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Condition ( ) Comparison( ) Temperature 20 F(-7) vs. 77 F(25 ) Percent Reduction in Fuel Economy (Min) 5 Percent Reduction in Fuel Economy (Max) 13 Idling / Warm up Air conditioning Extreme heat ( ) Defroster ( ) Head wind ( ) Winter vs. Summer 20 mph (32kph) Variable with Driver 20 21 2 N/A ) 6 Uphill driving ( ) Poor road conditions ( ) Congested traffic ( 20 mph (32kph) vs.27mph(43kph) average speed ( ) Highway speed ( 70 mph vs. 55 mph 112 kph vs.88 kph Acceleration rate ( ) 7% grade ( ) Gravel, curves, slush, snow, 4 etc. 19 11 Hard vs. easy 12 ( ) N/A ) 25 50 15 25 20 4
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Country year Test Actual Average Percent gap gap Comments 1(km/l) 2000 14.34 11.27 3.07 21.4% 2 2000 33.73 26.51 7.2 21.4% Canada 1988 29.4 23.5 5.9 20.1% individual car models 1985 27.4 22 5.4 19.7% France 1988 36.2 28 8.2 22.7% Germany 1987 30.6 24 6.6 21.6% Sweden 1987 28.7 27.7 1 3.5% U.S.A Car 24.3 19.8 4.5 18.5% 1985 Trucks 20.3 16.2 4.1 20.2% U.K 1985 32.7 25.3 7.4 22.6% 9
2. (1)- Hyundai Sonata (TEEV) : SAE 2002 Automotive Alternate Refrigerant System Symposium Presentation July 9 - July 11 10 Scottsdale, Arizona.
2. (2)- 11
2. (3)- SC03 US06 12
2. (4)- -23.90% 35A/C ON V.S. 25A/C Off :14 :25A/C Off -16.10% 25A/C ON V.S. 25A/C Off -22.2% 35A/C ON -7.20% 35A/C ON V.S. 25A/C ON -14.7% 25A/C ON -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 13
2. (5)- 14
2. CO 2 (6) - Vehicle class Small Car Large Car Minivan Small Truck Large Truck With no A/C system operation 172.7 204.6 233.9 264.6 306.2 CO2 With baseline A/C system 1 181.1 214.2 245.7 276.4 318 Due to baseline air conditioning 8.4 9.6 11.8 11.8 11.8 With improved A/C system 2 176.8 209.2 239.7 270.3 311.9 Reduction Due To (g/km) 4.4 5 6.1 6.1 6.1 Improved A/C System From baseline A/C system 2.4% 2.3% 2.5% 2.2% 1.9% 1. Utilizes fixed displacement compressor (FDC) 2. Equipped with a variable displacement compressor (VDC), air re-circulation, and HFC- 152a as the refrigerant 3. 1 2300CO 2, 1 2700CO 2 : CARB, 15
2. (7) ( ) 16
ABCD (km) (100c.c.) (100c.c.) (126c.c.) (197c.c.) 0 33.4 33.5 35.8 27.2 5000 33.8 34.16 38.5 29.9 10000 34.2 37.7 36.9 29.7 15000 34.3 35.17 37.4 33.1 20000 35.2 38.05 40.3 29.2 25000 34.4 36.44 37.9 29.7 30000 34.1 36.85 39.2 31.1 17
18 Honda CR-V 2.0A4 5 7 9 11 13 15 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 Toyota Corona 1.6 A4 5 10 15 20 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000
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Average Fuel Consumption (L/100km) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 8.7 8.9 10.0 10.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 8.8 11.011.1 11.3 13.1 13.313.213.4 15.3 16.6 15.115.4 14.5 FTP Euro 2 Euro 3 AUC Light Small Medium Upper Medium Heavy Vehicle Category 21
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ave max 287 min ave max 21 min ave max 17 min 325 24
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Wolf-Heinrich Hucho, 1998, Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles, Fourth Edition, SAE International. 30
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20.0% 15.0% 13.2% 9.0% 10.0% 3.9% 4.7% 5.0% 0.0% Saunders Buckley 32
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34-91 155 18 6.4% 29166 35691 70 11 15 5.5% 9178 13781
20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 12.3% 16.4% 5.5% 6.4% 4.3% 7.7% 90 91 91 ( ) ( ) 35
- 91 (1) ( ) 25 35 50% ( 17,470kg 24,730kg) 100% 100%( 23,960kg 35,010kg) 30kph60kph90kph 60kph90kph 30kph 2 1 8m/s 36
- 91 (2) 37
- 91 4.3% 7.7% 38
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(V=90kph) (V=90kph*1.5) 42
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93 (1) 44
93 (2) 45
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98% 77 2, (km/l, ) ( ).) 51