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1 Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, Jan. 2011, 19(1): DOI: /SP.J * 徐杰峰 1,2 王小文 1** 王乐力 2 王伯铎 1 林积泉 3 宋超山 1 ( ; 2. 〇 ; ) 应用生命周期评价方法, 以我国橡胶种植为例, 把橡胶种植生命周期划分为原料农资化橡胶种植运输等 4 个阶段, 考虑了全球变暖 (GWP) 环境酸化(AP) 水体富营养化(EP) 光化学烟雾形成(POCP) 人体健康损害 (HTP) 不可更新资源消耗(ADP) 等 6 类潜在影响, 对得到 1 kg 橡胶 ( 以干胶计 ) 的潜在环境影响进行了分析评价结果表明, 我国橡胶种植的各类影响排序为 AP>EP>GWP>HTP>POCP>ADP, 其影响指数分别为 1.76E E E E E E 19, 单一环境影响指数为 4.32E 13 减少化肥施用量提高施肥有效率是控制整个橡胶种植潜在影响大小的关键, 其在有效降低上游直接生产能耗及其相应排放和下游损失量的基础上, 可有效降低我国橡胶种植的潜在环境影响生命周期评价橡胶种植清单分析环境影响化肥施用量施肥有效率 : X820.3 : A : (2011) Assessment of natural rubber plantation life cycle in China XU Jie-Feng 1,2, WANG Xiao-Wen 1, WANG Le-Li 2, WANG Bo-Duo 1, LIN Ji-Quan 3, SONG Chao-Shan 1 (1. Department of City and Environment, Northwest University, Xi an , China; 2. No. 203 Research Institute of Nuclear Industry, Xianyang , China; 3. Hainan Provincial Research Academy for Environmental Sciences, Haikou , China) Abstract Using China s natural rubber plantation as a case study, this paper classified natural rubber plantation life cycle into four stages raw material, agrochemical production, natural rubber cultivation and transportation stages. The life-cycle assessment (LCA) method was used to evaluate potential environmental impacts of tapping 1.00 kg dry rubber under identified potential impacts, including global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), human toxicity potential (HTP) and abiotic depletion potential (ADP). This inventory analysis showed that the order of potential impacts of China s natural rubber plantation was as follows: AP > EP > GWP > HTP > POCP > ADP. The respective impact indices were , , , , and , with an average impact index of Reduced chemical fertilizer utilization and enhanced fertilization efficiency were critical for mitigating the impact of rubber plantation on the environment. This could be achieved via effective reduced energy consumption, fertilizer production emissions, and soil fertilizer loss. Key words Life cycle assessment, Rubber plantation, Inventory analysis, Environmental impact, Chemical fertilization, Fertilizer efficiency (Received Feb. 1, 2010; accepted June 6, 2010),, [1],,, [2 4] [5], * (08YKC13) ** : (1958~),,,, wxw8633@163.com (1985~),,, xjf @163.com : :

2 1 : 173 /(), (Life cycle assessment, LCA), [6 9] LCA,,, 1 目的与范围的确定 ( kg hm 2, 300 hm 2, 1.15 kg 0.45 kg 0.20 kg 0.29 kg [10] ) (,, ), 1 图 1 橡胶种植生命周期评价 (LCA) 系统边界 Fig. 1 Life cycle assessment (LCA) system boundary of natural rubber plantation 1, 1 kg (), LCA 4 ( 1), ; ( COD ); ( N 2 O );,,,, ; (),,, 2 清单分析 2.1 LCA (),,, CO 2 SO 2 NO X CO CH 4 N 2 O, (1) SO 2 : SO 2, ( )( 10 ),,, SO 2, [11] : G 1.6 B S (1 - ) (1) SO2, GSO 2 SO 2 (kg), B (kg), S S (%), η s (%) g kwh 1[12], kg( ) kg 1 () [13] ( g kwh 1 ); S 9 g kg 1[14] ; ([2002]26 ) SO 2 [15], 60% (2) NO X : N, NO 2 NO [13], (2) NO X : GNO 1.63 B ( M N ) (1 - N ) (2) X, GNO X NO X (kg), B (kg), M N NO (%), N N, η N (%) M, 32%; 5~25 g kg 1 s

3 , 15 g kg 1 ; [16 17], 10% (3) CO 2 : CO 2 CO 2 ( ) [18] : GCO 3.67 B C Q (3) 2, GCO 2 CO 2 (kg), B (kg), C [kg(c) MJ 1 ], Q [MJ kg 1 ], ω, kg(c) MJ [19], MJ kg 1[13] (4) CO : CO, [20] : GCO B Q (4), G CO CO (kg), B (kg), α CO (kg MJ 1 ) CO IPCC, kg MJ 1 (5) :, [21] : B dfh (- 1 fh) G fh (5) 1-C fh, G fh (kg), B (kg), d fh, α, η fh (), C fh, 35%, 76.1%, 20%, 20% [21 22] (6) CH 4 N 2 O : CH 4 N 2 O, [23] CH 4 N 2 O, IPCC, 2006 IPCC ( 2 ), CH 4 N 2 O 4.145E 5 t( ) t 1 () [24], ( 10 ) (1) COD : [25], 7.6 g t 1 () (2) : [26],,, COD, [27], LCA [28], (NH 3 -N), 0.6 t t() 1 ; [ ( )], (GB ) (25 mg L 1 ), IPCC [23], 2, CH 4 N 2 O, CO 2,, 1 kwh ( 1) 表 1 电力消耗潜在影响物质排放清单 Tab. 1 Emission inventory of electricity consumption g kwh 1 Atmospheric media impact Item Emission SO NO X CO CO Bugdust CH N 2 O NH 3 -N Water media impact COD Raw coal consumption (1): [29],, 1 kg kg (HJ/T ) (3 ) [30],

4 1 : 175 [31], 3 10%: 671 kg t 1 () 84.54% 58.3 GJ t 1 ( ), 1 kg kg GJ,,, % [32] ( 2), ( 5 ), CO 2 [33], ( ): COD NH 3 -N 70 g t () 55 g t () 0.92 kg t () (2): 1 kg, kg kg, 2005 ( t 1 t [34] ), 1 kg kg, 2 : 1: ( 5 )( ),, [35 36], [0.02 kg t ()] ; ( 1/2) [37], [38 39], : SO 2 NO X kg t ( ) 0.01 kg t ( ) kg t ( ) ; 2 :,, (GB ) , ( ) COD NH 3 -N TP( P ), 0.3 m 3 t () 60 mg L 1 10 mg L 1 20 mg L 1 [40] ;,,, [41 42], ( 2)( 3) 表 2 橡胶种植的原料阶段潜在影响物质排放清单 Tab. 2 Emission inventory of potential impact substance in raw material production stage of natural rubber plantation g Atmospheric media impact Item Urea Superphosphate Potassium chloride Total SO NO X CO CO Bugdust CH N 2 O NH 3 -N Water media impact COD Raw coal consumption 表 3 橡胶种植的农资化阶段潜在影响物质排放清单 Tab. 3 Emission inventory of potential impact substance in agrochemical production stage of natural rubber plantation g Item Urea Superphosphate Potassium chloride Total Atmospheric media impact Water media impact SO NO X Bugdust TP NH 3 -N Fluoride COD

5 NH 3 N 2 O,, ( ), (1) NH 3 :,, NH 3 NO X [43] ( ) [44 45], NH 3 [46], 18% (2) NO 3 -N : [47], NH 4 -N, [48] NO 3 -N, 47.8%, 3.6%~52.3% [49], 40% (3)N 2 O : N 2 O [50], Yan [51] N 2 O 2.6~2.8 kg(n) hm 2, 3.28 kg(n 2 O) hm 2, NH 3 N 2 O NO 3 -N g 18.7 g g , ( ) km [52], [53] 1 kg 770 km ( 4), kg kg, ( 5) Electric power (kwh 770km kg ) Tab. 4 Resources and energy consumption 表 4 橡胶铁路运输的资源能源消耗与排放 Resources and energy consumption of railway transportation of rubber Raw coalr (g 770km kg ) Diesel oil (g 770km kg ) Bugdust Potential impact substance emission (g 770km kg ) CO 2 CO SO 2 NO X 表 5 橡胶种植的运输阶段潜在影响物质排放清单 Tab. 5 Emission inventory of potential impact substance in transportation stage of natural rubber plantation g Atmospheric media impact Water media impact Raw coal consumption Item Fossil fuel, fertilizer SO NO X CO CO Bugdust CH N 2 O NH 3 -N 8.03E 06 COD 4.06E 影响评价, 3 [54 55] 3.1 LCA,, [6 7,20,56 57] ,, ( [58] ),, Huijbregts [59]

6 1 : 177 Atmospheric media impact Water media impact Raw coal consumption 表 6 橡胶种植各阶段潜在影响物质排放一览表 Tab. 6 Complete list of potential impact substance emission in each stage of natural rubber plantation g Item Raw material Agrochemical production Rubber cultivation Transportation Total SO NO X CO CO Bugdust CH N 2 O NH NO 3 -N NH 3 -N E TP COD E 表 7 橡胶种植潜在影响的类型物质和当量值 Tab. 7 Category, substance, equivalent of potential impact in natural rubber plantation Type parameter Potential impact related substance and its equivalent GWP kg(co 2 )eq. CO 2 (1), CH 4 (21), N 2 O (310), CO (2), NO X (310) AP kg(so 2 )eq. SO 2 (1.00), NO X (0.70), NH 3 (1.88) EP kg(po 3 4 ) eq. COD (0.022), NH 3 -N (0.330), NO X (0.100), TP (3.060), NH 3 (0.330), NO 3 -N(0.420) POCP kg(c 2 H 4 )eq. SO 2 ( ), NO X ( ), CO ( ), CH 4 ( ), N 2 O ( ) HTP kg(1, 4-DCB)eq. SO 2 (0.096), NO X (0.120), Particulate matter (0.820), NH 3 (0.100) ADP kg(sb)eq. Raw coal (7.97E-08) GWP: Global warming potential; AP: Acidification potential; EP: Eutrophication potential; POCP: Photochemical ozone creation potential; HTP: Human toxic potential. ADP: Abiotic depletion potential. The same below ,, LCA, [60], (AHP ),,,,,,, 0.1,, [61] : [56] [20],, LCA ( 8),,, , GWP AP EP POCP HTP ADP 表 8 橡胶种植潜在环境影响重要性标度 Tab. 8 Relative importance scale of quantitative indices for different impact categories in natural rubber plantation Impact category GWP AP EP POCP HTP ADP GWP AP 1/ EP 1/3 1/ POCP 1/3 1/3 1/ HTP 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/2 1 2 ADP 1/6 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/2 1 4 结果与解释 4.1,,, ( 2)

7 图 2 橡胶种植不同阶段对各类潜在环境影响的贡献率 Fig. 2 Contribution rates of different stages in natural rubber plantation to each category potential environment impact kg 0.74 kg(co 2 )eq.,, 76.86%,, NO X, 71.62%, GWP kg kg(so 2 )eq.,, 45.00% 53.57%,, NO X SO 2 ; NH 3, NH 3,,, NH 3,, kg kg(po 3 4 )eq., NO 3 -N NH 3, EP 71.90% 20.95%, kg kg(c 2 H 4 )eq., SO 2 CO kg kg(1,4-dcb)eq.,, HTP 95.95%, HTP, kg g(sb)eq., 4.2,,, LCA, : AP>EP>GWP>HTP>POCP>ADP, 4.32E 13, 1 kg E , NH 3,, :,, [62] ;,, SO 2 NO X CO 2,, SO 2 NO X ; CO 2,, CO 2,, CO, GWP 5 结论与讨论 LCA,,, : AP>EP>GWP> HTP>POCP>ADP

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1 GIS 95 Y = F y + (1 F) (1) 0 0 Y0 kg/hm 2 /day F y 0 y c kg/hm 2 /day [12] y m 20 kg/hm 2 /hour Y = cl cn ch G [ F( y ) T m yo + (2) (1 F)(

1 GIS 95 Y = F y + (1 F) (1) 0 0 Y0 kg/hm 2 /day F y 0 y c kg/hm 2 /day [12] y m 20 kg/hm 2 /hour Y = cl cn ch G [ F( y ) T m yo + (2) (1 F)( 24 1 Vol.24 No.1 94 2008 1 Transactions of the CSAE Jan. 2008 2008 1 100094 2 100035 3 100081 4 100081 5 100101 GIS ( ) 65.12 16.82 13.74 15.27 11.07 t/(hm 2 a) 10.93% 41.43% 46.93% 65.4%. Bi Jiye, Zhu