國史館館刊第 26 期 1949 關鍵詞 : 國民政府國民黨國軍抗戰陣亡官兵烈士事蹟調查烈士紀念忠烈祠 -2-

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1 國史館館刊第二十六期 (2010 年 12 月 ) 1-46 國史館張世瑛摘要 , % 33, ,917 5,

2 國史館館刊第 26 期 1949 關鍵詞 : 國民政府國民黨國軍抗戰陣亡官兵烈士事蹟調查烈士紀念忠烈祠 -2-

3 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 Chinese National Government s Survey and Commemoration of Anti-Japanese War Martyrs Abstract Shih-ying Chang * Contemporary China was mostly in a state of turmoil, arising from inside the country as well as from outside. The nation s survival was constantly under threat. For a long time the government and the general public alike were often preoccupied with the so-called national disgrace and often adopted a negative strategy to remind the public. Contrary to national disgrace, positive, active and glorious moments of history is less represented. For example, the eight years of Anti-Japanese War could be considered as a sacred fight against foreign aggression, and the people who had fought and died in the War should be taken as heroes with respect and worthy of commemoration. However, the heroic deeds of these martyrs had seldom been the main shaft of any official commemoration. And yet, as a matter of fact, during the pressing period of the War, the national government started to conduct a census on the heroic deeds of the war martyrs; it demanded every province, every city, and every county to investigate the status quo of the number of shrines built for the martyrs and the events of worshipping them. As a result, by the end of 1942, there were shrines built in 624 counties (44% of a total of 1,414 counties who had reported to the central government), and a total of 33,886 spirit tablets established for the martyrs. Records were also kept for the martyrs: the numbers of martyrs were 3,917 in 1941and 5,839 in 1942, with information of names, birthplaces, official ranks, education and experience, dates and sites of death, and members of their families left behind, etc. After 1942, the national government continued the investigation, and the task did not stop after the War was over. It is obvious from the records that the national government has been highly concerned about the matter, sparing no efforts in collecting data, and in commending * Associate Researcher,Academia Historica. -3-

4 國史館館刊第 26 期 and commemorating the heroes. For the people and the government, it was a hard time the country was in turmoil, economy was low, finance and budget were tight, and the nation was nearly taken over by the enemy. With all the existing records, it almost changed the incompetent and inefficient sterotype people had about the national government for years. To put this matter side by side with the efforts of the late Ching period on similar matters, we have observed three important points. First, the national government s efforts in conducting the census concerns the legitimacy of the regime whoever had the responsibility to conduct the survey and to commend and commemorate the martyrs had the legitimacy to reign. Secondly, the national government s action for the war martyrs was nothing special as this was something which had been done over and over again in the past of Chinese history. However, the fact that it put more emphasis on the commemoration part was something deserving appraisal. Thirdly, the commemoration act had achieved the purpose of shaping a memorable history. The weak regime was able to restore nationalism with its own characteristics and traits. Through this effort people could envision their collective efforts and endeavors against foreign threats. And yet, the national government s efforts in this matter did not receive adequate response and acknowledgement from the general public.the proper procedures for commemoration including rank-raising, commending, and providing financial aids for the bereaved family should be done according to the Regulations for Awards during Wartime first, and then each local government should follow the Outline for Establishing Shrines for War Martyrs and related regulations to report to the Interior Department for ratification. As most of these regulations were not ready at the time, neither the central government nor the local had any definite idea how to proceed and they did not act according to a fixed procedure. From the documents of the Interior Department, we have found that among the list of names presented by local governments, many did not actually receive any commendation or financial aid. Similarly, many of those who had received commendation and financial aid did not have tablets set up in the shrines of their birthplaces. Moreover, we also have found that the documents about the martyrs compiled by the Interior Department involved those born in the regions governed by the national government only, excluding the regions governed by the Communist regime or by the Wang regime at Nanking. This challenged the legitimacy of the national government and devalued the efforts -4-

5 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 made. In 1949, after the Republic of China settled down in Taiwan, the many shrines in mainland China were mostly destroyed and forgotten. Although now both parties across the strait acknowledged that the Anti-Japanese War was a glorious event in the history of China, it remained an empty symbol to most Chinese. Keywords: the National Government, KMT, a survey of the heroic deeds of War Martyrs, Commemoration for Martyrs, Shrines for Martyrs. -5-

6 國史館館刊第 26 期 -6-

7 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 * 壹前言 ** 張世瑛 * ** Ian Buruma Wages of Guilt

8 國史館館刊第 26 期

9 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 ,

10 國史館館刊第 26 期

11 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 13 貳抗戰前國民政府的烈士紀念情形稽查開國前各處倡義殉難者,2. 稽查開國前為國盡瘁身亡者,3. 稽查開國時關於各地方戰事宣力著功者,4. 稽查開國時於軍事上建議劃策或奔走運動成績卓著者,5. 稽查開國前後輸貲助公者 Lewis A Coser

12 國史館館刊第 26 期 /

13 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念叁戰時國府為表彰忠烈所制定的相關法規 /

14 國史館館刊第 26 期 / / A -14-

15 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 , / A / A -15-

16 國史館館刊第 26 期令各省縣黨政機關從速調製在抗戰期內, 死難軍民姓名, 尤其對於被敵殘酷殘殺之忠烈事蹟, 更應注重記敘, 並籌備建坊立祠, 使地方官歲祠 / A / A

17 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念之此次對日抗戰八年之久, 我軍政各界不乏慷慨死節, 從容就義之士, 為國家伸正義增光榮, 惟以本席所聞不僅此也, 各地人民自動與敵奮鬥, 多有壯烈事實, 此種愛國心所表現, 實五千年文化之結晶, 非流亡 / A / / A / A -17-

18 國史館館刊第 26 期避難與食祿死事者所可比擬現在宣告勝利, 政府屢褒卹有功及死事之官吏, 而窮鄉僻壤忠義之士尚無特別條例為之褒揚, 似未公允, 況我國前途尤有賴於忠義人民穩固國基, 褒揚已往, 可勵將來 35 一殺敵致果建立殊勳者二盡力守土忠勇特著者三臨難不屈, 以身殉國, 或不受敵人利誘威脅致傷亡或拘囚者四舉義鄉里, 抵抗敵人, 或毀壞敵用重要戰具者五毀家紓難, 或計劃守土, 著有功績者六個人或全家或全村與敵人搏鬥, 致傷亡或被毀者七因守土傷亡者八其他忠勇義烈事蹟足資矜式者肆國府表彰抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查經過 / A / / /

19 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 /

20 國史館館刊第 26 期圖 1 烈士事蹟表 0121/ 省份表 1 全國第一次各省忠烈祠實況調查統計表項目數量全省縣數已設忠烈祠未設忠烈祠供奉死難將士牌位數製表單位 : 內政部製表時間 :1941 年 5 月供奉其他神位數江蘇省浙江省江西省湖北省湖南省 , 四川省 , 西康省

21 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念省份項目數量全省縣數已設忠烈祠未設忠烈祠供奉死難將士牌位數供奉其他神位數河南省 ,335 9 陝西省 ,198 3 甘肅省青海省福建省 , 廣東省 , 廣西省 , 雲南省 , 貴州省 ,881 1 綏遠省總計 1, , 百分比 100% 32.74% 26.83% 129/ A 省份表 2 全國第二次各省忠烈祠實況調查統計表項目數量全省縣數已設忠烈祠未設忠烈祠供奉死難將士牌位數製表單位 : 內政部製表時間 :1942 年 9 月供奉其他神位數江蘇省浙江省安徽省江西省湖北省湖南省 , 四川省 , 西康省河南省

22 國史館館刊第 26 期省份項目數量全省縣數已設忠烈祠未設忠烈祠供奉死難將士牌位數供奉其他神位數陝西省 ,944 4 甘肅省青海省福建省廣東省 , 廣西省 , 雲南省 , 貴州省 ,881 1 綏遠省總計 1, , 百分比 100% 44.13% 21.22% 129/ A , ,917 5,

23 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念籍貫表 3 全國入祀忠烈祠抗戰殉難烈士事蹟調查統計表 ( 籍貫別 ) 項目數量製表單位 : 內政部製表時間 :1942 年底 1941 年底核准入祀烈士人數 1942 年底核准入祀烈士人數江蘇省浙江省安徽省江西省 756 1,153 湖北省湖南省四川省西康省 5 5 福建省廣東省廣西省 1,581 2,224 雲南省 9 15 貴州省河北省山東省河南省山西省陝西省甘肅省 3 4 寧夏省 1 1 察哈爾 0 1 遼寧省 2 20 吉林省 2 3 黑龍江 0 1 熱河省 0 2 北平市 0 1 未詳 6 17 總計 3,917 5, / A -23-

24 國史館館刊第 26 期表 4 全國入祀忠烈祠抗戰殉難烈士事蹟調查統計表 ( 身分別 ) 項目數量身份 1942 年底核准入祀烈士人數 1937 年前 1942 年底核准入祀烈士陣亡時間製表單位 : 內政部製表時間 :1942 年未詳將校尉士兵 3, , 文官人民未詳總計 5, , ,011 1, / A % 1.5% 9.8% 9.6% 67.5% 2.4% 1.5% % 17.3% 19.1% %

25 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念圖 2 入祠抗戰烈士身分分析圖 3 入祠抗戰烈士陣亡時間分析 -25-

26 國史館館刊第 26 期 ,000 2, % % 21.28% 29.25% 19.31% 17.23% 33,886 5,839 表 5 河南省入祀忠烈祠烈士事蹟調查統計表製表單位 : 內政部製表時間 :1942 年序號縣名供奉死難將士數死難事蹟北伐內戰剿共地方匪患抗日戰爭其他洧川鄢陵長葛襄城新鄭密縣滎陽廣武鄭縣許昌臨潁扶溝西華商水郾城禹縣

27 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念序號縣名供奉死難將士數死難事蹟北伐內戰剿共地方匪患抗日戰爭其他中牟汜水淅川鎮平內鄉南臺遂平舞陽上蔡汝南方城葉縣南陽桐柏泌陽商城息縣唐河陝縣靈寶閿鄉渑池洛寧新安盧氏伊陽伊川寶豐魯山登封鞏縣宜陽臨汝

28 國史館館刊第 26 期序號縣名供奉死難將士數死難事蹟北伐內戰剿共地方匪患抗日戰爭其他偃師孟津嵩縣郟縣濟源孟縣羅山尉氏鄧縣新野總計 2, 百分比 100% 0.39% 4.75% 21.28% 29.25% 19.31% 25.01% 129/ / / A -28-

29 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念伍國府在調查抗戰忠烈事蹟中所呈現的紀念特徵 / A / A / / A

30 國史館館刊第 26 期

31 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 52 戰爭狀態結束後, 社群內部必須有某種形式的自清行動, 一方面藉此機會重整過去的集體記憶, 一方面強調維繫社群生存的共同生活準則, 使民眾將來遇見類似情況時知所警惕, 從社會功能的角度看, 懲處漢奸有其必要性 53 一軍人武德的典範化 Philip A. Kuhn / Edward A.McCord, The Power of the Gun: The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism (Berkerley: the University of California Press, 1993). -31-

32 國史館館刊第 26 期凡社會上一切之組織, 皆當以軍事的法律布置之 ; 凡國防上一切之機關, 皆當以軍事的眼光建設之 ; 社會之精神之風俗之習慣, 皆當以軍人之精神貫注之軍人形質之在於外者, 國家賴之以安寧, 軍人精神之在於內者, 則國之所由立也, 民之所由生也軍人耶, 國民耶, 則一而已矣 Philip. A.Kuhn, Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late I mperial China: Militarization and Social Structure, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp

33 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念兵, 是沒用的兵, 是代表獸性的兵, 是野蠻時代的遺跡兵是現在社會上一切罪惡的根源, 兵是文明進化的最大障礙物 / A

34 國史館館刊第 26 期 % /

35 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念

36 國史館館刊第 26 期表 6 國民革命忠烈祠 ( 圓山 ) 入祀國軍烈士調查統計表官階將級校級尉戰役數量製表單位 : 國防部製表時間 :1969 年東征北伐剿共抗日戡亂復國統計上將中將少將上校中校少校上尉中尉少尉級准尉上士士官中士兵下士級士兵統計 ,011 3, / 二入祀抗戰烈士的地域性與階級性

37 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 / /

38 國史館館刊第 26 期 John Fitzgerald /

39 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 76 表 7 國民政府核定入祀首都忠烈祠抗戰殉難烈士名單序號軍階姓名陣亡地點 ( 死亡原因 ) 製表單位 : 國民政府軍事委員會製表時間 :1942 年底核定入祀層級第 33 集團軍總司令張自忠湖北襄陽南瓜店首都及各地忠烈祠第 9 軍軍長郝夢齡山西忻口首都及各地忠烈祠第 42 軍軍長馮安邦湖北樊城首都及各地忠烈祠第 29 軍軍長陳安寶江西南昌首都及各地忠烈祠第 3 軍軍長唐淮源山西中條山首都及各地忠烈祠第 98 軍軍長武士敏山西長午首都及各地忠烈祠第 9 軍副軍長佟麟閣北平南苑首都及各地忠烈祠第 2 軍副軍長兼師長鄭作民廣西崑崙關首都及各地忠烈祠第 53 軍副軍長兼師長朱鴻勳湖北藕池口首都及各地忠烈祠第 132 師師長趙登禹北平南苑首都及各地忠烈祠第 54 師師長劉家麒山西忻口首都及各地忠烈祠第 145 師師長饒國華安徽廣德首都及各地忠烈祠第 122 師師長王銘章山東滕縣首都及各地忠烈祠騎兵 6 師師長劉桂五綏遠首都及各地忠烈祠第 114 師師長方叔洪東里店首都及各地忠烈祠第 173 師師長鍾毅湖北蒼臺鎮首都及各地忠烈祠第 70 師師長石作衡山西中條山首都及各地忠烈祠新 27 師師長王竣山西南部首都及各地忠烈祠第 12 師師長寸性奇山西中條山首都及各地忠烈祠第 142 師師長王克敬山西長午首都及各地忠烈祠第 200 師師長戴安瀾緬甸首都及各地忠烈祠暫 45 師師長王鳳山山西汾南首都及各地忠烈祠 76 John Fitzgerald, Awakening China: politics, culture, and class in the Nationalist Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), pp

40 國史館館刊第 26 期序號軍階姓名陣亡地點 ( 死亡原因 ) 核定入祀層級第 17 師副師長夏國璋浙江吳興首都及各地忠烈祠第 5 戰區第 2 游擊司令劉震東山東莒縣首都及各地忠烈祠第 173 師 519 旅旅長龐漢楨上海首都及各地忠烈祠第 171 師 511 旅旅長秦震上海首都及各地忠烈祠獨立 5 旅旅長鄭廷珍山西南恆花首都及各地忠烈祠第 66 師 195 旅旅長姜玉貞山西原平首都及各地忠烈祠第 70 師 215 旅旅長趙錫章山西隰縣首都及各地忠烈祠山東省政府駐魯東行署主任盧斌山東首都及各地忠烈祠軍事委員會參議馬玉仁江蘇阜寧首都及各地忠烈祠東北游擊司令唐聚五遷安首都及各地忠烈祠上海孤軍團團長謝晉元上海首都及各地忠烈祠第 190 師副師長賴傳湘湖南長沙首都及各地忠烈祠第 57 師指揮官李翰卿湖南北部首都及各地忠烈祠山東第 11 區專員兼晉西游擊司令朱世勤山東首都及各地忠烈祠第 89 軍軍長李守維黃昌 ( 剿共陣亡 ) 首都及各地忠烈祠第 45 師師長樊釗山西 ( 剿共陣亡 ) 首都及各地忠烈祠川康綏靖主任劉湘積勞病故首都忠烈祠安徽省政府主席廖磊積勞病故首都忠烈祠第 66 軍軍長譚邃積勞病故首都忠烈祠第 36 軍軍長周渾元積勞病故首都忠烈祠陸軍大學代校長蔣方震積勞病故首都忠烈祠故陸軍中將黃明堂積勞病故首都忠烈祠軍事委員會委員宋哲元積勞病故首都忠烈祠軍事委員會運輸總司令錢宗澤積勞病故首都忠烈祠第 54 軍軍長陳烈積勞病故首都忠烈祠新 3 師副師長朱實夫積勞病故首都忠烈祠軍政軍軍需署長周駿彥積勞病故首都忠烈祠 / A -40-

41 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念陸結論 , % 33, ,917 5,

42 國史館館刊第 26 期

43 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 ( 一 ) 檔案徵引書目 / A / / A / A / / A 129/ A 129/ A 129/ / / / / / /

44 國史館館刊第 26 期 129/ / A 0360/ A / A ( 二 ) 專書 Ian Buruma Wages of Guilt

45 國民政府對抗戰忠烈事蹟的調查與紀念 ( 三 ) 報紙期刊 ( 四 ) 論文 Lewis A Coser

46 國史館館刊第 26 期 ( 五 ) 西文專書 Fitzgerald, John, Awakening China: politics, culture, and class in the Nationalist Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996). Kuhn, Philip. A., Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late I mperial China: Militarization and Social Structure, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970). McCord, Edward A., The Power of the Gun: The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism (Berkerley: the University of California Press, 1993). -46-

124 第十三期 Conflicts in the Takeover of the Land in Taiwan after the Sino-Japanese War A Case in the Change of the Japanese Names of the Taiwanese Peopl

123 戰後初期臺灣土地接收的糾紛以更改日式姓名的臺人遭遇為例 124 第十三期 Conflicts in the Takeover of the Land in Taiwan after the Sino-Japanese War A Case in the Change of the Japanese Names of the Taiwanese People Abstract By Ho Fung-jiao

國史館館刊第 26 期 1949 關鍵詞 : 國民政府 國民黨 國軍抗戰陣亡官兵 烈士事蹟調查 烈士紀念 忠烈祠 -2-

國史館館刊第 26 期 1949 關鍵詞 : 國民政府國民黨國軍抗戰陣亡官兵烈士事蹟調查烈士紀念忠烈祠 -2-