Microsoft Word 材料1-2 英中对照 Biology_Android_translation_final_six topics 第2部分孟晨阳3311字排版

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1 O _Physiology of digestion 消化生理学 To understand the physiology of digestion that involves ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion. 为了了解涉及吞咽消化吸收和排泄的消化生理学 When we eat food, it enters the mouth and is called ingestion. The food consists of various components, which are broken down by saliva into smaller particles called bolus. This bolus, then enters the oesophagus by peristaltic movement, and then reaches a sac like muscular bag known as the stomach. The stomach contains a few enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The muscular walls of the stomach help in mixing and churning the food, which help to break down the bolus into a mass known as the chyme. This chyme passes into the duodenum. 食物进入口腔的过程称为吞咽食物含有多种多样营养成分, 与唾液混合被分解为称作食团的较小颗粒这样的食团靠蠕动进入食道, 之后食团进入被称为胃的囊状肌肉袋胃含有数种酶和胃酸胃的肌肉壁有助于混合和搅拌食物, 使食团分解为更多更细小的颗粒, 称为食糜食糜通过胃的排空进入十二指肠 The pancreas and the liver are the accessory digestive organs. Liver and gall bladder releases the bile juice while the pancreas releases the pancreatic juice, which enters the duodenum through the common bile duct. 胰腺和肝为附属消化器官肝和胆囊分泌释放胆汁而胰腺则分泌胰液, 胆汁和胰液通过总胆管进入十二指肠 The bile juice acts on the fat molecules, while the pancreatic juice acts on the other food molecules and both are broken into simpler particles. After this process of breaking down the larger food particles into smaller particles, they move into the small intestine. A sectional view shows numerous villi on its inner surface. The digested simple food particles which include the useful molecules, the waste particles and water molecules. The useful molecules are efficiently absorbed by the villi. The remaining unabsorbed waste particles and water molecules move further. These molecules further pass through the small intestine and finally reach the ascending colon of the large intestine. Then it passes through the transverse colon to the descending colon. Most of the water molecules are absorbed by the walls of the colon and the waste substances are collected in the lower most part of the colon, known as the rectum, from where the waste substances are excreted. Thus, the process of digestion is completed. 胆汁作用于脂肪分子, 而胰液则作用于其它食物分子, 脂肪和其它分子均可分解为更小的颗粒在将较大的颗粒分解为较小颗粒的过程完成后, 食物由于胃的运动而排入小肠横切面视图显示小肠内表面有数不清的肠绒毛被消化的简单食物颗粒包括有用分子无用分子和水分子肠绒毛可高效率地吸收有用分子剩余的无用颗粒和水分子继续向下推进接着这些分子穿过小肠, 最终进入大肠的升结肠部分, 之后穿过横结肠到达降结肠大多水水分子由结肠壁吸收, 而废物则由结肠下端的称为直肠的大肠部分收集, 在此处废物被排至体外于是, 消化过程结束 To sum up the topic, we see that the complex food that is ingested is acted upon by enzymes in the stomach and broken into simpler food particles. Then in the duodenum the enzymes act on these particles and further break them into simpler particles which now can be absorbed by the small intestine. The undigested food

2 and the water molecules move into the large intestine, where the water molecules are absorbed by the intestinal walls and the undigested food is collected in the rectum and finally egested. 通过总结发现, 吞咽的复杂食物在胃内受到数种酶的作用并被分解为简单食物颗粒之后在十二指肠肠腔内再次受到多种酶的作用继续分解成为可被小肠吸收的更加简单的颗粒未被消化的食物和水分子推进至大肠, 水分子在此被肠壁吸收, 未消化食物由直肠收集, 并最终排至体外 Physiology of digestion Ingestion Digestion Absorption Egestion Food, Mouth Bolus. Oesophagus Peristaltic movement Stomach. Enzymes and hydrochloric acid Mixing and churning the food The enzymes help to break down the bolus into chyme. Chyme Duodenum Pancreas Liver Gall bladder Bile juice Pancreatic juice Common bile duct Fat Fats and other molecules are broken into simpler particles. Small intestine. Villi Digested food particles Useful molecules Waste particles Water molecules. The useful food particles are efficiently absorbed by the villi The waste particles and water molecules move further. 消化生理学吞咽消化吸收排泄食物口腔食团食道蠕动胃酶和胃酸混合和搅拌酶有助于将食团分解为食糜食糜食糜胰腺肝胆囊胆汁胰液总胆管脂肪脂肪和其它分子分解为更小颗粒小肠肠绒毛被消化的食物颗粒有用分子无用分子水分子肠绒毛高效率吸收有用的食物颗粒无用颗粒和水分子继续向下推进

3 Ascending colon 升结肠 Transverse colon 横结肠 Descending colon 降结肠 Water molecules are absorbed by the walls of 水分子由结肠壁吸收 the colon water 水 Waste substances 废物 Rectum 直肠 The process of digestion is completed. 消化过程结束 Summary 概述 Large intestine 大肠 Large intestine (Rectum) 大肠 ( 直肠 ) O _031 An explanation about the basic facts that gives explanation about the working of digestive system. This link provides information regarding digestion process and problems associated with human digestive system. This link provides description of all the digestive organs in human digestive system. An Illustration showing detailed view of digestive system and its organs. This link provides illustration of human digestive system. 解释消化系统运转的基本事实本节讨论的是消化过程和与人类消化系统有关的问题本节将描述人类消化系统所有消化器官本插图为消化系统及消化器官的详细图解本节为人类消化系统的图解 O _041 When food components are broken down by saliva, is formed. water amylase bolus cough The enzyme present in the saliva breaks down the food components to form a small round mass known as bolus. The food undergoes type of movement inside oesophagus. peristaltic 唾液分解食物成分时, 形成水淀粉酶食团咳嗽存在于唾液中的酶分解食物成分以形成称作食团的圆形小球食物在食道内经历运动蠕动 ( 的 ) electrostatic 静电 ( 的 ) osmotic 渗透 ( 的 ) gliding 滑动 ( 的 ) Peristalsis is the wave like muscle contraction by which 肠管蠕动为波形肌肉收 the food moves within the alimentary tract.

4 缩, 以此方式使食物在消化管腔内移动 The sac like structure involved in digestive system is 消化系统的囊状结构称为 called. epiglottis 会厌 stomach 胃 oesophagus 食道 small intestine 小肠 Stomach is a sac like muscular bag that functions in 胃为囊状肌肉袋, 其功能 mechanical churning and chemical digestion of food. 为机械消化和化学消化 The enzymes within the stomach break down the food 胃腔内的酶将食物分解为 into. bile 胆汁 bolus 食团 water 水 chyme 食糜 The stomach contains few enzymes and hydrochloric 胃含有有助于食物成分分 acid that helps to break down the food components. It 解的数种酶和胃酸通过 results in the formation of chyme. 其共同作用导致食糜形成 Pancreas and liver secrete. 胰腺和肝分泌 digestive juice 消化液 amylase enzyme 淀粉酶 chyme 食糜 hydrochloric acid 胃酸 Pancreas and liver secrete acidic digestive juice to break down the food components into the simpler form. 胰腺和肝分泌酸性消化液以便将食物成分分解为更 While passing through the small intestine, the useful molecules are absorbed by. villi follicular cells RBC microglial cells Small intestine contains many finger like projections called villi that are considered to be the unit of absorption of food. In the sequence of digestion, will be the last to function. oesophagus rectum duodenum pancreas 简单的形式穿过小肠时, 有用分子由吸收肠绒毛滤泡细胞红细胞小胶质细胞小肠含有认为是食物吸收单位的称作肠绒毛的手指状突起按顺序, 消化管的最后一段为食道直肠十二指肠胰腺

5 The lower most portion of the descending colon known as rectum functions in egestion of food as it opens into the anal canal. and are joined by the duodenum. Stomach, large intestine Stomach, small intestine Large intestine, small intestine Stomach, oesophagus Duodenum is the upper most portion of the small intestine that joins small intestine with the stomach. is not a part of digestive system. 因为开口于肛管, 位于降结肠远端的直肠的功能为排泄和由十二指肠连接胃, 大肠胃, 小肠大肠, 小肠胃, 食道十二指肠为连接胃和小肠的小肠最上段部分不是消化系统的一部分骨盆带食道肠绒毛十二指肠骨盆带为与消化有关的骨骼的一部分 Pelvic girdle Oesophagus Villi Duodenum Pelvic girdle is a part of skeleton system and involved in digestion. When food enters the mouth, it is called. 食物进入口腔称为 inhalation 吸气 ingestion 吞咽 digestion 消化 egestion 排泄 Ingestion is the process of food intake within the body. 吞咽为食物摄入体内的过程 O _051 Digestive System Introduction Digestive system of human beings breaks down the complex food substances into simple, absorbable forms. Digestion takes place in a particular sequence that is, ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and excretion. Digestive system is composed of digestive organs including salivary glands, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine along with some accessory organs like the mouth, oesophagus and the rectum. The different food nutrients are digested by the action of specific enzymes secreted by the explicit digestive glands. 消化系统简介人体的消化系统将复杂食物成分分解为简单可吸收形式消化按特定顺序发生, 即吞咽消化吸收同化和排泄消化系统由消化器官组成, 包括唾液腺胃肝胆囊胰腺小肠和大肠, 还包括其附属器官, 如口腔食道和直肠特定消化腺分泌的特异性酶参与食物营养素的消化

6 Digestion of food starts from the mouth and continues till the duodenum of the small intestine followed by the absorption of the digested food in the jejunum of the small intestine. The water molecules are absorbed in the large intestine to prevent the loss of extra amount of water from the body. The undigested food is excreted out through the anus. Objective To enable you to understand the physiological processes occurring at various steps of digestion in different organs of the digestive system. Remember: 食物的消化自口腔开始并持续至小肠的十二指肠部分, 之后是小肠的空肠部分对已消化的食物进行的吸收水分子由大肠吸收以避免人体多度损失水分未消化的食物经肛门排出体外记忆 S. No. S. No. Substrate 底物 Enzyme 酶 Product 产物 Starch 淀粉 Salivary amylase 唾液淀粉酶 Maltose and Glucose 麦芽糖和葡萄糖 Protein 蛋白质 Pepsin 胃蛋白酶目标使你能够了解发生在消化系统各器官和消化各阶段的生理过程 Polypeptides 多肽 Maltose 麦芽糖 Maltase 麦芽糖酶 Glucose 葡萄糖 Polypeptides 多肽 Carboxypeptidase 羧基肽酶 Amino acids 氨基酸 Fat 脂肪 Lipase 脂肪酶 Fatty acids 脂肪酸 Maltose and oligosaccharides 麦芽糖和低聚糖 Fatty acids and monoglycerides 脂肪酸和甘油一酯 Instructions 引言 The entire simulation is divided into three sections: 整个仿真课分为三部分 : In the first section, you have to perform the simulation of the process of digestion and is supposed to remember the following points: Starch Salivary amylase / ph Maltose (Mouth) Proteins Pepsin/pH Polypeptides (Stomach ) 第一部分, 你应进行消化过程模拟并记忆以下知识点 : 淀粉 ---- 唾液淀粉酶 /ph6.8 麦芽糖 ( 口腔 ) 蛋白质 ---- 胃蛋白酶 ph 1.6 多肽 ( 胃 )

7 Maltose Maltase / ph Glucose (Small intestine) Polypeptides ---- Carboxypeptidase/ ph Amino acids (Small intestine) Fats Lipase / ph Fatty acids and monoglycerides (Small intestine) In the second section, assess your knowledge of the process of digestion. Biofacts section acquaints you with some fascinating details of the digestive system. 麦芽糖 ---- 麦芽糖酶 / ph 葡萄糖 ( 小肠 ) 多肽 ---- 羧肽酶 / ph 氨基酸 ( 小肠 ) 脂肪 ---- 脂肪酶 ph 脂肪酸和甘油一酯 ( 小肠 ) 第二部分, 评估你对消化过程的掌握情况生物常识部分使你熟悉消化系统令人入胜的细节 Click on OK button after reading the synopsis. 阅读摘要后点击 OK 键 Digestive System (Physiology) 消化系统 ( 生理学 ) Click on any of the food item displayed. 点击显示的任何食物种类 Burger 汉堡包 Pizza 比萨 Click on the salivary gland. 点击唾液腺 Starch 淀粉 Protein 蛋白质 Fats 脂肪 From the options given in the content window, click on the enzyme present in saliva. 自给出的内容窗口, 点击唾液中存在的酶 Peptidase 肽酶 Lipase 脂肪酶 Nuclease 核酸酶 Salivary amylase 唾液淀粉酶 Amylase is an enzyme present in saliva that breaks down starch. 淀粉酶为存在于唾液中可分解淀粉的酶 Move the slider and adjust the ph, to activate the 通过移动滑块调节 ph, 以激活唾液淀 enzyme salivary amylase. 粉酶 The optimum ph for the activity of salivary amylase 唾液淀粉酶的最适 ph 为 is Try again. 再试一次 ph Slider ph 滑块 Acidic 酸性 Alkaline 碱性 Drag and drop the enzyme salivary amylase on the 拖动, 将唾液淀粉酶置于淀粉分子 starch molecules, which breaks them into 上, 该酶将淀粉分解为二糖类和单糖 disaccharides and monosaccharides. 类 Salivary amylase 唾液淀粉酶 Maltose 麦芽糖 Click on any of the food particles to facilitate their 点击任何食物颗粒以使其转移至胃 transfer into the stomach. Due to the presence of HCl in the gastric juice the 由于胃液中盐酸的存在, 无活性形式

8 inactive form of the protein-digesting enzyme pepsinogen, is activated to pepsin. HCl Waste Pepsin Polypeptides Drag the pepsin molecule on the two molecules of protein. Click on any of the food particles to transfer them into the intestine. Click here Click on the duct that releases bicarbonate rich juices which convert the acidic medium to an alkaline medium. 的蛋白消化酶胃蛋白酶原激活为胃蛋白酶盐酸废物胃蛋白酶多肽拖动胃蛋白酶分子于两个蛋白质分子上点击任何食物颗粒将其转移至小肠点击此处点击任何分泌富含碳酸氢盐的消化液的管道, 使介质由酸性转变为碱性 Adjust the ph with the help of the slider. 使用滑动块调节 ph The bicarbonates from pancreas change the acidic ph to 7.8. 胰腺分泌的碳酸氢盐使酸性 ph 转变为 7.8 Water 水 From the given options, click on the enzyme that 自给出的选项中, 点击任何能将麦芽 breaks down maltose to glucose. 糖分解为葡萄糖的酶 Maltase 麦芽糖酶 Exopeptidase 外肽酶 Sucrase 蔗糖酶 Carboxypeptidase 羧基肽酶 Lipase 脂肪酶 Trypsin 胰蛋白酶 Amylase 淀粉酶 Nuclease 核酸酶 Enterokinase 肠激酶 Chymotrypsin 糜蛋白酶 The enzyme maltase breaks down maltose to glucose molecules. 麦芽糖酶分解麦芽糖生成葡萄糖分子 Glucose 葡萄糖 You have selected the wrong option, attempt once 你选择了错误选项, 请重试 more. Drag the enzyme maltase to the two molecules of 拖动麦芽糖酶至两个分子的麦芽糖 maltose. From the displayed options, click on the enzyme 自给出的选项中, 点击分解多肽的 that breaks down polypeptides. 酶 Carboxypeptidase breaks down polypeptides to 羧基肽酶分解多肽生成氨基酸 amino acids. Drag the enzyme carboxypeptidase to the two 拖动羧基肽酶至两个多肽分子 polypeptide molecules. Amino acids 氨基酸 From the specified options, click on the enzyme that 自特定选项, 点击消化脂肪的酶

9 digests the molecules of fat. Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Drag the enzyme lipase to the two fat molecules. Click on any of the food particles to transfer them from the duodenum to jejunum. Simulate the absorption of the digested food to the microvilli by clicking on the molecules of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids. Fatty acids Simulate the absorption of the digested food to the microvilli by clicking on the molecules of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids. Click on the undigested food or water molecules to transfer them into the large intestine. Click on any of the water molecules to facilitate their absorption in the intestinal wall, facilitating the formation of faecal matter. The waste material accumulates in the rectum forming the faecal matter which is excreted out of the body through anus. Mission accomplished!! You have completed the digestion of food. Alkaline Acidic Click on Biofacts button to get familiar with the few interesting facts of the digestive system. Biofacts BIOFACTS: We eat about 500 kilograms of food in a year. Approximately 1.7 liters of saliva is produced every day. On an average, the stomach produces 2 liters of hydrochloric acid (HCl) daily. Every 2 weeks, the human stomach produces a new layer of mucous lining otherwise; the stomach will get digested by itself. The human stomach contains about 35 million small digestive glands. Liver is the largest and heaviest internal organ of the body and weighs about 1.6 kilograms. The liver performs more than 500 functions. A healthy person harbors more than 400 distinct species of bacteria in his colon. Click on Restart button to play the simulation again. 脂肪酶分解脂肪生成脂肪酸和甘油拖动脂肪酶至两个脂肪分子点击任何食物颗粒将其由十二指肠转移至空肠点击葡萄糖分子氨基酸和脂肪酸以模拟被消化食物的微绒毛吸收脂肪酸点击葡萄糖分子氨基酸和脂肪酸以模拟被消化食物的微绒毛吸收点击未消化食物或水分子以将其转移至大肠点击任何水分子以使其由大肠壁吸收, 并形成粪便废物积累于直肠并形成粪便之后经肛门排至体外使命结束!! 你已完成食物的消化碱性酸性点击生物常识键以熟悉消化系统有兴趣的事实生物常识生物常识我们每年摄入 500 公斤的食物每天分泌大约 1.7 升的唾液平均下来, 胃每天生成 2 升胃酸 ( 盐酸 ) 每 2 周, 人类合成一层新的胃粘膜 ; 否则胃将被自身消化人类的胃含有大约三千五百万个小消化腺肝为体内最大和最重的内脏器官, 重约 1.6 公斤肝发挥 500 种以上的功能健康人的结肠容留 400 以上的细菌种类点击重新开始键重新开始模拟

10 Audio The process of digestion involves the breakdown of complex food material into simple, absorbable forms. It occurs in five steps namely ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and excretion. The food which we procure contains five essential nutrients which include carbohydrates, proteins and fats along with various vitamins and minerals. Salivary glands release saliva which contains salivary amylases and breaks down starch to maltose. Digestion of proteins is initiated in the stomach where it is broken down to polypeptides. Maltase present in the hepatopancreatic juice breaks down maltose to glucose in the small intestine. Carboxypeptidase found in the hepatopancreatic juice breaks down polypeptides to amino acids. Lipase in hepatopancreatic juice splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol. The waste generated as a result of digestion of food along with the water molecules are transferred through the jejunum to the large intestine. O _061 Physiology of digestion Teeth Stomach Rectum Small intestine Colon 音频消化过程涉及将复杂食物分解为简单可吸收的形式消化大致分 5 个阶段, 即吞咽消化吸收同化和排泄我们获得的食物包含五种必需的营养素, 如碳水化合物蛋白质和脂肪以及维生素和矿物质唾液腺分泌含有唾液淀粉酶的唾液, 分解淀粉生成麦芽糖蛋白质消化自胃启动, 分解蛋白质生成多肽存在于肝胰液中的麦芽糖酶在小肠将麦芽糖分解为葡萄糖存在于肝胰液中的羧基肽酶将多肽分解生成氨基酸存在于肝胰液中的脂肪酶裂解脂肪生成脂肪酸和甘油食物消化生成的废物和水分子一同由空肠转移至大肠消化生理学牙胃直肠小肠结肠 O _091 Bolus A mass of chewed food mixed with salivary secretions that is propelled into the oesophagus during the swallowing phase of digestion. Accessory digestive organs Organs that help in digestion but are not a part of the digestive tract, eg. Liver, pancreas, salivary glands and gall bladder. Digestive juices Secretions of the glands of stomach that aid in digestion. 食团在吞咽消化期, 食物与唾液腺分泌物混合经咀嚼形成小颗粒推进至食道附属消化器官有助于消化但本身并非消化管一部分的器官, 例如, 肝胰腺唾液腺和胆囊消化液胃腺分泌物有助于消化

11 Duodenum The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates. Ingestion The act of taking food or medicine into the stomach. Liver The body's largest gland located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity, which secretes bile and is active in the formation of certain blood proteins and in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Oesophagus The part of the alimentary canal between the pharynx and the stomach. Pancreas A long, leaf-shaped gland in vertebrates, lying behind the stomach, that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum and insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream. Rectum The terminal portion of the alimentary canal where waste is stored before being eliminated. Villi Small finger like projections protruding from the walls of the small intestine for the absorption of nutrients. O _201 Understand that the digestive system is a group of organs that breakdown the chemical components of food, with digestive juices, into tiny nutrients which can be absorbed to generate energy for the body. O _202 Digestion, digestive system, ingestion, peristaltic movement, chyme, bile juice, pancreatic juice, bile duct, villi, undigested food, intestine, food, stomach 十二指肠大多数高等脊椎动物小肠的第一段均为十二指肠吞咽将食物或药物摄入口腔的行为肝人体最大的腺体位于腹腔的右上部, 可分泌胆汁, 在血浆蛋白合成以及碳水化合物脂肪和蛋白质代谢中发挥重要作用食道咽和胃之间的消化管部分胰腺脊椎动物的长树叶形腺体, 分泌胰液至十二指肠并分泌胰岛素胰高血糖素和生长激素抑制素至血流直肠消化管的终端部分, 粪便排泄前储存于此肠绒毛小肠壁上的手指状突起, 作用为营养素的吸收了解消化系统为通过分泌消化液将食物成分分解为小分子营养素的一组器官, 这些营养素可为机体提供能量消化消化系统吞咽蠕动食糜胆汁胰液胆管肠绒毛未消化食物肠食物胃

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投影片 1 Physiology of Digestive Systems Fig 14.1 A digestive tract with one-way passage of food allows simultaneous operation of the sequential stages in the processing of food and reduces mixing of digested and

Microsoft Word 材料1-2 英中对照 Biology_Android_translation_final_six topics 第2部分 孟晨阳3311字 排版

Microsoft Word 材料1-2 英中对照 Biology_Android_translation_final_six topics 第2部分孟晨阳3311字排版