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1 Journal of the Combustion Society of Japan Vol.52 No.159 (2010) ORIGINAL PAPER 細い管内でのデトネーション遷移過程に関する実験的研究 An Experimental Study on Detonation Transition Processes through Thin Tubes 1 * NAGAI, Koji 1 *, OKABE, Toshihiko 2, KIM, Kyeongmin 3, YOSHIHASHI, Teruo 4, OBARA, Tetsuro 5, and OHYAGI, Shigeharu Graduate School of Production Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, , Japan Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, , Japan Department of mechanical Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, , Japan Innovative Research Organization, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, , Japan Division of Human-centered Production Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, , Japan ; Received 30 January, 2009; Accepted 28 October, 2009 Abstract : Pulse detonation engines (PDEs) are expected to be the next-generation engine systems, and are expected to have applications in various fields. One of the fundamental problems faced during the development of PDEs is the deflagration to detonation transition (DDT). In order to realize a PDE, it is essential to shorten a parameter of detonation transition called a detonation induction distance (DID). However, the mechanism underlying the DDT process and methods to shorten DID in narrow channels have not yet been understood. An experimental study on DDT process in a narrow rectangular channel with a height of 1-5 mm and a width of 8 mm was carried out by employing pressure transducers, ionization probes, and sooted plate technique in oxyhydrogen mixtures. The effects of the tube height and equivalence ratio on pressure detonation limits were discussed. Detonation velocity, DDT process, and DID were discussed on the basis of pressure history and soot track record. Overdriven detonation and attenuated detonation were observed in the narrow channel. The DID value measured on the basis of the soot track record in the present study was in the range of the empirical formula obtained by the other researchers. Key Words : Pulse Detonation Engine, Deflagration to Detonation Transition, Detonation Induction Distance 1. 緒言 (Pulse Detonation Engine, PDE) [1,2,3] PDE (Deflagration to Detonation Transition, DDT) [4,5,6] * Corresponding author. s05d2002@mail.saitama-u.ac.jp Overdriven [7,8] DDT Overdriven Detonation C-J DDT Urtiew, (86)

2 87 Oppenheim [9] DDT [10] [11,12] [13] (Detonation Induction Distance, DID) PDE DID [14] DID [15] [16] (2 28 mm) [17,18] [19,20] DDT PDE [4,6] [21] [22] DDT PDE 808 mm 8 mm mm 3 DID DDT 2. 実験装置および実験方法 2.1. 実験装置 mm 56 mm 126 mm 808 mm 8 mm h = mm 3 O (PCB Piezotronics, 113A21, 1 μs ) 180 mm 5 (P1 P2 P3 P4 P5) 3 (P2 P3 P4) 8 mm Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus Table 1 Experimental conditions P1 50 mm P5 30 mm 5 mm 18 mm 1800 mm 3 (h = 1 mm 22 %) O 8 mm mm 2 ( 1 mm) 90 V 2.2. 実験方法 DID ( ) (87)

3 mm 20 mm 0.5 mm 3. 実験結果および考察 3.1. 圧力, 伝ぱ速度 2 h = 5 mm f = p0 2 (a) (b) (c) 3 p0 P2 P3 P4 2 (a) P2 f = 1.0 p0 = 150 kpa P2 P2 P4 P2 29 P3 22 P2 P m/s C-J 2866 m/s C-J C-J 19.3 P2 P3 C-J P3 P m/s P4 17 C-J P3 P5 1.8 % 1 cm 1.0 % 1.2 % [19] p0 = 130 kpa 2 (b) P3 P4 f = 1.0 p0 = 80 kpa P1 P2 P2 P3 857 m/s P3 P4 773 m/s P4 P5 700 m/s P4 P5 P1 P2 P m/s P3 P m/s P4 P m/s P P2 P3 P4 P2 P3 P4 P2 (a) p0 = 150kPa, f = 1.0 (b) p0 = 80kPa, f = 1.0 (c) p0 = 40 kpa, f = 0.5 Fig.2 Pressure histories (h = 5mm) (88)

4 89 C-J 2831 m/s C-J 18.9 P1 P2 P ms P ms DDT ms P1 2 (a) 2 p0 = kpa 2 (a) 2 (c) f = 0.5 p0 = 40 kpa 2 (b) 690 m/s P2 4.1 P3 3.0 P4 2.6 P5 2.3 P5 3.5 P4 2.2 P3 1.8 P1 P2 P2 P3 P4 P P3 P m/s P4 P m/s P3 P4 P2 P1 C-J 17.5 C-J 2289 m/s C-J C-J C-J C-J 2 (b) (a) h = 5mm (b) h = 2mm (c) h = 1mm Fig.3 Detonability Limit (89)

90 52 159 2010 2 (a) (b) (c) 3 C-J C-J 50 % 2 (a) (b) (c) 3 2 (c) h = 5 mm 3.2. デトネーション圧力限界 3 f p0 h 2 (a) (b) (c) 3 type a type b type c type a type b h = 2 5 mm f h f = 0.

5 (a) (b) (c) 3 C-J C-J 50 % 2 (a) (b) (c) 3 2 (c) h = 5 mm 3.2. デトネーション圧力限界 3 f p0 h 2 (a) (b) (c) 3 type a type b type c type a type b h = 2 5 mm f h f = 0.7 [23,24] h = 5 mm type b type c h = 1 mm f = 1.0 type b f = type a type b h = 2 mm h = 1 mm f = 1.5 f = すす膜法による可視化 4 h = 1 mm p0 = 100 kpa f = 0.5 type a 4 (a) (b) (c) (a) 130 mm from ignition (b) 230 mm from ignition (c) 700 mm from ignition Fig.4 Soot track record (h = 1mm, p0 = 100kPa, f = 0.5) 130 mm 230 mm 700 mm 30 mm 8 mm 4 (a) P1 P2 140 mm 1 mm 145 mm 140 mm DDT DID 140 mm 4 (b) 230 mm (P2 ) mm p0 = 100 kpa f = 0.5 (0.7 2 mm ) [23,25] 4 (c) 700 mm 8 mm 5 P P2 P m/s C-J 17.8 C-J 2324 m/s P1 P2 DDT C-J P2 P3 P1 P2 1 mm (90)

91 Fig.5 Pressure histories (h = 1mm, p0 = 100kPa, f = 0.5) (a) Pressure histories (b) Soot track record Fig.7 Pressure histories and soot track record (h = 5mm, p0 = 50kPa, f = 1.0) Fig.

6 91 Fig.5 Pressure histories (h = 1mm, p0 = 100kPa, f = 0.5) (a) Pressure histories (b) Soot track record Fig.7 Pressure histories and soot track record (h = 5mm, p0 = 50kPa, f = 1.0) Fig.6 Variation of cell width with distance (p0 = 100kPa, f = 0.5) 800 mm 1 mm 6 mm C-J h mm [25] h = 1 mm 6 mm h = 5 mm h = 2 mm 7 type c h = 5 mm p0 = 50 kpa f = 1.0 C-J 18.5 C-J 2804 m/s 7 (b) 190 mm (P1 P2 ) 30 mm 8 mm 210 mm 1 mm P1 P2 P C-J 3.4. DID とセルサイズ 8 p0 = 100 kpa f = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 p0 = 150 kpa f = 1.0 (DID) DID DID (91)

7 Fig. 8 Variation of DID with an initial pressure Fig. 9 Variation of DID with height of channel [26,27] (1) l DID d patm p 0 d h = 5 mm f = 0.5 a = 32 h = 1 mm f = 1.5 a = 70 (1) a 8 a = 70 a = kpa h a DID f = 1.0 (1) h = 1 mm a = 40 h = 2 5 mm a = 50 7 type c DID 210 mm p0 = 50 kpa (1) a = 50 DID 723 mm (1) 9 DID DID (2) (2) l [mm] DID h [mm] l cj [mm] [23,25] (2) DID 0.4 (2) DID (3) DID ± 35 % (3) 8 mm (1) l (2) 0.6 [23,25] l 0.6 h (1) (1) h/l cj < 1 h/l cj > 1 DID 8 mm h/l cj < 1 4. 結言 DDT 8 mm mm 3 (92)

8 93 DID DID DID DID 謝辞 (B) References 1. Kailasanath, K. AIAA Journal 38: (2000). 2. Kailasanath, K. AIAA Journal 41: (2003). 3. Sakurai, T., Yoshihashi, T., Obara, T., Ohyagi, S., Journal of the Combustion Society of Japan (in Japanese) 47: (2005). 4. Roy, G. D., Frolov, S. M., Borisov, A. A., Netzer, D. W. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30: (2004). 5. Hayashi, A. K., Journal of the Combustion Society of Japan (in Japanese) 44: (2002). 6. Kasahara, J., Matsuo, A., Endo, T., Nagare (in Japanese) 26: (2007). 7. Williams, F. A., Combustion Theory 2nd ed , Perseus Books Pub., (1985). 8. Ohyagi, S., Fundamentals and Recent Advances in Detonation Researches I - Basic Theory and Experiments of Gaseous Detonations-, Nensho Kenkyu (in Japanese), 124: (2001). 9. Urtiew, P. A., Oppenheim, A. K., Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A, 295:13-28 (1966). 10. Card, J., Rival, D., Ciccarelli, G., Shock Waves 14: (2005). 11. Ohyagi, S., Yajima, S., Obara, T., Yoshihashi, T., JSME Trans. B. (in Japanese) 59: (1993). 12. Obara, T., Yajima, S., Yoshihashi, T., Ohyagi, S., Shock Waves 6: (1996). 13. Kuznetsov, M., Alekseev, V., Matsukov, I., Dorofeev, S., Shock Waves 14: (2005). 14. Sorin, R., Zitoun, R., Desbordes, D., Shock Waves 15: (2006). 15. Hikita, T., Akita, K., Outline of Combustion -Physics and Chemistry of Flames- (in Japanese) , Corona Pub., (1971). 16. Matsui, H., Proceedings of 19th Combustion Symposium (in Japanese) (1981). 17. Ishii, K., Ito, K., Tsuboi, T., Proc. Combust. Inst. 29: (2002). 18. Ishii, K., Ito, K., Tsuboi, T., Journal of the Combustion Society of Japan (in Japanese) 46: (2004). 19. Fay, J. A., Physics of Fluids 2: (1959). 20. Tsuge, S., Combustion Science and Technology 3: (1971). 21. Ishii, K., Tanaka, T., Shock Waves 14: (2005). 22. Numakura, R., Wakita, M., Itoh, Y., Sugata, S., Nagata, H., Totani, T., Kudo, I., Journal of the Combustion Society of Japan (in Japanese) 48: (2006). 23. Ohyagi, S., Ochiai, T., Yoshihashi, T., Harigaya, Y., JSME Trans. B. (in Japanese) 54: (1988). 24. Westbrook, C. K., Combustion Science and Technology 29: (1982). 25. Kaneshige, M., Shepherd, J.E., Detonation Database, Technical Report FM97-8, GALCIT, (1997). 26. Soloukhin, R. I., Shock Waves and Detonation in Gases , Mono Book Corp., (1966). 27. Otake, K., Fujiwara, T., Combustion Engineering (in Japanese) , Corona Pub., (1985). (93)

Fig. 1 1 The sketch for forced lead shear damper mm 45 mm 4 mm 200 mm 25 mm 2 mm mm Table 2 The energy dissip

Fig. 1 1 The sketch for forced lead shear damper mm 45 mm 4 mm 200 mm 25 mm 2 mm mm Table 2 The energy dissip * - 1 1 2 3 1. 100124 2. 100124 3. 210018 - ABAQUS - DOI 10. 13204 /j. gyjz201511033 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND THEORETICAL MODEL OF A NEW TYPE OF STEEL-LEAD DAMPING Shen Fei 1 Xue Suduo 1 Peng Lingyun 2 Ye