THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 樓 6 樓 0646 mchuang@ha.mc.ntu.edu.tw 1
MUSCLE TISSUE Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue 滑 2
Functions of Muscle Tissue producing body movements stabilizing body positions storing and moving substances within the body producing heat 3
Characteristics of Muscle Tissue Electrical excitability triggered by neurotransmitter ( 神 ), hormone, ph Contractility generating force Extensibility can be stretched Elasticity return to the original shape 4
Fascia: superficial fascia and deep fascia Superficial fascia Deep fascia 5
- Epimysium : total muscle - Perimysium : muscle fiber bundle (fascicle ) - Endomysium : individual muscle fiber Tendon Tendon: a cord of dense regular connective tissue Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium 6
Tendon : a cord of dense regular connective tissue Gastrocnemius ( ) Achilles tendon 7
Aponeurosis ( ) a sheet-like tendon Galea aponeurotica Frontalis Occipitalis 8
Aponeurosis ( ) a sheet-like tendon 9
Tendon (synovial) sheath ( 滑 ) tubes of fibrous connective tissue 10
Tendon (synovial) sheath ( 滑 ) 11
Nucleus 12
Filaments and sarcomere 13
Striation of skeletal muscle: A bands and I bands 14
Structure of thick and thin filaments 15
Neuromuscular junction: synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber muscle fiber 16
Sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction 17
Motor unit 18
Types of skeletal muscle fibers How rapidly the ATPase in its myosin heads hydrolyzes ATP Slow fibers: Fiber diameter : smallest Myoglobin : large amount Color : red ATP generation : high capacity by aerobic Rate of ATP use: slow Contraction : slow Location : postural muscles such as those of the neck 19
Cardiac muscle tissue Intercalated discs - gap junction - desmosome 20
Smooth muscle tissue Multiunit smooth muscle tissue - walls of large arteries - arrector pili muscles ( ) -iris ( ) - ciliary muscles ( 狀 ) 21
limited 22
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE - striated ( ) muscle - voluntary ( ) muscle 23
Attachment of muscle Origin Insertion : muscle attached to the bone that does not move proximal : muscle attached to the move end distal belly ( ) widest part of the muscle 24
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Lever systems and muscle actions 26
Individual and group actions of muscles A. Agonist prime mover; is responsible for producing a movement B. Antagonist opposes the movement of a prime mover C. Synergist work together with a prime mover D. Fixator : postural muscle provides a stable base 27 for the action of a prime mover
Arrangement of fascicles 狀 羽狀 狀 羽狀 羽狀 狀 28
Nomenclature 1. Direction Rectus ( ), Transverse ( ), Oblique ( ) 2. Size Maximus ( ); Minimus ( ); Longus ( ); Brevis ( ) 3. Shape Deltoid, Rhomboid, Serratus 4. Action Extensor ( ); Flexor ( ) 5. Number of origins Biceps brachii ( ) 2 heads; Triceps brachii 3 heads 6. Location Supraspinatus ( ); Infraspinatus ( ) 7. Attachment sites Sternohyoid ( ) 29
Orbicularis oculi vs. Levator palperbrae superioris 輪 Orbicularis oculi Levator palpebrae superioris 30
Corrugator supercilii Corrugator supercilii 31
Frontalis Frontalis 32
Orbicularisoris( 輪 ) Orbicularis oris ( 輪 ) 33
Muscles open the mouth 降 34
Buccinator ( ) -major muscular portion of the cheek Whistling Blowing Sucking Buccinator ( ) 35
(muscles of mastication) the muscles that move the mandible Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid 36
Masseter ( ) 力量 (muscles of mastication) Masseter 37
Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid 38
Platysma ( ) 拉 Platysma ( ) 39
Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball 精 40
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Muscles that move the tongue 42
Sternocleidomastoid ( ) 43
Sternocleidomastoid ( ) Sternocleidomastoid ( ) 44
Muscles of the male anterolateral abdominal wall 45
Cremaster muscle ( Internal oblique Cremaster muscle ( 46
Muscles for breathing 肋 肋 Aortic hiatus, Esophageal hiatus, Inferior vena cava 47
External anal sphinctor ( ) 48
Triangles of perineum Urogenital triangle Anal triangle 49
Pelvic diaphragm levator ani : pubococcygeus (, iliococcygeus ( coccygeus fascia covering internal and external surfaces 50
Superficial muscles of urogenital triangle ischiocavernosus ( ) bulbospongiosis ( ) superficial transverse perineus 51
Muscles that move the pectoral girdle: anterior thoracic muscles 拉 boxer s muscle 52
Muscles that move the pectoral girdle: posterior thoracic muscles 拉 菱 菱 53
Axial muscles that move the humerus (Arm) Pectoralis major ( ): Latissimus dorsi ( ): 54
Scapular muscles that move the humerus (Arm) ( ) Swimmer s muscle Subscapularis Rotator cuff 55
Subscapularis 56
Muscles that move the radius and ulna (forearm) 57
(brachioradialis) (palmaris longus) (flexor carpi radialis) (flexor carpi ulnaris) 58
(extensor carpi radialis longus) (extensor carpi ulnaris) (extensor digitorum) 59
Muscles that move the vertebral column Erector spinae: iliocostalis ( ) longismus ( ) spinalis ( ) 60
Anterior (extensor) compartment Muscles that move thigh and leg Medial compartment (pectineus) (adductor longus) (Gracilis) (adductor magnus) Anterior superficial view 61
Sartorius Sartorius 62
Muscles that move thigh and leg Gluteus maximus 神 Posterior (flexor) compartment (semitendinosus) (biceps femoris) (semimembranosus) Posterior superficial view 63
Muscles that move the foot and toes Tibialis anterior Peroneus longus Lateral compartment Peroneus brevis 64
Muscles that move the foot and toes Gastrocnemius ( ) Soleus Achilles tendon 65