0 ( V S = 0 V GS = V G ) I D = 0 V D = V DD V DS = V D = 0 V V G = 5 V MOSFET Ω 0 I D = = (A) V DS = 0 = 0.39 (V) V G D S I D R D 100 Ω V GS(ON) = 5V I D(ON) = 1A R DS(ON) = Ω V GS(TH) = 1V V DD (0 V) I D(ON) V GS = V GS(ON) ( ) R D I D I D(ON) I D(ON) D S V G = 5 V R D = 50 Ω I D V DS 5-5 BJT ( 5-6) (1) MOSFET ( ) () BJT C E MOSFET D S (V CE 0 V DS 0) V CE V DS 0 V CE V DS I C I D MOSFET V DS I D ( V DS 0 )D S 80
78 BJT MOSFET (V DS I D ) (3) MOSFET I G = 0 I S = I D BJT I B 0 I E I C V DD V CC I D D R D I C C R C V IN ( ) S V IN ( ) E (a)mosfet (b)bjt MOSFET (V GS =V GS(ON) ) I D R D R D I D I D I D(ON) D S ( BJT ) 5-5 R D =10 Ω 0 I D = = 1.96 (A) (5-1) 10 + (5-1) I D(ON) (5-1) ( I D(ON) ) V GS (V GS =V GS(ON) ) I D(ON) R D 81
79 5. MOSFET (floating) 5-7 (source follower) 5-7 V G = 0 V G =V DD MOSFET V GS =V DS I S (R L ) V GS ( MOSFET V GS 53 ) MOSFET (active region) (V G ) ( ) ( ) 5-8 V IN = 0 Q 1 I 1 = 0 V A =V DD Q V IN ( 5 V) Q 1 V A 0 Q (V IN ) IC V DD V DD D I 1 V G G S A Q I S R L V IN Q 1 R L BJT 53 I D I S V GS BJT 8
80 5-9 Q G S V S V DD ( ) V DD G Q 1 S Q R L Q 4 Q 6 V A Q 3 Q 5 V B V A = 0 V B IC HIP4080( HIP4081) 54 (full bridge)fet IC 1MHz 80V.5A PWM (UPS) 5.3 BJT vs. MOSFET MOSFET BJT BJT MOSFET
81 (1) I G = 0 IC MOSFET 55 BJT () BJT MOSFET ( V D V S ) V DS I D I D V DS 0 MOSFET (=V DS I D ) (V D CMOS IC( ) V DD 0 MOSFET (, rail-to-rail) ( BJT IC TTL IC V CC 0 ) (3) MOSFET BJT ( PWM ) (4) BJT (thermal runaway) 5-10 BJT (β dc ) β dc ( ) MOSFET ( ) MOSFET C C B = B E E MOSFET I G = 0 55 (input impedance) 84
82 G S 5-11 (V G ) ( ) D G S 5-11 MOSFET BJT MOSFET MOSFET BJT MOSFET BJT V BE I C I V C BE >> 1 (5-) MOSFET BJT I V D GS < I V C BE I D V GS ( 5-) I C V BE ( ) (5-) V I BE << C 1 85
83 I C V BE 56 V GS / I D I D V GS BJT MOSFET ( 5-1) R L I L V L V IN 0.7 V( V BE V L ) R L I L V GS V L (= V IN V GS ) V GS V BE ( 57 ) V CC V DD V IN B E V IN G S I L R L V L I L R L V L (a) (b) 5-1 V CC V DD V IN V IN R L R L (a) (b) V BE ( )V BE 0.7 V 57 (output impedance) 86
84 MOSFET 5-13 (V IN ) 0 V IN (R L ) V IN MOSFET BJT V IN a R L V IN ( ) BJT MOSFET MOSFET BJT MOSFET 5-14 IC MOSFET ( R 1 ) V DD V CC R L R 1 logic circuit 5-14 MOSFET 87
85 5.4 NMOS PMOS CMOS MOSFET n-channel MOSFET NMOS NMOS p-channel MOSFET PMOS PMOS NMOS PMOS 5-15 D I D G S (a) I S (b) 5-15 p-channel MOSFET 5-16 V G (V DD ) PMOS S D 0 V G (0) PMOS S D 0( R DS(ON) ) V DD (idle) IC pnp MOSFET PMOS V G V DD S D IN V DD S PMOS D D OUT NMOS S CMOS 88
86 PMOS NMOS IC 5-17 PMOS NMOS (inverter) MOSFET(complementary MOS CMOS) IC CMOS CMOS IC CMOS IC( ) ( ) CMOS IC BJT IC 58 CMOS CMOS CMOS IC V DD 0(rail-to-rail) (0) (V DD ) 5-7 CMOS ( ) ( 1. MOSFET BJT. 3. ) 5.5 MOSFET BJT BJT ( ) MOSFET ( ) (analog switch) BJT IC TTL(transistor-transistor logic) 59 CMOS ( MOSFET V DD ) 89
87 (linear switch) IC 6 IC ( ) IC ( ) 5-19 (multiplexer, MUX) IC IN OUT V G (Low) (a) V G ( ) IN OUT V G (High) (b) V G ( ) BJT MOSFET D S 6 90
88 5.6 JFET 5-0 JFET ( ) ( BJT ) MOSFET JFET(Junction FET) I D D D G G S S (a)n-channel (b)p-channel 5-0 JFET V GS 5-1 JFET (N-channel) 0 91
89 JFET ( )MOSFET (1) JFET (depletion mode) (I D I S ) V GS = () JFET ( ) MOSFET JFET 0 (µa ) BJT IC MOSFET JFET JFET IC( ) 5.7 IGBT BJT MOSFET MOSFET 0( ) BJT ( 5.3 ) 63 IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor) 5- ( ) IGBT BJT IGBT 0 MOSFET BJT (current-to-voltage gain) IGBT 5- IGBT 63 (sensitive) 9
90 6 (operational amplifier, OP-AMP) IC 741C 4 OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP ( 741C 5 ) (magic box) OP-AMP ( ) ( ) ( ) OP-AMP IC +V CC Input Output V EE (a) (b) (c) 6-1 OP-AMP (PDIP ) 93
91 6.1 (+) (-) b 6- OP-AMP OP-AMP ( ) (input impedance)( R IN ) (voltage gain)( A o ) (output impedance)( R OUT ) V error V error V OUT = A V (6-1) o error + V error R IN + R OUT V OUT - - A o V error 6- OP-AMP 6- OP-AMP ( ) 741C MΩ 100,000 75Ω OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP (β dc ) OP-AMP 94
92 ( ) OP-AMP (V CC -V EE ) ( ± 15 V) OP-AMP C V 5 5 V V V IN V OUT R S V S R IN R OUT R L ( ) ( R S ) 6-3 ( )
93 ( ) (loading effect) OP-AMP 0( ) OP-AMP ( OP-AMP ) 6- ( ) ( 6-3 ) ( ) 6.3 OP-AMP (negative feedback) OP-AMP ( ) 64 ( ) OP-AMP (open loop) (closed OP-AMP ( V CC ) ( V EE ) ( ) OP-AMP 64 OP-AMP ( OP-AMP ) OP-AMP 96
94 V error I in R 1 R 6 V error I in V IN A R I 1 I R 1 V OUT OP-AMP OP-AMP (1) A o V error = 0 (6-) () R IN OP-AMP I in = 0 (6-3) (6-) ( 6-5b) V A = V IN I = 1 V R IN
95 (6-3) I = I 1 VIN OUT = II(R1 + R ) = (R1 + R R V 1 ) A CL = V V OUT IN = R1 + R R 1 CL ( closed-loop) R 1 =1 kω R = 99 kω Α CL = 100 R 1 R (6-) V IN = 10 mv V OUT = 1 V (6-1) V error = V OUT /A o =10-5 V ( 741C) V error V IN 6-5 (6-) 66 V IN V OUT (non-inverting 66 OP-AMP
96 amplifier 67 ) 6-6 A CL A o A o (β dc ) (A CL ) R IN(CL) R OUT(CL) ( 6-7) V IN + R OUT(CL) V OUT R IN(CL) - ACL V IN 6-7 R1 1 B = ( = ) R + R A 1 CL R IN(CL) = 1+ A B)R (6-4) ( o IN 1 R OUT(CL) = ( )R OUT (6-5) 1+ A B o 741C A CL =100 B=0.01 A o =100,000 R IN = MΩ R OUT = 75 Ω R IN(CL) = 001 MΩ R OUT(CL) = Ω
97 V IN V OUT 6-8 (6-4) (6-5) (B ) B = 1/A CL = 1 R IN(CL) = ( 1+ Ao)R IN AoR IN R OUT(CL) 1 = ( 1+ A o )R OUT R A OUT o 0( ) (voltage follower) ( 6. ) 6-9a ( 6-9b) ( 6-9c) (buffer) 15 V 15 V 15 V kω kω kω 5 V 1 kω.14 V 5 V 1 kω 500 Ω 1 kω V 500 Ω (a)(b) (c) OP-AMP ( 6.7 ) 100
98 C 5 ma 6-9c b ( ) 6-9c I F R F V IN R S I S V OUT 3 (virtual ground) (a) (b) (6-) 0 I V 0 IN S = (6-5) RS I F = I S ( ) V OUT = 0 I R = ( R F S F R V = 0 ( R IN S F )V )R IN F ( ) ( 6-5)) -R F /R S V IN V OUT (inverting amplifier) 0 ( ) (virtual 101
99 ground 68 )( 6-10b) R OUT(CL) 0 ( ) 6-11 R S (6-5) V V IN IN R IN (CL) = = IIN IS R S V IN R S + - R OUT(CL) ( 0) -(R F /R S )V IN V OUT R 3 100R mv( ) mv ( ) ( ) 1.. OP-AMP 0 OP-AMP 68 virtual (real, reality) 10
100 3. ( ) R S 6-13 ( MΩ ) 00 kω 00 kω 00 kω kω OP-AMP (6-) (6-3) V 1 R A R V I 1 I R I 3 6 V OUT 6-14 (summing amplifier) 6-14 (6-) 103
101 A 0( ) I 1 I V1 1 =, I = R V R I I 3 = I 1 + I ( (6-3)) V OUT = 0 I R = (I + I )R 1 = (V + V ) 1 3 ( ) V 1 1 V V 1 V V OUT ( )-1 V 1 V (V OUT = V 1 + V ) ( ) (V OUT = V 1 + V + V 3 ) 6-11 V OUT = -10(V 1 + V ) 100 Ω 100 Ω 10 kω 10 kω 100 Ω kω (a) (b)
102 R V R V 1 R 1 R V OUT 6-16 (differential amplifier) ( 6-16) (6-) (6-3) ( ) (superposition principle) V 0 V OUT V 1 V 1 0 V OUT V (1) V a 1 V A = V 1 ( ) 1 V A V OUT = V A V = V 1 OUT 1 () V b 1 V OUT = V (3) (1) () 105
103 V OUT = V 1 OUT + V OUT = V V 1 (floating point ) V 1 R 1 R 1 A V OUT V R 3 R V OUT R R 1 R 1 R V = 0 V 1 = 0 (a) (b) V 1 V V 300 mv (current-to-voltage converter) 6-18 V = R OUT F I S 6-19 (photo diode) 1µA V OUT = 100 kω 1µ A = 100 mv 106
104 R F 100 kω I S V OUT 1 µa 3 6 V OUT (voltage-controlled current source) 6-0 ( ) I L = V R IN (6-6) (R L ) OP-AMP (6-6) V IN I 1 V CC R I L R L R V IN I L E PNP C R L (6-6) 6-1 OP-AMP 107
105 69 (6-) (6-3) (6-) V E = V IN I 1 = V CC V R IN (6-3) I E = I 1 I C I E I L I C V CC V R IN OP-AMP ( ) 6.7 OP-AMP OP-AMP (6-) (6-3) OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP ± 1V V( OP-AMP 1~ V ) 741C 36 V ( ± 18 V) ± 5 V OP-AMP 44 V 100 V 69 OP-AMP 108
106 OP-AMP ( ) 70 OP-AMP LM34 ( 3V 3V) IC 4 OP-AMP( ) OP-AMP 741C 5 ma OP-AMP ( ) OP-AMP 500 kω +15 V 0.1 V 10 kω kω V L 0.1 V 10 kω 3-15 V I o N3055 V L I L I L R L V MJE V R L OP-AMP OP-AMP 71 OP-AMP 0 (6-) 109
107 6-1 ( 6-) R L V L kω -5 V -.5 ma 1 kω -5 V -5 ma 500 Ω -5 V -10 ma 00 Ω -4.6 V -3 ma 100 Ω -.4 V -4 ma 0 Ω V -4.7 ma I L OP-AMP (current booster) OP-AMP 7 OP-AMP B 6- ( β dc = 50) OP-AMP 7 110
108 6- ( 6-3) R L V L I L OP-AMP I o kω -5 V -.5 ma -50 µa 1 kω -5 V -5 ma -100 µa 500 Ω -5 V -10 ma -00 µa 00 Ω -5 V -5 ma -500 µa 100 Ω -5 V -50 ma -1 ma 0 Ω -5 V -50 ma -5 ma β dc 50 OP-AMP 5 ma 10A (power OP-AMP) LM1 10 A ( 80 W) OP-AMP OP-AMP 6-3 V IN V OUT 10 kω
109 ( ) (6-) OP-AMP OP-AMP 1 ( 6-4) 6 khz ( 10 V) 6-5a (voltage follower ) 6-5b OP-AMP ( ) V IN, V OUT 6000 Hz V IN Hz V OUT (a) (b) 6-5 (slew rate) ( S R ) 741C S R = 0.5 V/µs 741C 0.5 V ( ) 0.5 V/µs
110 f a V S = asin πft V S (t) dv S = πfa cosπft dt (t = 0) π fa π fa < S R (slew-rate distortion) V 6 f SR < = = 7958 (Hz) π a π 10 (6-7) 7958 Hz (bandwidth) V 6-16 LM318 S R = 70 V/µs LM C 113
111 OP-AMP ( ) 73 ( ) ( ) (6-7) OP-AMP OP-AMP ( ) OP-AMP ( ) 74 ( 1~ V) ( 1~ V) I B1 I B (a) (b) OP-AMP
112 00 kω 0 kω I B 3 I B1 00 kω kω kω 6 (a) (b) 6-8 (1) OP-AMP ( 6-7a) 75 (input bias current) OP-AMP 741C 0.5 µa FET OP-AMP 1 na (10-3 µa) 6-8a 0 ( R S R F ) 6-8b 76 (V error ) 0 () (input offset voltage) 741C mv OP-AMP ( ) ( 6-7b) 100 mv ± 0. V V -0. V OP-AMP ( ) OP-AMP 1 5 ( ) (input offset current) 76 I B1 I B 115
113 0( 0 ) V OUT kω -V EE 6-9 OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-07 OP-77 OP-AMP 741C 100 ( 741C 3 4 ) 741C 6.8 OP-AMP OP-AMP ( ) IC OP-AMP ( 7 4) ( ) OP-AMP OP-AMP ± 5V IC
114 ± 0.7 V
115 7 IC IC IC(78xx ) (803) IC OP-AMP IC IC ( ) 7.1 OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP (Integrators) VOUT = VIN dt (7-1) RC OP-AMP (V = 0) 77 (7-1) 118
116 10R ~ 100R C V IN -1 V time V OUT V IN R V OUT -1V 7 +1 V 7-1 (Differentiators) 7-78 V OUT dvin = RC (7-) dt R -1 V V IN 0.01R ~ 0.1R C V OUT 7 +1 V (Proportional-Integral-Derivative, PID) 78 (7-) 119
117 dvin VOUT = 10 VIN VINdt dt ( ) (Square-wave generators) (oscillators) OP-AMP 7-3 OP-AMP 3 79 R -1 V V OUT W C V OUT 1V -1V +1 V 10 kω 10 kω T T =. RC W duty cycle = = T 50% 7-3 (Triangular-wave generators)
118 10R ~100 R R 1 C -1 V -1 V C A R B 7 10kΩ +1 V 10kΩ 1V A +1 V B -1V (PWM) PWM PWM 7-5 (duty cycle) (V IN ) V IN ( ) ON-OFF ( 4 PWM ) 11
119 -1 V -1 V -1 V A V OUT 7 +1 V +1 V V IN 7 +1 V A V IN V OUT 7-5 PWM (A ) +8V -8V PWM (V IN ) ( ) 7. IC 555 OP-AMP IC 1
120 IC 555 OP-AMP IC 741 ( 5~10 ) (one shot) (voltage-controlled oscillators) (left open) R A R B R B V CC (+5 ~ +15V) Output W R A R VCC V CC R B C 7 6 DIS THR TR LM555 GND 1 Q 3 CV 5 Output 0.01µF (optional) 0 T W = 0.693( R + R A B ) C T = 0.693( RA + RB ) C W RA + RB Duty cycle= = 100% T R + R A B
121 4 8 V CC (+5 ~ +15V) R A R VCC 7 DIS Q 3 Output R B 6 THR LM555 C TR GND CV µF 1 RA % duty cycle = 100% R R A + B (one shot) V CC Trigger R 7 DIS 4 R 8 VCC Q 3 Output V CC 0 V CC Output C 6 THR LM555 0 W Trigger TR GND CV µF W = 1.1 RC (monostable) ( ) ( ) (trigger) trigger trigger 14
122 (trigger) +5V kω R VCC 7 DIS Q 3 0Ω 10 µf 6 THR LM555 +5V 3.3kΩ TR GND CV µF ( ) LED (enable) (V CC ) (0) ( ) LED ( ) 7-11 ( )
123 +5V +5V 470kΩ 4 R 8 VCC 1kΩ 4 R 8 VCC 7 DIS Q 3 7 DIS Q 3 0Ω 10µF 6 THR LM kΩ 6 THR LM555 +5V 3.3kΩ TR GND 1 CV 5 1µF TR GND 1 CV V CC 50k 300k 1kΩ R 8 VCC DIS Q 3 LM555 THR 10kΩ 1µ R 8 VCC DIS Q 3 LM555 THR 10kΩ 1kΩ R 8 VCC DIS Q 3 LM555 THR 10µ TR GND 1 CV 5 TR GND 1 CV 5 0.1µF TR GND 1 CV 5 SPEAKER
124 7.3 (Comparators) OP-AMP 7-1 OP-AMP 7-5 PWM V + 8 Input LM311 7 Output 1 4 V - Gnd 7-1 LM311 LM IC LM311 LM339 ( LM311 LM ) OP-AMP ( 7-14) 5 TTL CMOS IC IC (open collector, 803 ) 17
125 pull-up resistor 7-14 (741 ) +1V +5V V LM Pull-up resistor LM kΩ V LM311 LM V + V - (741 ) V + +5V ~ +30V V - 0 ~ -30V V - 0 pull-up ( 40V V ) LM339 IC 8 ( 7-13) LM339 (Gnd) (Schmitt trigger) V 0.5V 5V V.14V.86V.14V 5V.86V 0.14V Schmitt trigger LT1016 V + V - V CC Gnd 8 Quad-comparator IC 18
126 +5V VIN V IN 10kΩ 10kΩ /4 LM339 1kΩ V OUT VOUT 5V.5V ( =.5V) V +5V 1kΩ.86V V IN 6 1 V OUT.14V 7 1/4 LM339 5V 10kΩ V OUT 30kΩ 10kΩ V IN Schmitt trigger ( ) 19
127 7.4 IC ( )IC IC IC (data sheet) IC data sheets data book data books IC data sheet IC IC data sheet IC data sheet 79xx IC IC data sheet IC data sheet IC IC LM311, LM339 (zero crossing detector) data sheet IC ICL8038 IC 0.001Hz~300kHz Intersil Corporation OP-AMP OP07, OP77 OP ( ) 741 OP OP77 OP07 IC OP07 OP77 Analog Device Inc. OP
128 OP-AMP -- LF356 LF356 slew rate = 10V/µs OP-AMP JFET 741(50 ) 741 LF OP-AMP IC 78xx, 79xx, LM340, LM317 78xx 79xx IC IC IC Fairchild semiconductor LM IC LM317 IC 1.V~37V (TO-0 ) data sheet -- ULN803 Allegro Microsystems, Inc. UDN pull-up IC UDN98x (981~984)IC pull-down IC UDN IC L93 L93 L93B 1A( A) 36V L93D 0.6A( 1.A) IC 131
129 (L93B ) STMicroelectronics, Texas Instruments, FET IC HIP4080, HIP4081 HIP4080( HIP4081) N-channel MOSFET IC 803 L93 1Mhz PWM Intersil Corp DAC0800 ( or DAC08) DAC (digital-to-analog (D/A) converters) ADC0804 ADC (analog-to-digital (A/D) converters) ( microcontroller) A/D 10 (Digitally controlled potentiometers) Xicor Inc. data sheet PDF Acrobat reader Ghostscript ( NT1000 ) 13
130 8 FAQ. 8.1 (power source V CC V DD V EE V SS Gnd ) (input signals) IC 1. ( ) ( 8-1). ( 83 ) 3. IC IC (enable) ( ) IC ( IC) ( ) 83 FET IC( HIP4080) ( charge pump 133
131 VCC Input VEE kΩ -1 V Input 10kΩ Output 7 +1 V 8-8. (input) IC (output) 8-134
132 ( ) ( ) 84 sourcing( ) sinking( ) IC ( 803) current sink IC current source IC( UDN981) current source( ) ( ) source ( ) ( ) IC OP-AMP 555 (can be current sourcing or sinking) V CC V CC Input Output + Input - Output (differential) (single-ended) ( 8-3) ( ) (floating) output=f(input) 135
133 A B O 8-4 (AO BO AB ) 0 (V COM ) 0 V COM ( ) (common mode gain) (CMRR, common mode rejection ratio) 85 CMRR ( ) 1. ( ) (channels) ( ). ( 6-16) (voltage follower) 3. IC 86 ( AD5, AD64) CMRR 4. CMRR ( ) 5. ( ) RS3( MODEM PC ) USB( (Instrumentation amplifiers) 136
134 PC RS3 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) MΩ 0 ( ) ( ) (impedance matching) A R S I A V S R IN A R IN ( ) A R IN 0 R IN V A I A 88 R IN R S 87 (twisted wires) 88 (V A I A ) 0 137
135 V S 89 P A = V A I A = V R S IN ( RS + RIN P A R IN ) dp dr A IN = V S ( R S 1 + R IN ) ( R S R IN + R IN ) 3 = V S R ( R S S R + R IN IN ) 3 P A 0 R IN = R S 8-1 ( ) (Voltage amplifiers and voltage to current converters) (Current amplifiers and current to voltage converters) (characteristic impedance) ( )
136 8.5 9 ( ) / (0/1) ( ) (microprocessors) (digital signal processors, DSP) 1. (A/D converters) A/D Schmitt trigger 0 1 D/A ON/OFF 9 (3 state) ( 93 DSP (programmable logic device)
137 PWM (a) ( 7-4 ) 8-7(b) 3. ( ) Flip-flop)
138 A/D Schmitt triggers Analog signals Digital processing D/A ( Analog world ) ON/OFF PWM 8-6 ( ) 141
139 Input Output (a) Channel 1 Channel Channel 3 Channel 4 Output ( ) (b) 8-7 ( ) (a) (b) 14
場效電晶體簡介.doc
(field effect transistor FET) FET (gate G ) FET (source S ) FET (drain D ) n (n-channel FET) p (p-channel FET) n FET n (channel) p FET p (channel) 1 n p FET FET (unipolar devices) 1 n p FET FET BJT FET
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0755-82134672 Macroblock MBI6655 1 LED Small Outline Transistor 1A 3 LED 350mA 12V97% 6~36 Hysteretic PFM 0.3Ω GSB: SOT-89-5L (Start-Up) (OCP) (TP) LED Small Outline Package 5 MBI6655 LED / 5 LED MBI6655
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1....... 1 2... 3 2-1. 2-2. 2-3. 2-4. 2-5. 2-6. 2-7.5V.. 2-8. 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 3... 7 4..... 9 4-1. 4-2. 5.... 15 5-1.... 5-2.(Current Limit).. 5-3./(Constant Voltage/ Constant Current).. 5-4.... 15 16
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Macroblock 6~36 1A - (PWM) - (PWM) 1,024 3 LED 350mA12V 97% Hysteretic PFM 0.3Ω (UVLO)(Start-Up)(OCP) (TP) LED 6 PCB Mini Small Outline Package GMS : MSOP-8L-118mil Small Outline Package GD: SOP8L-150-1.27
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iml v C / 4W Down-Light EVM - pplication Notes. IC Description The iml8683 is a Three Terminal Current Controller (TTCC) for regulating the cur
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5991-1117CHCN.indd
开 关 电 源 测 量 应 用 指 南 使 用 Agilent InfiniiVision 3000/4000 X 系 列 示 波 器 并 结 合 开 关 电 源 测 量 选 件 简 介 配 有 开 关 电 源 测 量 选 件 的 Agilent 3000 和 4000 X 系 列 示 波 器 能 够 提 供 一 个 快 速 且 方 便 的 方 法, 帮 助 您 分 析 开 关 电 源 的 可 靠
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1. 开 关 电 源 概 念 的 引 入 开 关 电 源 入 门 介 绍 1.1 电 源 的 重 要 性 : ( 对 电 源 的 理 解!) 电 源 犹 如 人 体 的 心 脏, 是 所 有 电 器 设 备 的 动 力 一 切 设 备 需 要 电 源 ; 设 备 更 新, 电 源 也 跟 随 更 新 市 电 220Vac/50Hz 通 常 不 能 直 接 给 设 备 供 电, 因 为 不 同 的 设
Pin Configurations Figure2. Pin Configuration of FS2012 (Top View) Table 1 Pin Description Pin Number Pin Name Description 1 GND 2 FB 3 SW Ground Pin.
Features Wide 3.6V to 32V Input Voltage Range Output Adjustable from 0.8V to 30V Maximum Duty Cycle 100% Minimum Drop Out 0.6V Fixed 300KHz Switching Frequency 12A Constant Output Current Capability Internal
Chroma 61500/ bit / RMS RMS VA ()61500 DSP THD /61508/61507/61609/61608/ (61500 ) Chroma STEP PULSE : LISTLIST 100 AC DC
MODEL 61509/61508/61507/ 61609/61608/61607 PROGRAMMABLE AC POWER SOURCE MODEL 61509/61508/61507/ 61609/61608/61607 61509/61609: 6kVA 61508/61608: 4.5kVA 61507/61607: 3kVA : 0-175V/0-350V/Auto : DC, 15Hz-2kHz
MODEL 62000H SERIES 5KW / 10KW / 15KW 0 ~ 375A 0 ~ 1000V/2000V( ) : 200/220Vac, 380/400Vac, 440/480Vac 3U/15KW / & 150KW / ( 10 ms ~ 99 hours)
MODEL 62000H SERIES 5KW / 10KW / 15KW 0 ~ 375A 0 ~ 1000V/2000V( ) : 200/220Vac, 380/400Vac, 440/480Vac 3U/15KW / &150KW / ( 10 ms ~ 99 hours) 10 100 / PROGRAMMABLE DC POWER SUPPLY MODEL 62000H SERIES USB
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input commom-mode range) output swing (open loop gain) (GBW) ( phase margin) (gain margin)
OP AMP... 4 1. :... 4 2.... 5 2.1... 5 2.2... 6 3.... 6 3.1... 7 3.1.1... 7 3.1.2... 7 3.1.3... 7 3.1.4... 8 3.2 (Symbol)... 8 4.... 9 4.1... 9 4.1.1 Folded cascode... 9 4.1.2... 9 Fig 7... 10 4.1.3...
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( OH ) Cd ( OH ) NiOOH + Cd + H O Ni + ( OH ) + Cd ( OH ) NiOOH + Cd O Ni + H O H O 1/48 H ( ) M NiOOH + MH Ni OH + ( OH ) + M NiOOH MH Ni + /48 3/48 4/48 4 6 8 5.6KΩ±1% 1/ 4W L N C7 1nF/50V F1 T.5A/50V
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5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 23 / 24 24 24 XY 24 Z 25 XYZ 25 25 26 26
5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 23 / 24 24 24 XY 24 Z 25 XYZ 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 30 30 31 31 31 32 www.tektronix.com
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EDM12864-GR 1 24 1. ----------------------------------------------------3 2. ----------------------------------------------------3 3. ----------------------------------------------------3 4. -------------------------------------------------------6
0755 85286856 0755 82484849 路 4.5V ~5.5V 流 @VDD=5.0V, untitled
1-1 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. (1) 1-1 RLC 1-2 1-3 2 (2) PVC EMT (3) (4) 1-1 1-2 1-3 3. (1) (2) (3) 3 (4) (5) (6) 1-4 (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) 1-4 1-5 4 4. (1) 1-5 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 5. (1) 1-6 (2) (3) (4) (NFB) (5)
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U系列非接触式超声液位变送器，该变送器提供几种处理功能：
echosonix TM echosonix TM,.. echosonix SOR echosonix echosonix 4~20mA 4~20mA 20~4mA 4 20mA 2 U71 4 U73 4-20mA SOR / 1 ( ) / 2 1 echosonix echosonix 1 19 20 2 / / 10ft(3m) 30ft(10m) 50ft(15m) 100ft(30m)