,2017,37(7): 犃犮狋犪犅狅狋. 犅狅狉犲犪犾. 犗犮犮犻犱犲狀狋. 犛犻狀. : (2017) 犱狅犻 : /j.issn "#$%&' ()*+, 1,2, 1,2, 1,2

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$@ AB:;,CD 650091) -.:E ( 犘狉犻犿狌犾犪犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 ) ( 犘狉犻犿狌犾犪 )F G H I J K,L M N O H,-PE HQRSTUVFWXY (3100m) (9 4350m) Z[\]^5_`ab Lc F ;, C W 5 _,.$

1 ,2017,37(7): 犃犮狋犪犅狅狋. 犅狅狉犲犪犾. 犗犮犮犻犱犲狀狋. 犛犻狀. : (2017) 犱狅犻 : /j.issn "#$%&' ()*+, 1,2, 1,2, 1,2, 3 ( *+:;, ;2,< ;3 *=>?@ AB:;,CD ) -.:E ( 犘狉犻犿狌犾犪犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 ) ( 犘狉犻犿狌犾犪 )F G H I J K,L M N O H,-PE HQRSTUVFWXY (3100m) (9 4350m) Z[\]^5_`ab Lc F ;, C W 5 _,. W Z[\ ;F F,D E Z ) F, ) E FWX *F,- :(1)E L ZHQ, ZHQ, LO ZHQ, ZO\,E H J F ; ; C H ; W P W, P Z F E R Z F (2) ZF,E F,, Z, D E. F,R Z?F, HQF (3) ) E F WX * `, WXY *, O Z F! PE F*, C R )"$0BYF # $ D,%& WX #,-', 100,E FWXY WX F Z, WX () /01:MNO ;E ; Z[\; ; ) :Q :A 犃犾狋犻狋狌犱犻狀犪犾犞犪狉犻犪狋犻狅狀狊狅犳狋犺犲犚犲狆狉狅犱狌犮狋犻狏犲犛狋狉犪狋犲犵犻犲狊狅犳犘狉犻犿狌犾犪犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 ZHANGJie 1,2,JIANG Xianfeng 1,2,CHEN Lingling 1,2,LIQingjun 3 (1KeyLaboratoryofTropicalForestEcology,XishuangbannaTropicalBotanicalGarden,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Men gla,yunnan666303,china;2universityofchineseacademyofsciences,beijing100049,china;3laboratoryofecologyand EvolutionaryBiology,StateKeyLaboratoryinConservationand UtilizationofBioresourcesin Yunnan,Yunnan University, Kunming650091,China) 犃犫狊狋狉犪犮狋 : 犘狉犻犿狌犾犪犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 isatypicaldistylousspeicesof 犘狉犻犿狌犾犪 andanendemicspeciesintheqing hai TibetPlateau.Inthisresearch,weset5plotsofnaturalpopulationfrom3100mtothetreeline(4350 m)alongthesygeramountainswithoutanthropogenicinterferenceandselectfloweringphenology,floral displaytraits,polinators,sexalocation,andnaturalseedsetascharacters.bycomparingthesecharac tersamongfivepopulationsalongaltitudinalgradients,wemakecertainlytheadaptivestrategiesofrepro : ; : :!"#$ (U )!:%&(1991-),',, ()*+,- E mail:zhangjie@xtbg.ac.cn./01:,,-, ()*+,- E mail:qingjun.li@ynu.edu.cn

2 7 % &, :E Z[\F 1405 ductivecharacterstoaltitudinalvariation,anddiscussthepossibleinfluencesoffutureclimatechangeon distributionpaternof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲.Wehighlightthreeconclusions:(1)initialbloomingtimeof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 didnotshowacorrelationwithelevation:themiddleelevationpopulationbloomedtheearliestand thehighestpopulationbloomedlast.nevertheless,withtheincreaseofelevation,flowerlongevityand floraldisplayareaofbothmorphsof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 increasedsignificantly,butvarietiesofpolinatorsde creased,andboth morphstendtoalocatemoreresourcestoassurefemalesexualfunction.theadaption ofthetraitsstudiedtoheterogeneityhabitatsamongdiferentelevationsmayleadtothevariationofrepro ductivestrategies.(2)withtheincreaseofelevation,flowernumberof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 significantlydimin ished,butboth herbivory numberandratealsoreduced,soefectivefruitnumberofalpopulations showednodistinctdisparity,andtherewerealsonosignificantdiferencesinseednumber,showingthat byshapingcorrespondingreproductivestrategiestodiferentenvironment, 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 guaranteedbreed ingsuccess,thenstabilizedpopulationinalelevations.(3)climatechangewilhaveprofoundandlasting impactsonthedistributionof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲,theloweraltitudinallimitmayshiftup,butsandysoilsat higherelevationsareunfavorabletoitsgrowth,whilethetemporal spatialdistributionofpolinatorsunder climatechangearestilunknown.wepredicttheloweraltitudinallimitof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 wilmoveupto middleelevationandresultinadecreaseinitsdistributionoverthenext100years. 犓犲狔狑狅狉犱狊 :Qinghai TibetPlateau; 犘狉犻犿狌犾犪犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 ;altitudinalgradients;reproductivestrategies;cli matechange OV*+*+, - F*. H, / 01F* G, P* F, R L 2 [1], OV : )F;. F <: =F > [2]?@,. FOV ABCPC, C F. c D ZF ) ),O Z F E [3 4] 0LF,. G* FF,G? H R,IJKLOV ZF M [5 6] N O M [7] W W [8 10] ; F O V C A *, () [11],?@, W P Q1 FRSG OV F TU [12 14] MNO VWL * LXYF G, FOV F UZ [\ 25_*. 5; G,MNO F ]H ^ 10000H, 35%G L_ P F Q [15 19] ` P M N O FSTUVVa(29 10 ~30 15 N,93 12 ~95 35 E), bzcnx, T 5? b,&, X [20] F F!& H X Y,V,L, - ;., - D M N O F R,J Wang [21] 50 NO 3 : ^ 3: F2 ; [22] R TUY,RMNO, Z2500~3500 m 30 3F , Z3500 m G 30 3F GL ) R 100 MNO N 3 M4, 3 F O O 3 9 [23 24] F 3 MNO G* F, - G #, G Z[\Q1 \[\ ), ) F G*,- ) F WX,I J Aronne [25]. * R Z F 犘狉犻犿狌犾犪狆犪犾犻狀狌狉犻 ' R F Y, A 犘. 狆犪犾犻狀狌狉犻 F G F O 6 [26],- ( 犙狌犲狉犮狌狊狏犪狉犻犪犫犻犾犻狊 )R ) Y * WX ( 犘狉犻犿狌犾犪 ) (Primulaceae) F G, XP36, H = G F56V,G WL UZ = F WX [27] 91% FH J F J K (heterostyly, I J K distyly J Ktristyly), L J K(homostyly)Q KOI+(stigma heightdimorphism)h [28 33],I

3 c J KF QRG_HQ. KJ (long styled morph) K J (short styled morph) H J H JF `, KJ K KJ bp O`, KJ K KJ bp `[34 35], $ SLJ F J (disassortativemat ing) [36] ( GL P F,-,IJ. V ( 犘. 狆狅犻狊狅狀犻 )F [\F,- D: C F F [37],Brys [38] A ( 犘. 狏犲狉犻狊 )F HQ )G HQF F,HQ,HQ _., O F Z[\ F,- E ( 犘狉犻犿狌犾犪犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 ) FIJ K,LMNO H, W X R N,R S T U V Z 3100m GWX=9 (4350 m),,- Z[\ F,- E L,-,G C W 5_,. 5_ ZO\ ; F, GY3_ :(1) Z E F * F?(2)E. F? F,( HQF?(3)MNO F ) E F W X * F? 1 R :; E L. *,,.!S" #;$%&' ' Q, 1,,,()F *+,(,O 30~120cm; -. (. 15~30.,. 80.), 2 -; /, 8~10 mm,@ 0V ; 1 S, 6 S, % ' & ', 0V, 1, 2, K :13 4,_( P /, mm *, K 13 Q 7 38; K :13 9, P / 1, *, K 1.5mm : ( P; / S 9 [27],- E W X F N STUVL,-, E HQFW XY Z[\]^ 5_`abLc F ;( 1),B L Z 3100 m (DJMC) Z 3400 m N < (ZDNZ) Z 3750m =75> (TYFG) Z4050m Y(LHGJT L) Z4350m (LHGJT H) < F?A _,-HQ B G. ( 1N ) 0L,?A CD HQF RE C H J 30, GK 0L ;,L,,-R W B3HFSFG C3.,G3. F G F? A C D H H =>?@A R _HQ P H JFI 30I, I P1.J F ( K,K ),G +F F B L M N (O = 0.01 mm) 5_ FF ( 2), :(1) 1 N ( 1FN,CW);(2) 1 \ ( 1 `1= F6a,CL);(3) O\ ( = 1F6a,AH);(4)K O \ ( =K F6a,SH);(5) `6 a(k = F )6a,DSA, KJ L SH AH, KJ L AH SH AL,AL L KJ F \) BCDE STUV 6~8H O, C Fc R, C H R E P,?,-_ C (,-, PQ RF; _; F C (? ACD, _ ;S?A; P3d,S?A P 24h C c? A C D H H RE _HQ P H JF I 30 I, I P G _ T, T B FAA U?, B. F,V a ] W X,M Y 1 ml,, Z 5 B [ \ ] 20μL M Count star B^ _,B Countstar`a^ b ^

$7 % &, :E Z[\F 1407 DJMCL3100m F ;ZDNZL3400m FN <;TYFG L3750m F=75> ; LHGJT LL4050m F9? @ Y;LHGJT H L4350m F9?$ $1 Naturalpopulationandresearchpopulationlocationsof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 ZO\ KJ KJ F ( W,BSPSS22.0 U( W, B Excel2016( 2 W L KJ, L KJ CW. 1N ;CL. 1 \; SH.K O\;AH. O\;AL. \;DSA.$

4 7 % &, :E Z[\F 1407 DJMCL3100m F ;ZDNZL3400m FN <;TYFG L3750m F=75> ; LHGJT LL4050m Y;LHGJT H L4350m 1 E ; HQ ;WX Altitude3100mplotwassetatDJMC;Altitude3400mplotwassetatZDNZ;Altitude3750mplotwassetatTYFG; Altitude4050mplotwassetatLHGJT L;Altitude4350mplotwassetatLHGJT H Fig.1 Naturalpopulationandresearchpopulationlocationsof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 ZO\ KJ KJ F ( W,BSPSS22.0 U( W, B Excel2016( 2 W L KJ, L KJ CW. 1N ;CL. 1 \; SH.K O\;AH. O\;AL. \;DSA. `>\ 2 E O Long styledmorphisontheleftandshort styledmorphisonthe right.cw.corolawidth;cl.corolalength;ah.anther height;al.antherlength;sh.stigmaheight;dsa.distance betweenstigmaandanther Fig.2 Flowerdisplaytraitsmeasuredin 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 _ TF, +^ ;AB,+^,^,. F GG > R _HQ H J - 30_, -,+ ^ _ - F ( ) _ F,^ 1.3 F B Spearman F* ZO \( F W,B R W (ANOVA) 2.1 G)H < E F ZO\FF* F F 3750 m F Z H Q,6 H6,3100 m 3400 m R6H10, 3750m ; ) R3750 m, Z M, D F, 4050m ; L6H17, FL O ZFHQ,6 H 25, 19d E H JF ZO\L 0 F FF*( 犘 <0.01), Z O\F M M( 1) Z H J F R W ( 3) D ZF H J F =0, Z O\ KJ P KJ F 2.2 G)H =>?@A 1,E F. ZO\, FFF*, KJ F 1N O\ K O\ `>\ ZO\L0 FF*( 犘 <0.01), 1 \ ZO\ F( 犘 <0.05); KJ F `>\ Z O \ F F > \ ( 犘 > 0.05), ZO\ 0 FF* ( 犘 <0.01) R W ( 3) O,

5 c I1 "#$%&*' G)*K/ F Table1 Correlationanalysisbetweenelevationandcharactersofreproductivestrategiesof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 Item KJ Long styledmorph KJ Short styledmorph 狉犘狉犘 Flowerlongevity N CW \ CL AH K O\ SH `>\ DSA P/O Polendiameter Flowernumber Herbivorynumber Efctivefruitnumber Seednumber Efctivefruitset Herbivoryrate : O 犘 < 0.05, O 犘 < 0.01; H JF S L150 Note: indicates 犘 < 0.05, indicates 犘 < 0.01;Totalsamplenumberofbothmorphsare150 O KJ KJ R G ZO\ ( 犘 <0.05);Y 3 ZYE KJ KJ Diferentleterswithinthesameelevationindicatesignificantdiferencebetweenlong styledandshort styled morph ( 犘 <0.05);Thesameasbelow Fig.3 Theflowerlongevityandflowerdisplaytraitsof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 betweenlong styledmorph andshort styledmorphineveryelevation

$7 % &, :E Z[\F 1409 a. ;b. F ;c. ;d. 4 E 1 a. 犅. 狉犻犮犺犪狉犱狊犻 ;b. 犚犺犻狀犵犻犪 spp.;c. 犃狆狅狉犻犪犵狅狌狋犲犾犲犻 ;d. 犅. 犮狅狀狏犲狓狌狊 Fig.4 Polinatorsof 犘.$ $犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 betweenlong styledmorph andshort styledmorphineveryelevation ZF KJ KJ 1 \, Z3400m H JF 1N R @, Z H JR?$

6 7 % &, :E Z[\F 1409 a. ;b. F ;c. ;d. 4 E 1 a. 犅. 狉犻犮犺犪狉犱狊犻 ;b. 犚犺犻狀犵犻犪 spp.;c. 犃狆狅狉犻犪犵狅狌狋犲犾犲犻 ;d. 犅. 犮狅狀狏犲狓狌狊 Fig.4 Polinatorsof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 5 ZO\E KJ KJ W Fig.5 Thesexalocationof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 betweenlong styledmorph andshort styledmorphineveryelevation ZF KJ KJ 1 \, Z3400m H JF 1N Z H 3400m F H J `>\ R, 3750m 4050m 4350m F H J `>\ 2.3 G)HBCDE E F C. Z O,3100 m Z L ( 犅狅犿犫狌狊狉犻犮犺犪狉犱狊犻 ) ( 犃狆狅狉犻犪犵狅狌狋犲犾犲犻 ) F ( 犚犺犻狀犵犻犪 spp.),3400 m Z L ( 犅狅犿犫狌狊犮狅狀狏犲狓狌狊 ) F,3750m 4050m G 4350m Z_L F, F R Z?A > R Z, F F O, ( 4), F L F C ; ZF O, F M, F F ;=

7 c 6 ZO\E KJ KJ Fig.6 Thenaturalseedsetof 犘. 犳犾狅狉犻狀犱犪犲 betweenlong styledmorph andshort styledmorphineveryelevation O Z4350 m, L E F P/O = C 2.5 G)H > 2.4 G)H@ 1,E KJ F 1,E H JF ZO\ 0 F F *( 犘 <0.01), (P/O) Z O \ F F ( 犘 <0.05), KJ F P/O Z O \ 0 F F F *( 犘 <0.01); KJ F ZO\ 0 F FF*( 犘 <0.01), K ZO\ F F * ( 犘 >0.05) 5 D, G ZO\ K K F, G ZO\ H J F ;, G ZO\ K F =, ZO\ H J F Z O \ F F ( 犘 > 0.05); Z O 0 FY ( 犘 <0.01), Z O 0 M( 犘 <0.01); ZO\ FF*( 犘 >0.05, 1) R W ( 6) D, Z3750m b H J, KJ KJ F O, K )P K; Z3400 m b KJ

8 7 % &, :E Z[\F 1411.P KJ, 4050 m b KJ.P KJ, R J D ( 6) 3 E Z O \ F, ZF3_;, O ZF _; D, D *?@,E F C Fc, E bp C Fc Molau F, R ) V,? 3\, C c D, E 5, LH F ; F, H F, EH F5 [39] VWL J [40], E F P,? F, LH F Clark [41] WLF,, F Q( E F ZO \ F, ZF M,E F C., AP M, F, K J, X, K J P X, [42], K J K J F, AP, O KJ F $\( L O ) OV. AB. )F,G] 1,E F )F C, G C L,E ) Z M M,GR O Z 1L, F A F, GR AP M C F], O E LIJ K,$ S LJ F J [36], H J `>\ P, APO F W ZF*F,- D, ZO\ ME P?H, K J, P K N 1, D K J, WX Z O, KJ F KJ F, F > \ KJ O, F, D $ \ R 1 2 F O Z 6 => F,R > R, H, W F F L F $ \ [43 45] GR,E F `.P, P F ); G R, F F I [46],(G F E H JF Z O, LE ==>,O Z 1, => E Z., O, O Z, ZF,,? DE STUVa O\, WAB F* * =>?F,G HQF E AB F Z O\F* *, O \ F R, - E F W X Y 3100 m, L4350 m RMNO F Y,E FWXY *, WX! C cdf 0B E F! [47],O Z F! PE F*, C R )"$0BYF # $ D,%& WX #,?,-' E F W X = 4 ( Solomon [23] F J F, 100 MNO 3 4, Liang [48] F,- S TU V Z 100 m, 3 Y 0.66,?4 F 3 700m F Z[\ ), R 100,E FWXY WX F Z, WX F()

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