angelos human messenger envoy ml k heavenly messenger angel angelos ml k angelos zwart black grijs grey cohyponym angelos ml k semantic bo

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1 * / independent semantic change analogical semantic change 1 Geeraerts Geeraerts associative link 1 private soldier soldier private 2 chat chas chat maroufle * a 1989b

2 angelos human messenger envoy ml k heavenly messenger angel angelos ml k angelos zwart black grijs grey cohyponym angelos ml k semantic borrowing 1 2 semantic analogy Kroesch Geeraerts zwart grijs Kroesch / / 508

3 change in process structural a- lignment SA SB SC SD SA SD scale SA SB SC SD N SA SD SA SB SC SD trigger A B C A B C SA SB SC A SA B SB C SC SA SB SC conceptual domain SA SA SB SB SC SC SD SD sense-relation structure isomorphism SA SB SC SD SA SB SC SD base domain target do- main Gentner structure-mapping theory 3 509

4 relational pattern 1 structurally consistent 2 rational focus 3 systematicity Gentner Gentner & Markman 1997 Holyoak Gentner & Kokinov align trigger point RA RB RC R A B C 1 1 SA SB SC SA SB SC I II SA SB SC P SA SB SC Q P = Q RA SA SA RA SB SB SC SC RB RC RA RB RC I II I II B C A P Q A B C

5 http / / bbs. finance. sina. com. cn / tableforum 6 511

6 A SA A1 A2 A3 SA1 SA2 SA3 A SA A1 SA1 A2 SA2 A3 SA3 SA1 SA2 SA3 SA basic level category theme group A B C D SA SB SC SD A SA A B C D SB SC SD SA SB SC SD SA SB SC SD SA http / / xgq1900. blog. tianya. cn 512

7 topic association QDII

8 hierarchical structure 8 A B C A B C B C A 9 motivate a 1 SA SA SB SC 8 associative relation relevant association a 514

9 SA SA SB SC 1989a 1989b representativeness scale prototype 瑏瑠 periphery a / 瑏瑠 Lakoff 1987 Cruse 1990 canonical typical 515

10 瑏瑡 dosa / dusyati 獉獉 dosa / dusyati 1990 獉獉 copy a 1989b / Kroesch 1926 content meaning Kroesch 瑏瑡 / / large-scale conceptual metaphor LOVE IS A JOURNEY ARGUMENT IS WAR ontological correspondence epistemic correspondence LOVE IS A JOURNEY ARGUMENT IS WAR Lakoff & Johnson 1980 Lakoff 1993 Gentner et al

11 defining feature Geeraerts private soldier F word-form 2 private 2 SA SB FA FB P Q private private soldier Radden & K vecses 1999 maroufle 瑏瑢 4. 3 network 1 A SA SA SA SA A B SB SB SA SA SA A SB SB SA / / / 瑏瑢 maroufle 517

12 / / / SA SB SC SA SA SB SC 3 P = Q SA SB SC 3 P Q 瑏瑣瑏瑤 mechanism 瑏瑣瑏瑤 1985 / 1987 / / 1993 /

13 瑏瑥 token entrenchment Croft & Cruse gradualist principle Labov a SA SB A SA B SB SB SA 2008 online Geeraerts a b 瑏瑥 519

14 Kern Croft William & Alan Cruse 2004 Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Cruse Alan 1990 Prototype theory and lexical semantics. In S. L. Tsohatzidis ed. Meanings and Prototypes Studies in Linguistic Categorization New York Routledge. Geeraerts Dirk 1997 Diachronic Prototype Semantics A Contribution to Historical Lexicology. New York Oxford University Press. Gentner Dedre 1983 Structure-mapping A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science Gentner Dedre 1988 Metephor as structure mapping The relational shift. Child Development Gentner Dedre & A. B. Markman 1997 Structure mapping in analogy and similarity. American Psychologist Gentner Dedre Brain F. Bowdle Philip Wolff and Consuelo Boronat 2001 Metaphor is like Analogy. In Dedre Gentner Keith J. Holyoak and Boicho N. Kokinov eds. The Analogical Mind Perspectives from Cognitive Science Boston The MIT Press. Holyoak Keith J. Dedre Gentner and Boicho N. Kokinov 2001 Introduction The place of analogy in cognition. In Dedre Gentner keith J. Holyoak Boicho N. Kokinov eds. The Analogical Mind Perspectives from Cognitive Science Boston The MIT Press. Kroesch Samuel 1926 Analogy as a factor in semantic change. Language Labov William 1994 Principles of Linguistic Change Internal Factors. Beijing Peking University Press Lakoff George 1987 Cognitive models and prototype theory. In Vyvyan Evans Benjamin K. Bergen and J rg Zinken eds. The Cognitive Linguistics Reader Sheffield Equinox Lakoff George 1993 The contemporary theory of metaphor. In Andrew Ortony eds. Metaphor and Thought Second Edition Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Lakoff George & Mark Johnson 1980 Metaphors We Live By. Chicago University of Chicago Press. Radden Günter & Zoltán K vecses 1999 Towards a theory of metonymy. In Klaus-Uwe Panther & Günter Rad- 520

15 den eds. Metonymy in Language and Thought Amsterdam / Philadelphia John Benjamins Publishing Company. New Types of Semantic Analogy Its Nature in Cognition Motivation and Other Issues Zhu Yan Abstract This paper discusses semantic analogy caused by sense-relations in word groups. In the previous studies on semantic analogy usually only synonymous and antonymous word groups are concerned but actually semantic analogy also occurs in other types of word groups such as co-hyponymous hyponymous and thematic groups. It analyses several word groups where semantic analogy occurrs in modern Chinese presents three psychological constraints to semantic analogy 1 structural consistency 2 relational focus and 3 systematicity and claims that semantic analogy is fundamentally a domain-crossing mapping motivated by isomorphism between sense-relations of different conceptual domains. And as a prototypical category semantic analogy involves prototypical graduality. Finally it attempts to make clear the relations between some relevant phenomena e. g. sense extension and semantic analogy and emphasizes the importance of utterance meaning where the mechanisms and rules of language change can be clearly observed. Key words semantic analogy structure-mapping sense-relation structure prototype gradualism

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<4D6963726F736F667420576F7264202D20A4DFB27AAAC5B6A1B27ABDD7BB50A16DBDD7BB79A16EA4A4AABAC1F4B3EBA4C0AA525FADD7A5BFAAA932315F2E646F63> 華語文教學研究 7.1: 97-124, 2010 * 心理空間理論與論語中的隱喻分析吳佩晏張榮興國立中正大學語言學研究所摘要論語中的語句簡短精鍊, 卻蘊含豐富的哲理讀者要從簡短的字句中領會篇章傳達的深奧思想, 需要先理解隱喻運作