2009 1,,,, 1793,,, 18,,,,,,,, ( ), 1875,, 1882, (),, ( Sarat Chandra Das),,;, ;1887,,,,?,,, , :,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

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谒太史
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20093 19 1 China s Borderland H istory and Geography Studies Mar12009 Vol119 No11,,,,,,, 40, 1972,, : 1, 100006, 1904,,,,,,,,,, 20 20,,,,,, :,2002,18,: (1925 ), ( 1937 ),(Charles Bell) ( Tibet, Past

1 China s Borderland H istory and Geography Studies Mar12009 Vol119 No11,,,,,,, 40, 1972,, : 1, , 1904,,,,,,,,,, 20 20,,,,,, :,2002,18,: (1925 ), ( 1937 ),(Charles Bell) ( Tibet, Past and Present, Oxford, 1924) ( Portrait of D alai Lam a, London, 1946), (David Macdonald) ( Tw enty Years in Tibet, London, 1932),, 1950 : ( 2 1, 19517), ( 1953 ), ( 2,1990 ), ( ), (1995), (1984 ) (2000 ), (1988 ) (1989 ),,, (A. Grunfeld) (,1990 ), 25 Tom

2 2009 1,,,, 1793,,, 18,,,,,,,, ( ), 1875,, 1882, (),, ( Sarat Chandra Das),,;, ;1887,,,,?,,, , :,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,1994, : ;: :, ( 98, 198) :,1985, [] []W W, :,2004,203,

3 ,, 18771,,,,, 1876,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1888,,,,,, 1896,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,1902,,,,,,,,,,,, 1904,,,,, ;,,,, 1906, :, :,1994,422 ; 45, :, :, :, 1925,10 27

4 2009 1, 1907,,,,,,,,,,,,,1905,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 826,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19054,,, ,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,, :, :, , 543,,,,,:, :, :,

5 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19061,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1906,, 11, 19054,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19072,,, ;,,,,,, 1908,,,,, :,, :, :,1301 :, :, :,,, :, :, :, , 29

6 2009 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,, 1793,,,, 19072,,,,,,, ;,, ( )( ),,,,, 1907,,,, 1909,, 1910,,,,,,,,,19102,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,?, :,, , :, :, , :, 1994 ;:,2001 ;:, 2004 ;: 20, 2004, :, :, , 30

7 ,? :,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1910,,,,:,,,,,,,,,, 1911,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,, (David Macdonald), 1910,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 1904, , :, :, [] (David Macdonald), :,1936,84 [] (Charles Bell) :, 1985,116 14,2005,6870 [] :,115 [], :,

8 2009 1,,, ; ;,, 19 70,,,,2040 :,,20 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,1920, ,,,:,, ;,, 19 20,,,,, :, [] :,1930,5458 [] :,

9 ,,, 1905, 1904,,,,,,,,,,,;,,, 1904,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,, ,,,,, ;,,,,,:,,,,,, 1910,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,, 33

10 2009 1,, 19121, 6,9,,,1913,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:, , 19134,, ,,,,40, ( ) ( ),,, :,,,, 1923 ;,1937,1949, :, ;,, ( ),, :, [] :,7980

11 CO NTENTS SYM POSIUM PAPERS To See the Newly Established Am ban In stitution s From X izangzh i( ) Zhao X inyu( 1 ) X izangzhi, written at the end of Q ianlong times in the Q ing dynasty, was the first annals catego2 ry fangzhi( ) of Tibet, it p rovides some valuable records about the relationship between central governm ent and Tibet, especially for Am ban institutions. This paper, based on some records and combinated with other historical literature, makes a p relim inary study on Ambans establishing time, duties, m ission, and relationship with Poluonai(). Key W ords : TibetAmban ( ) X izangzhi The T i betan Politica l System Reform i n Q ian long T im es : Cen tered on Zhuerm o2 tenam uzha le( ) Rebellion L v W en li( 8 ) Zhuermotenamuzhale rebellion was a landmark case in Tibetan history. It urged central govern2 ment to change Tibet policy. A s a result, DalaiLama s political and religious status were p romoted, and Kashag was established1 Key W ords : TibetAmbanZhuermotenamuzhale On Am ban Q ishan( ) Sm od if ica tion for T i bet Regula tion Zhou W e izhou( 17) In view of the corrup tion of Tibetan local authority, army, and the stationed army, Amban Q is2 han p resentedthe 28 Regulationsto the central government to ask for reiterating and supp lemen2 ting the old Tibet regulations, strengthening Amban s power, and reform ing Tibetan local official system. Through the reform, Q ishan enhanced the central government s power in Tibet. But he gave up the finance review authority and old ways of training Tibetan army, ceased the inspection for Halawusu ( ), all these had a negative impact on the later Tibet adm inistration1 Key W ords : TibetAmbanQ ishantibet Regulation The Rela tion between Da la ilama and Panchen Lama and Q ing D yna sty s T ibetan Polic i es Sun Hongn ian( 25) In late Q ing Dynasty, because of many factors, the friendly relationship between Dalai Lam a and Panchen Erdeni started to change, and the two living buddha system s contradiction intensified day by day. The Q ing government and Am ban got involved, gradually, the central government want to support Panchen system and supp ress Dalai system, that intensified the conflicts between the two sides, and had a bad influence on the adm inistration of Tibet in the following years. Key W ords : Late Q i ng DynastyDalai LamaPanchen Tibetan polici es The Q ing Governm en t s Survey and M anagem en t to T ibet Chayu( ) in Early 20 th Cen tury Q in Hep ing ( 35) A s the government officials, Cheng Fengxiang (), Duan pengrui (), and Xia Hu ( ) s survey and management to Tibet Chayu ( ) showed the Q ing government s change of rule idea from indirecttodirect, as well as its imp rovement of managem ent in borderland eihnic area, which have a good effect on security defense and modern state construction, and en2 hanced the Q ing government s power in Chinese borderland Key W ords : Q ing GovernmentTibet ChayuSurvey 148

, ;,, :,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,:,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,, 19077,,,,,,,()( ),,, (),, 1.,,:,, ;,,,, (),:, 76,1989,5153,, (),,, 76,5372,:, 1979,510511, 4(1907)8 101

, ;,, :,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,:,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,, 19077,,,,,,,()( ),,, (),, 1.,,:,, ;,,,, (),:, 76,1989,5153,, (),,, 76,5372,:, 1979,510511, 4(1907)8 101 20099 19 3 China s Borderland H istory and Geography Studies Sep12009 Vol119 No13 1906,, : ;,,;,6,,, 1969,, : 9923, 510070,,,, (, ),,,,,, ;,,, 1906116,, 1 : ( 1),,, ;,, ;,,,, (2),, :, 2003 4 :,2004,440446