NANO COMMUNICATION 24 No. 2 21 Introduction to Perovskite Solar Cells (Perovskite) (Photovoltaic Devices) 3.8% 21% Abstract The power conversion efficiency of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) has been improved astonishingly from 3.8% to more than 21% just in the past few years. They have been recognized as one of the most promising technologies to compete with the existing Si technology. In this article, we will briefly describe the device structures and fabrication processes of PeSCs and their recent development for flexible solar panels. Keywords OrganicInorganicPerovskiteSolar cellsflexible
4 22 1945 (Perovskite) (Dye Sensitized Solar Cells, DSSCs) TiO 2 ZnO MiyasakaDSSCs (FTO/TiO 2 /Perovskite/Pt- FTO) CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 3.13%3.81% [1-2] 1839 Gustav Rose (Ural Mountain) CaTiO 3 L. A, Perovski PerovskiteABX 3 1(a) [3] ABX BX 6 (Octahedra) AB (Pb)(Sn) (Exciton Binding Energy) (Organometal Halide Perovskite)CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 1(b)A CH 3 NH + 3 B(Pb 2+ ) A (Cs )Formamidinium (HC(NH 2 ) 2+ )X (Cl - )Br - I - 1 (a) ABX 3 (b) CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 [3] Single-stepTwo-step Two-step(2) [4] 2.1 Single-step Single-step(2(a))MAIPbX 2 ( X=I, Br, Cl)DMFDMSOGBL MAI-poor(1:2)MAI-rich(3:1) 100150 Single-step 9.7% [5] 19.7% [6] Single-step
NANO COMMUNICATION 24 No. 2 23 : (Spray)(Inkjet printing)(doctorblade) 2.2 Two-step Two-step(2(b))MAIIPA PbX 2 ( X=I, Br, Cl)DMFDMSOGBL PbX 2 MAIMAIPbX 2 Single-step 201420.2% [7] 2.3 Two-step Two-step(2(c))PbX 2 MAIPbX 2 10 12% [8] 2.4 (2(d)) MAIPbX 2 2 (a) single-step (b) two-step (c) twostep (d) [4] :n-i-p n-i-pp-i-np-i-n(3) [4] 3.1 n-i-p n-i-p nntio 2 ZnOSnO 2 TiO 2 ZnO 2 (Conduction Band)4~4.2 ev CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (3.9 ev) (3 ev) n-i-p (3(a)) FTO5070150 300(mp-TiO 2 ) 300 150200Spiro-MeOTAD 50100 500 [9] (V oc ) (J sc ) [10-11] 300 20.2% [12] n-i-p(3(b)) 19.3%
4 24 3.2 p-i-n p-i-n(3(c)) PEDOT:PSS PCBM 150 PEDOT:PSS 18.9% [13] PEDOT:PSS (NiO x ) PCBM TiO 2 PCBM p-i-n PEDOT:PSS 3- PEDOT:PSS PCBM C 60 BCP PCBM PCBM p-i-n PEDOT:PSS 9.2%NiOZnO/TiO 2 p-i-n(3(d)) 17.3% [14] (0.15mm)PETPNT (150)PET PNT (TCO) ITOIZOAZO ZnO ZnO 2.6%(PET-ITO/ZnO/ CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /spiro-ometad/au) (15.6%) (PET/ITO/ZnO/ CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /PTAA/Au)4 TiO 2 TiO 2 I-V (IV )TiO 2 TiO 2 3 (a) n-i-p(b) n-i-p(c) p-i-n(d) p-i-n ; (e) SEM TiO 2 [4] 4 [14]
NANO COMMUNICATION 24 No. 2 25 PET () (1 cm 2 ) ; (100 cm 2 ~1m 2 ) ; (Roll-to- Roll) 5PET/ITO/ZnO/CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 / P 3 HT/Ag PET Two-step PbI 2 CH 3 NH 3 I CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ABX 3 ( YVO 4 :Eu 3+ NPs [17,18] [1] A. Kojima, K., Teshima, Y. Shirai, T. Miyasaka, Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells J. Am. Chem. Soc.131, 6050 6051, 2009. [2] J.-H. Im, H.-S. Kim, N.G. Park, Morphology- Photovoltaic Property Correlation in Perovskite Solar Cells: One-step versus Two-Step Deposition of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 APL Mater. 2, 081510, 2014. [3] N. G. Park, Perovskite Solar Cells: an Emerging Photovoltaic Technology Mater. Today 18, 65, 2015. [4] Z. Song, S. C. Watthage, A. Phillips, M. J. Heben, Pathways toward High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells: Review of Recent Advances in Organo-Metal Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications J. Photon. Energy 6, 022001, 2016. [5] J.-H. Im, I. H. Jang, N. Pellet, M. Grätzel, N. G. Park, Growth of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Cuboids with Controlled Size for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 927 932, 2014. 5Roll-to-Roll [16] [6] N. Ahn, D. Y. Son, I. H. Jang, S. M. Kang, M. Choi, N. G. Park, Highly Reproducible Perovskite Solar Cells with Average Efficiency of 18.3% and Best Efficiency of 19.7% Fabricated via Lewis Base Adduct of Lead(II) Iodide J.
4 26 Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 8696 8699, 2015. [7] G. E. Eperon, V. M. Burlakov, P. Docampo, A. Goriely, H. J. Snaith Morphological Control for High Performance, Solution-Processed Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 151 157, 2014. [8] F. Hao, C. C. Stoumpos, Z. Liu, R. P. H. Chang, M. G. Kanatzidis Controllable Perovskite Crystallization at a Gas Solid Interface for Hole Conductor-Free Solar Cells with Steady Power Conversion Efficiency over 10% J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 16411 16419, 2014. [9] H.-S. Kim, C. R. Lee, J. H. Im, K. B. Lee, T. Moehl, A. Marchioro, S. J. Moon, R. Humphry-Baker, J. H. Yum, J. E. Moser, M. Grätzel, N. G. Park Lead Iodide Perovskite Sensitized All-Solid-State Submicron Thin Film Mesoscopic Solar Cell with Efficiency Exceeding 9% Sci. Rep. 2, 591, 2012. [10] T. Leijtens, B. Lauber, G. E. Eperon, S. D. Stranks, H. J. Snaith The Importance of Perovskite Pore Filling in Organometal Mixed Halide Sensitized TiO 2 -Based Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 1096 1102, 2014. [15] J. H. Heo, M. H. Lee, H. J. Han, B. R. Patil, J. S. Yuand, S. H. Im, Highly Eefficient Low Temperature Solution Processable Planar Type CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Perovskite Flexible Solar Cells J. Mater. Chem., 4,1572 1578, 2016. [16] K. Hwang, Y.-S. Jung, Y.-J. Heo, F. H. Scholes, S. E. Watkins, J. Subbiah, D. J. Jones, D.-Y. Kim and D. Vak, Toward Large Scale Roll-to-Roll Production of Fully Printed Perovskite Solar Cells Adv. Mater., 27, 1241 1247, 2015. [17] N. Chander, A. Khan, P. Chandrasekhar, E. Thouti, S. K. Swami, V. Dutta and V. K. Komarala, Reduced UltravioletLight Induced Degradation and Enhanced Light Harvesting Using YVO 4 :Eu 3+ Down-shifting Nano- Phosphor Layer in Organometal Halide Perovskite Solar CellsAppl. Phys. Lett., 105, 033904, 2014 [18] I. García-Benito, I Zimmermann, J. Urieta-Mora, J. Aragó, A. Molina-Ontoria, E. Ortí, Nazario Martín and M. K. NazeeruddinIsomerism Effect on the Photovoltaic Properties of Benzotrithiophene-based Hole-Transporting MaterialsJ. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 8317, 2017. [11] G. E. Eperon, V. M. Burlakov, P. Docampo, A. Goriely, H. J. Snaith Morphological Control for High Performance, Solution-Processed Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 151 157, 2014. [12] W. S. Yang, J. H. Noh, N. J. Jeon, Y. C. Kim, S. Ryu, J. Seo, S. I. Seok, High-Performance Photovoltaic Perovskite Layers Fabricated through Intramolecular Exchange Science 348, 1234 1237, 2015. [13] Q. Dong, Y. Yuan, Y. Shao, Y. Fang, Q. Wang and J. Huang Abnormal Crystal Growth in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3x Cl x using a Multi-Cycle Solution Coating Process Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 2464 2470, 2015. [14] J. H. Park, J. Seo, S. Park, S. S. Shin, Y. C. Kim, N. J. Jeon, H. W. Shin, T. K. Ahn, J. H. Noh, S. C. Yoon, C. S. Hwang, S. I. Seok Efficient CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells Employing Nanostructured p-type NiO Electrode Formed by a Pulsed Laser Deposition Adv. Mater. 27, 4013 4019, 2015.