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(CIP) : /. :, 2004 ISBN 7 5045 4355 1....TM305 CIP (2004) 015232 ( 1 : 100029) : * 787 1092 16 20 498 2004 7 1 2004 7 1 : : 34. 00 : 010 64929211 : 010 64911190 : http : / / www.class.com.cn : 010 64911344
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(189) (195) (195) (202) (214) (227) (227) (255) (270) (301) (309)
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11 2 12, 2 ), ( ),,,,, 12 12b, ( ) ;,
,, 3.,, : 4. (1 ), (2 ), ; ;, ; (3 ),,,,, (4 ),, :,,,, 1. ( 13) (1 ),, 12,, 45 (2 ),,, ; ;, (3 ), ( ) ; 44 mm(), 44 mm, + 0. 0 20 (4 ) 35 + 0. 0 03 mm, + 0. 020 35 mm, + 0. 003 mm, 35. 003 mm35. 020 mm, 35. 020 mm 35. 003 mm, 0. 017 mm,,, + 0. 02 0 0. 01 35 + 0. 00 3 mm, 0. 01 mm; 0. 02 A - B 25 0-0. 01 4 mm AB 0. 02 mm 3
13 220250 HBS, 220250 HBS 2. ( 14) (1 ),, H T200, 12 (2 ),,, 12 mm 10 mm + 0. 1 70,, 45 mm, M11, BB,,,, 3 120( ), (3 ), 3 12 mm, 3 10 mm 280 mm 117 mm 263 mm,, 252 + 0. 02 4 + 0. 0 23 + 0. 02 3 mm 100-0. 0 12 mm, + 0. 0 24 5 mm, 252-0. 0 23 mm, 4
14
+ 0. 024 + 0. 023 (4 ) 252-0. 023 mm 100-0. 012 mm, Ra 3. 2 m, P, + 0. 0 24, 263 mm, 252-0. 0 23 mm + 0. 023 + 0. 0 23 0. 03 mm 100-0. 012 mm 0. 02 A, 100-0. 0 12 mm + 0. 024 252-0. 023 mm 0. 02 mm, 3., (1 ),,, 15 1), ( M )( T r) ( B) 2) ( d) ( d2 ) ( d1 ), 15 3) ( n),, 16 15 16 a) b ) 4) ( Pn)( P), 16,,, 5),,, (2 ) 1) 11 2),,, (3 ) 1),,, ( ) 6
11 : ; ;, ;, 6 H 6g,, H7, 7 H ; 17,,, ;,,, ; S, N, L, 7
: M202 6 H/ 5g6g24; M206 H5H/ 5gL 2) :,, T r4l H7 H ( P ), Tr4014 ( P7)LH (4 ) 18,,, 4 mm 4 mm,, M6,, M481. 56g, 1. 5 mm, 6, ( ) 48 mm, g, Tr36 6LH, Tr, 36, 6 mm, L H, 21 + 0. 450 + 0. 500 36 mm, 33 0 mm, 30 0 mm, 30, Ra 3. 2 m 18 8
1. (1 ), ;,, : ( 19a) ( 19b ) ( 19c), 110 19 a ) b ) c) 110 a ) b ) (2 ),, :,,,,,,,,, (3 ),, 2., U1V1W1, U2V2 W2, N, ( ) 120, Y D, 111 111 a) Y b) D 9
U2V2W2 ( ),, Y ( ) ( 111a), V1U2U1W2W1V2,, D ( 111b) (1 ),, 112a 112 a) b) (2 ),, 112b 3.,,,, 113 36, 113 36 a) = 1 b) = 2 c) = 4 (1 ) 2 p, 43 = 12 (2 ) ( ) (), 123, 456, 36 12, 10
U1 ; 12 V1 ; 1 W1 (3 ) 120 U1 U2, V1 V2, W1 W2 (4 ) 113,, a ( = 1 ) ; b, ( = 2) ; c (= 4) 1., Y160M24 110 kw 380 V 30. 3 A 50 H z 1 460 r/ min D IP44 1162 59 kg (1 ) 1987, : : Y 160 M Z 4 ( mm) (L; S), Y,,, : J Q ZL 5 2 4 ( ) ( ) (2 ) ( : kw), 11
(3 ) ( : V/ kv),, 220 V380 V3 000 V6 000 V 1 000 V (4 ) ( : A),, (5 ) ( : H z), ( )50 Hz (6 ) ( : V),,, (7 ) ( : A),, (8 ) : 380 VD, 380 V, D 380 V/ 220 V, Y/ D, 380 V, Y ; 220 V, D (9 ), (10),,,,, (11) ( : r/ min), (12), IP44 I P 1 mm, 44 2. : Z2C 32 1. 1 kw 110 V 110 V 0. 895 A 13. 3 A 1 000 r/ min 75 1162 12 (1 ), :
Z 2 C32 : Z ( ) : 3 2 : (2 ) ( : kw),, (3 ) ( : V), (4 ) ( : A) (5 ), (6 ) ( : V), (7 ) ( : A),,,,,,,,,, :,, 20 17. 2410-3 mm 2 / m, 1 m 1 mm 2, 17. 2410-3, 8. 9, 99. 9 %,,,,, TT V, T R 28. 210-3 mm 2 / m, 2. 7,,,,,,,,,,, : LLV, LR, 0. 05 mm,, 13
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 8%, 4. 8%,,,,, 0. 35 mm0. 5 mm1 mm,,, 0. 2 mm0. 15 mm0. 1 mm,, 0. 5 mm, 0. 910. 93,,,,,,, ( 20 ), ( 12 ) 12 O A E B F H C ( ) 90 105 120 130 155 180 180 O,, A,,,,, A O A, A 20 60,, E E, B,,, B A F ( ), H,, H, 14
C,, C,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25% 12%,,,, 1.,,,,,,,, 2. ( ) ; (1 ),,,,, : (2 ),,, (3 ), (4 ) (5 ),,,, - 60150,, (6 ),,, 15
3. (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) 1/ 31/ 2; ; (4 ) 1 0001 500 h, 2 5003 000 h 1.,,,,,,,, 2. (1 ),,,,,,, Y, 1),, 16 2) 3) :,,
,,,,,,, 4),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5),,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) Y280YR280, 1) 2) ; ; ;, ; 17
; 3),, ;, 4),,,, (, ),,,,,,,, 5),,,, 1.,, : : : ( ) ( ),,, 18
,, 2., ( ),,, ( ),,,,, 3. ( ),,,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ), (5 ),,, 1.,,, : (1 ),,,, (2 ) 3 mm,, (3 ), (4 ),,, 19
(5 ), (6 ),, 114 (7 ) 1/ 3,,,,,, (8 ),,,,,, 2. ( ) ( 114) 25 mm32 mm 40 mm,,,, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),, (4 ),,, 3.,,, 115 250T, 5 20 115 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ( ) 10
, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, (5 ), (6 ),,,,, 4. (1 ),,,,,,, : 1), 2),, 3),,,, 4),,, 5) 6),,,, 7), (2 ),, : 1),, 2),,, 21
3),,,, 4),,, 5),,,, 6),, 1. (1 ),,,,,,,, a, 2/ 3,, b 2030 mm, 116 116 (2 ),,,, 117,, 117a, 1 17 b (3 ),, b, 118 117 a) b) 118 (4 ),,, 119 (5 ), 120a, 120b,, 22
,,, 119 120 a) b ) (6 ), 1 1. 5 mm,, 121, (7 ), 122 0. 545,,, 121 122 1 2 3 2. (1 ),, ( M P ) ( QD) 900, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ), ( ), ( ), ( 23
),, (5 ), ( ), (, ),,,, 1.,, 2., 3.,,, ( ) 4.,,,, 5.,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 6.,,, 7.,,, 8., 250 V,,,,,,, 24 1.,
,, (1 ), : 1) 2) 3), 4) 5) (2 ), : 1), 2),, (3 ), : 1),,,, 2), 16%, 3),,, 4), 2.,,, : (1 ), 1 1 720,,,,,, ( ) ;, ( );, (2 ), 20, 2. 0 MPa (20 ),,, - 78. 5,, 30% 35%, ( ), (3 ) ( ),,,, 25
,,,,,, (4 ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 7150,,,,, 1.,, ;, ;,,, ( ),,,, 2.,,, ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, ( 30% 50% ), 0. 1% 0. 2 % 40%,,,,,,,,,,,, 26
,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ),,, 100 mg/ m 3, 40 mg/ m 3 (3 ),, (4 ),,, (5 ),, 3., : (1 ),,, : 1) 2),, 3) (2 ) 1), 2) 3), 4),, 27
1., 21, B, DMDMDMD + M, 3240,,, 2. 21, 0. 15 mm25 mm 1 2 3 2430 0. 10 mm 25 mm 4 5,, ( ),,,,,,, 22 3.,,,,,, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,,,,, 23 (3 ),,,,, 24 a b 12 28
22 1 2 3 23 24a, 1, 2,,, (4 ),,,, (5 ),, 25,,, 24b 34 24 a) b ) c) 25 (6 ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 3 mm,, 26 (7 ), 29
26 a) b ) ( ),,,,,, 4.,,, 27 1 2 3 4 ( ),, 27 (1 ) ( ),,,,, (2 ) ( ),,, BFH,,,,,,,, 21,,,, ( ) 30
21 6520 E 6530 B DMD B NM N F SMS F OMO F N H N H (3 ),, 2070 mm, 1050 mm, ( ),,, ( ),,, 22 (4 ), 22 E B F ( ) 3240 3250 H 3251 338 9336 5. (1 ),, 24 4 p, q= 2, y = 16, : 1), ( 0. 1 mm ),, 2) ( ),,,,,,, 31
,,, 3), 2 ), 4),,, (, ) 5),,,,,, 6),,,,,,,,,, 35 mm,,,, ( 180 ) (2 ),,, 24 2 p, q= 4, y = 112211, : 1),,,, 2),,,,,,,,, 3),, 4), ( y = 211 ), ( y = 1 12 ),,,,,, 5),, ( y = 211, y = 112 ),,, (, ), 32 (3 )
36 4 p q = 3, y = 2103111219, : 1),,,, 2),,,,,,,,, 3),, 4),,, 5),, ( y = 1219),, 6),, y = 1422, y = 1523,,,,,,,,,,, 7),,, 35 mm, ( 180 ) (4 ),,,,,,, : ( ),, 1),,, 2) y (),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),,,,,,,,,,,,, 4),, 33
, 5), 6),,,, 1. (1 ),, (2 ) 220 V100 W,,,,,,,,, 28,,,, (3 ) 8, 41,,,, ( ) ( 18 ) 8, 1 8, 1/ 2 4,,, 4,, 21, 21, 21,, 141, 29 28 29 34, 2. (1 ), ( 1 ),
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),, 10 mm,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, 18, 8,,,,,,,,,,, 210,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 mm,, 211 210 1 2 211 35
,, (4 ),,, ( 21 ),,,,,, 46 mm 1., q,, D Y Y/ D, (1 ),,,, (, ),, D Y (2 ) 1) q, 2),,,, 3) D/ YY D (3 ) Y D 1) Y U2V2W2,, Y, 2) D U2 V1, V2 W1, W2 U1,,, D (4 ) q,,, : 1), 2) 3), UWVUWV (, ) 36 4),,
, 5) (), ( a = 1 ),,,,,,, 212 z = 24m= 32 p = 4,,,, 2.,,, (1 ), ( ),, (2 ) 1),,, 2) ( 0. 3 mm, ),, 2, 2,, 3),,,,,,,, 1. 37
,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, (1 ) 1), ( ),,,,,, 2),, :,, 213 a ) b) 213 c) c) d ) e),, 214 0. 3 0. 8 mm,,,,,, 215 38
214 1 2 3 a) b) c) d) e) 3), :,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 216 215 a) b ) 216 1 2 3,,,, ( ) (2 ),,, 1),,, 39
2),,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 1. TIG ( ),,,,,,,, 2.,,,, 500 V/ s 10 s,,,, ( ),,,, U V, W,, W V ( U ), U ( V ),,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40 23 29
23 ( kv A) P N < 1 1 < P N < 3 3 P N 10 000 P N 10 000 P N < 10 000 P N 1 000 P N 10 000 P N 10 000 ( kv ) U N < 0. 5 U N < 0. 5 0. 5U N 10. 5 3U N < 6 U N 6 3 < U N < 10. 5 3U N < 6 U N 6 3U N < 6 U N 6 3U N < 6 U N 6 : 1. 2. 75 U N + 4. 5 2. 75 U N + 4. 5 2. 75 U N + 6. 5 2. 75 U N + 4. 5 2. 75 U N + 4. 5 2. 75 U N + 6. 5 2. 75 U N + 4. 5 2. 75 U N + 6. 5 2. 75 U N + 4. 5 2. 75 U N + 6. 5 2. 2. 5 U N + 2. 5 2. 5 U N + 4. 5 2. 5U N + 2. 5 2. 5U N + 4. 5 3. 2. 0 U N + 1. 0 2. 0 U N + 2. 0 2. 5 U N + 2. 5 2. 5 U N + 2. 5 2. 5 U N + 4. 5 2. 5 U N + 2. 5 2. 5 U N + 2. 5 2. 5 U N + 4. 5 2. 5 U N + 1. 5 2. 5 U N + 3. 0 2. 5U N + 1. 5 2. 5U N + 3. 0 4. 2. 0 U N + 0. 75 2. 0 U N + 1. 5 2. 25U N + 2. 0 2. 24U N + 2. 0 2. 25 U N + 4. 0 2. 25 U N + 2. 0 2. 25 U N + 2. 0 2. 25 U N + 4. 0 2. 25 U N + 2. 0 2. 25 U N + 4. 0 2. 26 U N + 1. 0 2. 25 U N + 4. 0 5. 2. 0 U N + 0. 5 2. 0 U N + 1. 0 2. 0 U N + 1. 0 2. 5 U N 2. 0 U N + 3. 0 2. 5U N 2. 0 U N + 3. 0 6. 2. 75 U N 2. 75 U N 2. 75 U N + 2. 5 2. 5U N + 2. 5 2. 5U N + 4. 5 7. 2. 5U N + 1. 5 2. 5U N + 3. 0 8. 2. 5 U N 2. 5 U N + 0. 5 2. 5 U N + 0. 5 2. 25 U N + 2. 0 2. 25 U N + 4. 0 9. 2. 0 U N + 1. 0 2. 5 U N 2. 0 U N + 3. 0 2. 5U N 2. 0U N + 3. 0 10. 0. 75 (2. 5U N ) 0. 75 (2 U N + 0. 75 0. 75 (2. 0U N 0. 75 (2. 0U N 1. 0 (2. 5 U N ) + 3. 0 ) + 3. 0)
24 ( ) ( V) 2 U 02 + 3 000 2U 02 + 2 000 2U 02 + 1 500 2 U 02 + 1 000 4 U 02 + 3 000 4U 02 + 2 000 4U 02 + 1 500 4 U 02 + 1 000 : U 02 ( V ) 25 V U SN < 750 U SN < 750 r10 r S r> 10 r S 1. 10U SN + 1 500 2 500, 5 000 10U SN + 1 500 3 000, 5 000 2U SN + 2 500 3 000 2. 10U SN + 1 000 2 500, 4 500 10U SN + 1 000 2 500, 4 500 2U SN + 2 000 2 500 3. 10 U SN + 500 2 000, 4 000 10U SN + 5 000 2 000, 4 000 2U SN + 1 500 2 000 4. 10U SN 1 500, 3 500 10U SN 1 500, 3 500 2U SN + 1 000 1 500 : 10 U SN,,,, 26 ( U SN 350 V ) ( V ) ( s) U SN 150 U SN = 350 U SN = 350 U SN 350 1. ( ) 15U SN + 5 000 7 250 3 000 8 750 10 250 60 2. ( ) U SN + 4 000 6 250 7 000 7 750 9 250 60 3. U SN + 500 3 000 3 800 4 550 6 050 15 4. U SN + 500 2 600 3 300 4 000 5 400 15 5. U SN + 500 2 300 2 900 3 500 4 700 15 6. U SN + 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 4 000 60 7. U SN 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 500 60 : U SN < 150 V, 150 V U SN > 350 V, 350 V 27 U N > 36 ( V) U N 36 ( s ) 1. 2. 5 U N + 2 500 60 2. 2. 5 U N + 1 000 750 15 3. 2. 5 U N + 1 700 700 60 42
U N > 36 ( V) U N 36 ( s ) 4. 2. 5 U N + 1 500 650 60 5. ( ) 2. 5 U N + 1 000 2 U N + 500 60 : 1 500 V, 1 000 W, 2U N + 500 V 28 U N > 36 ( V) U N 36 ( min) 1. 2. 5 U N + 2 500 1 2. 2. 5 U N + 1 900 1 3. 2. 5 U N + 1 700 800 1 4. 2. 0U N + 1 000 2 U N + 500 1 : U N ( 2 7 2 30 ) 1 500 V, 1 000 W, 2U N + 500 V 29 ( V ) ( min ) 1. 2. 5U N + 2 500 1 2. ( ) 2. 5U N + 1 900 1 3. ( ) 2. 5U N + 1 700 1 4. ( ) 2. 5 U N + 1 000 1 : 1 500 V,,,, 10 7 m,,,,,,,,,, 1. (, 43
),, : (1 ) : 1),,,,, ( kv/ mm) 2),,,,, :, ;,, 10 7 10 1 9 m 3) 4),,,, (2 ),,,, 210 210 Y A E B F H C ( ) 90 105 120 130 155 180 > 180,, ( 1520 ), (3 ),,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, ;, 44
,, (1 ) : 1),,,, : ; ; :,,, 211 211 1032,, 200 B,,, 1033, B,,, 1032 1053, H,, 9111, H 1053,,, 1053 931, H,, 1053, 1053 1551, F, F,,,,,,,,, 212 2),, :, 45
212 9102 618 6101 70 901 B,, 1034 618 B,,, 5152 2 6101, B,,, 3192 F,,, F 9101 618 901 B,,,, F 9105 F F,,, H, : C311 (1321) ; C328 ( 1320 ) ; H33 ( 1504 ) ; H314 ; H317 (6341) ; 167 F 9130 3),, 6 kv :,,,,,,,, 1325, 1213, 12141234125141 4),,, (2 ), 46
1),, 2) 452, 180,,,,,, 3), 2730, 2750 H 4),,, B17F17 (3 ), ( ), ( ) : 1) 3240,, 2) 3250,, 3) 3640 3840,, (4 ),, 4220 4230 4250 (5 ),, : 1), : 5432,, 54381,,,, 95411,, 5450 47
, V PI, 2), : ( ) ; ( ) ; : 5130, 5133, 5238, V 5150, H 5250, 3),,, : 5830 5833, 5850, H (6 ) 1) 6020,,,, - 60120 6050,,,,,,, - 250250, 2),,,,,,, 6520 E 48 6530 B
CZ6630 DMD, 6530 6650 N H N, H 6640 NMN, F,,,,,, 3. 35,, 6, 18, 612, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1., (1 ),, ( 6070),,,, 200300 mm, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,, 49
,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,, (5 ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 355 mm (6 ), ( ),,,,, ), 0. 10. 7 M Pa (,,,,,, (7 ) ( VPI ) V PI V PI (, ),,,, ( 0. 10. 7 M Pa),, (8 ) ( ), V PI,, 2. (1 ),,, (,, 12 ),, ( ), ( 1/ 61/ 4 ), 50,
, 23,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1) 2), 3),, 4) 5),,,, 6), 7), (2 ),,,,,, : 1),, 2),, 3), 4),,,, 5),,,, (3 ),,, : 1),, 2),, 51
3),, 4),,,, 5), 3. ( ),,, 4,,,, ( % ) = 100%,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 20 4, 1820S,,,,,, (1 ),,, 60 70,,,, : 1), ( ) : V1 = V2 d2 ( Q3 - Q2 ) d1 ( Q1 - Q3 ) 2), : V3 = V2 d2 d3 Q2 Q3-1 V1, m 3 ; 52 V2, m 3 ; V3, m 3 ; d1, 10 3 kg/ m 3 ; d2, 10 3 kg/ m 3 ; d3, 10 3 kg/ m 3 ;
Q1, % ; Q2, % ; Q3, %, 20 20 20,, : V1 = V2 Q3 Q1 - Q2 - Q3 Q2 V3 = V2 Q3 (2 ),,, ;,, 20 4,, 1032 4 20 20S, 20 4 20S 1032, 25 30 35 40 45,, 15 10 5,,,, 8, 217 1032, 1032, 217 545 ( 20 4 20 S) 20 20S30S 3538S 1032 213 213 1032 ( 2020S30S 3538S ) - 1 ( ) ( S ) 20S 30 S 35 38S 20 20 30 3538 21 19. 8 29. 5 3436. 5 22 19. 4 29 3335. 5 23 19 28. 5 3335 24 18. 7 28 3234 25 18. 4 27. 5 3033 53
( ) ( S ) 20S 30 S 35 38S 26 18. 2 27 3032. 5 27 18. 0 26 2932 28 18. 0 25. 4 2832 29 17. 8 24. 7 2832 30 17. 6 24 2832 31 17. 4 23. 5 27. 530. 5 32 17. 2 23 27. 529. 5 33 17 22. 5 2628. 5 34 16. 5 22 2427. 5 35 16. 2 21. 5 2427 36 16. 2 21. 1 2426. 5 37 16 20. 8 2326 38 16 20. 4 2225 39 16 20 2224 40 16 19. 5 2124 5 33 53. 5 6668 6 31. 5 52 6164 7 30 50. 5 5961 8 29 47 5657 9 28 45. 5 52. 5 53 10 27 43. 5 4951 11 26 42 4748 12 25. 5 40 4546 13 25 39 43. 545. 5 14 24. 5 37. 5 41. 543. 5 15 23. 5 36. 5 4041. 5 16 22. 5 35. 5 3943 17 22. 0 35 3842 18 21. 5 34 3841 19 21 32. 5 3740 54
1.,, (1 ),,,,, 6070,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1032,,,,,,,, 2. ( ),,,,,,, V PI 55
V PI, : (1 ) (2 ), 80100, 6 8 h (3 ), : 1) 3 kv < 200 Pa, 2 h 2) 6 kv < 133 Pa, 3 h 3) 10 kv 33. 256. 5 Pa, 4 h (4 ) 1) 4510-3 10% PaS, 2) 4050 3) 4), 1 995 Pa 5) 0. 5 h 6) 7) (5 ) ( 11 kv ),, 2661 330 Pa, 1 h (6 ) 1) 0. 60. 7 MPa 2) : 3 kv 3 h ; 6 kv 6 h; 11 kv 11 h (7 ) 1) 2) 15 min (8 ) (9 ), : 1) (1655) 19 h 2) (1505) 17 h, ; 56
; ( ) ( V ) ; ( 218 ) ( 219 ) ( 220 ), ( 221 ) ( 222 ) ( 223) 218 1 V 2 V 3 4 5 6 219 a) b ) c) 1 2 3 4 220 1 2 3 4 5 221 1 2 3 4 5 222 1 2 3 4 223 1 2 3 57
, ( ) ( ) N2 1. V, N1 (V ) 30, 3V 3 3, 218 V, V, V, V,,,,, : (1 ) 1),, 2),, 3), ( ), 4),,, 5) (2 ) 1) (, ),,,,, 2),,, ( ), 3),, 224 1 2 390 4 5 6 7 58,, 90,, 224 214, ( 3), 90 (,
) ( 215), 214 mm 215 mm < 400 1. 0 400 600 1. 5 > 600 2. 0 400 1. 0 400 1 600 1. 5 1 600 2. 0,, 1 min : P1 = 2. 54 F1 p1 P1, N ; F1 (), m 2 ; p1, Pa (5060 MPa) (4 ),,,, 50,,,, 650 mm,,,, 1 min,, 216 216 ( mm ) ( ) ( h ) ( ) ( ) ( h) ( ) < 450 23 3 4 450650 4 6 6511 000 5 7 140 + 10 1 0011 300 130 + 5-10 6 11010 160 + 5-10 8 1 3011 600 8 10 1 6012 500 10 12 < 50 2 5013 150 14 16 (5 ) 1),,,,, 2),,,,, 59
2.,, V,,, 225 : (1 ),,, V,, (2 ) 1) 2) 3) 4), 226 400 mm, 0. 5 mm, 4001 600 mm, 1. 5 mm, 1 600 mm, 2 mm 225 1 2V 35 V 4 6 226 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5) ( ) 6),, 3, 227 227 V 3 V, a ) b ), 1 2 3 4 (3 ) 5 6,,, V,, 60
217, 650 mm,,,, 800 mm, 6 mm 217 ( mm ) ( ) ( h) ( ) ( h ) 200 130 5 2 201450 130 5 3 ( 110 10 ) (14010 ) 50 1605 2 50 ( 110 10 ) (14010 ) 50 1605 3 50 451700 130 5 4 ( 110 10 ) 1605 4 7011 600 130 5 5 ( 110 10 ) 1605 5 1 6012 500 130 5 8 ( 110 10 ) 1605 8 2 5013 000 130 5 10 ( 110 10 ) 1605 10 (14010 ) 50 (14010 ) 50 (14010 ) 50 (14010 ) 50,,,,,, : P2, N ; P2 = 2. 5 F2 p2 F2 V, m 2 ; p2, Pa ( 2530 Pa) (4 ) V, 3, 227 (5 ),, 1),,, ;, 61
2),, (6 ), V,,,, (),,,, : 1), : B (1305), F ( 1555), H ( 1805 ) : 450 mm 3 h, 450650 mm 4 h, 6501 000 mm 5 h, 1 0001 600 mm 6 h, 1 6002 500 mm 7 h 2),, 50% 1 min,,,,, 3),, 1) 50% 4), 125 % 130%, 520 min 5), ( ),, 0. 03 mm 1 000 mm 0. 05 mm,,,,, (7 ) 1), 220 V ( 380 V), 3 s,, ( ),, 2), (),,,,,,,,, : 2. 5UN + 2 600 V, 2. 5UN + 2 500 V, ( ) 2. 5UN + 2 400 V 62
,, ;,,,, ;,, 1., : (1 ) 4330, 228,,,, : 1), 2), 3), 6070, 30 min 4), 110120 5) 6),, 140160,, 7) ;, ; ; 5 M; 1 000 V, 1 min (2 ) 229, (, ),,, : 228 1 2 229 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 63
1) 2),, 0. 20. 4 mm, = 2 ( a + n b) - ( D - d) D, mm; d, mm; a, mm; b, mm; n,, ;,,, 3), 2),, 4), 200, 170, 30 min ;,,, 120 130 5),, ;,,,, 6), 7),,, 8),, 9) 10 ),, ; ;, 1 min218 219 218 (50 Hz) ( V ) U k = 500 U k = 1 000 U k = 1 500 U k = 2 000 ( V ) 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 2 U k + 3 000 5 000 7 000 9 000 11 000 4 U k + 3 000 : U k 219 (50 Hz) U B > 750 ( V ) ( V ) U Bmin = 3 000 U Bmax = 5 000 U Bmin = 3 000 U Bmax = 5 000 10 U B + 1 500 10 U B + 1 500 64
(3 ),, 230,,,, (4 ),,,,, ( 35SiMn), (5 ), 2.,, ( ) ( ) (1 ),,, 231 230 1 2 3 4 5 6 231 1 2 3 1),,,, 2),, 3), ;, ( ), 65
, (2 ),,, 46 mm ( ), 46 mm ( ) ( ), 2 mm 2 mm,, 232,, : 1), ( ) 2),, 3), 4),,, ( ),, 5),, 6),, 7), 8), ( ),, 9) ( ), 233a, 233b,, 10 ),, 11 ), (3 ),,,, 70 %,, 234 66
232 1 2 3 4 5 233 a) b ) 1 2 3 ( ) 234 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 2021,,,, :, 67
; ;,, 1.,, 235 ( ),,,, 236 235 1 2 3 4 236 a ) b) c) d ) e) f ) g) (1 ),, 220,, 220 0000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 38000 38000 39000 68
,, ;,, ;, ;,, 160 mm, ; 180280 mm468,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 7,, 221 221 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : ;, ; ( ),,,, ;, ;, 69
, :,,,, 1) 80100, 237 5070 mm,, 237,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 120, 20, 80100 100 mm 80100,,, 2) ( ), 238,,, 3), 239,,,,,, 238 239 70
,,,,,, 2. :, ;,, 240, 241,,,, 240 1 2 3 241 1 2 34 5 6 :,, : ; ; ; (1 ),, 1),,,,,, 2221/ 2 71
222 ( mm) ( mm ) 1 000 r/ min 1 000 r/ min 80120 120180 180250 250360 360500 500750 0. 080. 16 0. 100. 20 0. 120. 22 0. 140. 25 0. 160. 30 0. 200. 40 0. 12 0. 21 0. 15 0. 25 0. 18 0. 30 0. 21 0. 34, 11. 5 mm3040 mm,,,,,,, a1 a2, a1 = c1 - b1 + b2 2 a2 = c2 - b1 b2 b3 b4 c1 c2 ( 242a) 2), 0. 05 0. 15 mm, 0. 03 mm a3,,,,,, a3, a3 = c3 - b5 + b6 + b7 + b8 4 c3 b5 b6 b7 b8 ( 242b) b3 + b4 2 242 ( ) a) b ) 3),, 0. 080. 2 mm,,, (2 ),,,,, 72
, : 1),, 2),, 3), 4),, 60120, 23, 5),,,,,, 70,,, 243 (3 ),,,, 0. 10. 2 mm (4 ),,,,,,,,, 244 243 244 1 2 3 4 5 6 73
,,,,,,,,, :, 1.,, 1/ 61/ 4,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,, 2.,,,,, NS,,,, 3., 48, 48( 34 ) = 4 (), 3 5,, 74
1.,, Y,,,,,,,,,, 3 2.,,,, 36 V ( 220 V ),,, 3. ( ma ),,,,,, ( ma),, 1.,,,,,,, ( ) 30 mm,,,,,,, 75
,,,, 2., = () - ( ) () 100%, 5% 10% ; 5 %, 0. 05 mm,, 0. 10. 25 mm,, 31 31 ( mm ) 0. 2 0. 25 0. 30 0. 35 0. 40 0. 45 0. 50 0. 55 0. 60 ( % ) 26. 5 25. 5 24. 5 23. 5 23. 0 22. 0 21. 5 20. 5 19. 7 ( mm ) 0. 65 0. 70 0. 75 0. 80 0. 85 0. 90 0. 95 1. 00 1. 05 ( % ) 19. 0 18. 5 18. 0 17. 5 17. 0 16. 0 15. 5 15. 0 14. 5 ( mm ) 1. 10 1. 15 1. 20 1. 25 1. 30 > 1. 40 ( % ) 14. 0 13. 5 13. 0 12. 5 12. 0 10. 0 ;, = 2 3 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3-1 2-2 3-3 1 1 2 3 120 3 mm, 10% ; 5% 1. 3 mm,,, 76
2. (1 ),, ( ),, ( ),,,,, 31 (2 ) U V, W,, W V ( U ), U (V ),,, 32 31 32 (3 ) 3, (4 ), ;,,,, 3. (1 ) 1 k W 36 V, 500 V + 2 ; 10 000 k W, 1 000 V + 2, 1 500 V ; 5 kw, 660 V,, 120% 1 s (2 ),,,,,,,,, ;,,, (3 ),,, 1/ 3,, 1 min, 1/ 3,, 77
,,, M, 1 M= 10 6 1. 500 V, 500 V1 000 V, 500 V, 1 0002 500 V,, 0500 M, 02 000 M, 1 M 2 M 2. ( E ) ( L) ( G),,, L E,, ;,, 0,, L, E,, 120 r/ min,,,, 1 min,,,,, 33,, : 1. +, - 2., 33 MF30 78
,,,, 3.,, 1/ 22/ 3, 4.,, 5.,,,,,,,, 6.,,,,,, ( A )( ma) (A)( ka), ( V )( mv) (V)( kv), 1., 34 A, I,,,,,,, 2., 35 V, AB U, 34 35 79
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,,,,, 2. 3.,,,, r/ min 1., 36 M,,,, LZ 3024 000 r/ min, 1%, - 2045,,, 2., 37 80
36 37,,,,, rpm,, N N, r/ min; n ; p; t, s N = 60 n pt N = n ( n N ), pt = 60 + 1 +,, + 1,,,,,,,, 81
1. (1 ),,, ;,, ;, ;,, (2 ) 1),,, 2) 3) 4) 41 82 5 ) 2.,, 41, : ( 1)
,, 41,,, ;,, (2 ),,,, 41,,,,,,,,,, (3 ), 2 mm,,, 43 (4 ),,,,, 41 (5 ) 1),,,,, 41 2) ( 41 ) 3) (),,, 42 42 43 3., : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), 4., 44 83
44
(1 ), 28 50 (2 ),, AA,, ( 12 ) ;,,, AA,, (3 ) 160-0. 13 0-0. 40 0 mm, 38 mm, 12 mm, 0. 4 mm2101. 05 mm254 1. 05 mm4-16 mm 800. 4 mm (4 ) 252 H7/ K6 54H7/ P6, 252 mm 7 252 mm k 6 54 mm 7 54 mm P 6 45K6 100 J6 ( 5) 575 mm320 mm370 mm160 mm220 mm,, (6 ) : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (7 ) 5, 1.,,, 45 2., 45, : (1 ) 120 (2 ), (3 ),, 85
3. (1 ), (2 ) p NSNS, p, p (3 ),,,, Q; p = Q 2 p : 24, p = 2, Q = 24, = Q 2 p = 24 = 6, 6, 22 1 7 (4 ) ( ) y, y = 5 (16), 5 1 6 y =,, ; y <, ; y >,,,,,,,,, ; y,, = y (5 ) 3602rad,, 360, p360, : = ( p) (6 ), : = p 360 Q (7 ) q,, : m q = Q 2 pm (8 ),, 180,, 60 60 86
(9 ) ( ) (10) a (11),,,, 4. (1 ) 1),, 60 2) UVW : V U 120; W V 120,, 180 46 Q = 24, p = 2 46 (2 p = 4, Q= 24) 3),, ;,, U VW UVW 4) 5) 6, U1V1W1, U2V2 W2 (2 ) 1) 47, 2 p = 4, Q = 24, a = 1, 47 ( 2 p = 4, Q= 24, a = 1) a) b) 87
2),,,, 47, 1 8 y = 7, 2 7 y = 5, ;, 13 20, 14 19 U,, 48 48 ( 2 p = 4, Q= 24, a = 1) a) b) q= 4, 4, 49 Q = 2 4, 2 p = 2 a = 1 U 3) Q = 24, 2 p = 4, a = 1, 410,,,,, U,,,, ( ) 49 410 U U ( Q = 24, 2 p = 2, a = 1) 4) q = 3 ()2 p = 4 2 p = 6 411 Q = 36 2 p = 4 a = 1 U, = 8 = 7, 88
411 U 5. :,,, 412,, 412,,,,, 10 kw (1 ) 413 Q = 36, 2 p = 4, a = 1 U q = 413 U Q 2 p m = 36 = 3, 9 223, 12 36 ; 1236 89
, y = = 9 1 1 10, 2 2 11,,, : 110211312,, 192820292130 ;, U 101911201221 ; 281292303, 414 ( ) U 4p 2 p (2 ), y = 7, 1 8, 29, 367,,, 414, y; 415 414 U (3 ),, 415 y1 y2 yk 415,, : y1 = y2 = = Q 2 p y, y= y - 1 416 24 4 U ( ),, S, N,, 416, 6, 417 24 4 U ( ) ( ),, 3 3 90
416 24 4 U ( ) ( Q = 24, q = 2, y = 6, y= 5) 417 24 4 U ( ) ( Q = 24, q = 2, y = 6, y= 5), 1. Q = 36, 2 p = 6, y = 5 (16 ), a = 1, (1 ) Q,,, 418a (2 ) Q = 36 2 p = 6, = Q 2 p = 36 6 = 6, 6, 36 6 3, 3,, q = Q 2 p3 = 36 63 = 2, U1W2V1U2W1V2,, 418a,,, (3 ), ( ),,, y = 5, 418b (4 ),, 3 ( ) 3 ( ), 2 (), 120 3, : 91
418 6 36 ( m = 3, 2 p = 6, Q 1 = 36, = 6, q = 2, y = 5, a = 1 ) a) b ), c) 1) 2 p,,,, 2) p,,,,,, 6 36, 6, (2 p = 6 ),, 418b U V1 U 14 ( U ), V 92
W U2W1 U1 2 3 = 2 6 = 4, 18 10 3,,, ( ) ( ) 6 36, 418c 2. Q = 36 2 p = 2 y = 12 (113 ), a= 1 (1 ), Q, ( ),,,, 419a 419 2 36 ( m = 3, 2 p = 2, Q 1 = 36, = 18, q = 6, y = 14, a = 1) a) b ) c) 93
= 36 2 (2 ) Q = 36, 2 p = 2, = 18 q = 3 = 18 3 = 6, U1W2V1 U2W1V2, 419a,, (3 ), Q m = 36 3 q = Q 2 p m = 36 23 = 6 = 12,,, y, y, q, 419a, V W (4 ),,, 1,,, 4 19 b, ( ) 120, 2 3 = 2 3 18 = 12 U1, V1W1 13 23, 419c,,,,,, 1. : (1 ) 1), 94 2),
3), 4) ( ), (2 ) 1),,,, 2),,,,,,, 3),, (3 ),,,,, 1),,,,,,,, 2),, (4 ),,,, : ( ),,,,, (5 ),,,,, : 1),, 2),,, 3),,,, 95
, 4),,, 5), (6 ) 1),, 2),, (7 ),,,, (8 ),,, (9 ),,, (10),,, 2.,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ),,,,,, ( ), 96
,, : 1.,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, : (1 ), (2 ), ) (3 ) ( (4 ) ( ) 3.,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ),, (5 ),,,,, 97
(6 ),, ( ), (7 ),,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 420, : 420 20 r/ min, 600 mm, 1 2 3 4 200 mm,,,,,, 23,, 4 5,, V,,,, ;,, ;,,,, ;,,, 45,,,,, 2. 98
,,,,, 421 421 1 2 3 4 280450 mm 41 41 r/ min 15 N 0650 6080 400 6 mm 550 mm 3 000 C630,,,, 4 ;,,, 4,,,,,, 6080,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 42 99
42 175 mm 0 0 135 mm 18, 24, 30, 36 0. 77 s/ 18 24 30 36 DMD DMDM 93 / h 83 / h 75 / h 68 / h 0. 22 mm 0. 150. 25 mm 0. 2 mm 0. 25 mm 1. 1 kw < 6 A 1 190 mm690 mm1 600 mm 500 kg,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, ( / A/ D ), ( ) ( ), 100
,,, (1 ) 422 SZG20 2525 000 r/ min 2. 52 500 r/ min, 1 s, K1, K2,, K2, 32768,, K2 K3,,,, K3,,,, CK1,, 650 kh z,, : 1),,,,,, 2),,, 3),, 4), (2 ) 423 DT800 DT830, 43 : 422 SZG20 423 DT830 101
43 DT830 DC 0. 1 mv 1 000 V ( 0. 5 % + 2 ) ( 0. 8 % + 2 ) AC ( R MS) 0. 1 m V 750 V (1. 0 % 5 ) DC 0. 1 A10 A ( 1. 0 % + 2 ) ( 2. 0 % + 2 ) AC ( R MS) 0. 1 A10 A ( 1. 2 % + 5 ) ( 2. 0 % + 5 ) 0. 1 20 M ( 1. 0 % + 2 ) ( 2. 0 % + 3 ) 1 : RMS 1),,,, 2),, 3) ( 200 ),,,, 4), 45500 H z,,, 5), 6),,,,, 7),, 424 *, 2., 424,,,,,,, * ;,, C = V 0 I0 m ( W/ ) 102
C ; V0 ; I0 ; m : 300 V, 5 A, 150, 70, : 3. P = 300 V 5 A 150 70 = 700 W, 110 7,, 0. 000 0111,,, 425 : (1 ), (2 ) Rx Rx 425, (3 ) ( R1/ R2 ),,, (4 ) E, G, ( + ), (, ),,, B D,, G,, ;, G,, (5 ) G ( ), B ( ),,, (6 ), Rx Rx = () (7 ),,, 4.,,,,,, 103
426 SB10 ( 1) SB10 426, : 1 ) 2 ), 3 ) Y, 4 ) X, 5 ) Y 6 ) X 7 ) Y, Y 8 ) X X, 9), 10 100 Hz 1 k Hz10 k H z100 k Hz500 kh z 10 ), 11 ) + - Y, ;, 6. 3 V ; 12 ), (2 ) 1),,, 220 V,, 15 min 2),, 3), 1 mm,,, 4) Y X,,, 104 5) Y,, Y
6),, X,, 112, 7), + -,,, 8), Y,, 9),, 10100,,, 10 ),,, ( 1 ) 2 h ( ),,,,,,, 2/ 3 2 h,,,,,,, :,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 105
1.,, ( ),, 650 t, 1 200 t, 1 983,,,, GB 50 821 985,,,,, ( ), 6 m, 180,, 2502 000 kg,,,, 2 m, 2. (1 ) 1),,,,,,, 44 45 44 3 5 5 5 10 106
45 ( mm ) kg/ 100 m ( k N) ( kn ) K = 3 K = 5 6 3 4. 05 2. 68 1. 76 1. 35 0. 89 0. 59 0. 81 0. 54 0. 35 8 5 6. 66 4. 40 2. 90 2. 22 1. 47 0. 97 1. 33 0. 88 0. 58 10 7 9. 20 6. 10 4. 00 3. 07 2. 03 1. 33 1. 84 1. 22 0. 80 12 10 11. 66 7. 55 5. 09 3. 88 2. 52 1. 70 2. 33 1. 51 1. 02 14 14 16. 30 10. 90 7. 22 5. 43 3. 63 2. 41 3. 26 2. 18 1. 44 16 18 19. 60 13. 40 8. 71 6. 53 4. 47 2. 90 3. 92 2. 68 1. 74 18 23 24. 60 16. 60 11. 00 8. 20 5. 53 3. 67 4. 92 3. 32 2. 20 20 28 31. 20 21. 10 13. 90 10. 40 7. 03 4. 63 6. 24 4. 22 2. 78 22 34 37. 60 24. 50 16. 80 12. 53 8. 17 5. 60 7. 52 4. 90 3. 36 24 40 43. 80 29. 60 19. 60 14. 60 9. 87 6. 53 8. 76 5. 92 3. 92 26 48 47. 90 33. 80 22. 30 15. 97 11. 27 7. 43 9. 58 6. 76 4. 46 28 55 57. 10 38. 90 25. 60 19. 03 12. 97 8. 53 11. 40 7. 78 5. 12 30 63 66. 20 44. 50 29. 90 22. 07 14. 83 9. 97 13. 24 8. 90 5. 98 32 72 74. 40 50. 10 33. 70 24. 80 16. 70 11. 23 14. 88 10. 02 6. 74 34 81 82. 40 55. 60 37. 40 27. 47 18. 53 12. 47 16. 48 11. 12 7. 48 36 91 90. 00 60. 90 41. 00 30. 00 20. 30 13. 67 18. 00 12. 18 8. 20 40 112 109. 70 74. 40 50. 10 36. 57 24. 80 16. 70 21. 94 14. 88 10. 02 44 136 120. 10 81. 60 54. 90 40. 03 27. 20 18. 30 24. 02 16. 32 10. 98 48 161 140. 00 95. 60 64. 30 46. 67 31. 87 21. 43 28. 00 19. 12 12. 86 52 190 162. 00 110. 30 74. 10 54. 00 36. 77 24. 70 32. 40 22. 06 14. 82 56 220 181. 50 112. 40 83. 70 60. 50 37. 47 27. 90 36. 30 22. 48 16. 74 60 252 207. 50 142. 50 95. 90 69. 17 47. 50 31. 97 41. 50 28. 50 19. 18 : 1. K 2. 3. 2),,,, 3),,,, 107
,,, 6. 2 83 mm 1 400 M Pa1 550 M Pa1 700 MPa1 850 MPa2 000 M Pa,,,, 4),, (2 ) 1),, 427, 150 t75300 t 2),,,,,,,,, 428 3),,, 429 427 a) b ) 428 a) b) c) d ) S e) 108 429 1 2 3 4 5
,,,, F 430 F 3., : 430 F (1 ), (2 ),, ( ) (3 ), ( ),, ( ) (4 ),,,,,, (5 ),,, (6 ),, (7 ), 109
1.,,,, (1 ),, (2 ), 1) 2),, 3),, (3 ),, :, 1),,,,, 51,,,,,, 52 110,,,,
2),, 53 51 52 53 3),,, 54 4),,,,,, 55 5),,,, 56, 54 55 56 6),,, ( ), 57, ( ),, 57 1),,,,,, 58 2),, 59,, 111
3),, 4),, 5),,,,,,,,, 510 58 59 510 (4 ), 1), 1/ 2,,,,,,,,,, 511,,,,, q = 2, y,,, 512 112 511 ( Q = 24, 2 p = 2, m = 3 ) 512 ( Q = 24, 2 p = 4, m = 3)
, q > 2,, q, q = 3, 2, 1 q,,,, 513 513 ( Q = 36, 2 p = 4, m = 3 ) q = 4, 4, 2, 514, q= 3 ( ) 2 p = 4 2 p = 6 2, 1, 515 514 ( Q = 24, 2 p = 2, m = 3 ) 515 ( Q = 36, 2 p = 4, m = 3 ) 113
2),,, y/ = 5/ 6,, 516,,,,,,,,, 517 516 517 ( Q = 24, 2 p = 4, m = 3 ) ( Q = 24, 2 p = 4, m = 3 ),,,,,,,,,, 518 114 518 ( Q = 36, 2 p = 4, m = 3 )
3 ),,,?,, 5 19,,,, q,, 519 ( Q = 24, 2 p = 2, m = 3) (5 ), 3060120,, q q, 2.,, (1 ) (2 ) ys : ys = y1 - y2 : ys = y1 + y2 ( ys ) y1 ; y2 ;, (3 ) 1206030 1) 120, 2) 60, 3) 30 6 12, 4), (4 ) 1) 60q,, q,, 5 2 2) 60 q = 2, 2 p, 5, 2 p = 46 115
3) 60 q = 357, p 5, 2 p = 2468 4) 60 2 p, 6 5) q, q = N, p p, N p N, 2 p/ p, 2 p (8 ), 6 ) 2 p, q 2 7) Y q, 2 p, q, p 8) q, p, 2 p/ p, 2 p 9) 60 2 p, 10 ) 60, 2 p, p q> 2 1.,,,,,, : (1 ), ( ) (2 ),,, ;,, (3 ),, ;,,,, (4 ),, ( ),,,,, 116
, (5 ),, (6 ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 70% 80%, 75%,,,, 0. 40. 6 mm (7 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1), ( ),,,,, ( ),,, ;,,,, 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 520,,, 521 (, ),,,,,, 117
5 21 520 1 H ( ) k L 1 f d y, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (8 ) 1) 0. 2 mm, 0. 3 mm, 0. 4 0. 5 mm,,,,,, 2),,,,, 118
3),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. (1 ),, 1) Q = 24, 2 p = 4, q = 2, y = 16, 522 :, ( ) q,,,, 2) Q = 36, 2 p = 4, q = 3, y = 18/ 119/ 2,, 523 522 523 :, q = 3,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3) Q = 24, 2 p = 4, q = 4, y = 112211,, 524 :, q = 4,,,,, 4) Q= 24, 2 p= 4, q= 2, y = 16,, 525 119
524 525,, : y, y,, 5) Q = 36, 2 p = 4, q = 3, y = 1928,, 526 526 :,,,,,,, y = 28 19,, :, =, = 1/ 2, 8, ; 6,,,,,,,,,,,, 6) ( ) 1 )3 ),, ( ),,,,,, 7),,, 120
,, Y,, q = 4, y = 11, 527 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 + + + + - - - - + + + + - u u u Y u Y w w w Y w Y v v v Y v Y u + + + - - - - + + + + - - u u Y u Y w w w Y w Y v v v Y v Y u u 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 - - - + + + + - - - - + + u u Y u Y w w w Y w Y v v v Y v Y u u - - + + + + - - - - + + + u Y u Y w w w Y w Y v v v Y v Y u u u Y : Y W ; W/ 3 30:, Y 527 30,,, Y ( ), Y Y,, (2 ),,,, : 1),,, 2),,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 528 : 1), 121
2) ( ), 12 34, 5678,, 3) 4),,, 5) 3., (1 ),,,,,, 4, 529 528 1 2 3 529 1 2 3 4,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, : 1),, 8090,,, ( ) 2), 0. 5 mm 1 mm 3),,,,,,,,, 122
,,,, 4),, ( ),,,,,, 5),, ( ),,,,,, 6),,,,,,,,,,,, 530 530 1 2 (, ) 3,,,,,,,,, (3 ), :,,, 123
,,,,, 531,, 532 531 1 2 3 532 1 2 ( ),,,, ( ),, (4 ),, 1) (, ),, ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 124
,,,,,, 2),,,,, 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 800 mm, 1 800 mm, ( ) ( ),,, : 1., ( B ) ( F ) ( H ) 1050 mm, 0. 17 mm, 0. 17 mm 25 mm 0. 17 mm20 mm W nmax, W = 0. 89 r/ min; h, cm; b, cm; G, N ; D, cm; nmax GD 1 000 [ 1 ] bh [ 1 ], 1. 510 4 N/ cm 2, 210 4 N/ cm 2 (1 ), (2 ) 80100, ( ) 80100, 2 125
,, (3 ),,, 490 N/ cm 2,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,, 2.,,, 40 mm,, 20 mm, 15 mm,,,, : (1 ),,,,, ( ), 5 mm (2 ),,, 200 300 mm 1, 2, 1530 mm 51 51 N ( mm ) 0. 8 350550 300 500 300450 400 600 1. 0 550800 500 800 450700 650 900 1. 2 8001 200 7501 150 650 1 050 1 000 1 300 1. 5 1 2501 850 1 150 1 750 1 0001 650 1 400 2 050 2. 0 2 2003 300 2 050 3 150 1 8001 900 2 500 2 700 126 (3 ) 10, (4 ),, 1. (1 )
1 ) 36 V,, 2),, 90,, 3),, (2 ) 1), 10 15 mm,,,,, 2),,, 3), 4), 5) 90,,,, (3 ) 1),, 2) 3),,, 2. (1 ), (2 ), 5 mm,, (3 ), (4 ) ( ) (5 ), 13 mm, (6 ),,,, 1., 127
( ) (1 ),,,,, 533 1 ) 1, 2, 3,,, 534 2) 533,, 4,,, ( ) 57 6 4,, I,, 535 533 1 2 3 4 5 ( ) 6 534 535,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 536 3 72 1 5 4,, 6 128, 537 I 3,
536 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 537 ( ), 7 ( )(), 2, M,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 2. (1 ),,,,,,, 538 (, )( ), 539 538 1 2 539 129
I1, B1, I2, F M,, Ma M = Ma,,,,,,, ( 0. 1 ),,,, (2 ),, 1) 540, :, ( ),,,, 2), U, I cos= 1,,, Iv U 90 v,, v Iv, v U I I,, I I, I I UI I Iv v 541 540 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 541 130
v I1 ( 542a ), I2 I 2 ( 542 b) v I 542 I1 I2 I 2 1 v, m m, Im, Im m Mz, 543 542 543 542a,, I1, 1 ( ), Im, Mz n,,,,,,, 3. (1 ) 1) 2),, 0. 002, 0. 005, 0. 05, 0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 5, 1, 1. 5, 2. 5 4, 131
(2 ) 1), U U 544 U, 544 U, P, Pa ;, kg/ m 3 ; g, m/ s 2 ; h, m P = g h 0 800 mm U : 0 ; ; ; 2), 545 5, 5 4 1, 5 1,,, 1110 7 ( ), 3, 2 ( ) 520 7 8, 11 10 13 13 : 0. 0616 M Pa; 1660 M Pa; 0. 16 M Pa 0. 031 000 MPa, 0. 511. 52. 5 3) 7, 6 3, 8 9, 546 132
545 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 546 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9, 5 4 2,,,, 2. 5, 547 4, 2 16, 8, 11, 6 10 13 14 12 11,, 5 3 15 6 7,, 547 YE890 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 11 14, 1, 1 40 kpa, 2. 5 4),, 548 133
1 10,, 14 1 15,,, 14 8,,, 549,, 548 1 10 2 35 6 4 7 11 17 815 91316 12 14 380 V, 220 V 10 V A, 1 A, 1. 5 2. 5 (3 ),, 549 : 1) ( ), ( 15 kpa ),, U 50 kpa, ;,,,, ( ),,,, 2), 1/ 3 3/ 4, 1/ 4,, 1/ 32/ 3 3) 1, 1. 52. 5, 4., 134
, (1 ), 550 1, 2 ( ),,,, 3,, 4 90 135, 550-80600 - 30600, - 8070 1 2 ( 2) 3 4 5, 551-2702 800,,,,, 551,, 100 100,, 552, 553 552 1 2 3 4 ( ) 5 6 7 8 553 1 2 3 4 5 0. 51 : (3 ) 135
, - 200500, 1) 0630. 74 Rt t, ; R0 0, ; Rt = R0 ( 1 + A t + B t 2 ) A( A = 3. 96 84710-3 - 1 ) ; B( B = - 5. 84710-7 - 2 ) WZP, 0. 030. 04 mm,, - 50150 Rt t, ; R0 0, ; Rt = R0 ( 1 + A t + B t 2 + Ct 3 ) A( A = 4. 28 89910-3 - 1 ) ; B( B = - 2. 13310-7 - 2 ) ; C( C = 1. 23310-9 - 3 ) 50 100, Cu50 Cu100 0. 1 mm, WZC (4 ),,,, 1) 554 t0,, R15,, 2),,, 555, R3, R1 + R2, R0 + Rt + RL 2, R4 Rt, R1 Rt = Rt 0,,,, Rg,, Rt,,,,, XCZ101, XCT132 X, Z, T 1, 2 136 (5 )
1),,, 556 554 1 2 3 R 4 556 E R1 R s R G Es S X1X2 555 R, I, R U = IR Ex X1 X2 (, Ex S 1 2 ), G, Ex R I, Ex = Ri I Ri R R,, R I E RJ,,, I, Es Rs G, I, I, Rs Es,, 2),, 557 137
557,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (6 ), 558 558,,,,,,, 559 138
E, ; G ( ),, RB RC RD Rt,, r, A r1 r2 A, ( A ) A, 559 A r,, Rt A, : XWB100, XQB101, XWC300, XWD300, X, W, Q, 1.,, 0. 60. 8 M Pa,, 1. 33 0. 7 Pa 0. 2 MPa, 2 7004 000 Pa,, 1 330 2 660 Pa,,, 0. 7 Pa, (1 ) 1),,,,,,,,, 810 m,, 2) 1. 2 m1. 5 m ( 1. 2 m, 1. 5 m) 1. 5 m2 m VP I, 4. 8 m4 m, 4. 2 m4 m, 4. 4 m2 m 4. 5 m2. 5 m 3), :,,, 560, 139
,,, 4) 0. 70. 8 MPa,, 0. 2 MPa, V PI,, 5), 2 700 Pa, V PI,,,, 12 Pa 6), VPI,,,, ( ), 561 560 561 ( ),,, :, :, 0. 60. 8 M Pa, 7),,,,,,, 140
(2 ),,,,, 2 m4 m 2. 5 m3. 5 m 2 m4 m, VPI,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 29 r/ min;, 58 r/ min,,, 1. 33. 910 4 Pa, 510 4 Pa,,,, (3 ),,, 5001 000 kg,,,,,,,, 2.,, ( ), ( Pa), : 101, 3251 333 Pa 1 3331. 33310-1 Pa 1. 33310-1 1. 33310-5 Pa 1. 3310-5 1. 3310-9 Pa 1. 3310-9 Pa, :,, ;,,,, m 3 / h 141
(1 ) ZJ1200 ZJ, 133. 31. 33 Pa,,, 1), 5 62 562 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 563 18 19 20 21 2 ) 8, 563,, 1,, 563ab,, c, 563d,,, 4 3),,,,,,, 142
, (2 ) H 150, 1) ( 564 ) 564 H 150 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 42312 24 251/ 2 26 27 28 29 6,, 0. 050. 20 mm 2) 565 1 4, 3, 2,,, 5, AB ( 565a),, A, B, A, B ( 565b ),, A, A,, A, B, A B, A B, A 6, 143
3) ;, 150 h, 23 ; 85, 40, ;,,, (3 ) 1) :,,, 2) ( ), 566 565 1 2 3 4 5 6 566,, 100 mm,,, 0. 8 MPa, 2. 525 MPa 3. : ;, 5 m 3 1. 6 MPa : ; 144
, 0. 6 MPa 0. 05 M Pa ;,, : (1 ),,, V 567, (2 ) V3/ 81, 0. 4 0. 8 567 V 1 2 3 M Pa V,, 0. 2 M Pa, 0. 8 MPa, 568, :,, ( ), ( ), 0. 050. 1 MPa,, V3/ 81, (3 ),,,,, : 1) ; ; ; ; ;,, ;, ;, 2), ; ;, ;, ; ; ;, 145
568 V3/ 81 1 2 3 4 5 6
3), : ;, ;,, ;, ;,,,,,,, 40, 1 000 m,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) 1), 11, : a. R, R = M; U, V ; U 100 + P/ 100 P (, kw;, kva ) 0. 25 M, 0. 25 M b., 85%, 1 min, a., b., 85%, 1 min, 147
2) 3) (2 ),, : 1) A,,,, 2),,,, 3),, 4) EB, 51523 ; FH, 5),,,, 23, 12,,,, (3 ) 1), : B 51523, F 155, H317, 2) 51523,,,, H314,,,, (618 101 ) 1/ 2 ( ), B, H314, 51523, 51523, (, ), H314 148
, 0. 15 mm B,, 2930,,, 1520 mm, B,, 51523,, H314, B 3240,, H314 3) (F ) a. 1, 2, 3 ( 1 2 2 3 3 4 ),, 4 ( 4 5 ) b.,,, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4 0. 14 mm 25 mm, 0. 05 mm25 mm 6050,, 569, 3240, 569 a.,, H062 b. 0. 25 mm DMDF,, F, c.,, 1 mm 3240 d. 3240 4330 a. 0. 14 mm25 mm 23, 0. 1 mm25 mm b. JBF 500 V, BXR500V,, a. 3240 3640,, : 618 40 % + 650 40 % + 20% b. 51523, 149
155, H317, (4 ) 1) 2) 3) ( ) ; 95%, H314 2. (1 ) 1), 2) (),, Ub s K1 UN Ub s (), V ; UN, V ; K1, K1 = 1. 5 ; HA, km ; HS, km; 1-0. 1 K H S 1-0. 1 K H A K, K = 1 ( %/ 100 m) 3),,,,,,,,, UJ s, UJ s UN V 1-0. 1 KH S 1-0. 1 K H A (2 ) 1),,, ; 150 3241
,, 2),, : ( ),, ;,,, 1. 5UN 2 UN 3241,, 10 3 10 5, 0. 3 mm, 300 mm,,,,,,,,, 3.,, ( ) ( ),, ( ),, ( ),,,, (1 ) ( 6 kv ) 1), 8 ; 8 ( ) ; 0. 14 mm25 mm B 151
, ;, 0. 14 mm25 mm 54381 1/ 2 1011, 1/ 2, ( 30 mm) 1/ 2 0. 15 mm25 mm,,,, B,, 0. 14 mm25 mm 54381 7, 6 6 000 V,,,,,,, 3241 0. 4 mm, 30 mm ( 15 mm), 3240 ( ) 8 16 0. 17 mm25 mm 2430, 10, 0. 1 mm25 mm, 0. 14 mm25 mm 54381 9 10, 0. 05mm25 mm, 2),,,, B 6894 910151523, H317, (2 ) B F :, B : 1) 0. 13 mm 0. 13 mm, 2 3 3, 2 U, 6 7 mm, 3 3. 5 mm,, 12 mm,,,,, 0. 14 mm25 mm 54381, 1010 152
B 0. 1 mm25 mm 2), DMD, :,, H062 0. 2mm DMD 23, DMD,, 1 mm 3240 () 3240 3240, 0. 5 mm 3240, 3) ( ), 0. 17 mm 2430 23, 0. 1 mm25 mm 0. 17 mm 2430 23, 0. 1 mm25 mm BXR500V 4),, 1321,,, 51523, H317, F, B, : 1) F,, F 2),, 155 F, H317, 3), F 155, 4) 3240 3640,,, 153
,,,,, 1.,,,, 90%,,, ;,,,,, 570 Y, 571 YZR 154 570 Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
571 YZR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22,,,,,,, (1 ) ( ), 1),, 2),,, 3) ; (2 ) 1), 2), ;, Y, 3), 2. (1 ), 1), 155
,,,,,, ;,,, a.,, 572,, b.,, c.,, 572 1 2 3 a., b., c.,, V PI, 2),,, 573 (2 ), 574,, 573 1 2 3 4 574,, 156,,,
1980 : U1, U2 V1, V2 W1, W2 (3 ) 1),, 34, 0. 10. 15 mm,,, 575,,,,,,, 2), 34,,, 576,,,,,,, 600 mm, 2, 34, 575 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 576 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3),,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,, 157
,,, 165,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 4 mm),,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,, ( ),, ( ), 160 mm, ; 180 mm, ;, ( ), (1 ),,, 99. 5 %,, 577 : 1), 2) 3) 4), 5),,,,, 577 158
(2 ), : ; ; ; ;,, ( ), 578 577 1 2 3 578 1 2, 1), 2), 3),,, 4),, 5),, 6) 7) 8) 9) 10 ) 11 ) (3 ),,, 5-2,, 52 ( ) ( % ) Cu A g Zn P 1 ( 201 ) 701840 7 9 1 ( 204 ) 640815 14 16 4 6 10 % ( 301 ) 815850 53 10 45 % ( 303 ) 660725 20 45 159
204,,, ;,, 303, 1/ 3 2/ 3 (4 ), YR4508 : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10 ) 11 ) 12 ) 13 ) 14 ) 15 ), 16 ) 17 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,, ( ),, : (1 ) ; ;, ; ;,,, 160
,,,, ( ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ),,, 1) 35 kg, 2),, 579,,,,, 580 bc, 579, 1 2 3) 581, 2 4), 581 581a,,,,,,,,,,, 580 581 1 2 161
(5 ) (6 ),,,,,,,,,,, (7 ), 1/ 32/ 3 (8 ),,, (9 ) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15),, ( ) 5. n ( r/ min) f ( H z), p n = 60 f p,,,,,,,, :,, ;,, ( ),,,,, 582 162
6. 582 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21, TQ FR783, (1 ) 1) 2), 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10 ) 11 ) 12 ) 13 ) 14 ) (2 ) 1), 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 163
7) 8) 7., (1 ),,,, 1/ 3,,, 583 583 1 2 3 4,,,,,, 584 584, 584 1 2 3,, 4 5 S N,, 6 7, 8 9 10 (2 ) 1 500 r/ min,, 164
1),,, 3 mm, R3 mmr5 mm,,, 25 mm,, ;, 2), 585 11. 5 mm, ( ), 585,, 1 2T 3, 4 5 6,,,,, T, 586 586 a) b) c) d ) T,,,,, 587,,,,,,, 588, 0. 100. 15 mm ( ), 165
587 1 2 3 4 588 a ) b ) (3 ) TQFR783, 1), 2) ( ),, :,,,,,,,,,, 3) 200,,,,,, 4) ( T ),,, 20 mm,,,,, 166
,,, 30 mm,,,,,, 80,,,, 10 mm,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),, 5) :,,,, 10, 16273 849510,,,, :, T, T, 1/ 200, T, 1 000 r/ min, (T ),, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 167
,, ; 5% 10%, ;,,,,,,,, 1 8.,,,,,,,,,, 9. (1 ) ; ; ; ; ;, (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ), Ri UN, V ( M), Ri = 1 000 + UN 1 000 R ( M) PN, k W; 168 UN, V R UN 1 000 + PN 100
(5 ),, 1 min,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 1. 589, 589 1 2 3 4 5, 6 7 8, 9 10 11, 12 13 14 15,,,,, 53 53,,,,, 169
( ),,,,,,, 590 1 2 3 4 5 6 2. ( ) ( ) ( ), 590 ( ) ( 1), ( ),, ( 2),, 591, 1) 12 mm, ( 320 mm, ),, 592 591 1 2 3 4 592 a) b ) c) 1 2 3 4 5 170
500 mm; 500 mm ; 2) (),, 75 A,,,, 10 mm,,,, ( ),, 3),, 593,,,,,, 593 a) b) c), 594, ;, ;,, FH 594 a) b ) c) 171
,, ;,, 4),, ; B 0. 25 mmdmd, 0. 14 mm,,,,, U (3 ),,, 1),, 12 mm 2), V,, 3) 3. (1 ) (2 ) D1 D2, 5% A B 0. 51. 0 mm, 590 (3 ) (4 ) 6 mm, 4. (1 ) 1), 2), (2 ), (3 ),, A, D1,, ( ), 172 (4 ),
,, B D2,,, (5 ),,, (6 ),,, 5% 10%,, 595 595 a) b) 1 2 34 (7 ) 5.,,, 596, (1 ) 0. 5 mm 596 1 2 3 ( ) 4 5 6 7 8,,, 200 mm, 990 mm, ;,,,, 4060 mm, 810 mm (2 ),, ( ) ( ) 173
,,,,,,,,, 1530 mm,,, ( ), 597,,,, a ) b) 597 c) ( ) (3 ),,, (4 ),,,, 6. (1 ) : 1), 1. 5 %,,,, 2),,,, ;,,, ;,, 3),,,,,, 174 4),
,,,,, (2 ) 1) : ( ) ;,,,,,, 598 :, ;, ;,,, ;,,, ;,, 12,,,,,, 2),,,, 150180,,,,, 598 1 2 3, (3 ) 4 5 1) ( ), 2) ;,,,,, 3),, 4),, 175
, 5), (4 ) :, ;, ;,, ( TIG ) ; TIG (5 ) 54, 1 min 54 ( V ) U N > 36 U N 36 ( s ) 1, 2. 5 U N + 2 500 60 2 2. 5 U N + 1 900 750 15 3 2. 5 U N + 1 700 700 60 4 2. 5 U N + 1 500 650 60 5 2. 0 U N + 1 000 2 U N + 500 60 (6 ),,,,,, 80100,,,, 0. 17 mm 25 mm, 350450 N, 5 mm,,,, (7 ),,,,,,,,,,,, (8 ), 176
,,, 599 5100 5101 599 5100 1 2 3 4 8 5 6 7 9 :, ;,, ;,, ;, 5101 a) b) 1 2 3 4 ( Cr WMnT 12 A) 0. 01 mm,,,,,,,, 5 5 5102 ( ) 177
55 mm < 50 0. 5 50150 0. 8 151300 1. 2 > 300 1. 5 5103,,,,,,,,,, V, V 7590,, V,, 5104 5102 a) b ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5103 5104 a) b),, : V :,, (9 ),,,, 178
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7.,,,, (1 ) 1) 2) 3), 4) 5) 6), 7) 8) 9) 10 ) 11 ) 12 ) (2 ) 1),,,,,,,, 2),,,,,,,,,,,,, 179
,,,,,,, (, ),,,,, 3),,,,, 8,, 56 56 ( mm ) 0. 20 0. 25 0. 30 0. 35 0. 40 0. 45 0. 50 0. 55 0. 60 0. 65 0. 70 0. 75 ( % ) 26. 5 25. 5 24. 5 23. 5 23. 0 22. 0 21. 5 20. 5 19. 7 19. 0 18. 5 18. 0 ( mm ) 0. 80 0. 85 0. 90 0. 95 1. 00 1. 05 1. 10 1. 15 1. 20 1. 25 1. 30 > 1. 40 ( % ) 17. 5 17. 0 16. 0 15. 5 15. 0 14. 5 14. 0 13. 5 13. 0 12. 5 12. 0 10. 0,,,,, 0. 5 mm0. 35 mm0. 2 mm,,,,,,,, 4),, 0,,,,,, 180 5) 57
57 1980 1965 A 1 A 2 S 1 S 2 B 1 B 2 H 1 H 2 C 1 C 2 BC 1 BC 2 D 1 D 2 C 1 C 2 E 1 E 2 B 1 B 2 F 1 F 2 T 1 T 2 6),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 5105,,, 5105 a) b) 181
5106 a) b) c) ( 1) 0 ( 2) 90 ( 3) 180 ( 4 ) 270 200 mm,,, 5106a ;,,, 5106b 180, a b, 180b 0 90180270, a1 a2 a3 a4 b1 : ay = ( a1 - a3 )/ 2( mm ) ax = ( a2 - a4 )/ 2( mm) by = ( b1 + b 1 )/ 4 - ( b3 + b 3 )/ 4 ( mm) bx = ( b2 + b 2 )/ 4 - ( b4 + b 4 )/ 4 ( mm) b 1, b2 b 2, b3 b 3, b4 b 4,,, ax ay 0. 030. 05 mm; bx by 0. 020. 04 mm,,,,,, 182
,,,, 2 4, 6,,,,,,,, gmm,, e e, 58 58 e (m) 3 000 r/ mi n 1 500 r/ min 1 000 r/ min 750 r/ min 4. 0 8. 0 12 16 10 20 30 40 20 40 60 80 e e, m; e = Gr W Gr (r G), W, kgf : 1gfmm = 9. 8110-8 Nm,, gfmm; Gr,, 2,,,, ( 1/ 3 ),,,,, ( 1/ 3),,,, 90 %,,, 183
, YYW300Y YW1000Y YW3000 H3BH30B H6V 1.,, :,, V,,,,,,,, 5107 5107,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. :,,,,, 184
,,,,,,,,,,, 3. H3B H30B H3B H30B, M466 CAB690H 10,,,, CAB690H,, CAB690H M466 CAB690H ( ),,,,, H3B, 4. H6V H6V CAB690H ; ; ;, ; YD, CAB690H,, M466, CAB690H, H3BH30B 185
,,,,,,, 1. : ;, ;,, ; ; ;,, ;, ;, ; ;,,, ;,,, ;,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, ;, ( ) ;,, ; ;, 186
;, ;, ( 0. 5 M),,,, ;, ;, 2.,, 1 ( 0. 01 mm),, ( 20% 50 % ) ;,,,,,,, 61 61 mm D ( ) > 36 0. 025 0. 012 > 6 10 0. 030 0. 015 > 1018 0. 035 0. 018 > 1830 0. 040 0. 021 > 3050 0. 050 0. 025 > 5080 0. 060 0. 030 > 80 120 0. 070 0. 035 > 120180 0. 10 3.,, :,,,, 3 120,,,,,, 187
1.,, 5% 10%,, 595,, ( ),,,,, 2.,,,, : (1 ), 0. 5 mm,,,,,, (2 ),, 24 mm,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,, (4 ),, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 100. 15 mm (5 ),, ;, 1 5002 700 Pa, 10% 188 (6 ),
, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1), 61, ( ) S 1. 53 V,,,,,, 61 2),,,,, 3),,,,,,,,,,,, 75% 3.,,, 0. 020. 04 mm 1.,, ; ; ; ; ; 189
, ;,, 2., 25 mm ;, ;, ;, ; ; 1.,, 2. 62 62 Q F U T A S1 T VR V KM L U L V L W, (, ),, 50 H z ( 3% 10 % ) 3%,,,,,,,,, 3., 3%,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),, 190
,,, ( ) ;,, 1.,,, 2. 50 H z, 1 min, (1 ), 63 (2 ),, ( ),,,, 63 T VR T Q M V r A, 50 %,, 5%, 10 s, 1 min,, 50 %,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,, 191
1., 50 Hz,,,,, (1 ) ( ), 50 Hz1. 3 3 min,,,,,,,, (2 ), 64 64 M G F V 0 T VR T V V T A A1A2 K M1 K M2,, 0. 9, GF,,, 10 s, A1,,, 3 %,,,,, 1 000 H z2 500 H z, 2,, 2.,,, VP I,,,,,,,,,,, JB/ Z 293/ 87,,, 5, ( 2UN + 2. 5 ) 0. 75 kv ; 4, 85%, 0. 850. 75 (2UN + 2. 5 ) kv DZS1, 65 192
65 T 1 T2 V1 V2 C1 C2 R3 C3 L1L2 F R4 R5 T1 T2 V1 V2 C1 C2, V1 V2 T2,, C1 + Um (Um ),, C2 - Um, C1, C2 L1 L2, - Um C1 R3C3 + Um,,, - Um + Um, U2Um, R4R5,,,,,,,, 66, ;, 66 R p m V H L ;, ;, A, A 34,, 6 kv,,,,,,,, 0. 79 %,,,,, 6 kv, 193
1. 5, (, ),, 10 kv,,,,,,,,,,,,,, tan ( P = 2f CU 2 tan ) ( f, C, U ), tan,, tan,,,,, tan,,, 6 kv, 5% 5 kv 10% tan,, tan, 50 H z, 0. 51. 0 1. 5,,,,, tan ; 0. 02 0. 03 mm 5070 mm, 10 mm, 6 kv 5 000 kw, 20 tan 1% (3% 5 % ) tan,, tan, 20 K; t, tan 20= Ktan t K 62 62 tan t ( ) 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 K 1. 08 1. 06 1. 03 1. 00 0. 97 0. 94 0. 90 0. 87 0. 84 194
,,,, ;,, ;,,,, :,, 1.,,,,,,, 71 P, P XYZ, P S1 ; V S, V,,,,, ( ) ;,, ( ), 2. XYZ X1 Y1 Z1 ;,, 71 X1 O1 Y1 Y1 O1 Z1 X1 O1 Z1 195
: 71,,, 71 = = X 1 O1 XO, 3. O1 Y1 OY, O1 Z1 OZ, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,,,,, 1., 120, 72,,,, 1 0. 82, 11, 72 196
, 1 1. 22 0. 82 2. (1 ),, ( ),, 1, 73a,, 73a, :, X1 Y1 a b A1 C1, A1 C1 Y1 X1 B1, O1 A1 B1 C1, 73b Z1,, c,, 73c 73 a) b ) c) c d ),,, 2,, Z, X1 Y1,, 74 (2 ),,,, 75, 197
74 a) b), SD 1 1 1 1 c) 1 1, X 1, c d ),, H e) 75 71 1) 75, X OY ( ), OZ ; XOZ ( ), OY ; YOZ ( ), OX 2) 71,,,, O,, 3a 3 b 12, : 34 1 a, 3 a,, 3 76a 198,, X Y, 30 mm,,
15 mm 25 mm,, 76b,, 76c 76 4 77a, 77b,, 77c H,,,, 77d 77 (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, R, aba1 b1, 78, a ba1 b1, O, O1, O, O1, OaO1 a1 199
78 5 79a,,,,, 79b,, 79cd e 79 a) b ), c) d), e) 200, 71 1. (1 ) X OZ, X1 Z1 90,
,, X1 Z1 1 XOY,, (2 ), Y1 O1 Z1 135( Y1 45), Y1 0. 5 ( Y1, ), 710, Z1, Y1 45 710 2. 1 711a 711a,,, 711b ; O1 Y1 H O2,, 710c,,, 711d 711 2 712,,,,, XOZ, XYZ,, 713, 713a ; 712 201
20, 713b ; 40, 713c ; 4-5 12, 713d ;,, 713e 713,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) 3540 45,,,, 714 200 mm,,,,, 202
714 a) b) c), 1),,, 2),, ( ),, 715 715 a) A b) B c) C A, ; B 120, 60,,,, B ; C,,,, 3),,,,,,, 4) ( ),,,, ( ) 5), 6),,, 203
,,, Ra 0. 8 7),,,, 8),, (2 ), : 1),,,,, ( ),, 2),,,,, 3), ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, 716 204 716 JO 2 4
(1 ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, (2 ) ( ) : 1) 2) 3) 4),, 5),,,, 6),,, 7),,,,, 8) 9) 10 ) (, ) 11 ) 12 ) 13 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, 1),,,, 2),, 3), 3.,, 205
,,, (1 ) 1),,, 2), 3), (2 ) 1),,, 717 JO 2 4 1. 2), 3) 4),, JO2 4, 717,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,, ;, ;, 2, 7 (2 ) GB 13361977 ( ) : 206
72 1 A KA 2 B KB 3 F KF 1),,, () 2),,,, 3), ;, 4), 5),,, + 6),, (3 ) 1) 500 V, 0. 5 M, 2), 3),,, 4) 5),,,,,, 5, 6),,,, 207
(4 ),,,, ( ) : 1. 0% 1. 3% ; 0. 5% 0. 8% ; 0. 5% 0. 6% ;,,,,,, 718 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 73, 718,,,,, 1 min, ( 10 s, ),, 1 min 73 ( L ) V0. 5 0. 5V2 V > 2 ( M Pa) 0. 3 0. 6 0. 8 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 2. (1 ), 10 kh z 40010 000 H z,,,, ( 2),, 1 ) 719, 2 ) 720, 719 1 2 3 4 5, 208
3) 721,,,, 720 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 721 1 2 3 3.,, : (1 ) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6), 7) 8) 9), (2 ) 1) 2) 209
3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8),, 9) 10 ), (3 ) 1),,, 2),,,,,, 3) 200250,,,, 4) 5) 6) 150,,, 7) 8), ( ) (4 ) 1),,,, 2) 100110,,,,,,,,, 3) 3,,,,,,,, 5 mm 210
, 1, 12, 12 % 4) ( 4. 510 5 Pa, 5 min), 5) 6),, 7) 8) 4.,, (1 ), 722, : 722 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1), 2) 3),,, 4),,, (2 ) : 1),,, 2),, 3) () 211
( ),,,,,,, 4),,, 5),,,,, 6),,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,, 723,,,,,, 74 ( ) 212
723 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 74 ( 1 ) (1 ), 1, ( 2 ) ( 3 ), (2 ), (3 ) ( 1 ) ( (1 ),,,,, ) ( 2 ) ;,, 2 ( ) ( 3 ), (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ) ( 4 ),, 213
( 1 ) (, (1 ), ), ( 2 ) ( ( 2 ),, 3 ) ( 3 ), (3 ), ( 4 ) (4 ),, 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) (,, ) (1 ), ( 2 ),,,,,, 1., 724 1 2 3 4 5, 6, ( ) 7,, 9,, ( ), 12 10, 11 ( ) 214
724 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12,, : (1 ) ( ), (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 2., (1 ) 1),,,,, 2), 0. 020. 03 s,, 1 m/ s, 3), (48) 10 5 Pa,,,,, 4),, 5),,, 215
6), 7),,,, (2 ) 1),,,, 2),,, ( 10 00090 000 N ) 3) ( ), 1. M147 200 MW300 M W 20 mm60 mm, 4 5006 000 mm, 1 400 mm, 120 r/ min, 170 mm, 40, 2, 6 30, 38, 120, 25 mm 12. 5 mm, 5, 0. 4 MPa, 725,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 51 24, 59 57, ( 12. 625 ) ( 140),,, 726 216,
725 1 2 3 726 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 8 9 7 8 1 400 r/ min, 13. 3 r/ min,, 1 500 mm/ min,,,, 22, 35, i = 1. 59 27, 198, i = 7. 33 1 400 r/ min,, 120 r/ min,, 12. 5 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 35 mm 15 mm,,, 170 mm,,,, 40,,,,,,, 217
,,,, 5,, 95, 0. 4 MPa, 2. 83 kn, 510 mm,, 5 5 (),,,, 727 727 5, 1SA 5SA, 3 2SA3SA4SA,,, 3SA, 5SA, 1SA,,, 1SA,, 3SA,, 2SA, 2SA3SA ( ),,,,,, 0. 4 MPa,,,,,,, 1 ( ) 1 :,, 1, 1,,,, 218
,,,,,, ( 6. 28 mm, 6. 28 mm),,,,,,,,, 2, 6,, 3, N32N46, 2., 28,, 728 250 mm, 7 000 mm,,, 728 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 mm, 20 M Pa, 4 L/ min,, 6. 3 MPa, 25 L/ min,,,, 219
,,,,,,,,,, 0. 81 M Pa, 160,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10%,,,,, :,,, 3 M Pa,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20%, 10%,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) N32 N46,, (2 ),, ( ),, 2. 5 M Pa,,,,, 220
,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,, : 1) 2) 60, 3),,, 4), (, 3 ) 5), 6), 7),,,,, 1. ZJ5,, 729 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14,,,,, (1 ) 1) 1 k, 5 kv 2), 0. 1 s0. 5 s1 s 3), 0. 01 F0. 047 F 4) ( 22011) V 50 Hz 5) 25 W (2 ), 729 1) 2), 1 cm 221
3) 4), (4 min ), 5),, 6),,,,,,, 7),, 8),, 9),, 10 ) 11 ) 12 ) 13 ), X 14 ) (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 730732 730 ( Y ) 731 ( D ) 732 (4 ),, 3,, ; 1, 2 ; 2, 1,,,,, ( ),,,, 222 (5 )
1),, 2) 3) 4),, 5),, 6),,,, 7),,,, 2. GND30,,, ( ), (1 ) 040 80 % ( 40 ) 030 kv ( pp ) 1 kv ( pp ) 0. 1 F/ 40 kv 3. 125 / s, 5 s, 10 s, 20 s, 30 s 3%, 4 % 220 V5% 50 H z < 1 kv A ( ) (2 ), 1), 733 733 223
U1 U2,, 75 75 ( kv ) 5 10 15 20 25 30 ( mm ) 3 5 7 9 11 13,, (, ), ( ), 1, 5 s10 s20 s30 s,,, 2) 2, 734 734 U1U2-1 U1U2-2 CH1, U1U2-1 ; CH2, U1U2-2 A ND, C H2,,, 3. 224
, 5 kv A10 kva15 kv A, YDJ 5/ 50YDJ 10/ 100YDJ 15/ 100, 4085% 1 000 m, 0,,, 4., 6 kv, 5% 10%, tan tan, ( ) QS3 QS3 FY49 AB1a BR F Y64,,,, 50 H z, 220 V, 310 kv, 1035, 30 % 80 % (1 ) 1),, 15 min 2) 3) C2, C1, CS QS3, 735, S1, S2,, Cx 4), 0. 51 m,,,,, 2 min 5) S2,, R3 R4,, R3R4, 6) S2,, 7) 5 )6 ), S2,, 225
735 QS3 8),, C4R3 tan tan= C4 (2 ) 1) 2), 3),, 4), ( ),, 5) BR,, 5 %, R4 226
,,,,,, 1.,, 200 k W Z2,, (1 ) 1) PN PN nn,,, Z2 81 D P N/ nn, PN 2) Ia N, PM = Ea N Ia N, PM = ( 1. 021. 1) PN PM = ( 1. 031. 15) PN, ;, Ia N = PM/ Ea N Ea N UN,, Ea N = ( 1. 05 1. 14 ) UN,,, Ea N = ( 0. 85 0. 95 ) UN,, 3) Za A A = ( Ia N/ 2 a) Za/ D ( A/ cm) 81 Z 2 D P N / n N 227
82 Z 2 A D 2 a,, 2 a Z2, A 82, A,, A Z a Z a = DA2a/ Ia N Z= Z a/ Qa, Qa, ZsZsZ, Za = Qa Z 4) Wa u, K, u = K/ Qa, ZZa Wa = Z/ 2 u, Wa = Za/ 2 K, Wa,,,,,, : Z = 10, u = 2 Wa = Z/ 2 u = 10/ (2 2 ) = 2 1 2 2, 2, 3,, 5) ia = Ia N/ 2 a i a = 4. 57. 5 A/ mm 2, : S ca = ia/ i a a A S c a,,, Sc a ia, 1. 51. 62 mm, 1518 mm 2 ;, Y k = ( K1 ) / P, K P : P = 2, K ; K = uqa, u Qa u Qa,,, (2 ) 1), if PN Kf = if/ Ia N ( 83 ) Kf if = Kf Ia N if 35 A/ mm 2,, if,, if 228
83 PN Kf S cf = Ke if if ( mm2 ) Ke ( Ke = 1. 21. 3; Ke = 1. 051. 15), S cf, S cf i f if = 4 600 UN Scf 2 PWf lf lf Wf = 2 300 UN Scf Plf if, cm, ( ) 10 cm, 20 cm, lf = ( 10 + 20 )/ 2 = 15 cm, lf (), W f, W f,, W f ; lf ;,, lf, W f lf, lf, Wf lf, UN Rf 75= 2 P Wf lf 4 600 Sd () GTcq = 2 P Wf lf Sd 8. 910-5 ( kg), ifm = UN/ Rf 75( A) if,, 229
, Wf ;, ;, ;, 1/ 2,,, Wc ) : Wc = if W f 10 Ia N ( 2), W b; N r/ min Ea N = ( Za P N) / 60 a FcN Fc N = Ff/ 2 ( ), Ff, Ff = Fg + FT + Fa + Fm + Fc1 Fg Fc1, T, cm, cm 2 Fg = 2 104 Bg Kg g 1. 6 Bg Kg g 0 0 = 0. 4 10-8 Wb/ Acm Bg = 10 4 la 2/ 3, 0. 550. 75,,, ; ; la Kg = t1 ; b0 ; g FT, 84 t1 - t1 b 2 0 5 g + b0 230
, 1/ 3 ST, T = Bg la t1 10-4 1/ 3 : BT 1/ 3 = Bg t1 la bt 1/ 3 la BT 1/ 3 1/ 3, Kc 84 Kc 0. 92, BT 1/ 3, HT, ht,, Fca FT = 2 HT ht, Bca = / 2 hc la Kc 10 4 hc Bca Hca la, Fca = Hca la Fm,,, 1. 2, Sm Bm Hm,, Fm = 2 Hm hm, hm ; Fc1, FcN = if W f W f if = Ia N, W f = Fc N/ Ia N if = Ia N,,,,, 3),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 231
(3 ) W h, W h = Za ah 8 ap Kh Za a ; ah ; Kh, Kh Kh Sh, Sh = 1. 151. 25 = 1. 21. 3,, (4 ) 1), E = Zap n,, UE, a60 Za2 = U2 n2 a2 Za1 U1 n1 a1 1 ; 2 ( ), ( n2 = n1 ), Za2 = U2 U1 Za1 Z = Za2/ Qa () ; u = K/ Qa ; Wa = Z/ 2 u; S2 = PN Ia N1 U2 S1 = U 1 U2 S1, S2 Wah2 = U2 ah2 Wah1 U1 ah1 ah1 ah2 Wc2 = U2 ac2 U1 ac1 Wc1 ac1 ac2, ( ) Sf2 = U1 U2 W f2 = Sf1 Sf2 Wf1 2. 232
, 60%,,,,,,, (1 ),,, D0 D1 LF e Q1 (hc1 ), 1 ) f UN,, f = 50 HzUN = 220 V (, f UN ) 2) 24,,,,,, ;,,,, 3),,, PN Da = 71 mm, PN 415 W ; Da = 84 mm, PN 1540 W; Da = 94 mm, PN 4090 W; Da = 120 mm, PN 180250 W ; Da = 145 mm, PN 250600 W ; Da = 160 mm, PN 600800 W, PN, 2 ; PN,,, ;,,,,,, : Z= 3010 3 / Qk, Qk =Df1 Lfe/ 2 p ( cm 2 ) Bc1 BT1 Bc1 = 0. 510 4 / Sc1 Z ( T ), Sc1 = KFe hc1 LFe (cm 2 ) KF e = 0. 92 BT1 = 1. 5710 4 / ST 1 Z ( T ) ST 1 = Q1 2 P L Fe bt1 KF e (cm2 ) 233
, bt1,, 1/ 3 Bc1 Br1 1. 21. 65T Bc1 BT 1,, Z, BT1 : Z Z= BT 1 1. 65 2/ 3, Z Z = 2 Z 2/ 3 Q1 = 3 Z 1/ 3,, = 80% Zq = 2 Z 1/ 3 Q1 IN = Q1 = 6 Z = 2 Z Q1 PN 103 UN cos (A ) cos= 0. 82 Sd = IN/ 1 ( mm 2 ) 1 = 46 A/ mm 2, PN,, ;, d = 4 Sd 1. 13 Sd ( mm) Zq = 2 Z, 1/ 3Q1 Zq,, Sq = 0. 5 Sd, dq = 0. 71 d ddq, 0. 750. 80 = () 2,,,, ; (,,, ), 0. 75 (2 ) 1),,, ( ),, Da Di1 LF e Q1 hc1 ( 81 ),, U1 3 kw 220 V ; 3 k W380 V ( kv ) 234 f1 : 50 Hz
2 p:, : ;, 81 Q1 Y ( IP44 ) 2 p H ( mm ) 2 4 6 8 80 18 24 90 100 24 112 36 36 132 30 160 48 180 200 36 48 54 54 225 36 48 250 36 48 280 42 60 72 72 315 48 72 PN,, 82, ;, 82 Y (IP44) 2 p ( k W) 2 4 6 8 H ( mm ) 80 0. 75, 1. 1 0. 55, 0. 75 90 1. 5, 2. 2 1. 1, 1. 5 0. 75, 1. 5 100 3 2. 2, 3 1. 5 112 4 4 2. 2 132 5. 5, 7. 5 5. 5, 7. 5 3, 4, 5. 5 2. 2, 3 160 11, 15, 18. 5 11, 15 7. 5, 11 4, 5. 5, 7. 5 180 22 18. 5, 22 15 11 200 30, 37 30 18. 5, 22 15 225 45 37, 45 30 18. 5, 22 250 55 55, 75 37 30 280 75, 90 90 45, 55 37, 45 315 110, 132, 160 110, 132, 160 75, 90, 110, 132 55, 75, 90, 110 IP23, IP44 14,, IP44 I P23 ; 235
, :, 15 kw, ; 15 kw q = 2, ; q = 3, ; q= 4, Bg =Bg l1 10-4 0. 64 =Dil/ 2 p l1 0. 550. 75 T ( ) Z1 ( W b) Kap1 Z1 = U1 4. 44 f1 Kap1 Kap1 = Kd1 Kp1 Kd1 Kd1 = sin ( q1 / 2) qsin ( / 2) = p / Q1 Kp1 Kp1 = Sin ( 90 ) 2 p = 4, Q = 36, y = 9; y1 = 8, 1 = 8/ 90. 89 W Q1 : W Q1 = 6 az1 Q1 W Q1 = 3 az1 a, 2 p = 6, a = 1, 2, 3, 6, a, Z1 WQ1, 1015 kw a= 1, a= 1, WQ1 a, a, a, Bc1 BT1 : Bc1 = BT 1 = 10 4 2 hc1 l1 KFe Bg t1 bt1 KF e KFe,, KFe = 0. 95; 236 KF e = 0. 920. 93 Q1 ( T ) ( T )
Bc1 1. 11. 55 T,,,, BT 1 Bg BT 1 1. 31. 75 T, = 1. 85 T, WQ1 Bc1 BT1 Bc1 BT 1, ( ) d, 1, N d 1 310 A/ mm 2 ( 0. 55200 kw ), 1, 10 A/ mm 2 ;,, 3 A/ mm 2 1 = I1/ a, PN IN, 380 V, PN kw, IN ( ) PN IN = ( 1. 7 2. 6) PN ( A), Y ( I P23 ), 11 k W 8, IN 2. 55PN = 28. 1A, I1 = IN/ 3 (D ) I1 = IN (Y ), a = 1, N d ( Nd ), a, 1 I1 : = N d2 4 = I1 a 1, ( ) N d ( d )D 1. 5 1. 6 mm, N Nd,, a ( a2 p), N = 0. 50. 8 : = W Q1 ; : = 2WQ1 N ( ) 2, 1, ; Bg, W Q1 ( 70% ) PN Bg 1 Bc1 BT1 WQ1 Nd, PN,, PN, PN Bc1 BT 1 WQ1 Nd 1 a, 2),, 237
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, YZR, Z2 Z2 = E20 E10 Z1 Kd p1 Kdp2 Kdp2, Kdp1, q1 1 B1 q2 2 B2,, Kdp2, q2 2 B2 E20,, 80300 V,, E10, E10 = ( 0. 920. 95 ) U1,,, Z2 Z2 = ( Q2 Z2 )/ ( m2 a2 ), a2, Z2, a2 = 1, a2 a1 : m2 = m1 = 3 I2 I2 1. 01 Ikw Z1 Z2 Kd p1 Kd p2 Ikw = 103 PN 3U1 = 70% 90% S2 d2 d2 S2 = - I2 a2 2 2 1 80 % 90 %,,,, 75% 80%,,, 2, Z2 d2 ( ) 3., 238