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1 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Vol.50 No.23 Dec DOI /JME D * , 2 ( ) (3D) 3D 3D 3D R318 Progress in Three-dimensional (3D) Printing of Artificial Organs WANG Jiayin 1 CHAI Teps 1 LIU Libiao 1 ZHAO Xinru 1 XU Yufan 1 ZHOU Xinwei 1 ZHANG Weiming 1 WANG Xiaohong 1, 2 (1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing ; 2. State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan ) Abstract Three dimensional (3D) printing is a hot topic in today s scientific research and commercial areas. It is recognized as the third industry revolution or new breakthrough of manufacture. Human organ printing has been put forward into equity market as a concept stock and attracted a lot of attention. However, organ printing is still in its infancy and a lot of work needs to be done. Especially, complex organ printing encounters enormous difficulties and challenges. Main two of them are rapidly construction of branched vascular and nerve systems. Recently, a large number of outstanding scientists flung them into this area, and have made some headways in nearly every human organs, such as the bone, kidney, liver, heart, and brain. Some novel achievements in the large bone repair material, blood vessel and vascular network, artificial liver and vascular adipose tissue printing fields are introduced for reference. Key words human organs 3D printing bone blood vessel liver 0 1 ( * ( ) (NSFC- JSPS) ( AA043801) (2012-P03) (2012THZ02-3) ) ( ) 3D [1-2] 1.5 1% [3]

120 50 23 3D [4-7] 3D 1 3D (3D printing) (Rapid prototyping, RP) / (Additive manufacturing, AM) 20 80 3D [8] VACANTI LANGER [9] [10-12] 3D X X 3D [10-12] ( ) [13] ( ) ( ) [10-12] ( 2004

2 D [4-7] 3D 1 3D (3D printing) (Rapid prototyping, RP) / (Additive manufacturing, AM) D [8] VACANTI LANGER [9] [10-12] 3D X X 3D [10-12] ( ) [13] ( ) ( ) [10-12] ( 2004 ) 3D [14-17] D /, ( 1) [18-19] 1 3D [20-22] [23-24] [25] ( ) 3D ( 2) [26-27] 2 / ( 3) [28-30] ( 80 ) 3D (Double-nozzle low-temperature deposition manufacturing, DLDM)( 3) [31-33] 3D

2014 12 3D 121 ( 4) 2 3D 3 - / 4 3D 2 2.

3 D 121 ( 4) 2 3D 3 - / 4 3D ISERI [34] 12 (Computed tomography, CT) (Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) 3D [35] 3D [36-38] FEDOROVICH [39] Envisiontech ANG [39] 3D - COOPER [40] 2 DermaMatrix SEITZ [41] Generis GmbH 3D F GUILLEMOT [42] KOUHI [43] P400ABS (CINECA) QUADRANI [44] nscrypt SMITH [45] (PCL) 3D 3D 2000 (HA)- - 3D [46] μm μm [47]

4 [48] 3D [49] [50] ( ) [49] [51] % % 6.7 [52] 3D NOROTTE [53] 3D Clemson MIRONOV [54] [55] LEONG [56] (Selective laser sintering, SLS) SLS 3D SKARDAL [57] Fab@home KASYANOV [58] Fab@CTI - WU [59] 3D BLAESER [60] 3D MILLER [61] ZHANG [62] 3DMAX (Stereolithography, SLA) [63] LI [64] Ti 6 Al 4 V Ti 6 Al 4 V [54]

5 D HUANG [65] - CHANG [66] F127(Pluronic F127) 3D 3D ( ) ( 2) [26-27] Jordan Miller Nature Materials [61] Martin Birchall 3D [67] Organovo 0.5 mm 4 mm 20 [68] 2.4 [69] 10% 90% 90% [70] [69] D VEGF bfgf [24-25] 90% ( 1) [71] 3 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D

6 [1] YENOG W Y CHUA C K LEONG K et al. Rapid prototyping in tissue engineering Challenges and potential[j]. Trends Biotechnol (12) [2] MELCHELS F P W DOMINGOS M A N KLEIN T J et al. Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs[j]. Progress in Polymer Science [3] WEI D L YIN L J. The situation and problems of human organs transplant technology in China[J]. Journal of Chinese Medical Ethics [4] WANG X H YAN Y N ZHANG R J. Rapid prototyping as a tool for manufacturing bioartificial livers[j]. Trends Biotechnol [5] WANG X H YAN Yongnian ZHANG Renji. Recent trends and challenges in complex organ manufacturing[j]. Tissue Eng. Part B [6] WANG X H ZHANG Q Q. Overview on Chinese Finnish workshop on biomanufacturing and evaluation techniques [J]. Artificial Organs (10) E191- E193. [7] WANG X H. Intelligent freeform manufacturing of complex organs[j]. Artificial Organs (11) [8]. [J] (9) HE Jiankang LIU Yaxiong LIAN Jin et al. Biofabrication of vital parenchymal organs[j]. China Biotechnology (9) [9] VACANTI J P LANGER R. Tissue engineering The design and fabrication of living replacement devices for surgical reconstruction and transplantation[j]. Lancet (Suppl. 1) SI32- SI34. [10] WANG Xiaohong YAN Yongnian ZHANG Renji. Gelatin-based hydrogels for controlled cell assembly[m]. Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels Handbook. New York Springer [11] WANG Xiaohong. Overview on biocompatibilities of implantable biomaterials[m]. New York Advances in Biomaterials Science and Applications in Biomedicine. InTech [12] WANG X H JUKKA T Mäkitie AA et al. The integrations of biomaterials and rapid prototyping techniques for intelligent manufacturing of complex organs[m]. New York Advances in Biomaterials Science and Applications in Biomedicine. InTech [13]. [J]. 2003(2) HE Chuanglong WANG Yuanling YANG lihua et al. Artificial organ fabrication using rapid prototyping technologies[j]. Shandong Journal of Biomedical Engineering 2003(2) [14] XU W WANG X H YAN Y N et al. Rapid prototyping of polyurethane for the creation of vascular systems[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym [15] CUI TK YAN Y N ZHANG R J et al. Rapid prototyping of a double layer polyurethane-collagen conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration[j]. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods [16] CUI T K WANG X H YAN Y N et al. Rapid prototyping a new polyurethane-collagen conduit and its Schwann cell compatibility[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (S1) 5-7. [17] WANG X H CUI T K YAN Y N et al. Peroneal nerve regeneration along a new polyurethane-collagen conduit [J]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (2) [18] YAN Y N WANG X H XIONG Z et al. Direct construction of a three-dimensional structure with cells and hydrogel[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym [19] YAN Y N WANG X H PAN Y Q et al. Fabrication of viable tissue-engineered constructs with 3D cell-assembly technique[j]. Biomaterials [20] WANG X H YAN Y N PAN Y Q et al. Generation of three-dimensional hepatocyte/gelatin structures with rapid prototyping system[j]. Tissue Eng [21] XU W WANG X H YAN Y N et al. Rapid prototyping three-dimensional cell/gelatin/fibrinogen constructs for medical regeneration[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (4) [22] ZHANG T YAN Y N WANG X H et al. Three-dimensional gelatin and gelatin/hyaluronan hydrogel structures for traumatic brain injury[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (1) [23] YAO R ZHANG R J WANG X H. Design and evaluation of a cell microencapsulating device for cell assembly technoloy[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (1) [24] YAO R ZHAG R J YAN Y N et al. In vitro angiogenesis of 3D tissue engineered adipose tissue[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (1) [25] XU M E YAN Y N LIU H X et al. Control adipose-derived stromal cells differentiation into adipose and endothelial cells in a 3-D structure established by cell-assembly technique[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym.

7 D (S1) [26] LI S J YAN Y N XIONG Z et al. Gradient hydrogel construct based on an improved cell assembling system[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (S1) [27] LI S J XIONG Z WANG X H et al. Direct fabrication of a hybrid cell/hydrogel construct via a double-nozzle assembling technology[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (2) [28] SUI S C WANG X H LIU P Y et al. Cryopreservation of 3D constructs based on a controlled cell assembling technology[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (5) [29] WANG X H XU Huirong. Incorporation of DMSO and dextran-40 into a gelatin/alginate hydrogel for controlled assembled cell cryopreservation[j]. Cryobiology [30] WANG X H PALOHEIMO K S XU Huirong et al. Cryopreservation of cell/hydrogel constructs based on a new cell-assembling technique[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (6) [31] HE K WANG X H. Rapid prototyping of tubular polyurethane and cell/hydrogel construct[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (4) [32] HUANG Y W HE K WANG X H. Rapid prototyping of a hybrid hierarchical polyurethane-cell/hydrogel construct for regenerative medicine[j]. Materials Science and Engineering C [33] WANG X H HE K ZHANG W M. Opimizing the fabrication processes for manufacturing a hybrid hierarchical polyurethane-cell/hydrogel construct[j]. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym (4) [34]. [J] (5) JIANG Jing QI Wenjun ADILI Moming. Application of rapid prototype technology in medicine[j]. Machinery Design & Manufacture (5) [35]. [J] (11) FANG Yan SUN Gang CONG Qian et al. Advances in researches on biomimetic materials[j]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery (11) [36] HOLLISTER S J. Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering[j]. Nature Materials [37] BOSE S ROY M BANDYOPADHYAY A. Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds[j]. Trends Biotechnol (10) [38] FEDOROVICH N E ALBLAS J HENNINK W E et al. Organ printing The future of bone regeneration?[j]. Trends Biotechnol (12) [39] ANG T H SULTANA F S A HUTMACHER D W et al. Fabrication of chitosan-hydroxyapatite scaffolds using a robotic dispensing system[j]. Materials Science and Engineering C [40] COOPER G M MILLER E D DECESARE G E et al. Inkjet-bassed biopatterning of bone morphogenetic protein-2 to spatially control calvarial bone formation[j]. Tissue Eng. Part A (5) [41] SEITZ H RIEDER W IRSEN S et al. Three-dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering[j]. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater [42] GUILLEMOT F. High-throughput laser printing of cells and biomaterials for tissue engineering[j]. Acta Biomater (7) [43] KOUHI E MASOOD S MORSI Y. Design and fabrication of reconstructive mandibular models using fused deposition modeling[j]. Assembly Automation (3) [44] QUADRANI P PASINI A MATTIOLI-BELMONTE M et al. High-resolution of 3D scaffold model for engineered tissue fabrication using a rapid prototyping technique[j]. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing [45] SMITH C M ROY T D BHALKIKAR A et al. Engineering a titanium and polycaprolactone construct for a biocompatible interface between the body and artificial limb[j]. Tissue Eng. Part A (2) [46]. [J] (2) YAN Yongnian CUI Fuzhai ZHANG Renji et al. Rapid prototyping manufacturing for artificial human bone [J]. Materials Review (2) [47]. [J] (5) WU Rendong ZHANG Renji YAN Yongnian et al. Study on bone tissue engineering scaffold forming technique based on low temperature ice modeling[j]. Cryogenics (5) [48] KAI H WANG X MADHUKAR K S et al. Fabrication of a two-level tumor bone repair biomaterial based on a rapid prototyping technique[j]. Biofabrication [49]. [J] (2)

8 WU Jinan GONG Zhenyu CHEN Jueyao et al. Clinical application of individualized artificial mandible based on rapid prototyping technology[j]. Chin. J. Stomatol. Res (2) [50] YU J WEN T HU Q X. Research on automatic planning of main clamping points in rapid fixture design system[j]. Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery [51]. X [J] (4) MA Ruyu HE Yujue XUE Wendong et al. Custom design of hip joint prostheses based on X-ray films[j]. J. Biomed. Eng (4) [52]. [J] (5) WANG Liming CHEN Xin XU Ming. Selection of method for observing cells on tissue engineering vessel scaffold[j]. Jiangsu Med. Pharm. J (5) [53] NOROTTE C MARGA F S NIKLASON L E et al. Scaffold-free vascular tissue engineering using bioprinting[j]. Biomaterials [54] MIRONOV V BOLAND T TRUSK T et al. Organ printing Computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering[j]. Trends Biotechnol (4) [55] NAKAMURA M KOBAYASHI A TAKAGI F et al. Biocompatible inkjet printing technique for designed seeding of individual living cells[j]. Tissue Eng (11/12) [56] LEONG K F CHEAH C M CHUA C K. Solid freeform fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds for engineering replacement tissues and organs[j]. Biomaterials [57] SKARDAL A ZHANG J PRESTWICH G D. Bioprinting vessel-like constructs using hyaluronan hydrogels crosslinked with tetrahedral polyethylene glycol tetracrylates[j]. Biomaterials [58] KASYANOV V BRAKKE K VILBRANDT T et al. Toward ongan printing Design Dharacteristics virtual modeling and physical prototyping vascular segments of kidney arterial tree[j]. Virtual and Physical Prototyping (4) [59] WU W HANSEN C J ARAGÒN A M et al. Direct-write assembly of biomimetic microvascular networks for efficient fluid transport[j]. Soft Matter [60] BLASESER A CAMPOS D F D WEBER M et al. Biofabrication under fluorocarbon A novel freeform fabrication technique to generate high aspect ratio tissue-engineered constructs[j]. Bio. Research Open Access (5) [61] MILLER J S STEVENS K R YANG M T et al. Rapid casting of patterned vascular networks for perfusable engineered three-dimensional tissues[j]. Nature Materials [62] ZHANG Y CHEN J CRAVEN M et al. In vitro microvessels for the study of angiogenesis and thrombosis[j]. PNAS (24) [63]. [J] (6) LIU Yang TAN Zui. Rapid prototyping of tissue engineering vein with valve scaffold model[j]. Medical Journal of Wuhan University (6) [64]. [J]. 2012(10) XIAO Youhua CHEN Yang JIAO Haifeng et al. Research progress on tissue engineering tubular scaffold prepration technology[j]. Polymer Bulletin 2012(10) [65] HUANG H OIZUMI S KOJIMA N et al. Avidin-biotin binding-based cell seeding and perfusion culture of liver-derived cells in a porous scaffold with a three-dimensional interconnected flow-channel network[j]. Biomaterials [66] CHANG C C BOLAND E D WILLIAMS S K et al. Direct-writing bioprinting three-dimensional biohybrid systems for future regenerative therapies[j]. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials B(1) [67]. 3D [N] http //reprap.org/wiki/main_page. WU Cai. Artificial livers using 3D printing sugar scaffold [J] http //reprap.org/wiki/main_page. [68] COGHLAN A. 3D printer makes tiniest human liver ever [EB/OL]. New Scientis, April http //www. newscientist.com/article/dn d-printer-makes-tiniesthuman-liver-ever.html#.ui2l7kdefn4. [69]. [J] (8) CHANG Qiang PAN Shijie LU Feng. Advance of revascularization of adipose tissue engineering[j]. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery (8)

9 D 127 [70]. [J] (5) KONG Ziren YANG Xiaojuan TIAN Weidong. Growth factors in vascularization of adipose tissue engineering[j]. International Journal of Stomatology (5) [71]. [J] (5) CUI Tongkui YAN Yongnian ZHANG Renji et al. Progress in development of vascularized adipose tissues[j]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering (5) ( ) D 50 (SCI ) 15 wangxiaohong@tsinghua.edu.cn 2012/2013 ( jxwang@jlu.edu.cn) (PSD) PSD HEV PSD - - PSD PSD 2 (1) (2) PSD (3) HEV PSD - PSD PSD (4) PSD PSD PSD (5) PSD * (ICFDM2014) 2012/2013

《中国科学》A、E、G与F小开本版式设计

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