内 容 简 介 本 书 从 培 养 面 向 第 一 线 高 技 能 人 才 的 目 标 出 发, 提 供 了 土 建 类 专 业 学 生 毕 业 后 所 需 要 的 英 语 知 识 和 实 用 交 际 材 料, 旨 在 通 过 多 项 训 练 来 培 养 学 生 实 际 应 用 英 语 的 能 力,

Transcription

1 高 等 职 业 教 育 十 二 五 规 划 教 材 全 国 高 职 高 专 土 木 工 程 专 业 系 列 规 划 教 材 建 筑 工 程 英 语 English for Civil Engineering 马 彩 玲 主 编 科 学 出 版 社 职 教 技 术 出 版 中 心 北 京

2 内 容 简 介 本 书 从 培 养 面 向 第 一 线 高 技 能 人 才 的 目 标 出 发, 提 供 了 土 建 类 专 业 学 生 毕 业 后 所 需 要 的 英 语 知 识 和 实 用 交 际 材 料, 旨 在 通 过 多 项 训 练 来 培 养 学 生 实 际 应 用 英 语 的 能 力, 特 别 是 用 英 语 处 理 与 未 来 职 业 相 关 业 务 的 能 力, 其 中 包 括 口 语 阅 读 翻 译 和 应 用 文 写 作 的 能 力 本 书 适 合 高 等 专 科 院 校 和 高 等 职 业 院 校 相 关 专 业 作 为 教 材 使 用, 也 可 供 各 类 成 人 院 校 及 广 大 科 技 管 理 人 员 自 学 使 用 图 书 在 版 编 目 (CIP) 数 据 建 筑 工 程 英 语 = English for Civil Engineering/ 马 彩 玲 主 编. 北 京 : 科 学 出 版 社,2012 ( 高 等 职 业 教 育 十 二 五 规 划 教 材 全 国 高 职 高 专 土 木 工 程 专 业 系 列 规 划 教 材 ) ISBN Ⅰ.1 建 Ⅱ.1 马 Ⅲ.1 建 筑 工 程 - 英 语 - 高 等 职 业 教 育 - 教 材 Ⅳ.1H31 中 国 版 本 图 书 馆 CIP 数 据 核 字 (2012) 第 号 责 任 编 辑 : 何 舒 民 杜 晓 / 责 任 校 对 : 王 万 红 责 任 印 制 : 吕 春 珉 / 封 面 设 计 : 耕 者 设 计 工 作 室 科 学 出 版 社 发 行 北 京 东 黄 城 根 北 街 16 号 邮 政 编 码 : 出 版 印 刷 各 地 新 华 书 店 经 销 * 2012 年 5 月 第 一 版 开 本 : / 年 5 月 第 一 次 印 刷 印 张 :12 字 数 : 定 价 :32.00 元 ( 含 光 盘 ) ( 如 有 印 装 质 量 问 题, 我 社 负 责 调 换 双 青 ) 销 售 部 电 话 编 辑 部 电 话 (VA03) 版 权 所 有, 侵 权 必 究 举 报 电 话 : ; ;

3 建筑工程英语 依据 高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求 ( 试行 ) 和 高等职业教育英语课程教学要求 试行 编写 供土建类院校专业 英语学习使用 本书从培养面向第一线高技能人才的目标出发 结合本专业学生毕 业后的实际, 提供了土建领域所需要的英语知识和实用交际材料 旨在 通过多项训练来培养学生实际应用英语的能力 特别是用英语处理与未 来职业相关的业务能力 其中包括口语 阅读 翻译和应用文写作的能力 本书共 12 个单元 每单元中语言知识的学习 语言技能的培养与训 练都围绕同一交际话题展开 1. Listen and Talk 听与交谈 社 心 版 中 出 版 学 n 出 c 科 术 k. o 技 o b 教 a 职 ww. w 本书重视英语口头实用表达能力的培养和训练 以小组活动为主的 任务型学习不仅能培养学生进行涉外口语交际的能力 而且还有助于培 养学生的职业意识和合作精神 听与交流 内容由美藉专家录音 刻录 于随书光盘中 供教学使用 2. Read and Explore 读与探索 阅读部分由两篇文章及阅读技能指导组成 文章Ａ的阅读训练重点 是培养学生用英语获取信息 处理信息 传达信息的能力和探索创新的 能力 文章Ｂ的阅读训练重点是提高学生用英语进行思维的能力和从上 下文来理解所读材料的确切含义的能力 i

4 建 筑 工 程 英 语 English for Civil Engineering 3. Simulate and Write( 模 拟 写 作 ) 写 作 部 分 涉 及 土 建 类 专 业 领 域 商 务 往 来 的 种 种 类 型 为 了 便 于 学 生 掌 握, 每 一 种 类 型 都 有 范 文, 并 附 有 译 文, 突 出 了 高 等 职 业 教 育 的 针 对 性 和 实 用 性, 目 的 是 培 养 学 生 在 实 际 工 作 中 的 英 语 交 际 能 力 4. Formulate and Apply( 语 法 运 用 ) 本 书 总 结 了 一 些 英 语 语 法 运 用 规 律 及 在 科 技 英 语 中 常 见 的 语 法 现 象, 目 的 是 使 学 生 在 学 习 专 业 英 语 的 同 时, 夯 实 英 语 基 础, 提 高 语 言 运 用 的 准 确 性, 重 点 培 养 学 生 在 听 说 读 写 中 准 确 运 用 英 语 的 能 力 在 编 写 过 程 中, 我 们 遵 循 了 三 项 原 则 : 一 重 视 语 言 学 习 的 规 律, 坚 持 全 面 提 高 听 说 读 写 译 能 力 的 原 则 二 遵 循 以 应 用 为 目 的 的 原 则, 体 现 培 养 高 技 能 人 才 的 特 点 三 注 重 打 好 语 言 基 础 和 培 养 多 种 能 力 并 重 的 原 则, 通 过 个 性 化 和 协 作 化 的 学 习, 培 养 学 生 的 交 际 能 力 和 自 主 学 习 能 力 本 书 由 马 彩 玲 任 主 编, 负 责 全 书 统 稿, 并 承 担 第 1~12 单 元 的 听 力 理 解 对 话 小 组 任 务 阅 读 材 料 模 拟 写 作 和 语 法 运 用 的 编 写 张 梅 英 负 责 第 1~6 单 元 的 阅 读 训 练 和 补 充 阅 读 材 料 1~3 的 编 写 郭 玉 兔 负 责 第 6~12 单 元 的 阅 读 训 练 和 补 充 阅 读 材 料 4~6 的 编 写 本 书 在 编 写 过 程 中, 参 阅 了 大 量 的 国 内 外 出 版 物, 广 泛 听 取 了 学 生 专 业 课 教 师 和 用 人 单 位 的 意 见, 特 别 是 山 西 建 筑 职 业 技 术 学 院 多 年 来 从 事 建 筑 设 计 和 结 构 施 工 等 课 程 教 学 的 张 维 俊 副 教 授 和 研 究 建 筑 技 术 科 学 的 王 晓 华 老 师 给 予 了 很 大 的 帮 助, 在 此 表 示 衷 心 的 感 谢 由 于 编 者 水 平 有 限, 书 中 难 免 有 不 妥 之 处, 敬 请 广 大 读 者 予 以 指 正 编 者 2012 年 3 月 ii

5 Listen and Talk Units Unit One Building Skyscrapers 1 1 Unit Two Building Design 14 Building Design Unit Three Surveying and Mapping Architectural Drawings Unit Four Foundations 28 Foundations 41 Unit Five Construction 41 Construction Methods 55 Unit Six Structures 55 Structural Behavior 69 Unit Seven Pre-stressed Concrete 69 Pre-stressed Concrete 81 Read and Explore A: Buildings B: Bridges A: Housing Design B: Factory Design Formulate and Apply Advertisements The Uses of it 3 9 Introduction 17 Notice A: Foundations for Houses B: Foundations for Piers Order Form A: Construction B: Experience and Knowledge A: Classification of Structures B: Building Structures and Functions 12 Negation 22 A: Surveying Instruments B: Plane Surveying and Geodetic Surveying Subject 社 心 版 中 出 版 学 n 出 c 科 术 k. o 技 o b 教 a 职 ww. w Inversion 64 Invitation Letter Subject-verb Agreement Complaint Letter A: Basic Forms of Stress B: Pre-stressed Concrete 81 Simulate and Write 67 Complex Object 78 Payment 79 Multiples iii

6 建筑工程英语 English for Civil Engineering Listen and Talk Units Unit Eight Building Materials 93 Building Materials Unit Nine Building Code 106 Building Code Unit Ten Tender Documents and Contracts 119 Tender Documents and Contracts Unit Eleven Interior Decoration Interior Decoration Unit Twelve Construction Market 131 iv Formulate and Apply A: Building Materials B: Structural Materials 95 Negotiation Absolute Construction A: Building Code B: Town Planning Manuals Contracts and Agreements 119 Resume 131 A: Illumination B: Aesthetic Plans of Furniture Arrangement 133 A: Contracting Business B: Housing Supply Applying for the Position Moods A: The Bidding Document B: Public Bidding and Bid Opening 121 Construction Market Supplementary Reading 156 Vocabulary 93 Simulate and Write Read and Explore 116 Attributive Clauses Introduced by as Adverbial Clauses Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences 154

7 Unit One Building (建筑物) Listen and talk about skyscrapers Read about buildings and bridges Have knowledge of the reading compounding Listen and talk skill: about skyscrapers Translate an advertisement into Read about buildings English and bridges Practice use of it Have knowledge of thethereading skill: compounding Building (建筑物) Translate an advertisement into English Practice the use of IT LISTEN AND TALK Listening Practice Listen to the following passage and try to fill the missing word (words) in each blank. Skyscrapers The development of the high-rise buildings follows closely the growth of the city. The process of urbanization 城市化, (1) started with the ages of industrialization, is still (2) in many parts of the world. In the United States, this process began in the nineteenth 社 心 版 中 出 版 学 n 出 c 科 术 k. o 技 o b 教 a 职 ww. w century. People moved from the countryside to the city, increasing the density of cities. For many big cities, the tall building is the only answer to the increase of the (3). It should not be put aside just as a symbol of technological achievement. The research workers should study the high-rise building environment and its context (4) its living conditions. American architecture is at its best when it is concerned with buildings that have a practical purpose. Skyscrapers have been known as the trademark 标志 of America (5) the late nineteenth century. The name skyscraper is poetic. It transformed the appearance of the American city, giving it a uniquely American look (6) that of any other city in the world. It (7) a symbol, perhaps, of the American desire to combine beauty with usefulness, to fit form to (8). An American architect named Louis Sullivan once called it, every inch a proud and soaring 翱翔的 thing. Dialogue A: Why do people put up high buildings? 1

8 建筑工程英语 English for Civil Engineering B: The chief reason is to make the best use of the limited and expensive land areas available in the world s major cities. New York City, largely confined to an island, could not spread outward, so it spreads upward. A: Is there a limit to the height of buildings? B: Yes. Structure engineers have calculated that buildings up to 500 meters tall are technically feasible. A: It s said that a large tower block is the size of a village. Many skyscrapers are complete with shops, restaurants, and recreation facilities. What are the advantages and disadvantages? B: The advantages are that the whole of a large company s staff can be housed together, with obvious gains in efficiency. Large buildings for homes, such as tower blocks of apartments, also make the best use of land and simplify the installation of services such as electricity and heating. On the other hand, they can create social problems. Living many meters above street level can lead to lack of contact with the surrounding community. A: Another problem is that too many high buildings in a district may deprive their neighbors of solar access. B: That s the point. Now solar zoning is becoming more and more popular. A: Quite right. Modern buildings and modern functions should be combined with a modern zoning plan. New Words limit /ˈlɪmɪt/ n. &vt. 限制 极限 confine /kənˈfaɪn/ vt. 限于范围内 calculate /ˈkælkjʊlɪt/ vt. 计算 feasible /ˈfiːzəbl/ adj. 可行的 可做的 recreation /ˌrekrɪˈeɪʃn/ n. 娱乐 消遣 facility /fəˈsɪlɪtɪ/ n. 设施 staff /stɑːf/ n. 全体职员 efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃnsɪ/ n. 效率 vt. 简化 n. 就职 安装 simplify installation 2 /ˈsɪmplɪfaɪ/ /ˌɪnstɔːˈleɪʃn/

9 Unit One Building ( 建 筑 物 ) Phrases and Expressions put up 举 起, 建 造 ( 房 屋 等 ), 张 贴 ( 布 告 等 ) make use of be confined to It is said that on the other hand lead to in detail be made of so far 利 用 限 制 在 范 围 内 据 说 另 一 方 面 导 致 详 细 地 由 制 成 到 目 前 为 止 Notes 1. New York City, largely confined to an island, could not spread outward, so it spreads upward. 纽 约 市, 大 部 分 区 域 限 制 在 一 个 岛 上 不 能 向 外 扩 展, 因 而 只 能 向 高 处 发 展 largely confined to an island 是 过 去 分 词 短 语 作 定 语 2. with obvious gains in efficiency. 这 会 明 显 提 高 效 率 with 的 复 合 结 构 作 状 语 3. Now solar zoning is becoming more and more popular. 现 在 阳 光 小 区 越 来 越 受 到 欢 迎 Group Work 1. Describe the teaching buildings and dormitories in your college. 2. Say something about the highest building in your neighborhood. READ AND EXPLORE Passage A Buildings 科 学 出 版 社 职 教 技 术 出 版 中 心 People have learned a lot about building since prehistoric times. We ve learned to use new methods to make buildings taller, stronger and safer. We have developed new building materials. We can cool our houses in summer and heat them in winter. 3

10 建 筑 工 程 英 语 English for Civil Engineering A building generally comprises outer and inner walls, floors, roofs, doors, window frames and so on. Whatever the size is, a building must shelter people from the elements and have some systems for controlling the climate. It must provide space for specific use and such services as elevators or stairways for its users. As structures, buildings must be able to carry not only their own load, but also the weight of the people and objects within them. The foundations can be of many types, but since they form the base of the whole structure, they must be adequate to support its weight, distributing this as evenly as possible over the ground. In stonework or brick buildings the bearing walls support the floors of the various storeys, besides putting a wall around the building and keeping apart from its surroundings. In buildings of steel or reinforced concrete, the walls serve only as screens for enclosing and isolating the rooms. The framework, when construction of steel, is a complex cage of horizontal girders and vertical columns. Now welding is widely used to join its members because it makes the operations easier and makes for a lighter structure. The walls can be of the stone, brick or cement blocks. The floors may be constructed of wood or of steel girders with special honeycomb slabs, or they may be of reinforced concrete. The roof covers the building to protect it from the weather. It can vary in shape from a sharply pointed ridge to a flat surface. In areas of much rain or snow, roofs are usually built very high. The space under the roof may be used in a number of ways, according to the size of the building. In general roofs have three purposes. They (1) protect the interior of the house against the weather, (2) prevent the escape of heat from the interior during the cold weather, and (3) are decorative. As to the height of the buildings, they can be divided into four categories: low-level buildings (1~3 storeys), multi-storey buildings (4~6 storeys), medium-high level buildings (7~9storeys), and high-rise buildings (10 storeys or higher). The early high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Economically and competitively has reinforced concrete been used in a number of structures for many purposes. Greater height needs increased column and beam sizes to make the buildings more rigid. 4

11 Unit One Building ( 建 筑 物 ) New Words generally /ˈdʒenərəlɪ/ adv. 通 常 地, 普 遍 地 comprise /kəmˈpraɪz/ vt. 包 括, 由 组 成 frame /freɪm/ n. & vt. 框 架, 构 造 ; 给 装 框 架 shelter /ˈʃeltə/ vt. 庇 护, 保 护, 掩 护 element /ˈelɪmənt/ n. 元 素, 成 分 adequate /ˈædɪkwɪt/ adj. 充 足 的, 足 够 的 distribute /dɪˈstrɪbjuːt/ vt. 分 布, 分 发 support /səˈpɔːt/ vt. 支 撑, 支 持 screen /skriːn/ n. 屏 幕, 隔 板 isolate /ˈaɪsəleɪt/ vt. 隔 离 complex /ˈkɒmpleks/ adj. 复 杂 的, 综 合 的 cage /keɪdʒ/ n. 笼 子, 框 架 构 造 welding /weldɪŋ/ n. 焊 接 operation /ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/ n. 操 作, 运 转 honeycomb /ˈhʌnɪkəʊm/ adj. 蜂 窝 状 的 decorative /ˈdekərətɪv/ adj. 装 饰 性 的 surface /ˈsɜːfɪs/ n. 表 面, 外 表 economically /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkəlɪ/ adv. 节 约 地, 经 济 地 competitively /kəmˈpetɪtɪvlɪ/ adv. 竞 争 地, 比 赛 地 rigid /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ adj. 坚 硬 的, 不 易 弯 的 Phrases and Expressions not only but also be adequate to do sth. serve as protect from a number of Notes 不 但 而 且 足 以 用 作 保 护 使 免 于 若 干, 许 多 科 学 出 版 社 职 教 技 术 出 版 中 心 1. It must provide space for specific use and such services as elevators or stair-ways for its users. 它 必 须 为 居 民 提 供 特 殊 功 能 的 用 地 和 诸 如 电 梯 或 楼 梯 这 样 的 设 施 such as 像 那 样 的 5

12 建 筑 工 程 英 语 English for Civil Engineering 2. The framework, when construction of steel, is a complex cage of horizontal girders and vertical columns. 钢 结 构 的 框 架 是 由 水 平 梁 和 垂 直 柱 组 成 的 复 杂 的 框 架 结 构 3. It can vary in shape from a sharply pointed ridge to a flat surface. 它 的 形 状 是 各 式 各 样 的, 从 尖 顶 式 到 平 顶 式 4. Greater height needs increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid. 建 筑 物 的 高 度 较 大 时, 必 须 增 大 柱 子 和 梁 的 尺 寸, 以 便 增 大 它 们 的 刚 度 Exercises I. Answer the following questions. 1. What does a building generally comprise? 2. How can the members of the complex cage be joined? 3. Roofs are usually built very high in Beijing, aren t they? 4. Has reinforced concrete been widely used nowadays? 5. Why must columns and beams be increased when the buildings are very high? II. Complete the sentences with the given words or expressions. Change the form where necessary. comprise adequate serve a number of protect...from vary keep...from support 1. Foreign languages can as a tool. 2. Our courses structure, construction, mechanics, mathematics and English. 3. We should our plants the cold. 4. A dam is a wall that holds back water and it running away. 5. The water in the reservoir is not to meet the needs of the local people. 6. We have to the roof with pillars. 7. The walls can be made of materials: stone, brick or cement blocks. 8. Roofs in shape from place to place. III. Translate the following words or phrases into English. 1. 承 重 墙 2. 隔 板 3. 水 平 梁 4. 垂 直 柱 5. 楼 板 6. 蜂 窝 砖 7. 木 梁 8. 钢 梁 9. 尖 顶 式 屋 顶 10. 平 顶 式 屋 顶 IV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. We can cool our houses in summer and heat them in winter. 2. A building generally comprises outer and inner walls, floors, roofs, doors, window frames and so on. 6

13 Unit One Building ( 建 筑 物 ) 3. As structures, buildings must be able to carry not only their own load, but also the weight of the people and objects within them. 4. The roof covers the building to protect it from the weather. 5. The early high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. V. Explain the following words, phrases or expressions in English. 1. support 2. isolate 3. weld 4. comprise 5. roof 6. floor 7. inner wall 8. high-rise building VI. Explore. What is the highest building in the world? What is the oldest structure in the world? What is a pneumatic building? Please visit the relative websites for more information. Download some pictures and show them to your classmates. Passage B Bridges Bridges are among the most important, and often the most spectacular of all civil engineering works. The imposing bridges that have survived from ancient times are arched structures of heavy masonry, usually stone or brick. Herodotus, the Greek historian of the fifth century B.C., however, mentioned a wooden bridge across the Euphrates River at Babylon. In Rome, the bridge of Fabricius, built in 62 B.C. and named for its engineer, still carries traffic across the Tiber River, so does the San Angelo Bridge, built in about 136 A.D. Both of these bridges, and many other Roman bridges, have a series of arches supported by heavy piers that extend down to bedrock. The simplest type of span is a beam bridge, consisting of a rigid beam between two supports. Today most simple beam bridges are strengthened by a truss, which is based on the triangle. Diagonal beams that extend between the horizontal and vertical beams give support against both compression and tension. Many early truss bridges were built of wood; one that was erected across the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania in had a span of 110 meters. Another type of beam bridge is the cantilever, in which a horizontal beam extends beyond its support. Cantilever bridges, like trusses, had also been built before iron and steel became available. 科 学 出 版 社 职 教 技 术 出 版 中 心 7

14 建筑工程英语 English for Civil Engineering Most cantilever bridges have two arms of truss structure that meet or support a section between them. Cantilever enabled bridge builders to span longer distances than truss bridges. During the nineteenth century, cantilevers were frequently used to build railroad bridges. The Quebec Bridge, which crosses the St. Lawrence River in Canada, is the longest cantilever bridge in the word, with a span of 540 meters. A third type of modern bridge is the steel arch bridge, which can carry a roadway either above or below its arch of steel beams. An arch exerts strong downward and diagonal thrusts, so the piers that support it must be especially strong. Probably the most famous steel arch bridge is the Sydney Harbor Bridge in Australia, with a span of 495 meters. Suspension bridges span even longer distances than other types of bridges. The longest bridge of any type is the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York, with a span of meters. The deck or roadway of a suspension bridge is suspended from steel cables that are supported by massive towers. The first modern suspension bridges used linked chains made of wrought iron. Some of them survived for many years, like the one across the Danube River in Budapest, Hungary. It was completed in and destroyed during World War Ⅱ, nearly a hundred years later. New Words spectacular masonry pier bedrock span diagonal cantilever deck /spekˈtækjʊlə/ /ˈmeɪsnrɪ/ /pɪə/ /ˈbedrɒk/ /spæn/ /ˈdaɪˈæɡənl/ /ˈkæntɪliːvə/ /dek/ adj. 壮观的 n. 坊工 n. 桥墩 n. 基岩 n. & v. 跨度 跨越 跨距 adj. 斜的 对角线的 n. 悬臂 悬臂梁 悬臂桥 n. 桥面 甲板 Phrases and Expressions 8 survive from 幸存 留下来 arched structure 拱结构 beam bridge 梁桥 suspension bridge 悬索桥 wrought iron 锻铁链

15 Unit One Building (建筑物) Reading Comprehension Match each expression on the left with one of the statements on the right. 1. beam bridge A. a structure in which a horizontal beam extends beyond its support 2. suspension bridge B. the traffic-bearing surface of a bridge 3. cantilever C. a bridge consisting of a rigid beam between two supports 4. steel arch bridge D. a bridge with an arch of steel 5. deck E. a bridge that hangs from steel cables that are supported by towers at each end 6. span F. the distance between two supports of a bridge Reading Skill 利用构词法推敲单词的意思 一 英语单词的构成有一定的规律, 掌握构词法, 可以帮助我们熟悉词的形式 结构 词性和词义, 进而猜出该词的意思 合成法 (Compounding) 合两个或两个以上的词构成一个新词 称为合成法 1. door-frame 门框 2. software 软件 3. warehouse 仓库 4. worksite 工地 5. out-of-date 过时的 6. man-made 人造的 7. underground 地下的 8. first-class 一流的 9. high-rise (building) 高层 建筑 10. air-conditioning (equipments) 空调 ( 设备 ) 社 心 版 中 出 SIMULATE AND WRITE 版 学 n 出 c 科 术 k. Advertisements (广告) o 技 o b 教 a 职 ww. w 广告的特点是使用最简洁的语言传递最大量的信息 广告词的句子结构不一定是完整 的, 常用单个的词 短句或省略句, 只要读者能看明白就可以了 广告的种类很多, 常见的 有招聘广告 招生广告 销售广告 房屋租售广告 娱乐广告和服务行业的各种广告 在 这个单元里, 我们主要介绍招聘广告和房屋租售广告 1. Job Advertisements ( 招聘广告 ) 招聘广告首先用简明的语言对招聘单位的情况作大致的介绍, 其内容包括本单位的性 质 规模 业务范围及经营状况等 以便求职者对此有一基本的了解 然后 广告要表述 招聘的职位, 对求职人的具体要求以及聘方所提供的条件 最后应公布联系方式 9

16 建筑工程英语 English for Civil Engineering Sample 1 Personal Assistant/ Secretary Hongtu Office of Project Cost, under the Command of Hongtu Building Company needs a conscientious, adaptable graduate from an architectural engineering college. He (She) can cope with computers. Benefits include lunch, traveling allowance and private medical insurance. Phone Miss Li for further details on 招聘私人助理 / 秘书 宏图工程造价事务所隶属于宏图建筑公司 招聘一名责任心强, 适应能力强, 毕业于建 筑工程学院的学生, 应会使用计算机 福利包括午餐 交通津贴和医疗保险 有意者请致电 , 详询李小姐 Sample 2 Wanted A well-known Chinese building corporation requires a company manager. We are seeking the following staff member: 1. with at least 5-year working experience in a building company; 2. familiar with the building markets; 3. active and cooperative; 4. understanding English for civil engineering We offer competitive salary and good benefits package. Anyone interested in it, please send your CV by fax to or to 招聘 某知名的中国建筑公司需要一名经理, 现诚聘符合下列条件的人选 1. 在建筑部门工作 5 年以上 2. 熟悉建筑市场 3. 工作积极, 易于合作 4. 懂土木工程英语 我们的薪水优厚, 福利好, 有兴趣者请将简历传真到 或发电子邮件至 2. Advertisements of Lease ( 房屋租售广告 ) 房屋租售广告属于纪实广告, 内容包括房屋的位置 房屋的条件 房间数 平米数 是 否新屋 是否配置家具 交通 购物 上学 就医是否方便 环境如何等 价格和联系方式 这种广告严肃客观, 文字简明, 措辞得体, 大量采用缩写形式是其特点之一 10

17 Unit One Building (建筑物) Sample 1 House to Let The newly decorated apartments are ready for lease. One bedroom at 800, two bedrooms at 1200, three bedrooms at 1500 per month. Utilities included except the charge for electricity. One month deposit required. Office opens from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. from Monday to Friday. Please contact Mr. Wang. Tel : Add: No.133 Kangjian Street, Shanghai 房屋招租 新装修公寓对外招租 月租一居室 800 元 二居室 1200 元 三居室 1500 元 包括公用设施 电费除外 预付一个月押金 办公时间 周一至周五上午 9 时至下午 5 时 有意者请与王先生联系 电话 地址 上海康健街 133 号 Sample 2 For Sale Mingyang Garden brand-new solid brick house with 4 apartments and a big basement. All rooms including kitchens are spacious, 10-year tax abatement. Gas, heating and cooking equipments. A quiet area close to subway, bus and shopping centers. Good investment. Call or Fax to 社 心 版 中 出 版 学 n 出 c 科 术 k. o 技 o b 教 a 职 ww. w 出售 明阳花园是一座崭新坚实的砖房, 有 4 套公寓式房间和一个大地下室 所有房间, 包括 厨房, 都十分宽敞, 免税十年 有煤气 暖气和炊具 环境幽雅, 靠近地铁 公共汽车站和 购物中心, 是一项绝好的投资 有意者请致电 或传真 Writing Practice I. Match the Chinese in Column B with their English equivalents in Column A. ( ) 1. letting agency a. 委托人 ( ) 2. the ability to communicate b. 房屋中介 ( ) 3. client c. 有热情的 ( ) 4. an experienced clerk d. 交际能力 ( ) 5. enthusiastic e. 有经验的职员 ( ) 6. refund your money f. 优惠 ( ) 7. golden section g. 退款 11

18 建 筑 工 程 英 语 English for Civil Engineering ( ) 8. parking space h. 黄 金 地 段 ( ) 9. villa i. 停 车 场 ( ) 10. special offer j. 别 墅 II. Translate the following advertisement into English. 安 居 楼 : 一 座 18 层 框 架 结 构 单 元 房,3 室 1 厅, 有 煤 气 和 暖 气, 环 境 幽 雅, 靠 近 学 校 医 院 公 园 和 公 交 车 站, 每 平 方 米 4800 元, 是 一 项 绝 好 的 投 资 有 意 者 请 致 电 或 传 真 FORMULATE AND APPLY The Uses of it ( it 的 用 法 ) 在 英 语 中,it 有 多 种 不 同 的 用 法, 它 既 可 以 用 作 代 词 ( 人 称 代 词 或 非 人 称 代 词 ), 也 可 以 用 作 引 导 词 ( 作 形 式 主 语 或 形 式 宾 语 ), 还 可 以 用 来 构 成 强 调 句 型 1. 用 做 人 称 代 词, 代 替 心 目 中 或 上 文 中 所 讲 的 人 物 或 事 情 (1) Is there a difference between the English language as it is spoken by the English and by the Americans? (2) have you heard the latest news? No, what is it? 2. 用 作 非 人 称 代 词, 表 示 时 间 天 气 季 节 距 离 自 然 现 象 或 环 境 情 况 等 (1) It is half past ten now. (2) It is raining hard outside. (3) It is autumn. It is the best season for construction. (4) It s about 130 kilometers from Guangzhou to Hong Kong. (5) It is terrible outside. 3. 用 作 先 行 词 (1) It is necessary to follow the local town-planning rules. (2) It took them two weeks to design the building. (3) It s no use crying over the spilt milk. (4) It is a great pleasure lying on the beach on hot summer days. (5) It s not clear yet who would be in charge of the team. (6) It is a wonderful idea that future cities would be more quiet, convenient and attractive. (7) It is said that Anne Frank was only thirteen years old when she wrote the passage. (8) We think it necessary to build a garage. (9) Do you consider it any good accepting his proposal? (10) I took it for granted that recycling is important to help protect our environment. 12

19 Unit One Building ( 建 筑 物 ) 4. 用 在 强 调 句 型 It is (was) that (who, whom) 中 (1) It is the people who (that) are the most powerful. (2) It was John s hard work that made success possible. (3) It is when science and technology are developed that production can be increased. (4) It is because the book is so useful for my work that I bought it. (5) It was a seminar that we held in the college yesterday. (6) It was your sister that (whom) I met in the museum this morning. Exercises Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the use of it. 1. It is a fine and sunny morning. 2. It was a bitterly cold night. 3. It happened during the Long March. 4. It is no good smoking. 5. It is a pity that you didn t go to the motor show. 6. Marx and Angles came to know each other in Paris in It was then that their great friendship began. 7. It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 8. We think it useless learning a theory without practice. 9. How far is it from your dorm to the lab? 10. It is because of air pollution and crowding that many families prefer to live as far out as possible from the center of the city. 科 学 出 版 社 职 教 技 术 出 版 中 心 13

20 建筑工程英语 English for Civil Engineering Building Design (建筑设计) Listen and talk about building design Read about housing design and factory design Have knowledge of the reading skill: conversion Write an introduction of the Great Wall Practice the use of Negation LISTEN AND TALK Listening Practice Listen to the following passage and try to fill the missing word (words) in each blank. Building Design Three categories should be considered in building design: 1. Usefulness: The function of buildings covers everything that spaces can be made good use of: their names and (1), the functional relationships between spaces and the surroundings, which include lighting, sunshine, heating, cooling and so on. 2. Strength: This not only includes the structural, screening, and surfacing materials for buildings, (2) the technical equipments for heating, cooling, ventilation 通风, lighting, etc. 3. Beauty: It includes how a person feels in a space, how he feels moving from one place to another, and how he feels in it on (3) or in a storm, in the winter or in the summer. It is what makes a building sing. A family moving into a new (4) want to know if the housing available meets its standards of safety, (5) and comfort. A family will also ask how near the housing is to schools, stores, libraries, hospitals and a cinema. The primary problem in design is to develop a system or plan, which will enable the structure to fulfill its required function. (6), if the structure is a tall office block, the designer must create a system which is aesthetically acceptable and (7) the particular site chosen, within a safe and satisfactory structure frame work, he must provide a suitable arrangement of working and circulation 流动 space, (8) all necessary services. 14

21 Unit Two Building Design (建筑设计) Dialogue A: Dwellers have different demands in different times. Designers must take it into account. B: Yes, that s true. In the seventies last century, a majority of families preferred single-family homes. The buildings in which they lived were only 3-5 storeys high. But since the nineties, many multi-storey apartment buildings have been rising all over China. A: What s the reason for it? B: It is because the city land is too expensive to be used for low storey housing units. The same plot of ground that would hold only a few single-family units houses many families, which is more considerate indeed. A: Many dwellers think it inconvenient to live in houses of more storeys, where life would be dull. How do you handle it? B: Quite a few apartment buildings offer city dwellers large balconies, where they can grow flowers and plants. What is more, there are several elevators working together. Apartment buildings also provide garage space, public parks and playing courts. 社 心 版 中 出 版 学 n 出 c 科 术 k. o 技 o b 教 a 职 ww. w A: Nowadays many families prefer to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area. Is it because of the air pollution? B: Yes. And another aspect is that they want to get away from noise, crowding and confusion. As time goes on, more and more citizens drive their own cars to work. The accessibility of public transportation has ceased to be a decisive factor in housing. New Words dweller /ˈdwelə/ n. dwell /dwel/ vi. 居住 majority /məˈdʒɒrɪtɪ/ n. 多数 apartment /əˈpɑːtmənt/ n. 公寓 considerate /kənˈsɪdərɪt/ adj. 周全的 细致的 handle /ˈhændl/ vt. 应付, 处理 住户 15

22 建 筑 工 程 英 语 English for Civil Engineering New Words balcony /ˈbælkənɪ/ n. 阳 台 elevator /ˈelɪveɪtə/ n. 电 梯 garage /ˈɡærɑːʒ/ n. 汽 车 库, 汽 车 修 理 场 metropolitan /ˌmetrəˈpɒlɪtn/ adj. 大 城 市 的 confusion /kənˈfjuːʒn/ n. 混 乱, 迷 惑 citizen /ˈsɪtɪzən/ n. 公 民 accessibility /ækˌsesɪˈbɪlɪtɪ/ n. 接 近, 进 去 transportation /ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃn/ n. 运 输, 输 送 cease /siːs/ v. 停 止 Phrases and Expressions quite a few what s more as as possible because of more and more 相 当 多 而 且 尽 可 能 地 因 为 越 来 越 多 Notes 1. But since the nineties, many multi-storey apartment buildings have been rising all over China. 从 九 十 年 代 起, 在 中 国 各 地 出 现 了 许 多 多 层 住 宅 楼 2. The same plot of ground that would hold only a few single-family units houses many families, which is considerate indeed. 在 过 去 只 能 容 纳 几 套 独 门 独 户 单 元 的 土 地 上, 现 在 能 为 更 多 的 用 户 提 供 住 宅, 这 的 确 是 为 民 着 想 的 主 句 的 谓 语 动 词 是 houses, 意 思 是 提 供 房 子 住 Group Work Say something about the house in which you used to live and the house in which you are living now. Which do you prefer? Why? 16

23 Unit Two Building Design ( 建 筑 设 计 ) READ AND EXPLORE Passage A Before any building project can be undertaken, many decisions must be made. The design procedure will be resolved. The site will be chosen and economic feasibility determined. Finally, a complete design for the building must be made and the surroundings must be considered. An important point in housing design is the layout of the rooms, which should provide the greatest possible convenience according to the purpose for which they are Housing Design planned. In a dwelling house, the layout may be considered under three categories: day, night and services. These spaces must be communicated one another easily. The day rooms usually include a dining-room, sitting-room, and kitchen, but other rooms, such as a study, may be added, and there may be an entrance-hall. The sitting-room, which is usually the largest, often serves as a dining-room, too, or the kitchen may have a dinning alcove. The night rooms consist of the bedrooms. The services consist of the kitchen, bathrooms, larder and water-closets. The kitchen and larder are both connected with the day rooms. It is also important to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms. And those most in use should face south as much as possible. It is, however, often very difficult to meet the needs of both the surroundings and the location of the roads. In solving these complicated problems, designers are obliged to follow the local town planning rules, which are concerned with public comfort, height of buildings, proportion of green space to dwellings, building lines, environment, the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighborhood and so on. There is another consideration for housing design, which is about improvement of our living environment. Green building is a major concern related to these issues. In some ecological cities, designers have made great efforts to make full use of natural resources: solar heating, ventilation driven by wind pressures or by solar buoyancy, cooling by water evaporation etc. Inside houses air flow is directed by roof form and thermal flues. Structures designed in such a way tend to produce some train of thoughts. That is to say, building design must meet demands of our interior and exterior environments. 科 学 出 版 社 职 教 技 术 出 版 中 心 17

24 建 筑 工 程 英 语 English for Civil Engineering New Words project /ˈprɒdʒekt/ n. 工 程, 项 目 resolve /rɪˈzɒlv/ vt. 解 决 site /saɪt/ n. 场 所, 工 地 economic /ɪkəˈnɒmɪk/ adj. 经 济 的 feasibility /fɪzəˈbɪlɪtɪ/ n. 可 行 性 determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ vt. 决 定 layout /ˈleɪaʊt/ n. 布 局, 安 排 dine /daɪn/ vi. 吃 饭 alcove /ˈælkəʊv/ n. 厢 房, 凉 亭 larder /ˈlɑːdə/ n. 储 藏 室 complicated /ˌkɒmplɪˈkeɪtɪd/ adj. 复 杂 的 density /ˈdensɪtɪ/ n. 密 度 proportion /prəˈpɔːʃn/ n. 比 例 property /ˈprɒpətɪ/ n. 财 产, 特 点 ventilation /ˌventɪˈleɪʃn/ n. 通 风, 换 气 buoyancy /ˈbɔɪənsɪ/ n. 浮 力 Phrases and Expressions such as serve as... connect...with meet the needs of... be concerned with density of population proportion...to in relation to and so on solar heating thermal flue 诸 如 之 类 的, 例 如 作 为 用 与 相 连, 衔 接 满 足 需 求 关 于, 涉 及 人 口 密 度 与 的 比 例 与 有 关 等 等 太 阳 能 供 暖 暖 气 管 道 18

25 Unit Two Building Design ( 建 筑 设 计 ) Notes 1....are concerned with public comfort, height of buildings, proportion of green space to dwellings, building lines, environment, the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighborhood and so on. 包 括 公 众 舒 适 度 建 筑 物 高 度 绿 化 率 建 筑 红 线 环 境 和 与 周 围 环 境 有 关 的 新 特 点 2....make full use of natural resources: solar heating, ventilation driven by wind pressures or by solar buoyancy, cooling by water evaporation etc. 充 分 利 用 自 然 资 源, 如 太 阳 能 供 热, 用 风 压 或 日 照 产 生 的 空 气 生 力 通 风, 利 用 水 的 蒸 发 降 温 等 Exercises I. Answer the following questions. 1. Does a study belong to the day room or the services? 2. The kitchen doesn t belong to the night room, does it? 3. Why should the rooms most in use face south as much as possible? 4. Tell us something about green buildings. 5. What is solar buoyancy? II. Complete the sentences with the given words or expressions. Change the form where necessary. dwell comply with such as as as possible serve as in general be concerned with distribute 1. He has many reference books, dictionaries and handbooks. 2. Everybody must the library rules. 3., new kinds of energy will have to be found. 4. Today people have found new ways of building houses. 5. The pine-trees widely. 6. Iron also a building material. 7. Students should read English often. 8. The course the knowledge in civil engineering. III. Translate the following words or phrases into English. 1. 阳 台 2. 电 梯 3. 车 库 4. 公 寓 楼 5. 城 市 规 划 6. 房 间 布 局 7. 建 筑 红 线 8. 太 阳 能 9. 环 境 保 护 10. 绿 色 建 筑 科 学 出 版 社 职 教 技 术 出 版 中 心 19

26 建 筑 工 程 英 语 English for Civil Engineering IV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. The most important point in building design is the layout of the rooms.. 2. The day rooms usually include a dining-room, sitting-room, and kitchen, but other rooms, such as a study, may be added, and there may be an entrance hall. 3. Since the 1990s, multi-store apartment buildings have replaced the single-family units. 4. Building design must comply with the local town planning. 5. Building design must meet demands of our interior and exterior environments. V. Explain the following words, phrases or expressions in English. 1. design 2. kitchen 3. surroundings 4. sitting room 5. layout 6. environment 7. solar system 8. connect with VI. Explore. 1. What aspects should be taken into consideration in building design? 2. What methods have designers in your hometown taken to help protect environment? Try to get some information and present it to the class. Passage B Factory Design Factory design is interesting to most civil engineers because it includes the design of many important services. The designer must design the roads and the drains, possibly the water supply and the heating or air conditioning and provide for the power and telephone cables and gas pipes. If possible he will try at least to get the main roads and drains in position before the main construction starts. This will make the site much easier to travel over, and by keeping it drier will probably reduce the damage to vehicles. Provided that a factory is of one storey, it can usually be well lit from the roof, but if it is more than one storey high, day-lighting of the lower storeys in any large-span building becomes difficult or impossible. For this reason, some US factory designers have built factories without windows, entirely lit by artificial illumination. One difficulty in every building for heavy industry is the arrangement of the supports for an overhead crane. The crane is carried by a bridge across the building, and the bridge runs on rails, one along each wall. These two rails are carried on crane beams which pass the full length of the 20

27 Unit Two Building Design ( 建 筑 设 计 ) building, and are carried on the main columns, usually at about 10 m above ground level, so that the crane can command the whole of the working area. This means that the roof structure and the columns cannot be fully detailed until the main design of the crane is known. Crane makers are usually happy to give details of the dimensions of their cranes and bridges to structure engineers, so this does not usually cause much delay. However, each column must be designed to carry about three quarters of the crane weight plus three quarters of its hook load, as well as half of the bridge weight. The roof columns must also carry the structure load (which is much smaller) and they will be about 10 m long plus the crane height. New Words vehicle /ˈviːɪkəl/ n. 车 辆 unavoidable /ʌnəˈvɔɪdəbl/ adj. 不 可 避 免 的 temperate /ˈtempərɪt/ adj. 温 和 的, 适 度 的 detail /dɪˈteɪl/ n. 细 节, 细 目 hook /hʊk/ n. 钩 子 Phrases and Expressions provided that 只 要, 倘 若 air-conditioning equipment 空 调 设 备 overhead crane 天 车 ( 桥 式 吊 车 ) crane beam 吊 车 梁 roof column 屋 顶 柱 ( 上 柱 ) Reading Comprehension Complete the chart below. 科 学 出 版 社 职 教 技 术 出 版 中 心 Technical Terms What is it? What is it good for? cable vehicle structural design artificial illumination heavy industry detail drawing 21

28 建筑工程英语 English for Civil Engineering Reading Skill 利用构词法推敲单词的意思 二 转化法 (Conversion) 单词由一种词类转化为另一种词类称为转化法 转化后的单词 意思往往与转化前的意思联系紧密 1. house n. 房子 house vt. 给 房子住 给 房子用 2. face n. 脸 face vt. 面对 面向 3. look v. 看 look n. 外观, 样子 4. study v. 学习 study n. 学习 研究 书房 5. cool adj. 凉快的 cool v. 变凉 使凉快 6. slow adj. 慢 slow v. 减速 7. light n. 灯光 light adj. & v. 明亮的 淡色的 照明 8. square n. 广场 square adj. 四方的 9. by prep. 在 旁边 by adv. 经过 10. behind prep. 在 后面 behind adv. 落后 SIMULATE AND WRITE Introduction (介绍) 为了使外界更好地了解 熟悉某个机构 某一产业或某一场所, 以赢得声誉 顾客 生 意等 我们需要通过介绍来达到与外界联系 交往的目的 介绍的语言要简明扼要, 突出其特点, 有吸引力 1. 机构介绍 机构介绍主要包括机构的由来 性质 地理位置 设施 规模 已取得的成就以及今 后的目标等 介绍的语言要言简意赅, 实事求是, 还要有感染力 Sample 1 Huanxin Architectural Engineering College Huanxin Architectural Engineering College is a college to train specialists in architecture. Founded in 1952 and located in the south of Harbin, the college occupies a land of 410 mu and covers a building space of m2. The college has 26 specialties and offers 6 master s programmes. There are 580 staff members, 220 of whom are professors and associate professors. Registered students are in number, including full-time students and

29 Unit Two Building Design (建筑设计) correspondence students. Tel: 环新建筑工程学院 环新建筑工程学院是一所专门培养建筑类人才的学院, 创建于 1952 年, 校园位于哈尔 滨南部, 占地面积 410 亩, 校舍建筑面积 36 万平方米 学院有 26 个专业, 6 个硕士点 全 院共有教职工 580 人, 其中有教授 副教授 220 人, 在校学生 人 其中全日制在校生 6500 人 函授生 人 电话 : 电子邮箱 : huanxin@126.com Sample 2 The Practice Training Center The college has 19 labs associated with the courses of physics, electronics, circuit, electrical engineering, chemistry, dynamics, heating and ventilation, metallography, building materials, etc. The practice training center has 13 training workshop: electrical engineering, masonry, ventilation, sanitary wares, reinforced bars, form plates, metalworking, engineering machinery maintenance, etc. The center is an ideal base for practice and skill training. Opening time: 4:00~6:00 p.m. Monday~Friday Tel : 实训中心 学院拥有与物理 电子 电路 电气工程 化学 动力 暖通 金相 建材等专业相 配套的 19 个实验室 实训中心设有电气工程 石工 通风 房卫 钢筋 模板 金工 工程机械维修等 13 个实训馆, 是实践教学和技能培训的理想基地 开放时间 星期一 星期五 下午 4 点 6 点 联系电话 产品介绍 社 心 版 中 出 版 学 n 出 c 科 术 k. o 技 o b 教 a 职 ww. w 产品介绍是生产厂家或销售机构对所生产或所销售的产品所做的介绍 以便使顾客能对 该产品有所了解 其内容一般包括产品名 规格 型号 功能 生产厂家 价格及售后服务 等 产品介绍的语言要突出其优点和特色 要有吸引力 但不宜夸大或宣扬本产品不具备 的性能 Sample 1 Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching &Applied Linguistics A unique, indispensable reference for language teachers. * Contain a comprehensive glossary of terms in language teaching and applied linguistics; * Give clear and concise definitions in both English and Chinese with ample examples; * Equipped with practical tables for reference purposes to provide readers with useful 23

30 建 筑 工 程 英 语 English for Civil Engineering information; * Suitability: language teachers, students in the English department, linguistics or language education disciplines. ISBN : Price : 86 朗 文 语 言 教 学 及 应 用 语 言 学 词 典 语 言 教 师 不 可 缺 少 的 独 具 特 色 的 参 考 书 * 附 有 综 合 词 汇 表, 既 包 含 语 言 教 学 术 语, 又 包 含 应 用 语 言 学 术 语 ; * 中 英 文 释 义, 简 洁 明 了, 例 句 丰 富 ; * 备 有 大 量 参 考 性 实 用 图 表, 为 读 者 提 供 了 有 用 的 信 息 适 用 对 象 : 语 言 教 师, 英 语 系 学 生 语 言 学 或 语 言 教 学 类 学 科 的 学 生 书 号 : 价 格 :86 元 Sample 2 BMW 325i Specs The BMW 325i is the same version of the fourth generation as 3 series launched in 1998 and improved inside and outside in 2002 in the international market. It is the typical representative of BMW featuring a medium-sized sporty sedan with strong power and luxury comfort. Engine and transmission: Capacity: L Valves: 24 Horsepower: 192 bhp / 6000 r/min Torque: 245 N m/3500 r/min Transmission: 5-speed Manual / Auto Fuel economy: 9.5 L /100 km Exterior dimensions and weight: Curb weight: 1530 kg Wheelbase: 2725 mm Length: mm Width: mm Height: mm 宝 马 325i 基 本 参 数 宝 马 325i 是 与 1998 年 推 出 的 第 四 代 系 列 3 相 同 的 版 本 在 国 际 市 场 上,2002 年 该 车 型 内 外 部 作 了 改 进 该 款 是 宝 马 车 中 的 典 型 代 表, 中 等 车 身, 运 动 型, 动 力 强 劲, 豪 华 舒 适 发 动 机 与 传 动 装 置 : 排 量 :2.494L 气 门 :24 马 力 :192 bhp / r/min 扭 矩 :245 N m/3 500 r/min 传 动 :5 挡 手 动 挡 / 自 动 挡 耗 油 :9.5L /100km 外 廓 尺 寸 和 重 量 : 全 装 备 重 量 :1 530 kg 轴 距 :2 725 mm 长 :4 471 mm 宽 :1 739 mm 高 :1 415 mm 24

31 Unit Two Building Design ( 建 筑 设 计 ) Writing Practice Write an introduction of the Great Wall, using the following words and expressions. a huge dragon wonder the Qin Dynasty to be over kilometers long to have a history of more than years to be built by hand thousands of to be repaired and rebuilt 巨 龙 奇 迹 秦 朝 六 千 多 公 里 长 有 两 千 多 年 的 历 史 用 手 建 成 成 千 上 万 重 修 重 建 FORMULATE AND APPLY Negation ( 否 定 形 式 ) 表 示 否 定 意 义 时, 英 汉 两 种 语 言 的 表 达 手 段 和 方 法 往 往 大 不 相 同 因 此, 在 阅 读 理 解 和 翻 译 时 应 特 别 注 意 1. 全 部 否 定 : 常 用 not, never, nor, none, nobody, no one, nowhere 等 (1) Dwelling houses are not built of this type. (2) There is nothing important in his speech. (3) None of the students has (have) come back yet. (4) Neither he nor I knew anything about the civil engineering. (5) Neither is satisfactory. 2. 部 分 否 定 : 常 用 not...all, every, each, both 等 词 构 成 部 分 否 定, 可 翻 译 为 不 全 是 并 非 都 (1) Not all the answers are right. c f. None of the answers is (are) right. (2) Not both these books are useful. c f. Neither of these books is useful. (3) Not everything is going smoothly. c f. Nothing is going smoothly. 3. 双 重 否 定 : 通 常 由 not, no, never 等 词 加 上 另 一 个 有 否 定 意 义 的 词 或 词 组 构 成, 否 定 之 否 定 实 际 上 是 肯 定, 而 且 语 气 更 强 (1) No living thing could exist without air. (2) There is no work if there is no motion. 科 学 出 版 社 职 教 技 术 出 版 中 心 25

32 建 筑 工 程 英 语 English for Civil Engineering (3) Do not come unless I call you. 4. 意 义 否 定 : 有 些 句 子 形 式 上 是 肯 定 句, 但 句 中 含 有 否 定 意 义 的 词 或 词 组, 所 以 实 际 上 表 示 否 定 (1) I made few mistakes in my composition. (2) This computer is little better than that one. (3) This box is too heavy for him to carry. (4) What keeps us from falling off the earth? (5) Shall we have tea instead of coffee? 5. 前 缀 和 后 缀 的 否 定 (1) 前 缀 :un- im-, in- dis-, non- 等 happy-unhappy usual-unusual polite- impolite possible- impossible, expensive-inexpensive formal-informal regular-irregular responsible-irresponsible legal-illegal logical-illogical honest-dishonest appear- disappear living-non-living metal- non-metal (2) 后 缀 : -less, -free 等 hope-hopeless home-homeless care-carefree pain-painfree Exercises Choose the one that best completes each of the following sentences. 1. There are enough schools in this town. A. not B. neither C. no D. nor 2. The streets in the slums are neither clean tidy. A. or B. neither C. no D. nor 3. Both Smith and Black are invited, but has accepted the invitation. A. either B. neither C. not D. no 4. of the English films are familiar to me. I ve never seen them before. A. Both B. Nothing C. None D. Any 5. I see him again, and I here from him, either. A. no don t B. not no C. never did not D. doesn t don t 6. I told her that she got the right number, but I think she was listening to me. A. haven t haven t B. hadn t don t C. hasn t don t D. doesn t don t 26

33 Unit Two Building Design ( 建 筑 设 计 ) 7. He is very busy, so he goes to the film. A. often B. seldom C. always D. sometimes 8. The problem is so difficult that students can work it out. A. few B. a few C. many D. some 9. There are foreigners in this town. A. little B. no few C. few D. not much 10. It was so dark that we could see the path. A. hard B. hardly C. harder D. easily 科 学 出 版 社 职 教 技 术 出 版 中 心 27

34 建筑工程英语 English for Civil Engineering Surveying and Mapping (测量与绘图) Listen and talk about surveying instruments and architectural drawings Read about plane surveying, geodetic surveying and surveying instruments Have knowledge of the reading skill: derivation Write a notice Get familiar with the members of sentences: subject LISTEN AND TALK Listening Practice Listen to the following passage and try to fill the missing word (words) in each blank. Architectural Drawings The steel tape, theodolite and compass 罗盘仪 provide the information needed for (1) the plane map. It is very important to find the differences in level 高差 on a (2) site. The theodolite can provide the information needed for it. But it is much simpler and more accurate to use a leveling instrument. In all (3), the survey is built up (triangulated) from (4) connected triangles. The triangles are those with angles ideally of 60, but not less than about 30, nor more than 100. Because the area must be covered by triangles, an area surveyed by tape alone must be free of hindrances of sight, (5) not all the sides of the triangles will be measurable. With a theodolite it is possible (6) the lengths of the unmeasured sides from the known angles of the triangles and the measured side. With the development of and technology, more advanced surveying equipments appeared. G.P.S.(global positioning system) navigator 接收机 is (7) them. It combines the global positioning technology with computer, space and modern communication technologies. Dialogue A: I was told that you are a very good architect. Can you tell me something about drawings? B: Sure. The architectural drawings are divided into elevations, plans and sections. A: Is an elevation the view of one side of a building? 28

35 Unit Three Surveying and Mapping (测量与绘图) B: Yes, it is. A building with four different sides has four elevations. Elevations show the shapes and sizes of the outside doors and windows. They show their positions in the walls. A: What about a plan? B: A plan is the view of a building from above. It shows the thickness of the outside wall, the thickness of the inside wall and the width of the doors and windows. You need several plans for your home. For a multi-storey building, you need a ground floor plan, a standard floor plan and a top floor plan. It shows the kind of view you would have if you could take the roof off and look into the house from a helicopter. A: Oh, I see. In my opinion, a section is the view of a building seen as if it is cut from top to bottom. B: You are right. It shows the height of the rooms inside the building and the thickness of the floors. It also shows the height from the bottom of the window to the floor and the height from the tops of the doors and windows to the ceiling. A: What is the scale of such drawings? B: They are often on the scale of one inch to four feet. Of course, the first thing you look at on the map would be the scale. It tells you what length a line should be on the map to show a certain distance on the ground. 社 心 版 中 出 版 学 n 出 c 科 术 k. o 技 o b 教 a 职 ww. w New Words elevation plan section helicopter ceiling scale /elɪˈveɪʃn/ n. /plæn/ n. /ˈsekʃn/ n. /ˈhelɪkɒptə/ n. /ˈsɪːlɪŋ/ n. /skeɪl/ n. 上升 立面图 计划, 平面图 部门 剖面图 直升机 天花板 秤盘 天平盘 比例尺 Phrases and Expressions in my opinion 依照我的看法 be on the scale of... 比例尺是按 的比例 29

36 建 筑 工 程 英 语 English for Civil Engineering Notes 1. Elevations show the shapes and sizes of the outside doors and windows. They show their positions in the walls. 立 面 图 标 明 外 墙 门 窗 的 形 状 尺 寸 及 在 墙 中 的 位 置 2. A plan is the view of a building from above. It shows the thickness of the outside walls, the thickness of the inside walls and the width of the doors and windows. 平 面 图 是 建 筑 物 的 俯 视 图 它 标 明 外 墙 内 墙 的 厚 度 及 门 窗 的 宽 度 3. It shows the height of the room inside the building and the thickness of the floors. 它 ( 剖 面 图 ) 标 明 房 屋 内 房 间 的 高 度 及 楼 板 的 厚 度 Group Work Draw an elevation, a plan and a section before class. Explain your drawings in English within groups, using the words and expressions you have just learned. READ AND EXPLORE Passage A Surveying Instruments Without mapping, there could be no civil engineering, and every civil engineer therefore must know the elements of mappings, and how to gain the measurements needed to draw maps, which in English is called surveying. An area of land without hills or many buildings can be accurately surveyed with nothing but a good steel tape, but this is hard work when the land has more sides than four, or when its sides are longer than 1000 meters. A small area with many hindrances to the lines of sight across it can not be exactly surveyed with a tape, and an instrument that measures angles will then be needed. The instrument for measuring angles in surveying land is called a theodolite. These instruments provide the information needed for drawing the map. But it is much simpler and more accurate to use a leveling instrument. The usual type, known as the dumpy level, is fixed, like the theodolite, on a tripod, to bring the line of sight up to a convenient height above ground, so that the surveyor can sight the surveying points without tiring. Many tripods are telescopic and their legs can be widely varied in length. In all land surveying, the survey is built up from a series of connected triangles. The whole 30