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1 Physiology of Digestive Systems

2 Fig 14.1 A digestive tract with one-way passage of food allows simultaneous operation of the sequential stages in the processing of food and reduces mixing of digested and undigested matter. The crop is a storage region found in some animals.

3 Fig 14.2 Structure and hydrolysis of common dietary carbohydrates (a) An example of hydrolysis.

4 Fig 14.2 Structure and hydrolysis of common dietary carbohydrates (b) Hydrogen bonding relationships for glucose units in cellulose and starch.

6 Fig 14.3 Comparison of mollusk and insect digestive tracts. (a) A bivalve mollusk tract.

7 Fig 14.3 Comparison of mollusk and insect digestive tracts. (b) Tract of a typical insect.

8 Fig 14.4 Vertebrate digestive tracts showing progressive anatomic specialization for digestion (stomach and accessory digestive glands such as pancreas and liver) and absorption surface area of small intestine.

9 Fig 14.4 Vertebrate digestive tracts showing progressive anatomic specialization for digestion (stomach and accessory digestive glands such as pancreas and liver) and absorption surface area of small intestine.

10 Fig 14.4 Vertebrate digestive tracts showing progressive anatomic specialization for digestion (stomach and accessory digestive glands such as pancreas and liver) and absorption surface area of small intestine.

11 Fig 14.4 Vertebrate digestive tracts showing progressive anatomic specialization for digestion (stomach and accessory digestive glands such as pancreas and liver) and absorption surface area of

12 Fig 14.4 Vertebrate digestive tracts showing progressive anatomic specialization for digestion (stomach and accessory digestive glands such as pancreas and liver) and absorption surface area of

13 Fig 14.4 Vertebrate digestive tracts showing progressive anatomic specialization for digestion (stomach and accessory digestive glands such as pancreas and liver) and absorption surface

14 Fig 14.5 The enteric nervous system of a rat s stomach.

15 Fig 14.6 Control of salivary secretion (mammal).

16 Fig 14.7 Oropharyngeal stage of swallowing in humans. (a) Position of the oropharyngeal structures at rest.

17 Fig 14.7 Oropharyngeal stage of swallowing in humans. (b) Changes that occur during the oropharyngeal stage of swallowing to prevent the bolus of food from entering the wrong passageways.

18 Fig 14.8 Anatomy of the stomach

19 Fig 14.9 (a) Gastric emptying as a result of antral peristaltic contractions (mammalian stomach).

20 Fig 14.9 (b) Gastric mixing as a result of antral peristaltic contractions (mammalian stomach).

22 表 14-2 脊椎動物胃蠕動與排空之調節因子 ( 胃內 ) 因子調節模式對胃蠕動與排空之效力胃內食糜量流動性張力以及透過內神經叢迷走神經胃激素等作用對胃平滑肌有直接興奮性直接作用 ; 須為液體以被排出量增加刺激蠕動排空增加流動性以便更迅速排空

23 表 14-2 脊椎動物胃蠕動與排空之調節因子因子調節模式對胃蠕動與排空之效力十二指腸內出現脂肪酸高張張力啟動腸胃反射或激發腸胃激素 ( 膽囊收縮素胰泌素胃抑制胜肽) 之釋放於十二指腸內這些因子抑制胃之蠕動與排空直至十二指腸處理完這些因子

24 表 14-2 脊椎動物胃蠕動與排空之調節因子因子調節模式對胃蠕動與排空之效力消化系統之外情緒改變自主神經平衡激起或抑制蠕動與排空劇痛增加交感神經活動抑制蠕動與排空下視丘利用葡萄糖減少增加迷走神經活動激起蠕動及伴隨飢餓劇痛

26 Table 14-3 The stomach mucosa and the gastric glands Exocrine cells Mucous cells Chief cells Parietal (wall) or oxyntic (sharp) cells Product secreted Alkaline mucus Stimuli for secretion Mechanical stimulation by contents Function(s) of secretory product Protect mucosa against mechanical, pepsin, and acid injury Pepsinogen Ach, gastrin When activated, begins protein digestion Hydrochloric acid Intrinsic factor Ach, gastrin, histamine Activates pepsinogen, breaks down connective tissue, denatures proteins, kills micro-organisms Facilitates absorption of B 12

27 Table 14-3 The stomach mucosa and the gastric glands Endocrine/paracrine cells Enterochromaffin-lik e (ECL) cells Product secreted Stimuli for secretion Histamine Ach, gastrin G cells Gastrin Protein products, Ach Function(s) of secretory product Stimulates parietal cells Stimulates parietal, chief, and ECL cells D cells Somatost atin Acid Inhibits parietal, G, and ECL cells

28 Fig Mechanism of HCl secretion

29 Fig Pepsinogen activation in the stomach lumen

31 Table 14-4 Stimulation of gastric secretion (mammal) Phase Stimuli Excitatory mechanism for enhancing gastric secretion Cephalic phase Stimuli in the head-seeing, smelling, tasting, chewing, swallowing Vagus (+) Intri nsic ner ves (+)

32 Table 14-4 Stimulation of gastric secretion (mammal) Phase Stimuli Excitatory mechanism for enhancing gastric secretion Gastric phase

33 Table 14-4 Stimulation of gastric secretion (mammal) Phase Stimuli Excitatory mechanism for enhancing gastric secretion Excitatory intestinal phase

36 Fig Schematic representation of the exocrine and endocrine

37 Fig Hormonal control of pancreatic exocrine secretion (mammal).

38 Fig Schematic representation of liver blood flow (mammal).

40 Fig Enterohepatic circulation of bile salts

41 Fig Schematic structure function of bile salts.

42 Fig Schematic structure function of bile

43 Fig Schematic representation of a micelle.

44 Fig Structure of the vertebrate digestive tract. (a)

45 Fig Structure of the vertebrate digestive tract. (b)

46 Fig Structure of the vertebrate digestive tract. (c)

47 Fig Structure of the vertebrate digestive tract. (d)

49 Fig Control of the ileocecal valve/sphincter (shown of

55 Fig Biochemical balance among the stomach, pancreas, and

56 Fig Anatomy of the large intestine (mammal, shown for a human)

57 Fig Comparison of rumen structure and function in a selective versus a nonselective feeder.

58 Fig Comparison of rumen structure and function in a selective versus a nonselective feeder.

Microsoft PowerPoint - Diseases of gastrointestinal system (教材審查) [相容模式]

Microsoft PowerPoint - Diseases of gastrointestinal system (教材審查) [相容模式] Disease of Gastrointestinal System 消化道疾病病理學科方嘉郎 ccllfang@tmu.edu.tw 消化器官腸胃道 (gastrointestinal tract): 口腔 (oral cavity) 食道 (esophagus) 胃 (stomach) 小腸 (small intestine) 大腸 (large intestine)