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Transcription

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2 ,,,, : : (010 ) : (010 ) E - mail: dd@ hep.com.cn : 55 :

3 21, 21,,,,,, 8 EWB EDA, (CIP).,.:, ISBN TM CIP (2003) ,

4 21,, 21, 21,,, ;, ; ; :, ; ; ; ; ; ; EDA PLC isp DesignExpert isplsi,,,,,,, EDA,,,,,,, , , , 16, 7 1,,,,,,,

5 ,,,,,,,

6 ( KCL) ( KVL) RC RC R L RC LC ( Y ) ()

7 PN PN

8 () ()

9 1, ,,,, 1-1,,,, ;,, ;,,,, : 1-1 (, ) ; (, ),,, 2.,,,,,,,, 1

10 ( ) U S I S R C L 1-3, 1-2 R L, U S ( ) R 0,, :, (+ ) (- ) ( ), (- ) (+ ) ( ) 1-4,, ,,,,,,,,, 1-5 I 3 U 3 I ba U ab

11 ,, 1-6 (a),,, 1-6 (a), R U = RI (1-1), 1-6( b), R U = - RI (1-2) 1-6 ()(A), (V) , R : 1-1( a) R = U I = 6 3 = 2 1-1( b) R = - 1-1(c) R = - U I = = 2 U I = = 2 1-1( d) R = U I = = 2 :,,,, P = UI ( V)(A), ( W) ( ) ( ),, ( ), : (1 ) (2 ) P = UI (1-3) P = - UI (1-4), I U, P > 0,, ;, P < 0,, 3

12 , : U S1 = 15 V, U S2 = 5 V, R = 5, I :, I = U S1 - U S2 R = 15-5 A = 2 A 5,, U S1 P S1 = - U S1 I = - 152W = - 30 W ( ) U S2 P S2 = U S2 I = 52W = 10 W( ) R P R = I 2 R = 2 2 5W = 20 W ( ),, 30 W = ( ) W,,,, P = , : U 1 = 20 V, I 1 = 2 A, U 2 = 10 V, I 2 = - 1 A, U 3 = - 10 V, I 3 = - 3 A,, :, 1 P1 = - U1 I1 = W = - 40 W 2 P 2 = U 2 I 2 = 10( - 1) W = - 10 W 3 P 3 = - U 3 I 1 = - ( - 10 )2 W = 20 W 4 P 4 = - U 2 I 3 = - 10( - 3) W = 30 W , 3 4 P = 0,,, ; 1.1.3, 1-10, : ( a),,, I = E R 0 + R L = U S R 0 + R L (1-5), R L, R 0, R 0 4 U = E - R 0 I = U S - R 0 I (1-6)

13 1-10 P RL = P E - P R 0 = EI - R 0 I 2 = UI (1-7) EI ; UI ; R 0 I 2 U N I N P N,,,, 1 W 400, 400, 1 W, P = RI 2, 2., 0.05 A0.05 A, 1-10( b),,,,,, U O 3., E( U S ) UO = E = U S (1-8) 1-10(c),,,,,,, I S,, I S = E R 0 = U S R 0 (1-9) P E = EI S = R 0 I 2 S,,, 5

14 , ( F U),,,, ( ),,, 1-4, 400 W, 110 V, R , 50 10, E : I N E R L I N = P N U N = A = 3.64 A E = U N + R 0 I N = ( ) V = 115 V = 50, I I = E R 0 + R L = A = 2.24 A < I N, P RL = UI = R L I 2 = W = W < P N, R L = 10, I I = E R 0 + R L = A = A > I N, P R L = UI = R L I 2 = W = W > P N, (), I S I S = E R 0 = A83.33 A23 I N, 1.1.4,,,,,,, 1-11( a) e, U e = 0 V, U a = U ae = 10 V, U d = U de = - 5 V 6 Ub = U bd + Ude = (5 + 6) I + Ud = ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( - 5 ) V = 6 V U c = U cd + U de = 6 I + U d = [6 + ( - 5 ) ] V = 1 V 1-11

15 ,,,,,, 1-11( a), d, U d = 0 V, U a = 15 V, U b = 11 V, U c = 6 V, U e = 5 V,, U ab = U a - U b,,,, 1-11 ( b)1-11( a),,, 1-12 :, , B UAB :,, U A - U B R1 = U B - U C R2 : U B 5 = U B - ( - 6 ) 4 U B = 2 V, U AB = U A - U B = ( 12-2) V = 10 V , S A U A : S, : U A = - 4 V S, U B U A ( ) = U A - 12, 20 = 0, 4 k 20 k : U A = 2 V U A 4 = 12 - U A 20,

16 1.2,, 1.2.1, 1., U = f ( I) 1-15( a) ( b) 1-16 (a) ( b) U S R L, US,, ;, I S R L, I S,, ;, 2.,, () ( ), 1-17 ( a) ( b) 1-18 ( a) ( b) U = U S - R 0 I ( 1-10) U ; U S ; I ; R 0, U S, R 0 8 = 0

17 I = I S - U R 0 ( 1-11) I ; I S ; U ; R 0, I S, R 0 3. =,,, ( ) ( ),, (1-19 ) I S = U S R 0 U S = R 0 I S ( 1-12), I S U S +, R 0,, R : ;,, 1-7, 1-20( a) 1 I 9

18 : ( a) 2 A 2 (b )4 V 2, I = A = 1 A R L C,, 1-21 (a) ( b ) (c), ,, 1-21( a),, 1-22 a, 1-22 b,, 1-22 a b, u i 1-21( a), 10

19 u = Ri ( 1-13) u, ( V) ; i, ( A) ; R, (), ( k)( M),1 k= 10 3, 1 M= 10 6, p = ui = Ri 2 t 1 t 2, ( J) = u2 R ( 1-14) W = t 2 R i 2 d t ( 1-15) t 1,, 2.,,,, 1-21( b) i, N = N i, L = i ( 1-16) L, ( H), ( mh), 1 mh = 10-3 HL,, L, i, e L, u i e L u 1-21 ( b), e L = - d d t = - L d i d t u = - e L = L d i d t ( 1-17), d id t,,,,,, i, W L = 1 2 Li2 ( 1-18),, 11

20 (c), q u, C = q u ( 1-19) C, ( F ), (F ) 1 F = 10-6 F C, C,, u,, iu i 1-21 (c), i = d q d t = C d u d t ( 1-20), i d ud t,,, u, W C = 1 2 Cu2 ( 1-21),, 4.,,, ( RS) ( RX) ( RT ) ( RJ ) ( RY), RJ - 2, 820, 5% 2 W,,,,, LG 4, 820 H, 150 ma, ( CZ CJ ) ( CY)( CC CT )(CL) ( CI )( CD) CJ10, 0.15 F400 V,,, 12

21 ,,,,, RLC 1-23 ( a), 1-23 ( b) 1-23,, 1-1,, 1-1 R = R 1 + R 2 L = L 1 + L 2 C = C 1 C 2 C 1 + C 2 R = R 1 R 2 R 1 + R 2 L = L 1 L 2 L 1 + L 2 C = C 1 + C 2 : 1.3 ( KCL), ; ( KVL),,,,, 1-24, : a b c d :, , 1-24 : 13

22 : 1-24, ( KCL) 1., 1-24, a I in = I out I 4 = I 1 + I 6 I4 - I1 - I6 = 0 I = 0 ( 1-22),, 2., () 1-25( a) KCL I a + I b + I c = ( b), I E = I B + I C ( KVL) KCL,, U = U 1-24, 1 ( abda), a b R 1 I 1, b d R 3 I 3, d a U S1, U S1 + R 3 I 3 = R 1 I 1 U S1 + R 3 I 3 - R 1 I 1 = 0 U = 0 ( 1-23),,, 2., 1-26, U AB,,, K VL 14

23 U = - U 1 - U S + U AB = 0 U A B = U 1 + U S = RI + U S A B A B : 1-27(a),, US I 1 = 10 5 A = 2 A = 10 V 1-26 KVL KCL a I 2 = I 1 - I S = (2-5) A = - 3A P R = RI 2 1 = 52 2 W = 20 W P u s = - U S I 2 = - 10( - 3 ) W = 30 W( ) P I s = - U S I S = - 105W = - 50 W( ) 1-27( b),, I S = 5 A U 1 = 55 V = 25 V KVL U 2 = U 1 + U S = ( ) V = 35 V P R = RI 2 S = 55 2 W = 125 W P us = U S I S = 105 W = 50 W( ) P I S = - U 2 I S = W = W( ) , R 1 = 3, R 2 = 7, U S = 20 V, I U1 U2 : U 1 = R 1 I; U 2 = R 2 I KVL U S = R 1 I + R 2 I I = U S R 1 + R

24 U 1 = U 2 = R 1 R 1 + R 2 U S R 2 R1 + R2 I = 2 A, U 1 = 6 V, U 2 = 14 V U S ( 1-24),, R 1 = 2, R 2 = 3, I S = 10 A, U I1 I2 : I 1 = U R 1, I 2 = U R 2 KCL a IS = I1 + I2 I S = U R 1 + U R 2 = R 1 + R 2 R 1 R 2 U U = R 1 R 2 R1 + R2 I S = ( R 1 R 2 ) I S = RI S I 1 = I 2 = R 2 R 1 + R 2 I S R 1 R 1 + R 2 I S U = 12 V, I 1 = 6 A, I 2 = 4 A,, ( 1-25), KCL KVL,, : 1. b, b 2. KCL n, ( n - 1) n ( n - 1 ), 3. KVL m, m = [ b - ( n - 1) ] 4., : 1-30, , 3, 16 a I 1 + I 2 - I 3 = 0 1 R 1 I 1 + R 3 I 3 - U S1 = 0

25 R2 I2 - R3 I3 + US2 = 0, I 1 = 4 A, I 2 = - 1 A, I 3 = 3 A : 1-31, I 1 = I S = 5 A, I 2 I 3, 1, 2 a I 2 - I 3 = I S 1 - R 2 I 2 - R 3 I 3 = U S, I 2 = 2 A, I 3 = - 3 A,, 1.4,, 1.4.1,, 17

26 , 1-32, a b U ab, I 1 = U S1 - U ab R 1, ( U S1 = R 1 I 1 + U ab ) I 2 = U S2 + U ab R 2, ( U S2 + U ab = R 2 I 2 ) I 3 = U ab R 3 a, I 1 = I 2 + I U S1 - U ab = U S2 + U ab R 1 R 2 + U ab R 3 U ab = US1 R 1 - US2 R = R 1 R 2 R 3 U S R 1 R ( 1-26) ( ), ;, US1 = 54 V, US2 = 72 V, R 1 = 3, R 2 = 6, R 3 = 2 : U ab U ab = U S1 R 1 - U S2 R = R 1 R 2 R 3 Uab, I 1 = U S1 - U ab = 54-6 A = 16 A R 1 3 I 2 = U S2 + U ab R2 = A = 13 A V = 6 V I 3 = U ab R 3 = 6 2 A = 3 A U ab : 1-33,

27 ,, 1-33 U ab U ab = U S R 1 - I S = R 1 R V = 12 V 1.4.2, :, () () () :, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),,, 1-33 U ab, U ab = US R 1 - IS = R 1 R 3 R 3 R 1 + R 3 U S - R 1 R 3 I R 1 + R S = U ab + U ab 3 U ab = R 3 U R 1 + R S, U ab = - 3 R 1 R 3 R 1 + R 3 I S U S I S, U ab (a), U S = 9 V, I S = 6 A, R 1 = 6, R 2 = 4, R 3 = :, () 1-34 ( b ) (c),, ( U S = 0), ( I S = 0 ) () ( b)i S 19

28 (c)us I 1 = I 2 = I S = 6 A R 3 R 1 + R 3 I S = A = 2 A I 3 = I S - I 1 = ( 6-2 ) A = 4 A I 2 = 0 U S I 1 = I 3 = = 9 R 1 + R A = 1 A ( ) ( ),,, ( ) I 3 I 1 I 2 = I 1 + I 1 = ( ) A = 3 A = I 2 + I 2 = ( ) A = 6 A = - I 3 + I 3 = ( ) A = - 3 A,,,,,,,, 1.4.3,,,,,,, 1-35,

29 ; 1. : ( 1-36 ( a) ) R 0 U O ( 1-36 ( b ) ), U O ( 1-36 (c) ), R 0 ( 1-36 ( d) ), ( U S = 0), ( I S = 0 ) ( b)u O R , ( a) I : U O (a)a b, ( b) U O ( b) c, U O = U ab = U a - U b = R 0 R 2 R 1 + R 2 U S - R 3 I S = V = 8 V ( b)u S I S, (c) R 0,, a b R 0 = ( R 1 R 2 ) + R 3 = = 4 21

30 I ( d), a b, I = U O R 0 + R = A = 1 A ,,, : ( U O ) ( R 0 ),,,,,,, U O R 0 : (1 ) (a) U O, 1-38 ( b) I S, R0 R 0 = U O I S ( 1-27) (2 ), U O, RL, 1-38(c)RL 22 R 0 = U O - U U R L = U, U O U - 1 R L ( 1-28)

31 1-38 U O R U O = 0.5 V, R L = 6 k, U = 0.3 V, : R 0 = 4 k 2. U O U - 1 R L = k= 4 k : ( 1-39 ( a) ), I S R 0 ( 1-39 ( b) ) I S ( 1-39( c) ), R 0 ( 1-39 ( d) ),, I S R 0,,, 23

32 1.5,,,,, 1.5.1,, (),, (),, ( I 1 = 0 ) ; ( U 1 = 0),, ( R 0 ( R 0 U 1 =, ) = 0, ) 1. ( VCVS), 1-40 ( a), U 2 = U 1, 2. ( CCVS ), 1-40 ( b ), U 2 = ri 1, r, (), I 1 3. ( VCCS ), 1-40 ( c), I 2 = gu 1, g, ( S ), U 1, I 1 4. ( CCCS ), 1-40 ( d ), I 2 = I 1, 24, rg,

33 1.5.2,,,,,, , R 1 = 6, R 2 = 40, R 3 = 4, U S = 6 V, I 1 : 1-41,,,, a KCL, I 1 = I 2 + I 3 KVL R 1 I 1 + R 2 I 2 = U S I 1 I 3 = 0.9 I 1, I 1 = 0.6 A U 2 : U 2 = U U 2 = 6 V ( a) I 1 : ( a) ( b) ( c) 2 I 1, 12 V, KVL (1 + 3) I I 1 = 12 V I 1 = 2 A 6 A, KVL 2 I ( I 1-6) + 1 I 1 = 0 I 1 = 3 A I 1 = I 1 - I 1 = ( 2-3 ) A = - 1 A 25

34 ,,,, 1-43 (c) 1-21, 1-41 I 2 : UO 1-44( a) I 1 = 0.9 I 1, I 1 = 0KVL IS 1-44( b) U O = U S = 6 V a KCL R 0 I S I 1 = U S R 1 = 6 6 A = 1 A = I I 1 = 0.1 I 1 = 0.1 A

35 R 0 = U O = 6 = 60 I S 0.1 I (c), I 2 = U O R 0 + R 2 = A = 0.06 A,,,, 1-41, R 1 I ( 1)? ( 2)? ( 3)?? (4 ), P > 0,?? ( 5),? ( 6) 5 k 0.5W,? ( 7) 100 A, 60 A, 40 A? (8 ) 110 V 8 W, 380 V,?? ( 9) U ab a b? , I = - 2 A, ( 1),,? ( 2),,? ( 3),?? (4 ) R 0,? R 0,?,? (5 ),?,? 27

36 ( 6), L?, C? ( 7) i = I m sin t, u ( 8),? 1-4,,? 1-4? 1-5 ( 1)?? ( 2)?? A B A B,? I U AB? , U 1 = 10 V, U S1 = 4 V, U S2 = 2 V, R 1 = 4, R 2 = 2, R 3 = 5, U 2? A? ,A U A , V,, R U B

37 1-12 (1),? (2) U O I S, R , 0.6 A, 6 V;, 6.4 V, U S R 0 R L? ,R L = 5, I L = 1 A, R L 15, I L =? I I I ( ), R 1 I 29

38 I I , I I S I I , U S1 = 4 V, R 1 = 3, R 2 = R 3 = 2,I 2 = 0, U S2 =? U 1 U I U 2 30

39

40 2 RC R L, RC,, RCR L ,,, ( L C),,,,, 0t < u ( t) i( t) 2.,,,, p = d w d t =, i L 1 2 Cu2 C 1 2 Li2 L, u C,, ic,,, = C d uc d t, ul ) 3. = L d il d t, (,,,, RC 32

41 ,,,,,, , u C i L, t = 0, t = 0 -, t = 0 + t = 0 - t = 0 +,, u C ( 0 + ) = u C (0 - ) i L (0 + ) = i L (0 - ) (2-1), t = 0 + u C i L u C (0 - )i L ( 0 - ) (i C u L u R i R ) (, ) u C ( 0 + ) i L (0 + ), : ,, uc ( 0 + )uc ( 0 + ) = 0, 0 +,, i L ( 0 + ) i L ( 0 + ) = 0, 2., ( a) S, S : t = 0 -, 2-1 ( b) t = 0 -,,,, t = 0 + i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = 1 2 I S = 5 ma u C ( 0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = i L ( 0 - ) R 3 = 52 V = 10 V, 2-1( c) i R (0 + ) = 0, u R 1 ( 0 + ) = 0 i C ( 0 + ) = - u C ( 0 + ) R2 = ma = - 10 ma i S ( 0 + ) = I S - i R - i C - i L = [ ( - 10 ) - 5 ] ma = 15 ma 33

42 u L (0 + ) = - i L (0 + ) R 3 = - 52 V = - 10 V, t = 0 +, t = 0 - i L u C,, t = 0 -,, t = ( a) S : t = 0 -, 2-2 (a)s u C ( 0 + ) = u C (0 - ) = 0, i L (0 + ) = i L (0 - ) = ( b)t = 0 +,,,, i R (0 + ) = i C (0 + ) = 34 U S R 1 + R 2 = A = 2A

43 u L (0 + ) = R 2 i C ( 0 + ) = 42 V = 8 V 2.2.2,, (),, ( a), : 2-3( b) t,,,, i C () = 0 u L ( ) = 0 i R () = i L () = u C () = R 3 U S R 1 + R 3 = A = 2 A i L () = 42 V = 8 V 2.3 RC RC t = 0 S, Ri + uc = US i = C d u C d t, RC d uc d t + uc = US, 2-4 RC, u C u C, u C ( t) = u C + u C u C,, 35

44 ,, u C u C = u C ( t) t = u C () RC d u C d t + u C = 0 Ae pt, A, p, p = - RCp + 1 = 0 1 RC = - 1 = RC,, RC u C = Ae - t u C,, u C,, u C ( t) = u C () + Ae - A S t = 0 + )u C (0 + ), t = 0 + u C (0 + ) = u C () + A A = uc (0 + ) - uc () t (2-2), ( A (2-2), RC, u C u C ( t) = u C ( ) + [ u C ( 0 + ) - u C () ]e - t (2-3),, ( 2-3 ),, f ( t), f( t) = f( ) + [ f (0 + ) - f () ]e - t (2-4), RC, : 1. u C ( 0 + ) = u C (0 - ), u C ( 0 - ), u C (0 - ) u C ( 0 - ), u C (), 3. = RC, R R (), C ( F ), ( s), RC 36

45 ,,,, t,, t 3 5 : u C ( ) = u C () + [ u C ( 0 + ) - u C () ]e - 1 = u C () [ u C ( ) - u C (0 + ) ] uc ( 3 ) = uc () [ uc () - uc ( 0 + ) ] u C ( 5 ) = u C () [ u C () - u C (0 + ) ] (2-5) u C ( 0 + ) = 0,, t = ( 35), u C 5 % 0.7%, ( 35 ), 2-5 uc ( ) = U S, u C (0 + ) = 0, u C ( t),, C,, R,, 2-5 u ( t), RC R C R C, RC RC RC, ( ),, ( ),,, 1. RC 2-6( a), t = 0 S U S, C u, 2-6 ( b)c, u C ( 0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = 0,, i( ) = 0, uc () = US = RC, U S u C ( t) = u C ( ) ( 1 - e - t ) = U S (1 - e - t R C ) (2-6),,, U S, i u C, u R i i( t) = C d u C d t u R ( t) = R i = U S e - = u C () R t RC e - t RC = U S R e - t R C (2-7), S C, U S, U S R, 37

46 u C i u R 2-6 ( c),,, 2-6 RC 2. RC 2-7 (a) t < 0,, u C ( 0 - ) = U S t = 0 S RC, C R, u C ( ) = 0 u C i u R u C ( t) = u C (0 + )e - t = U S e - 1 RC i( t) = C d u C d t = - u C ( 0 + ) R u R ( t) = Ri = - U S e - t R C e - t = ( b) U S R e - t RC (2-8) 2-7 RC 3. RC 2-8 (a) RC, u C (0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = - U S1, u C () = U S2,= RC, u C ( t) = U S2 + ( - U S1 - U S2 )e - t RC = U S2 - ( U S1 + U S2 )e - t RC u C ( t) = - U S1 e - t R C + U S2 ( 1 - e - t RC ) (2-9),, 38

47 2-8 RC, i u R u C 2-8( b) ( a), t = 0 S,, : u C ( t) u C ( 0 + )2-9 ( b) u C (0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = U S = 12 V u C ( )2-9(c) u C () = R 2 R 1 + R 2 U S = V = 8 V R, 2-9 ( d) R = R 1 R 2 + R 3 = k= 4 k = RC = s = s

48 uc ( t) = uc () + [ uc (0 + ) - uc () ]e - t = ( 8 + 4e - 50 t ) V i C ( t) i C ( t), i C ( t) = C d u C d t i1 ( t) i2 ( t) i C ( t) = C d u C d t = u C () - u C ( 0 + ) e - R t = 8-12 i 1 ( t) i 2 ( t), i C ( t)u C ( t) i 2 ( t) = i C R 3 R 2 + u C i 1 ( t) = i 2 + i C = = - e - 50 t e - 50 t e - 50 t 6 4 ma = - e t ma = uc ( t) ic ( t) i1 ( t)i2 ( t) 2-10 e - 50 t = - e t ma e t e - 50 t ma ma (a), S 3, t = 0, 1,, 2 u C ( t),, S 2 0 V ( EWB ) : S 1 u C1 u C1 (0 + ) = u C1 (0 - ) = 0 u C1 () = U S1 = 10 V 1 = ( R 1 + R 3 ) C = ( ) s = 0.1 ms u C1 ( t) = u C1 () + [ u C1 ( 0 + ) - u C 1 () ]e - t 1 = 10( 1 - e - t 0.1 ) V( t ms ) 1, S 2, u C 2 u C2 ( 1 + ) = u C2 ( 1 - ) = 10( 1 - e - 1 ) = 6.32 V u C2 () = - 5 V 2 = ( R 2 + R 3 ) C = ( ) s = 0.15 ms u C2 ( t) = u C 2 () + [ u C2 ( 1 + ) - u C 2 () ]e -, 0t < 40 t = ( e - t ) V

49 U C ( t) = 0 V, 10( 1 - e - t 0.1 ) V ( 0t < 0.1 ms) ( e - t = ln u C ( t)2-11 (b ) t e - t = ) V ( t0.1 ms) ms = 0.22 ms u C 2.4 RC ( ) RC 2-12( a) u i 50% t W T, t W ( ), T u i 2-12 ( b ) 0t < t W RC, t W, u o 2-12( b) u o = Ue - t 0t < t W U,,,, U, T > tt W, u i,, U, u o = - Ue - t - t W T > tt W t W,, u o 2-12 RC - U, 2-12 ( b) 41

50 t W, u i = u C + u o u C u o = Ri = RC d u C d t RC d u i d t ( 2-10), u o u i,,,, (),,, RC : t W ; u o, t W RC t W,,, C,, RC 2-13(a), t W, RC, u o, 2-13 ( b) t t W, ( t W ), u C = u o u C, ( t = t W u C )u C = T 2 ), u o (, t W,, uo, u o = u C u R u i = u R + u o u R = Ri i = ur R ui R u o = u C = 1 C id t1 RC u i d t ( 2-11) 2-13 RC, uo ui RC,, RC : t W ; u o, 42

51 2.5 RL R L RC 2-14( a)r L t = 0 S, S i R + i L = I S i R = u L R, u L i L L d i L R d t = L d i L d t + i L = I S R L il ( t) = il ( ) + [ il (0 + ) - il () ]e - t ( 2-12) i L (), ; i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ), i L (0 - ), i L ( 0 - ) ; = L R, R, ( ) R (), L (H), ( s), R L f ( t), f( t) = f( ) + [ f (0 + ) - f () ]e - t 2-14 (a),, i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = 0; S,,, i L () = I S ; = L ( ) R i L ( t) = I S (1 - e - R L t ) u L ( t) = L d i L d t = RI S e - R ( 2-13) L t 2-14 R L i L u L 43

52 i L u L 2-14 ( b ) S, L, L RI S, u L = (a),, t = 0, S t0 i L i 1 i 2, ) : i L : : : i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = U S1 R 1 = 12 6 A = 2 A i L () = U S1 R 1 = + U S2 R 2 = L R 1 R 2 = 1 2 s A = 5 A i L ( t) = i L ( ) + [ i L ( 0 + ) - i L () ]e - = (5-3e - 2 t ) A t i 1 i 2 u L ( u L ( t) = L d i L d t = [ i L () - i L (0 + ) ] Re - t = (5-2)2e - 2 t V = 6e - 2 t V i 1 ( t) = U S1 i 2 ( t) = U S2 R 1 - u L - u L i L i 1 i ( b) R 2 = 12-6e - 2 t 6 = 9-6e - 2 t A = ( 2 - e - 2 t ) A A = (3-2e - 2 t ) A , US = 10 V, L = 1 mh, R = 10, R V = 1.5 k, t = 0 S, S : R L i( 0 - ) = U S R = A = 1 A i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = 1 A, 44 u ab (0 + ) = - R V i( 0 + ) = V = V = kv

53 = L R + R V = 10-3 ( ) s = ,, V, (),,,,,, s 2.6,,,,, ( ),,, f ( t), t > 0,t < 0 f ( t) = 0,s =+ j,f( t) F( s) = L [ f ( t) ] = f( t)e - st d t (2-14) 0 f( t), F( s) f( t) ( f( t) ),,,,,, f( t) = L - 1 [ F( s) ] (2-15), 2-1,,,,F( s)2-1 F( s), 2-1 f ( t) F( s) f( t) F( s) A A s ( 1 - t)e - t s ( s + ) 2 t s 2 (e t - e - t ) - 1 ( s + ) ( s + ) e t 1 s 1 - ( e - t - e - t ) s ( s + ) ( s + ) te - t 1 ( s + ) 2 sin( t + ) ssin + cos s t n n! cos (t + ) scos - sin s n + 1 s

54 f ( t) F( s) f( t) F( s) 1 ( 1 - e - t ) 1 s( s + ) e - t sin t ( s + ) sin t cos t e - t cos t s s 1 s e - t sin t s + ( s + ) ( s + ) ,,,, 1., 2-17( a) u ( t) = R i( t),, U ( s) = RI( s) (2-16) 2-17( b) 2-17, 2-18( a) u( t) = L d i( t) d t,, U ( s) = sl I( s) - Li(0 ) (2-17) 2-18( b)i(0 ), sl, Li(0 ), 2-18, 2-19( a) u ( t) = C 1 i( t) d t + u (0 ),, 0 U( s) = 1 u(0 ) I( s) + sc s 2-19( b)u(0 ), 46 (2-18) 1 u(0 ), sc s

55 2-19, 2., 3. RLC I( s) = 0 U( s) = (a) RLC 2-20( b), U ( s) = 0, - U ( s) + RI( s) + sli( s) - Li L (0) + 1 sc I ( s) + u C ( 0) s R + sl + 1 sc I ( s) = U ( s) + Li L (0 ) - Z( s) I( s) = U ( s) + Li L ( 0) - u C (0 ) s u C (0) s = 0 (2-19) 2-20 RLC Z ( s) = R + sl + 1 sc RLC,, i L (0) = 0, u C (0) = 0, Z( s) I( s) = U ( s) (2-20) R L,t = 0 S,i L : 2-21, i L (0 ) = 0, I L ( s) I L ( s) = R sl + R I S ( s) =, R L s + R L I S s = s R L I S s + R L i L ( t) = R L I S L R 1 - e - R L t = I S 1 - e - R L t, (2-13)

56 (a) C RL, u C (0) : 2-22 (b),, Li L (0 ) = 0 I( s) u C (0 ) u C (0) s L I( s) = R + sl + 1 = s 2 + R sc L s + 1 LC = u C (0) L 1 ( s - p 1 ) ( s - p 2 ) = u C (0 ) L ( p 1 - p 2 ) 1 s - p 1-1 s - p 2 p 1 p 2 s 2 + R L s + 1 LC = 0, p 1 = - R 2 L + R 2 L 2-1 LC = = R 2 L, 0 = 1 LC p 2 = - R 2 L - R 2 L i( t) = 2-1 LC = - - u C (0) L ( p 1 - p 2 ) (ep 1 t - e p 2 t ) 2-2 0, 1. > 0 : R > 2 LC p 1 p 2, ( p 1 - p 2 ) = ,, e p 1 t,,e p 2 t p 1 < p 2, e p 1 t, e p 2 t,, 2-23 :,,,,, t m = ln( p 2p 1 ) p 1 - p 2 2. < 0 : R < 2 LC, p 1 p 2, p 1 = - + p 2 = = - + j n = - - j n, n = , p 1 - p 2 = 2j n,

57 i( t) = u C (0 ) [e ( - + j) t n L2j n - e ( - - j n ) t ] = u C (0 ) n L e - t sin n t,, n ;,,,, 2-24 :,, = 0 : R = 2 LC, p 1 = p 2 =,, n = 0, i( t) = u C ( 0) n L e - t sin n t 0 n = u C (0) te - t sin n t L n t n t0 = u C ( 0) L,,,, te - t 2-23, 0,R2 LC,, = 0,R = 0, n = 0, i( t) = u C ( 0) sin 0 t 0 L,,,, 0, :,,,,,, = 0, R = 0, R = 0,, R0,, R,,, R,, ;R, (1 ),,? ( L C),,? (2 )?? 49

58 2-2 ( 1)??? ( 2)??? ( 3) u C (0 + ) i L (0 + ), 0 +,? 2-3 ( 1)?? ( 2)? ( 3),,,?,,?? ( 4)?,? (5) RC,,? ( 6) 100 F, R1 000,, ; ; ; ( ) 2-4, RC, RC, 2-5 ( 1) R L,,? ( 2) 2-5(a), R = 2, R V = 2.5 k, U S = 4 V S ( 3) 2-5( b), R L,D,? (a) ( b), , S ; 50? S

59 , E = 20 V, R = 5 k, C = 100 F, : (1 ) ; ( 2) S i u C u R, ; ( 3) , E = 40 V, R 1 = R 2 = 2 k, C 1 = C 2 = 10 F, S u C ( t) , t = 0 S, S u C ( t) , t = 0 S, S u C ( t)

60 , R 1 = 3 k, R 2 = 6 k, I S = 3 ma, C = 5 F,t = 0 S, S u C ( t) , U S = 20 V, C = 4 F, R = 50 kt = 0 S 1, t = 0.1 s S 2,S 2 u R ( t) EDA,2-15 RC 2-16 EDA,2-16 RC ,t = 0 S, S i L ( t) u L ( t) , t = 0 S, S, ( L = 2 H, C = F ) , (1) sin( t + ) ( 2) (1 - t)e - t (3 ) 2 te - t (4 ) 3e 2 t + 4e 3 t 2-20, (1) 6 s + 5 ( 2) s + 3 s s + 1 (3 ) 5 s s (4 ) 1 s 2 ( s + 1 ) (a), R = 100, L = 1 H, C = 4 F, i(0 ) = 0, u C (0 ) = 10 V, i, 52

61 3 (), ( ),,,,,,,,,, ,, e = E m sin( t + e ) u = U m sin(t + u ) i = I m sin(t + i ) u, 3-1 0t 1 ), t 1 t 2 (3-1) (, u,,, 2. ( 3-1 ), E m U m I m ; ; e u i,,, (1 ),,

62 m, E m I m U m,, eu i : i R T I R T, I RI 2 T = T Ri 2 d t 0 I = (3-1) (3-2) 1 T T 0 i 2 d t (3-2) I = I m 2 U = U m 2 (3-3) E = Em 2, 2, 220 V, 311V (2 ) f ( T ), ( Hz), ( s) 50 Hz 60 Hz,,,,, t ( 3-2 ), t = 2 = 2 = 2f (3-4) T ( rad s ), (, ) (3 ) (t + ), 3-2 t = 0, u 0 = U m sin u,, 3-2, u = 0,, 54

63 ,,, u = U m sin(t + u ) i = I m sin(t + i ), = ( t + u ) - (t + i ) = u - i (3-5) = u - i > 0( 180 ) u > i, u i, u, i, 3-3( a) () = u - i = 0 u = i,,,,,, 3-3 ( b) = u - i =, 3-3 (c) 3-3,,,, ;,,, 3.1.2,, () 1., u = U m sin ( t + u ) 3-4(a) 55

64 U m,, t + u,, U m 3-4,, ( ),,,, u1 = U m1 sin(t + 1 ) u2 = Um2 sin (t + 2 ) 3-5 (a), U 1 U 1 U 2 = U m1 2 U 2 = U m2 2 u = u 1 + u 2, ( b), U = U 1 + U 2 (3-6),, 2, t, : u = 2 Usin ( t + ),

65 ,, 3-4 (a), U m = U m e j( t + u ) j( U m e t + u ) : = U m cos(t + u ) + j U m sin(t + u ) (3-7) j( u = U m sin ( t + u ) = Im[ U m e t + u ) ] (3-8), t, U = Ue j u = U u I = Ie j i = I i E = Ee j e (3-9) = E e,,,, ( ) ( ),,, 2 t 3-1 i1 = 8 2sin(t + 60 ) A, i2 = 6 2 sin(t - 30 ) A, : i = i1 + i2 :, I = I 1 + I 2 = j 3 2 : i = 10 I 1 = 8 60 = 8cos 60+ j8sin 60= j 3 2 I 2 = 6-30 = 6 [cos( - 30 ) + jsin( - 30 ) ] = sin(t ) A j I = I I 2 2 = 10 A = arctan Im( I) = arctan = 23.1 Re( I ) I = A i = 10 2sin(t ) A j 1 2 = ( j3.928 ) A = A, ( ),,

66 R L C,,,, i = I m sin t u = ir = I m Rsin t = U m sin t ( 3-10),, (3-10 ) U m = I m R U = IR : p = ui = U m I m sin 2 t U = IR ( 3-11) 3-8,,,, ( W )( kw) P = 1 T T pd t = 1 0 T T 0 P = UI = RI 2 = U2 R 2 UIsin 2 td t = UI, , i = I m sin t ( 3-12) u = L d i d t = L I m cos t = U m sin(t + 90 ) ( 3-13)

67 , 90, (3-13 ), U m = L I m L = U m I m = U I = X L, (), : U = I( j XL ) ( 3-14) j X L X L = U = U 90 I I 0 = U I 90, j 90, 90 = L = 2f L, f 3-11,,,, ( f = 0 ),,, p = ui = U m I m sin tcos t = UIsin2t, 2, 3-10 p > 0, p < 0,,, Q L P = 1 T T pd t = ,,, QL = UI = XL I 2 = U2 X L ( 3-15), ( var)( kvar) , C u = U m sin t 59

68 : i = C d u d t = CU m cos t = I m sin(t + 90 ) (3-16 ), 90, 3-13 (3-16 )I m 1 C = U m I m - j X C = CU m 3-12 = U I = X C, (), U = I ( - j X C ) ( 3-17) = U = U I I - 90, X C = 1 C = 1 f fC,,,,,, p = ui = U m 2, 3-13 I m sin tcos t = UIsin2t, p > 0, p < 0,, P = 1 T T pd t = 0 0 -, ( var )( kvar) Q C = UI = X C I 2 = U2 X C = CU 2 ( 3-18) 3-2 LC 220 V, L = 2 HC = 4.75 F : ; I L I C I; ; Q L Q C 60 : X L = 2f L = = 628

69 X C = 1 2fC = = 670 I L = U X L = A I C = U X C = A I C U, 3-15 I L I C, I = I L - = A , L, C ( ), L, C, : Q L = X L I 2 L = UI L = 77 var Q C = I 2 C X C = UI C = var Q = Q L - Q C = 4.75 var, L C, L C RLC, R LC, 3-16 KVL : u = u R + u L + u C : U = U R + U L + U C U = U R + U L + U C = R I + (j X L ) I + ( - j X C ) I = [ R + j( X L - X C ) ] I = Z I ( 3-19) Z = R + j( X L - X C ) X L - X C = X ( )Z : Z = R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 ( 3-20) 3-16 RLC 61

70 Z = U I = U I = Z ( 3-21) Z, u - i = = arctan X L - X C R U L X L > X C > 0 U I,, X L < X C < 0 U I,, XL = XC = 0 U I,, ( ), 3-17, X L > U C, U I, > X C, ( 3-22) U = U 2 R + ( U L - U C ) 2 ( 3-23),,, P = RI 2 = U R I = UIcos ( 3-24) Q = ( XL - XC ) I 2 = ( U L - UC ) I = UIsin ( 3-25), R, 3-17 L C ( ) S S = UI ( 3-26), ( VA) ( kva) kva, (3-24 ) (3-25 ) (3-26 ) P = Scos Q = Ssin S = P 2 + Q 2 ( 3-27) 3-17 (3-23 ), U R U L - U C U,, (3-23 )I (3-20 ), R X L - X C Z, ( 3-23 ) I (3-27 ),,, 3-18 cos = P S (3-28 ),, 3.2.4, 3-18,,, 62

71 Z i = R i + j X i,, ( ),, 3-19, K VL U = U 1 + U 2 = Z 1 I + Z 2 I = ( Z 1 + Z 2 ) I = Z I U = U i ( ) ( 3-29) Z = Z i () ( 3-30) : Z = Ri + jxi = (Ri ) 2 + (Xi ) 2 Z = (R i ) 2 + (X i ) 2 ( 3-31) Xi : U U i = arctan X i R i ( 3-32) Z Z i, R LC, : u = sin( 314 t + 30 ) V, R = 30, L = 254 mh, C = 80 F: ; I i ; ; U R U L U C : X L u R u L u C ; P Q = L = = 80 X C = 1 C = = 40 Z = R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 = 50 U = V Z = R + j ( X L - X C ) = (30 + j40) = I = U Z = A = A I = 4.4 A i = sin (314 t ) A U R = RI = 132 V U L = X L I = 352 V U C = X C I = 176 V u R = 132 2sin(314 t ) V u L = sin (314 t ) V u C = sin (314 t ) V P = RI 2 = 583 W Q = Q L - Q C = V L I - V C I = 774 var

72 , 3-22, Z 1 Z 2 : Z 1 = U 1 = Z > 0 U 1 I, Z 1 I U U 1 U 2, U 2, U 2 I, Z 2 U I, (, Z1, Z2,, U I ) KCL: I = I 1 + I 2 = U + U = Z 1 Z U = 1 Z 1 Z 2 Z U : I I i 1 Z 1 Z i 2. I = I i () ( 3-33) 1 Z = 1 Z i () ( 3-34), RL RC, 3-24, ; ( ),, I 1 = 10 A, I 2 = 10 2 A, U = 200 V, R 1 = 5, R 2 = X L, I X C X L R 2 : U1 U2, R2 = XL, I2 U2 45, U 2 64

73 , I = 10 A, U2, U 1 = RI = 50 V U 2, U 2 = U - U 1 = 150 V () : X C = U 2 I 1 = 15 C R x 2 L = 2 R 2 = U 2 = 15 = I 2 2 R 2 = X L = , U = 100 V, f = 50 Hz I 1 = I 2 = I 3, P = 866 W, RL : I1 = I2 = I3, I 1 = I2 + I 3, I1, I2, I3, I3 U90 U, 3-28 U R I 2, U L I U R = Ucos 30= 86.6 V R = U2 R P = 8.66 I 2 = I 3 = P R = 10 A 65

74 x C = U I 3 = 10 x L = U I2 2 - R 2 = 5 L = X L = X L 2f = H C = 1 X C = 1 2f X C = 3.8 F , R 1 = 6 R 2 = 8 X L = 8 X C = 6, U = V : I 1 I 2 I; PQS cos : I 1 = I 2 = U = R 1 + j x L A = A U = R 2 - j x C A = A I = I1 + I2 = ( ) A = 22 (1.4 - j0.2) A = A P = R 1 I R 2 I 2 2 = kw Q = X L I X C I 2 2 = kvar S = UI = kva cos = P S = cos = P S, cos,, cos = 0.5( ), 50%,, P = ri 2 = r 2. 2 P r cos, Vcos,, ;,, 3-29 ( a) ( b), 1, C I U C,,, ( b), ( U ) I 1 cos 1 = Icos ( U ), C, P, 66

75 3-29 Q, C, I C, I, C I C, I U,,, ( I U ), 0.9,,, 3-29 ( b ) IC = I1 sin 1 - Isin = = P U (tan 1 - tan ) P sin 1 - Ucos 1 P sin Ucos I C = U X C = CU C = P ( tan U tan ) ( 3-35) cos 1 cos V 40 W,, 8 W cos = 0.5, cos = 0.95, 0.1 W,?? : cos = 0.5 I = cos = 0.95 I = I - I= A S = UI - UI= UI54 kva P ( ) = Ucos A = A P I= = A = A ( ) Ucos

76 3.2.5,, Z , U 1 = V U 2 = V Z 1 = Z 2 = j0.5, = (5 + j5) I :,,,,, U ab = U 1 + U 2 Z 1 Z = Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 U 1 + U 2 Z = Z 1 Z 3 Z 3 ( U 2 Z 3 + Z 1 + U 2 ) 1 I 3 = U ab = U 1 + U 2 = A Z 3 2 Z 3 + Z , U S = 2 0 V, I s = 2 90 ma, = rad s, R 1 = R 2 = 1 k, L = 1 H, C = 1 F, U C : (, ) C U ab 3-32 (a) U ab = - U S + R 2 I s

77 = ( = V 3-32( b) Z 0 = R 2 = 1 k 3-35(c) ) V U C = Z 0 - j X C U ab - j X C X C = 1 C = 1 k U C = - j 1 - j V = 2 90 V ,,,,,, 3-33, H (j) U 2 U 1 H(j) = RC RC, U 2 U1 ( 3-36) 69

78 RC H(j) = U 2 = U 1 A() = = R = 1 R - j C jrc 1 + jrc RC 1 + (RC) arctan 1 2 RC = A () () () = arctan RC 1 + (RC) 2 ( 3-37) 1 RC 3-35,,, A() = 1 ( ) = 0 = U 2 1, A() = () = RC 4 = U 1,, f L = 1 2RC (3-39 ), 2., ) 3-36 ( 3. f H = 1 2RC ( 3-40), f f = f H - f L, 3-37 (a), ( b) 70 ( 3-38) RC

79 Z 1 = R - j H(j) = = U 2 = U 1 Z 2 Z 1 + Z 2 = j RC C = 1 + jrc jc 1 RC 1 + jrc jc = R 1 + jrc A( ) = + Z 2 = R 1 + jrc RC - 1 RC RC - 1 R - j C 1 R - j C 2 = R 1 + jrc arctan 1 - (RC)2 3RC 1 RC ( 3-41) 2 ( 3-42) () = arctan 1 - (RC)2 3RC 3-38, ( 3-40 ) ( 3-41 ) ( 3-43), = 0 = 1 RC A () = 1 3 (3-44 ) () = 0 U 2 U 1 (3-45 ) f = f 0 = A ( ) = RC - 1 2RC 1 RC 2 = (3-46 )

80 f L = f 0 f H = f 0 f = f H - f L = 3 f 0 ( 3-47) f f 0 =,, RC f = 1 2RC ( ) LC,, cos = 1, 1. LC 3-39, X L Z = R, U I, cos= 1, = X C, f 0 X L = X C 2f 0 L = : f 0 = 1 2f LC C (3-48 ), LC (3-46 )( 3-46) (1 ) 3-39 RLC Z 0 = R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 = R,, I0 = 3-40 ( X L, X C U = U, R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 R ) U L = - U C,

81 X L = X C R, U L = U C U,, U L U C U, Q, (2 ) Q = U L U = U C U = 0 L R = 1 0 RC ( 3-49), R, I 0 = U, If R, 3-42,, (,?),,, I 0 ) : f H f L f ( f = f H - f L = f 0 Q ( 3-50) (3-48 )Q, Q Q, ( ), 3-43, L 2, f = f 0 2. C, C C,, LC, (1 ) KCL: I = I 1 + I 2 = U R + jl + U 1 - j C = U R 2 R - j + 2 L 2 R 2 L + 2 L 2 - C 73

82 , I U,, R 2 L - C = 0 ( 3-51) + 2 L 2 0 = 1 LC - R 2 f L 2 0 = 1 1 2LC - R 2 ( 3-52) L 2, R, R 0 L, R2, L LC f LC () (2 ) Z 0 = R2 + 2 L 2 R ( 3-53) (3-51 ) R L 2 = L C : Z 0 = L RC 3-45, U = Z , I 1 I 1 - I 2,, ( 3-54) I, I 1 = - I 2, R 0 L, ( ), ( ), ( R 0 L ) Q = I 2 I = I 1 I I 1 I 0 L R 1 0 RC, R, Q, 74 ( 3-55)

83 3.4,,,,,,,, 3.4.1,,, T f ( t),, A 0 f ( t) = A 0 + A km sin( kt + k ) ( 3-56) k = 1, A 1 m sin(t + 1 ) = 2 T, ( ),,, A km,, A 0 A km k,, (3-56 ) B km C km = A km cos k = A km sin k f ( t) = A 0 + ( B km sin kt + C km cos kt) ( 3-57) k = 1 A km = B 2 km + C 2 km k = arctan C km B km A 0 B km C km A 0 = 1 T f ( t) d t 0 T B km C km = 2 T T f ( t) sin ktd t 0 = 2 T T f ( t) cos k td t ( 3-47 ) : u ( t) = U m t( 0, T2) - U m t( T2, T ) 75 ( 3-58)

84 A 0 Bkm = 1 T T 0 = 2 T T 0 : B 2 m = B 4 m = B 6 m = = 0 T 2 u ( t) d t = 1 T 0 U m d t - T T2 u( t) sin ktd t = 2 T T2 0 = 2 k U m ( - cos k+ 1 ) = 4 k U m B 1 m = 4 U m B 3 m = 4 3 U m B 5m = 4 5 U m C km = 2 T T u( t)cos k 0 td t = 2 T T2 0 U m d t = 0 Um sin ktd t - 2 T T2 ( k ) 0 ( k ) U m cos ktd t - 2 T T 2 Um sin ktd t U m cos ktd t = 0 u( t) = 4 U m sin t sin 3t sin 5t +, u ( t) = U m 2-1 sin t sin 2t - 1 sin 3t ,, 76 (1 ), (2 ) I 0 = 1 T T i( t) d t 0 U 0 = 1 T T u ( t) d t 0 (3-59) 3.1 (3-2), i( t)u ( t) ( 3-2 ),

85 I = I I I U = U U U ( 3-60) I 1 = I 1m (3 ) P = 1 T T pd t = 1 0 T T 0 2, I 2 = I 2m 2, U 1 = U 1 m i( t), P = P 0 + P k = U 0 I 0 + k = 1 k = 1 U m 2, U 2 = U 2 m 2 u ( t ) i ( t) d t, u ( t) U k I k cos k ( 3-61) ( a), u ( t) = 1 U m cos 2t cos 4t - cos 6t = 310 V, = 314 rad s3-49( b), L = 5 H, C = 32 F, R = 2 k, u R ( t)u R : U 0 = 2 U m = 197 V U 2 = U m - 90 V = V, U 4 = V U (c), L, C, U R 0 = = 197 V ur 2 U R 2 = = 2.24sin( 2t ) V R 1 j2c j2l + R 1 U 2 = j2c 91.5 V 77

86 U R 4 = R 1 j4c j4l + R 1 U 4 = j4c 90.9V u R 4 = 0.11sin( 4t ) V ur ( t) = ur 0 + ur 2 + ur 4 + = sin( 2t ) sin( 4t ) + V : U R = U 2 R 0 + U 2 R 2 + U 2 R 4 + = V197 V 3.5,,,,, , 3-50 U 1 - U 2 V 1 - V 2 W 1 - W 2 ( - ),,, ( ) ( ) () U ( ),, e1 e 2 e 3 = E m sin t = E m sin(t ) = E m sin(t ) = E m sin(t ) ( 3-62)

87 3-51 : e 1 + e 2 + e 3 = 0 ( 3-63) ( a, b, c ) UV WU, ( 3-50,, UWV), E 1 = E 0 = E E 2 = E = E j 3 2 ( 3-64) : 3-52 E 3 = E = E j 3 2 E1 + E2 + E3 = 0 ( 3-65) ( ) :, U 2 V 2 W 2 : ; ;, U 1 V 1 W 1 N, 3-53 ( ), ; L 1 L 2 L 3,, U1 U2 U3,, Up ; U 12 U 23 U 31,, U l

88 , U 1 2 = U 1 - U 2 U 2 3 = U 2 - U 3 U3 1 = U3 - U1 ( 3-66),, ,, 30, U l = 3 U p ( 3-67), 220 V, 380 V ; 220 V, 127 V (Y),,, Y 3-55, Z 1 Z 2 Z 3,,,, 80 KCL, I 1 = U 1 Z 1 I 2 = U 2 Z 2 I 3 = U 3 Z 3 ( 3-68) I N = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 ( 3-69)

89 Y,,, ( ) U 1, I1 = U1 Z 1, Z 1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = Z ( 3-70) = U 0 p Z = Up Z (0- ) = Ip (0- ) I 2 = U 2 = U p 120 Z 2 Z = I p ( ) I 3 = U 3 = U p 120 Z 3 Z = I p (120- ) > 0, 3-56 I N = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0,, N N, 2. Y,, (3-68 ),, I N = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 0, 3-56, , U l = 380 V,, R 1 = 11, R 2 = R 3 = 22 ;, ;, L 1 :,, U p = U l 3 = 220 V, I 1 = U p R 1 = 81

90 A, I 2 = I 3 = U p R 2 = 10 A U1, 3-58 (a) I N = I 1-2 I 2 cos60= 10 A , N N, 3-58 ( b), U NN, U 1 U 2 U 3 U NN = U 1 + U 2 + U 3 R (c), 82 R 2 R = R 1 R 2 R = ( ) V U NN KVL, = 55 0 V U 1 = U 1 - U N N U 2 = U 2 - U NN U 3 = U 3 - U NN, Y U NN,

91 U 1 = U 1 - U NN = 165 V I 1 U 2 = U 3 = U U 2 NN - 2 U2 UNN cos120= 252 V = U 1 = 15 A, I R 2 = I 3 = U 2 = 11.4 A, 1 R 2,,,,, L 1,, U 1 = 0, 3-59, L 2 L 3, U 2 = U 3 = 380 V,,,, (3 ),, ( ) 3-60,,,,, U p = U l ( 3-71) I 12 I 23 I 3 1 () I1 I 2 I 3 (), KCL I 1 = I 12 - I 31 I 2 = I 23 - I 12 I 3 = I 31 - I 23 ( 3-72) (, Y, I p = I l ) 1., Z 1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = Z, I p = I 12 = I 2 3 = I 31 = U p Z = U l Z 3-60 ( 3-73), 120 I 1 2, 3-61 ( 3-70 ),,, 30, I l = 3 I p ( 3-74) Y,,, ( 3-67 ) 83

92 3-61 (3-74 ) 2.,,, ( 3-74),, (3-72 ),??, Y 380 V 220 V, : Y 380 V, 220 V 220 V Z Y ( a), 380 V, Y = ; Z = 38 60, : Y ; ; I 1 I 2 I : U 1 = U 2 = U 3 = U l 3 = 220 V 84

93 I 12 = I 23 = I 3 1 = U l Z = 10 A U 12 = V, 3-62( b) (, ) Y 30, I 1Y = U 1 = Z Y A = 10 A I 12 = U 1 2 = Z = A, I 1 I 12 30, I 1 = A I 1 = I 2 1 Y + I 2 1= 20 A, I 1 = A : P 1, I2 = A, I3 = A = UIcos = U p I p cos,,, P = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 = U 1 p I 1 p cos 1 + U 2p I 2 p cos 2 + U 3p I 3 p cos 3 ( 3-75) P = 3 P 1 = 3 U p I p cos ( 3-76) U p I p,, Y,, Y,, 3 U p I p = 3 U l I l ( ), ( 3-75) P = 3 U l I l cos ( 3-77), Y, U l Y P Y 2. P (),, P = 3 P Y ( 3-78) Q = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 ( 3-79) Q = 3 U l I l sin ( 3-80) S = P 2 + Q 2 ( ) U l I l ( 3-81),, 1. (1 ) 85

94 710 ma, 5 ma, 30 ma, 36 V, 30 ma, 36 V,, (2 ) 3-63, ( a),, ( b),,,,, (c),, (1 ),, (2 ) 36 V, 24 V 12 V (3 ),,,, 3-64,,, ( 1 k), R(4 ),,,,

95 3-65, ( PE ), (),,, 3-65 ( b),,, 3-65 ( b ),,,, 3-66, I e = R 0 U p + R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 = R 0 = 4, U e = R 0 U p R 0 = U p + R 0 2, U p I e = = U p R 0 + R 0 2 R V, I e = 27.5 A, U e = 110 V, (4 ),,,, ;,,, ; 3. (1 ), ;, ( ),,, 87

96 (2 ), ; ;,,, I a, I R N I a > I R N I L I L,, 4.,,,,,,, ( ),,, u = 220 2sin( 314 t - 60 ) V, 3-2? 3-3? U = V,j U 3-4 i = A U = 220sin (t + 60 ) V I = 10e j30 A I = 10sin( 314 t + 45 ) A ? X L = X C,?? 3-6 RLC 3-7, 88 ( 1) u L = Li i = U X L U I = j X L ( 2) I = - j U L u = L d i p = I2 X d t U = X I L L

97 I = CU U I = - j X C i C = C d u d t I = jc U u C = i C I U = - jc , L 2 C?? Q C = CU R, Z 0 I 1 I 2 U 3-10,? U, 3-12,,,,?,? 3-13, Y, U l, P = 3 P Y,,?? 3-14 Y ( = 314 rad s) (1) U = V I = 2 53 A (2) U = V I = 3 3 A (3) U = (60 + j80) V I = (3 - j) A 3-16, U = 100 V, I = 5 A, P = 200 W, f = 50 Hz,? , R = 30, C = 25 F,i s = 10sin( t - 30 ) A, : (1) U R U C U U R U C U ; (2) ; (3) 3-18 R LC, 10 V,4 A, U R = 8 V, U L = 12 V,= 10 rad s, RC , U s = V, UL = V, Z A 0 V , 50 Hz, U AC = U CD = U AD = 220 V, I = 1 A, RLC 89

98 , U = 220 V, R 1 = 10, X L = 10 3, R 2 = 20, , I = A, U AB , Z 1 Z 2, Z L, I,Z 1 Z 2? , u = 220 2sin314 t V, R - L 40 W, cos 1 = 0.5,, C = 5.1 F,??? ,, f = 50 Hz, U s = 10 0 V, I s = A, I L, U L , I s = A, I H (j) 90

99 pf mh, (1), ; (2),, (1) , C L 1 = 0.3 mh, C 720 pf, C 1,, C 1 = 20 pf, , U m = 10 V, u( t) = 2 U m cos 2t - 2 cos 4 15 t cos 6t -, U m = V, = 314 rad s, L = 1 H, C = 100 F, R = (1 ) R ; (2 ) R , U l = 380 V, 10 : (1) ; (2) U = V, ; (3) V220 V,,220 V 91

100 ,2 000 W, 0.91 (1) ; (2) 1 2, 3 4,,,? , Z = (12 + j16), 32.9 A, , 220 V,17.3 A,4.5 kw, : (1) R X L ; (2) UV P; (3) U,P 3-37, U l = 380 V, P = kw,0.87 C = 20 F, ( f = 50 Hz) , R, X L X C

101 4,,,,, 4.1 PN PN, ( ) () (),, N, P (), ( ),, P N, PN PN : PN, P N, PN, P N, 4-1 (a) ; PN, N P, PN,, (), 4-1( b) 4-1 PN 93

102 PN P, N PN,,, ;,, ;, ( a) 4-2, ( ) 4-2 ( b),,,,, ( ) 4-2( c),,,, 4-2 ( d),,, 2. I = f( U), 4-3 PN,, 4-3, : (1 ), PN,,, ( U T ) V, 0.2 V,,,,,, V, V,,, 4-3,,,, 1, 2 mv 94

103 (2 ),,,,,,,, 0.1 A,,,, 10, (3 ) ( ), 3.,,,,,,, : (1 ) I D M I DM,,, PN (2 ) U R M U RM,, (3 ) I R M I RM U RM, I RM I RM,,, (4 ) f M, PN, f M 4.1.3,,,, 1.,, 0, ;,, 0,, 4-4,,, 95

104 2., (1 ) : (a) u i > U S,, u o = U m sint, U m : u i > U S, D, D,, u o = U S u i U S,,, R, 0u o = u i, u o U S, 4-5 ( b),, :, u o u i, u o (2 ), ( ) ( ), 0 1 1, 0,, : D 1 D 2 R V CC A B, F V CC = 5 V, AB 4-1 V A V V B V V F V A B F

105 ( 1)3 V, ( 0) 0 V, D 1 D 2 : AB 0, V A = V B = 0 V, D 1 D 2, F V F = 0 V, F 0 A 0, B 1, V A = 0 V, V B = 3 V, D 1 D 2, D1, V F = 0 V, D2, F 0 A 1, B 0, V A = 3 V, V B = 0 V, D 1 D 2, F 0 AB 1, V A = V B = 3 V, D 1 D 2, F V F = 3 V, F 1, 1, 1, 0, (And),, AB F, : F = AB F = AB F A B : AB 1, F 1; AB 0, F 0, 0 0, , 0 1, ( ) 4-2, 4-7 AB, F AB ( 1) 3 V, ( 0)0 V, D 1 D 2 ( ), AB ( 1) ( 1) AB ( 0), ( 0), ( Or) V A V V B V V F V A B F , ABF, : F = A + B 97

106 F A B : AB 1, F 1;, AB 0, F 0, 1 1, ,,, 4.2.1, 4-8 ( a) ; ( b) (c), PN,,,, U Z ( ), I Z ( ), ab, I Z, U Z,, 4-8,,, PN,,, : 1. U Z U Z,,,, 2CW V 2. r Z, 98

107 , r Z r Z, = U Z I Z (4-1) 3. I Z, IIZ, 4. I Zmax, I > I Zmax 5. P ZM P ZM = U Z I Z max 6. U 1,,, U Z 4 V, 6 V, U Z 46 V,,,, 4-8 ( a), U i R L,,, ( 4.4 ) 4.2.2,, PN,,,,, 4-9 (a), 4-9 ( b) : 1. 1 A 2., 3. (0.9m),, 0.5 AW 4. ( ) 5., 63%, 10-7 s

108 ,, 4.2.3, LED ( Light Emit ting Diode), PN PN,,,,,,, (GaAsP ), ( GaP ), (GaN ), ( SiC), (GaAs) 4-10,, V, V, ma, 10 V 4.3, 4-11, 4-11,,, ( 10% ),, 100

109 4.3.1,,,, (a), ( Tr) u 2 = 2 U 2 sint, D, u 2 u 2, a b, D, u O = u 2, i D = i O = u O R L, a b, D, : i D = i O = 0, u O = R L i O = 0, u D = u 2, u D i D u O i O, 4-12 (b ),, U O = U 2 sin tdt = 2 0 U 2 = 0.45 U 2 (4-2) I O = 0.45 U 2 R L (4-3), ID = IO (4-4) 4-12 ( b ) u 2, D u 2, 4-12 U DR M = 2 U 2 (4-5) (a), Tr, u 1 u 2 = 2 U 2 sin t, R L, D 1 D 4, 4-13 ( b) u 2 (a, b )4-13 (a)r L u O 4-14 i O u O, 101

110 4-13 U O = 1 2 U 2 sin tdt = U 2 = 0.9 U 2 (4-6) IO = 0.9 U2 R L (4-7), D 1 D 3 D 2 D 4, I D = 1 2 I O = 0.45 U 2 R L (4-8) 4-13 ( a) u 2, D 2 D 4 D 2 D 4 u 2,, D 1 D 3, u 2 D 1 D 3 U DR M = 2 U 2 (4-9) 4-14,,,,,,

111 U 2 I O 2 U U I O 2 2 U U I O 2 U U I O 3 2 U U I O 3 2 U ,,,,,, 1., C, 4-15 (a) 4-15( b) C, u 2 > 0, D, R L, C, ( ),, u O u 2 ; u C = 2 U 2, u 2 u 2 < u C, D, C R L, 103

112 4-15,, u O u C, ab u 2, u 2 > u C C u O = u 2 u 2 < u C, D, C,, 4-14 u O,,, C, R L = () U O = 2 U 2 = 1.4 U 2, R L, C R L, U O, R L,,,, U O U O = U 2 ( ) ( 4-10) = 1.2 U 2 ( ) (4-10 ),, R L (1015) 1 C, R L C(35) T 2 ( 4-11) T, ( 180 ),,,,,,,, 2 U2, u2, 2 2 U2,,, 2 U 2, 4-3, 4-16 f = 50 Hz, R L = 120, U O = 30 V, : 104

113 U O I D = 1 2 I O = 1 2 = 1.2 U 2, U 2 U O RL = A = 125 ma 120 = U O 1.2 = V = 25 V U D RM = 2 U 2 = 225 V = 35 V I DM I D, U RM U DR M , 2CP1 C R L C = 5 T 2, T = 1 f = 1 50 = 0.02 s, C = 1 5 T R L 2 = F = 417 F C = 470 F, 50 V 2. R L L, 4-17, L, ( ), U O = 0.9 U 2 ( 4-12) 4-17, ( L ),,,, 3. C L LC 4-18 ( a) 105

114 R L, LC C 1, 4-18( b) LC 4-18,, R L RC, 4-18 (c)r C 2, 4.4,, 4-19, U I, R D Z R L, 4-19, U I, 106

115 U O U O U O, I Z, R, U I, U O, U I, U O, I Z, R, U O, U O,,, R, UO UO,, R, U O,, U Z = U O I Z max = (1.53) I O max ( 4-13) U I = (23) U O 4-4, 4-19 R L 3 k, UI = 45 V UO = 15 V, DZ : U O = 15 V, (4-13 ) U Z = U O = 15 V U O = 15 V R L = 3 k, I O max = U O RL = 15 3 ma = 5 ma (4-13 ) I Z max = 3 I O max = 15 ma, 2CW20, U Z = ( ) V, I Z = 5 ma, I Z max = 15 ma , U Z = 12 V, I Z max = 18 ma, I Z = 5 ma, R L = 2 k, 20%,, U I R : V o U Z, U I, R U Z,, I Z max I Z, U Z U L, U I 20%, 1.2 U I, I Z = I Z max = 18 ma I = I Z max + I L = 18 + U Z R L = ma = 24 ma KVL 1.2 U I = RI + U O = R

116 U I 20%, 0.8 U I, I Z = 5 ma, I = I Z + I L = 5 + U Z = R L 2 ma = 11 ma KVL 0.8 U I = RI + U O = R UI = 26 V, R = ( 1) P? N? ( 2) PN?? ( 3)? ( 4),? ( 5) 1.5 V,? , D D 1 D 2,, AO U AO , E = 6 V, u i = 12sin t V,, u O U s 3 V,? U s 0 V, 108

117 ? (, 0.7 V ) ?? ( D ) , u i, u O ( 1),? ( 2)? ( 3),? , U Z = 6 V, u i = 12sin t V,, u O , U i = 30 V, R = 1 k, R L = 2 k, U Z = 10 V, : I Z max = 20 ma, I Z min = 5 ma, U i 10%,? U i 30%,? , D Z1 8 V,D Z2 10 V, 0.7 V, u O CW15, 8 V 5.5 V, 0.7 V,,, 109

118 (1),,? (2),,,,? (3),,, : R L,? (4)?? u O1 u O2,u O1 u O2 ( u 21 = 2 U 2 sin t ; u 22 = 2 U 2 sin( t - ) ) U 2 = 20 V R L U O,,?? (1) U O = 28 V; (2) U O = 24 V; (3) U O = 18 V ; (4) U O = 9 V ; EWB, u 2a = - u 2b = 2 U 2 sin t, ; ( 1) u 2a u 2b i D1 i D2 i L u L u D ; ( 2) U 2 ( ),U L I L ( ) ; (3 ) I D, U RM ; (4 ) U L = 30 V, I L = 80 ma, U 2a U 2b,

119 U 1 = 220 V,50 Hz, R L = 50, 24 V,(1) ; (2 ) () ; 4-18, 4-18 R L 1 k, U i = 25 V U O = 10 V, D Z

120 5, 5.1 PN,, , ; ; ; NPN PNP NPN PNP,,, ( E) ( B) ( C), PN, PN 5-1,, T,, :, ;,

121 2. NPN,,, 5-2, U BB, R B B E ( ), U BB U CC, R C CE ( ), U CC, E, R B, I B, I C I E, I B / A I C / ma I E / ma : I B (1 ) I E = I B + I C, (2 ) IE IC, IB, IC = I C IB = = 52, = I C IB I B I C, = I C IB = I C4 - I C 3 IB4 - IB3 = = = = 1.09 = ,,,, 5.1.2,,, 1. U CE, I B U BE 113

122 I B = f ( U BE ) U = CE (5-1) 5-3 N PN,, : ( 1), U BE, I B U BE, I B U BE, U T ( ) 0.5 V, U BE = V ; U T 0.2 V, VPNP, UBE V V (2 ), UCE > 1 V, UCE = 1 V, UCE > 1 V, I B, U CE 1 V ( ), U CE 1 V 2. I B, I C U CE, I C = f ( U CE ) IB = (5-2) 5-4 N PN, I B (1 ) I B,,, = 0,, U BE 0, V C > V E V B I C 0( I CEO, ),, (2 ) U C E < U BE,, V B > V C > V E I B, I C, U CE = U BE, U CE S, I CS = U CC - U CE S = U C C U C C (5-3) R C R C R C I BS = I CS 114 (5-4)

123 I B I BS, I B < I BS,, U CE 0.3 V, 0.1 V, U CE 0, (3 ),, V C > V B > V E I C I B,I C = I B,, I C I C I B, U C E, 5-1 T 1 V x = + 10 V, V y = 0 V, V z = V, 5-5 ( a), T 2 V x = + 0 V, V y = V, V z = - 5 V, 5-5 ( b), T 1 T 2, x y z? : NPN V C > V B > V E, PNP V C < V B < V E,,,,, ( a), z y 0.7 V,, V x > V z > V y, x, y, z, V C > V B > V E, NPN ( b), x y 0.3 V,, V z < V y < V x, z, x, y, V C < V B < V E, PNP ,, = 30,

124 : + 6 V,,, I B = : I CS = U CC - U CE S R C = ma = 5.3 ma = 1.06 ma ma = 9.3 ma 1 I B I BS > I BS, = I CS = 0.31 ma - 2 V,,, + 2 V,,, I B = : I CS = U CC - U CE R C = ma = 1.3 ma = 0.26 ma ma = 9.3 ma 1 I B I BS < I BS, 3. = I CS = 0.31 ma,, : (1 ) :, : = I C - I CEO I B I C I B (5-5) U CE,, = I C I B U CE = (5-6),,, =,, 20200,,, (2 ) I CBO : 116

125 I CBO,, 5-7 I CB O, I CBO I CB O,,, I CBO, I CBO, I CBO, 5-7 I CBO 5-8 I CEO I CEO : I CEO,,, I CEO 5-8 : I CE O = (1 + ) I CBO, I CE O, (3 ) : P CM I C U CE,,, , 70100,,,, P CM, P CM P CM = U C E I C, 5-9 P C < P C M, U ( BR) CEO U ( BR) C EO, I C U CC I CM < U ( BR ) CE O,,,,, I CM 2/ 3 I C I C M PCM U( BR ) CE O ICM 5-9, 3DG4 : P CM = 300 mw, I CM = 30 ma, U ( BR ) CE O = 30 V, 117

126 5-9 3DG (4 ), f : 5-10,, 0,, f,, f f, : 1 f T f T (5 ),, I CBO : I CBO, PN,,, 10, I CBO :,, : 25, 1, 0.5% 1% U BE :, 1, U BE, I C EO, I C 22.5 mv = (1 + ) I CBO, I C = I B + ( 1 + ) I CBO, I C T, 118

127 AF A 1, V A = 3 V, T, V F 0 V, F 0; A 0, T, V F U CC, F 1, U BB,, ( Not ) -, A F, F = A 5-11 F A : A 0, F 1;, A 1, F 0, 0 1, , ( , ),,,, ; ; ( ), P N, P N, P N P N (), ( M) (O) ( S ), MOS( Metal Oxide Semiconductor) N 1. N MOS (1 ) 5-12( a)n MOS P, N, N +, N +, S D, b, b 119

128 S N + P ( SiO 2 ),, G, 5-12( b) N MOS P MOS N, P + S D, 5-12(c), b N P 5-12 MOS (2 ) 5-13 U GS D S U DS 0, I D = 0, PN, = 0, U GS, P, N +, I D U GS U GS ( th ) = U T U DS, U GS,,,, I D, (3 ) U GS, I D U DS, I D = f ( U DS ) U GS = ( 5-7 ),, 5-13 U GS : 5-14 (a) U GS > U T U DS U GD = U GS - U DS > U T : U GS, I D U DS,, U GS,, U GS, (, ) : 5-14 (a) U GS U GS, U DS, I D > U T, U DS,,, U DS, U GS, I D,, g m U GS I D g m g m = I D U GS U DS = (5-8) 120

129 I D () : U GS U T = 0,, :, 5-14( a), U DS, PN, I D, 5-14 N MOS (4 ) UDS, ID UGS, UGS ID U DS I D, 5-14 ( b)i D I D = f( U GS ) U DS = (5-9), U DS I D = I DSS 1 - U GS UGS ( t h) 2 ( 5-10), I DSS U GS = 2 U GS ( th ) I D ; U GS ( th ), -, - 2. N MOS N MOS,, SiO 2 U GS = 0,, U DS, 5-15 U GS,,, I D U GS,,, I D,, U GS UGS ( off) = U P,, ID 0, U P U GS > U P, U DS I D, MOS, 5-15 ( b) (c), MOS U GS I D,, 121

130 5-15 N,, U GS > U T U GS < U T,, (1 ) ( ), ( ), (2 ) U GS I D, I B I C, (3 ),,,, (4 ) g m,, ( 5),, D S C E,, (6 ),, MOS,, 122

131 ,, U ( BR) GS MOS, MOS, 2. (1 ) MOS U P [ U GS ( off) ], MOS U T [ U GS ( th ) ] I DSS, R GS (2 ) g m : U DS =, u gs i D, g m = d i D d u GS U DS = ( 5-11), ( S )ms : C g s C gd 13 pf, Cds 0.11 pf (3 ) I DM : P DM : U ( BR ) DS : U DS I D U DS U ( BR ) GS : MOS , 5-2 U DS U GS N + - P

132 U DS U GS N + + P - - N + -, + P - +, - 5.3,,, ( a), u I (, 20 Hz20 khz)r L (, ), u O : 1. U C C,, 124

133 5-16, U CC 2. T, i c = i b, 3. R C,, R C 4. R B I B, R B, R B 5. C 1 C 2,,, C 1 C u I u I,, I B I C U CE Q, I B Q I C Q I CE Q, 1. C 1 C 2, 5-16 ( b), I B = U CC - U BE R B I C = I B U C C R B ( 5-12) UCE = UCC - RC IC (5-12 ) U BE V ( U BE V ) U CC, U BE 125

134 2. Q (1 ) I BQ U BEQ 5-16( b), U CC = R B I B + U BE ( 5-13) UBE IB, I B = f ( U BE ) U = CE ( 5-14) U BE - I B ( 5-13 ), Q, 5-17( a), Q I BQ - U BE Q (2 ) I C Q U CE Q 5-16( b),, U C C = R C I C + U CE ( 5-15) I C = f ( U CE ) IB = ( 5-16),, (5-15 ), tan = - 1/ R C, U CC, U CC / R C 5-17 ( b),, I B Q, I B = I BQ Q5-17 ( b ), Q I C Q - U CE Q 5-17, I BQ, Q ; I BQ, Q, U CC R C, I B, R B, IB, , u I 126,

135 , u O,, ( a), I B I C U CE (), ib ic uce ( I b I c U c e ), i B i C u CE, u i, C 1 -, ib, ib = IB + ib, i C = I C + i c = ( I B + i b ) R C R C i C, i C - u CE = U CC - R C i C = U C C - R C ( I C + i c ) = U CE - R C i c, R C i C C 2 U CE, u ce = - R C i c, uo = uc e = - RC ic uo, u i i b i c, u o, u i 5-18 ( b )( f), : (1),, ib ic uce, (2 ) u o u i, u o u i (3) i b i c u i, u o 5-18 u i, 2. (1 ), ( ), ( ) Q ( a), Q Q 1,, r be = U BE I B = u be ( 5-17) U = CE i b 127

136 (5-17 )r be 5-20 ( a), 5-20( b), r be r be = (1 + ) 26( mv) I EQ ( ma) r be ( 5-18) 5-19 r be r ce 5-19( b), Q Q 1 Q 2,, I C I B, U CE, I B, r ce, I C = I B i c = i b ( 5-19), U CE I C r c e = U CE I C I B = = u ce i c ( 5-20) r c e i b, r ce, 5-20( b) 5-20 (2 ) 128

137 5-21( a) 5-16 (a) C 1 C 2,, U CC 5-21 ( a), 5-21 ( b) (1 ) A u, 5-21 ( b) 5-21( b) A u U o = - ( R C R L ) I b U i = I b r be = U o = - ( R C R L ) I b = - R L ( 5-21) U i rbe I b r be, R L = R C R L ; A u,, ( R L ), ( A u0 ), (5-21 )( 5-22), : R L R L R L A u 0 = - R C r be ( 5-22),, U o U s, ( A u s ), A u s = U o = U o U i r i = A u U s U i U s RS + ri - R L RS + rbe ( 5-23) (5-23 )r i = R B r be r be ( R B r be ) R S,, R S 129

138 (2 ) r i ( ), ( ), ( ),, 5-22 (a) ( b) 5-22 r i ( ), ( ), r i r i = U i I i ( 5-24) 5-16(a) 5-23 Ii = Ui R B ri = U i = RB rbe rbe ( 5-25) r be I i + Ui :, r i, R S r i, r i U i ( 5-23 ), r i, U s U i,,, r i RL, ri,, (3 ) r o ( ), 130

139 r o, r o,, : ,, U o, I o, r o = U o I o U = 0 s ( 5-26) 5-16 (a) 5-24, U S = 0, I b = 0, I b = 0, U o, I o R C, r o = U o I o U S = 0, R L = = R C ( 5-27) : ( ) U o, Uo, U o = R L U r o + R o r o = L U o - 1 R U L ( 5-28) o :,, r o,, A us,, r o,,, r o (a), UC C = 12 V, RB = 300 k, RC = 4 k, RL = 4 k, R S = 100, = 40 : ; ; : 5-16 ( b) I B U CC R B = I C ma = 40 A = I B = 4040 A = 1.6 ma U CE = U CC - R C I C = ( ) V = 5.6 V 5-21 ( a), 5-21 ( b ) 131

140 , rbe = ( 1 + ) 26 = I E 1.6 U o = - ( R C R L ) I b U i = r be I b A u = k = U o = - ( R C R L ) I b = = U i r be I b (5-25 )( 5-27) r i = U i I i 4. = R B r be k, r o = R C = 4 k,,, (1 ), 5-25 Q,, ui, i c u o ( u i ), 5-25, ui, R B 5-16, I B Q,, 5-25 Q,, u i, i c u o, 5-25, u i, R B 5-16, I B Q, 5-25,, Q, i c u o, Q, u i, (2 ) ( C 1 C PN ),

141 ,,,, ( ) 5-26 (a)a u f, A u,,,, A u A u, PN ( a), A u m 2 A um = A um, f H f L, f H - f L ( ) B W B W = f H f L f H, BWf H, - f L,,,, 5-26( b), ; ( H. W. Bode),,, ( db) ( ) A u ( db) = 20 lg A u 20 lg 1 2 = - 3 db, f H - f L - 3dB ( 3dB ) (3 ), (),, U omax ( I omax ),,,,, ( ), 133

142 5.4 :,, ( a), I B = U CC - U BE R B U CC R B, U CC R B, I B,,, I C,, 5-27, I CB O I CEO = ( 1 + ) I CBO, I CEO I C = I B + I CEO,, I CE O 5-27, Q Q2 I C Q, U CEQ, 5-27 Q I CE O, I C, R C U CE I C, 5-28 (a),, R B1 R B 2 I 1 I B ( 5 ), I B R E, V B = V B, R B2 R B1 + R B2 U CC ( 5-29) T I C I E V E U BE I B I C I C, R E R E I E, V E, V B, UBE = VB - V E, IB, I C, R E B E, u O, A u,, R E 134

143 C E, C E, ;, C E,, C E R E,, R E U CE, u O, R E ( b), V B = R B2 R B1 + R B2 U CC 3. I C I E = V B - U BE R E V B R E U CE = U CC - R C I C - R E I E U CC - ( R C + R E ) I C ( 5-30) 5-28(c) 135

144 C E, 5-28( d),, R E C E 5-28 ( d)r B = R B 1 R B2 r o = R C r i U o = - R L I b R L = R C R L U i = r be I b A u = Uo = - R L Ib = - R L U i r be I b r be = U i = I i U i U i + U i + U i RB1 RB 2 rbe r i = R B r be = R B1 R B2 r be r be ( 5-31) ( 5-32) C E,, R E C E, 5-28 (e), R B = R B1 R B2 : U o = - R L I b ro R L = R C R L U i = r be I b + ( 1 + ) R E I b A u = U o = U i U i = r be I b + ( 1 + ) R E I b r i = U i = I i U i + R B r be - R L I b = r be I b + (1 + ) R E I b U i U i + ( 1 + ) R E r i = R B1 R B 2 [ r be + (1 + ) R E ] = RC = r be U i + U i + R B2 R B2 - R L ( 5-33) + ( 1 + ) R E U i r be U i + (1 + ) R E ( 5-34) , U CC = 24 V, R B1 = 33 k, R B2 = 10 k, R C = 3.3 k, R E = 1.5 k, R L = 5.1 k, = 66, R S = 0 : ; ; ; ; R E,,, : 136 U BE V B = = 0.7 V R B 2 R B1 + R B2 U CC = V = 5.60 V

145 I C I E = V B - U BE V B = 5.6 R E R E 1.5 ma = 3.80 ma U CE U CC - ( R C + R E ) I C = [ 24 - ( ) 3.8] V = 5.76 V 5-28( d) : A u = U o = - ( R L R C ) = U i r be r be = ( ) R E - R L R C R L + R C ( 1 + ) 26 = I E Q = 0.76 k ( ) = r i = R B1 R B2 r be = = 1 R B1 R B2 r be k= 0.69 k 0.76 r o = R C = 3.3 k 5-28( e) A u = Uo = - ( R L R C ) = U i r be + ( 1 + ) R E ( ) 1.5 = r i = R B1 R B2 ( r be + ( 1 + ) R E ) = R B1 R B2 1 = k= 7.14 k r o = R C = 3.3 k 1 r be 1 + (1 + ) R E,,,, 5.5, 5-29 ( a), C2, 5-29 (c),,,, 137

146 ,, ( b) U C C = R B I B + U BE + R E I E, I E = I B + I C = (1 + ) I B I B = R B U CC - U BE + ( 1 + ) R E 2. I E = U CC - U BE R B R E U CE = U C C - R E I E = U CC - ( 1 + ) R E I B 5-29(c), 5-30 (1 ) U o = (1 + ) ( R E R L ) I b U i = r be I b + U o = r be I b + ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) I b A u = U o = U i ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) I b = r be I b + (1 + ) ( R E R L ) I b ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) r be + (1 + ) ( R E R L ) (5-36 ) : 1, 1 (1 + ) ( R E R L ) r be, A u 1, U o U i, A u ( 5-35) ( 5-36), U o U i, :, I e I b ( 1 + ), ( 1 + ), (2 )

147 r i = U i = I i U i + R B U i U i r be + (1 + ) ( R E R L ) = R B [ r be + (1 + ) ( R E R L ) ] = 1 R B r be + ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) ( 5-37) R B [ r be + ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) ] r be, (3 ),, 5-31 ( U S ) U o I o, 5-31 r o = U o I o = (1 + ) I o = - I b - I b + I e = - ( 1 + ) I b + I e = ( 1 + ) r be rbe U o + ( RB RS ) + U o RE U o U o + ( R B R S ) + U = R E r be + ( R B R S ) o 1 + R E ( 5-38), R B R S, r o R E r be + R S 1 +, R E r be + R S, 1 + r o r be + R S r be R S, r o r be, r o,, 1, 1,,, ;,, (a)u CC = 12 V, R B = 120 k, R E = 4 k, R L = 4 k, R S = 100, = 40 : ; ; ; : I B = R B U CC - U BE = + ( 1 + ) R E ( ) 4 ma = 40 A 139

148 I C = I B = 4040 A = 1.6 ma 5-30 A u = U CE = U CC - R E I E ( )V = 5.6 V 44 ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) ( ) r be + (1 + ) ( R E R L ) = ( ) , rbe = (1 + ) 26 I E = ( ) r i = R B [ r be + ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) ] = 1 R B + 1 = k= 49 k ( ) r o = R E r be + ( R B R S ) 1 + = 1 = R E r be + R B R S R B + R S 3. r be 1 = 0.99 = 0.97 k 1 + (1 + ) R E R E R L + R L 1 k= ,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 5.6, 1 mw,, 5-32,,, 140

149 5-32,,,, :,, C 2 ( ),,, 5-34, 5-33,,,, 5-34,, ( a), R B1 = 300 k, R E1 = 3 k, R B2 = 141

150 40 k, R C2 = 2 k, R B3 = 20 k, R E 2 = 3.3 k, R L = 2 k, U CC = 12 V T 1 T 2 = 50, U BE = 0.7 V: ; A u, r i r o : 5-35 ( b), I B 1 = I C1 I E1 R B1 = I B 1Q U CC - U BE = + ( 1 + ) R E1 = 1.2 ma = ( 1 + ) I B1Q = 1.3 ma ma = ma U CE1 = U CC - R E1 I E1 Q = ( ) V = 8.1 V U B 1 = R B3 U CC R B2 + R B 3 = V = 4 V I E2 = U B2 - U BE RE 2 = ma = 1 ma 3.3 I B 2 = I E = 1 ma = ma 51 IC2 = IB 2 = ma = 1.0 ma U CE2 = U CC - ( R C2 + R E2 ) I C2 = ( 12 - ( ) 1.0) V = 6.7 V 5-35(c) 142

151 r be1 = (1 + ) 26 = I E r be2 = (1 + ) 26 = I E2 1 A u1 = U o1 = U i r be1, r i2 = R B2 R B 3 r be2 = ( 1 + ) ( R E1 r i2 ) + ( 1 + ) ( R E 1 r i2 ) = 1.3 k = 1.6 k = 1 R B2 R B 3 r be k= 1.4 k A u1 = = A u2 A u = A u1 A u2 = 0.97( - 31) = - 30 r i = - ( R C2 R L ) = r be2 = Ui = R B1 [ r be1 + ( 1 + ) ( R E 1 r i2 ) ] = I i 1 = k= 43 k r o = R C2 = 2 k R B r be1 1 1 = ( 1 + ) R E1 r i2 R E1 + r i2,,,,,,, , u I = 0, T 1 T 2, U CE1 = U C1 = U B2 = U BE2 = 0.7 V, T 1 ;,,, I B2 T 2,

152 , T 2, ( a)r E2 T 2, T 1, T 1 ; I B2 R E2, R E 2, R E2,, 5-37( b)d Z ( D) U Z T 2, R E2, ( ),, 2., ( ),,, 5-38,,,,,,,, 5-38,,,,,,, 5.7, 144

153 , R E,,,,,,, ( u I1 = u I2 = 0 ),, I B1 = I B2, I C 1 = I C2, U C1 = U C 2, u O = U C 1 - U C2 = ,,,,, u O = U C1 - U C2 0, 2., ( 5-39 ) (1 ) ( u I1 = u I2 ),,,, u O =u C1 - u C 2 = 0,, (2 ) (u I1 = - u I2 ), u i1 < 0, u i2 > 0, u i1 T 1 i B1, i C1 ; u C1 ; u i2 T 2 i B2, i C 2, u C 2, 145

154 ,, u O = u C1 - ( - u C2 ) = 2u C1, (3 ) ( ),, : ui 1 = ui d + uic u I 2 = - u I d + u Ic u Id, u Ic : u IC = u I1 + u I 2 2 u I d = u I 1 - u I 2 2 u I1 = 9 mv, u I2 = - 3 mv, u Ic = 3 mv, u Id = 6 mv ( 5-39),,, 3. R E,, R E, 2 R E,, R E,, R E,, R E, 5-40, 5-40,,, R E, R E ,, , V E,, R L T 1 T 2 A u1 A u2, A u1 = A u2 u I1 = u I 2, u I2 = - u I A u1 146 A u1 = u O1 u I1 = - R C R L 2 R B + r be

155 A od = u O1 - u O2 = 2 u O1 = u O1 u I 1 - u I2 2 u I1 u I1 = A u1 A od = -, 2. R C R L 2 R B + r be ( 5-40), A oc,,,,, u O = 0, A oc = 0,, A od A oc, K CMR ( Common Mode Rejection Ratio), K CMR = A od A oc ( 5-41),, ( ), ;, A oc = 0, K CM R = , - : -, 5-43 ( a) ; -, 5-43 ( b) ; -, 147

156 5-43( c) , 5-43 ( a) (c), T 1 T 2 T 1 = 1 2 u I u I = u I T 2 = 1 2 u I u I = 0,, u I 2, u I 2,, 5-43 (a) ( b), T 1, u O, A od = 1 2 A d1 = R C R L R B + r be ( 5-42), u O u I u O T 2, u O 148

157 u I 5-43 (a) ( b),,,, i C, 2i C, 2 REiC, ic, 2 RE 5-43 (a) ( b) A oc K C MR = u O1 uic = A od Aoc = - ( R C R L ) RB + rbe + ( 1 + ) 2 RE = R B + r be + ( 1 + ) 2 R E 2 ( RB + rbe ) ( 5-43) ( 5-44) A oc 0, K CM R, A oc, K C MR, R E T 3, 5-44,, T 3 Aoc 0, KCM R 5-44 R P, R P T 1 T 2, R P,, 5-44, R P, R P, ,,,,,, 1., : (1 ),,, I C M, 149

158 U ( BR) CEO, P CM, (2 ),,,, P o, P E, (3 ) = Po P E,, (4 ),,,, 2. (1 ) Q,,, 360, Q 5-45 (a), I C,,,, ;,,,, 50%, (2 ) I C, Q Q I C = 0, Q,,,,,, Q 5-45 ( b) (3 ) Q I C 0 I C 0, Q I C 0,, Q 5-45 (c) 5-45 Q 150

159 5.8.2, OTL( Output Transformer Less);, OCL(Output Capacitor Less ),, OCL, OCL 1. (OCL) (1 ) 5-46 OCL (NPN PNP ), R L,, ( u i = 0),,, I B = 0, I C = 0, ( ui 0), ui > 0, T1, T2, RL 5-46 i C 1, R L u o ; u i < 0, T 2, T 1, R L i C2, R L u o ;, u o T 1 T 2,, 5-46 OCL (2 ) P o, U om, P E P o = U om R L = 1 om 2 U2 ( 5-45) R L 151

160 P E, P E = U CC I dc,, U om R L,, 1 U om R L, P E1 = P E2 = 1 U om R L U CC ( 5-46) PE = PE1 + PE2 = 2 Uom R L, P o P E, =, U om, U om, P o 1 om 2 U2 R L = 2 U om U CC R L, UCC, U O M U CC,, (3 ) M = = 78.5 % 4 P O M = 1 2 U 2 CC R L 4 U om U CC ( 5-47),, P T = P E - P o = 2 U om U R CC - 1 om L 2 U2 R L,,, P C1 = P C2 = 1 2 P T, P T U om,,, P TM P T U om,, d PT d U om = 2 UCC R L - P T M = 2 2 U CC Uom = 0,, Uom = 2 UC C, R L R L U C C U CC R L 2 = 2 U2 CC 2 R L = 4 P 2 O M 0.4 P O M (4 ) 152 P C1 M = P C2 M = 1 U2 CC 0.2 P 2 R O M L

161 , P C M U ( BR) C EO I CM I CM U CC R L U ( BR ) CEO 2 U C C ( 5-48) PCM 0.2 POM,, 2 U CC , 8 20 W,, U CC U om 5 V, : U CC ; ; ; ; : U CC P o = 1 2 U2 om RL, U om = 2 P o R L = 2208 V = 17.9 V U CC - U om > 5, U CC > ( ) V = 22.9 V, U CC = 23 V = P o P E = P o 2 P E 1 = P E 1 = P E2 = 1 U om U CC = W = 16.4 W R L 8 P C1 M = P C2 M = 1 U2 CC 2 R L = 61% I CM U CC = 23 ma = 2.88 ma R L 8 U ( BR ) CEO 2 U C C PCM 0.2 PO M = (5 ) = W = 6.71 W U 2 CC R L = 223 V = 46 V = W = 6.71 W,, u be U T, u be < U T, T 1 T 2,,,, 5-47, 5-48,,,,, , T 1 T 2, I C 1 = I C2, R L, U E = 0, D 1 D 2, T 1 T 2, 153

162 , T 1, T 2 ;, T 1, T 2,, R L, OTL 2. (OTL) 5-49 OTL,, C L R L OTL OCL, ; I CEO1 = I CE O2, V A = 1 2 U CC, C L U CL = 1 2 U CC, C L, u i T 1 T 2 UCC CL RL ; ui T1 T2, CL T2, R L C L, R L C L, C L 1 2 U CC, 1 2 U CC, T 1 T 2 OCL P o P E, 1 2 U CC U CC, OTL 3. ( 1),,, T 1 T 2,, T 2, T 1, T 1 CE T 2 BE, CB,PNP NPN,, 5-50,, 154

163 5-50, R 1, I CEO,,,,, ; 1 2, T 1 1 2, T 2,,,, 5-50 ( b) ( c) 5-48 NPN PNP,, ( 2) 5-51, R 3 R 4 T 3 T 4, R 5 R 6, R L ,, OCL OTL, LM386,, 155

164 1. : OTL :518 V :4 ma :50 k :1 W( U CC = 16 V, R L = 32 ) :2646 db :300 khz :0.2 % 2. LM LM386 2,3 ; 5 ; 6 4 ; 1 8, 7, 10 F LM386,, C 2, 1 8, 26 db, 20, R P R 1 C LM386 C 2 RL, U CC 2, - U C C, 156

165 U CC = 16 VR L = 32 P om U i = P om U CC 2 2 R L 2 = U2 CC 8 R L = 1 W, U C C 2 2 A u = 16 V283 mv LM386, 1 8, 200, C5, C4, 200, U CC = 16 VR L = 32 P om = 1 W, 28.3 mv 5-54 LM ,, N,,, R G1 R G2 R S,, C S R G, C 1 C 2 1., R G,, U G = R G2 R G1 + R G2 U D D 5-55 MOS 157

166 U GS = U G - U S = U G - R S I D ( 5-49), U GS U GS ( off) U GS 0, I D I D = I DSS 1-2 U GS U GS ( off) ( 5-50) (5-49 ) ( 5-50), ID, UGS U DS = U DD - ( R D + R S ) I D ( 5-51) ,, 5-56( a) 5-56 ( b) 5-55 (1 ) A u ( ) A u = U o = - U i R L I d = - U gs, R L = R D R L (2 ) r i r i R L g m U g s = - g m R L ( 5-52) U gs = U i = R G + ( R G1 R G2 ) R G ( 5-53) I i, R G, ( R G, ri = RG1 R G2 ) (3 ) r O, r d s, r O R D ( 5-54) ,, I DS S = 1 mau GS ( off) = - 5 V, g m = ms, R G1 = 150 k, R G2 = 50 k, R G = 1 M, R S = 10 k, R D = 10 k, R L = 10 k, U D D = + 20 V : 158 U GS = U G - U S = R G2 50 U R G1 + R D D - R S I D = G I D = 5-10 I D N ID

167 I D = I DSS 1 - U GS U GS ( off) U GS = 5-10 I D I D = 1 + U GS = 11 + UGS 5 : ( ) U GS = V, I D = 1.64 ma ; ( ) U GS = V, I D = 0.61 ma () U GS U GS = V, I D = 0.61 ma < U GS ( off), U DS = U DD - ( R D + R S ) I D = [ 20 - ( )0.61 ] V = 7.8 V ( 5-56 ( b) ) A u = - g m R L = - g m ( R D R L ) = r i = R G + ( R G1 R G2 ) = k= 1.04 M R G r O R D = 10 k = () 5-57 (a), 5-57( b)5-57 (c) 5-57 R L = R S R L U o = R L I d = R L g m U g s U gs = U i - U o U o = R L g m ( U i - U o ) 159

168 A u = U o = U i g m R L ( 5-55) 1 + g m R L 5-57( b) r i = R G1 R G2 ( 5-56) r o = R S 1 + g m R S = R S 1 g m ( 5-57), 1, 1;,,, ( 1)? ( 2)? ( 3), I C?? ( 4), = 50, I CBO = 2A ; = 150, I CBO = 50 A,,? (5 ) P CM = 100 mw, I CM = 20 ma, U ( BR) CEO = 15 V,,,? U CE = 3 V, I C = 10 ma; U CE = 2 V, I C = 40 ma;u CE = 6 V, I C = 20 ma 5-2 U 1 U 2 U 3, NPN PNP?? E B C ( 1) U 1 = 3.5 V, U 2 = 2.8 V, U 3 = 12 V (2 ) U 1 = 3 V, U 2 = 2.8 V, U 3 = 12 V ( 3) U 1 = 6 V, U 2 = 11.3 V, U 3 = 12 V (4) U 1 = 6 V, U 2 = 11.8 V, U 3 = 12 V ( 1), ( 2) NPN PNP, E B C ( 3) ,?? 160

169 , : I CEO, U (BR)CEO, P CM, ( U CE = 10 V, I C = 2 ma ) U i, ( ) (1 ) U i = 0 V (2) U i = 3 V (3) U i = 5 V ( 1)? ( 2),? ( 3) U GS ( off) ( U P )U GS(th ) ( U T ) ( 4)? 5-8 MOS 5-8 (a), MOS 5-8( b) U I = 4 V 8 V 12 V, ( 1)? I B?? ( 2)? ( 3)? (4 ), A u ( A US ), R L,,? R S,,? ( 5),,,? ( 6)??? 161

170 ?? (a),, ( b),?? R B = 560 k, R C = 4 k,= 50, R L = 4 k, R S = 1 k, U CC = 12 V, U S = mv? (1) U CE = 8 V, U BE = 0.7 V, I B = 20 AA u = (2) r i = = 10 3 = 1 k (3) A us = - R L r i = = (4) r o = R C R L = 44 k= 2 k 4 + 4

171 5-13 (1)? (2)? C E? (3),,?? 5-14 (1)?? (2)?? 5-15 (1)?? (2)? (3),? (4)?? 5-16 (1)?? (2)????? (3) 5-39 R E?? (4)?? ( 5),??? (6)?? 5-17 (1),? (2)? (3) OCL? OTL?? (4)?? (5),? 5-18 OCL 5-18, T 1 T 2, : (1), R L?? (2) R P1 R P2 R P3 D? (3) D,? , T 1 T 2, U CC = 12 V, R L = 8 (1),,?? (2) T 1 T 2,R L (3) T 1 T 2 U CES = 2 V, R L? 163

172 , u i, R L = 16,10 W,U CES : (1) U CC (2) U CC I CM U ( BR) CEO (3), (4) (5), , = 50, R C = 3.2 k, R B = 320 k, R S = 100, R L = 6.8 k, U CC = 15 V: (1 ) ; (2 ), A u r i r o ; ( 3) EDA (1 ) U CC = 12 V, R C = 3 k,= 75, I C 1.5 ma,r B? (2 ) R B 0,?? ( 3) EDA , U CC = 24 V, R B1 = 33 k, R B2 = 10 k, R E = 1.5 k, R C = 3.3 k, R L = 5.1 k,= 66, : ( 1) ; (2 ), (3 ), R L ( 4) EDA (1) : (2 ) U CC =

173 V, R B = 330 k, R C = 10 k,= 50, U CC = 20 V, R B = 200 k, R E = 3.9 k, R L = 1.5 k,= 60, : (1 ) ; (2), ( 3) EDA , U CC = 12 V, R B = 280 k, R C = R E = 2 k, r be = 1.4 k,= 100, : (1) A A uo1 ; ( 2) B A uo2 ; (3 ) A B,, , U CC = 12 V, R B1 = 500 k, R B2 = 200 k, R C1 = 6 k, R C2 = 3 k, R L = 2 k, 40: ( 1) ; (2 ), , U DD = 18 V, R G1 = 250 k, R G2 = 50 k, R G = 1 M, R D = 5 k, R S = 5 k, R L = 5 k, g m = 5 mav: ( 1) ( I D, U DS )( 2 ),

174 6,,, ( ), ( SSI), ( MSI ), (LSI) ( VLSI ),,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, , ,,,,,,,, 166

175 , 2., : 200 PF,,,, ;, 3.,,, u + u - u O,,,,,,, (a), ( b), (c) 6-3 EDA ( ) 6-3 EDA 6.1.2, 167

176 1., : (1 ) U IO,,,,,,,, U I O U I O U IO, U I O 1 V20 mv, F007 U I O 15 mv (2 ) I IO, I B1 I B2 I IO, I I O = I B1 - I B 2, I I O, II O II O 1 na0.1 A, F007 I IO na 2. (1 ) A od Aod,,, A od U o = 20 lg ( U i1 - U i2 ), A od, db, db (6-1) F007 A od 100 (2 ) U id max U idmax,, NPN U id max 5 V, PNP Uidmax 30 V (3 ) r id r id = U id I i,,, F007 r id 2 M,, r id M, (1 ) K C MR, F007 K C MR 8086 db, K CM R 180 db (2 ) U icmax 168

177 U icmax,,, F007 U icmax 13 V 4., SR,,, S R, S R, S R, 65 V s 5. F mw, :,,,,,,,,,, u O ( u + - u - ), 6-4,,, ;, U O + U O - ( U O + U O - ) 6-4 A 0 = U O + - U O - u + - u - (6-2),,, 100 db, 10 V 169

178 F007, A d = 10 5, 2. (1 ) u + - u - = U O A d = V = 0.1 mv,,, A od ; ri d ; r o 0; K CMR ; U I O I IO ;,,,, (2 ) ( ) A 0 d, u + - u - = 0, u O = A 0 d ( u + - u - ) (6-3) u + = u - (6-4) r i d, i + i - i + = i - = 0 (6-5),,, 0u + = u - u + u -,,, i + = i - = 0 i + i -,,, : r i d, i + = i - = 0; ( ) u O A 0d ( u + - u - ), u + > u -, u O = U O + ; u + < u -, u O = U O - ; 170

179 u + = u - U O + U O -, , R 1 = R 3 = 10 k, R 2 = R 4 = 50 k, u i = 10 mv, u O =? : i + = i - = 0 i 1 = i 4 i 2 = i 3 u + = u i R 3 R 2 + R 3 = 1010 mv = 1.67 mv u + = u - i 1 = 0 - u - = i R 4 = u - - u o 1 R 4 u O = 1 + R 4 R1 u - = mv = 10 mv 6.2,,, ,,, A x F x,, ; 171

180 X d = X i - X f (6-6) X, X o X d ( ), A xo, () A xo = X o X d (6-7), X o X i ( ), A x f A xf = X o X i (6-8) X f X o, F x, F x = X f X o (6-9) A xf A xo F x A x f = X o X i = 2. X o X d + X f = X o X d 1 + X f X d = A xo 1 + F x A xo ( 6-10), ;, :, ;,, A xf < A xo, 1 + F x A xo > F x A xo, A xf, 1 + F x A xo 1 + F x A xo 1,, (6-10 ) 1 + F x A xo < 1, A xf > A xo, A xf A xo F x A xo = 1 F x ( 6-11), 1 + F x A xo = 0, A x f, ( ) 3., ;, ;, 4.,,, ;,, 5., u i u d u f, 172

181 ; i i i d i f,,, ( ) ,,,, 6-8, 6-8( a), 6-8 ; 6-8( b), R2, ; 6-8 (c) R 1,, 2. ;,,,, ;,, 6-9 (a),,, R 2 R 1, R 1 u f, u d = u i - u f, u f u i, ud < ui,,

182 6-9 ( b), u i,, R 2 R 1, R 1 u f, u d = u i - u f, u f u i, u d > u i,, 6-9 (c), i i,,, R 2 i f u -, i i = i d + i f, i d = i i - i f, i d < i, i f, 3. : ( u O = 0),, 6-10(a),, u O 0,, 6-10( b),, uf, :,, 6-11 (a) ;, 6-11( b)( ) 5. (1 ) 6-12 R L,, u O = 0,, 6-11 ;, u i u d u f,,, u i u f,, (2 ) 174

183 6-13, R L, R 1, u f, ;, u i u d u f,,,, u i u f,, (3 ) 6-14, R L, u O = 0,, ;, i d i f, i i i d i f,,, i f i i, i d, i d i i, (4 ) 6-15, R L, R 1, i f, ;, i i i d i f,,, i f i i, i i, i d i i,,, ;, 175

184 , 6-16( ) ,,,,, 1. (6-10 ) A xo d A xf d A xo (6-10 ), = (1 + Fx A xo ) - Fx Axo ( 1 + F x A xo ) 2 = d A xf A xf = 1 ( 1 + F x A xo ) F x A xo d A xo A xo ( 6-12), 1 ( 1 + F x A xo )1 + F x A xo = 100, A xo 10 %, A xf 0.1 % (6-11 ),, A x f A xo,, 2.,,, 6-17 u i,,, 6-17 (a), u f u o, u d, 6-17( b) 176

185 , 6-18,,,,,,,,,,,, 4., : u o x f x d u o, : 6-18 io xf xd io 5., r i r o,, ;, r i ; r i, r o ;, r o 6.3,,,,,,,, 177

186 , R 2, ( i + = i - = 0 ),,, ; ( u + = u - ),, N, u + = u - = un = i + R2 = 0,, R 2, R 2, = R 1 R f, i 1 = i f, u N = u - = u + = 0 i 1 = u i - u N R 1 i f = u N - u O R f = u i R 1 = - u O R f u O = - u i i i R f R 1 u i ( 6-13) 6-19,, rif = = R 1 R f = R 1, u O = - u i ( 6-14), u O u i,, ( a), i 1 = i f i 1 = 0 - u N = - u + R 1 R 1 = - u i R 1 if = un - uo R f = ui - uo R f,, r i u O = 1 + R f R 1 u i ( 6-15) =,,, 178

187 6-20, R 2 ( ) 6-20( b),, R 1 = R f = 0,, u O = u i ( 6-16),,,,, i 1 + i 2 + i 3 = i f, i 1 = u i1 i R 2 = u i2 i 1 R 3 = u i3 i 2 R f = - u O 3 R f R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R, u O = - R f u i1 R 1 + u i2 R 2 + u i3 R 3 ( 6-17) u O = -, R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R f, R f R ( u i1 + u i2 + u i3 ) ( 6-18) u O = - ( u i1 + u i2 + u i3 ) ( 6-19), 2., 6-22 i 1 = i f 179

188 u i1 - u N = u N - u O R 1 R f i 2 = u i2 - u + R 2 = u + R 3 u - = u + = u N u O = 1 + R f R 1 R 3 R 2 + R 3 u i2 - R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R f, , i 1 = i f = u i d u C, i R f = C f 1 d t u O = - u C = - 1 C f i f d t = - R f R 1 u i1 ( 6-20) u O = u i2 - u i1 ( 6-21) 1 C f R 1 u i d t ( 6-22) U I, t = 0, u O = U I R 1 C f t ( 6-23),,, 6-23,, ,, u + = u - = 0,, u C = u i, 180

189 i f = i C = C 1 d u C d t = C 1 d u i d t u O = - R f i f = - R f C 1 d u i d t ( 6-24) 6.3.4,,,,,,,, u i = u i1 - u i2 = a - b u i = a - b = R P 2 R + R P ( u O1 - u O2 ) 181

190 u O1 - u O2 = R R P u i u O = 1 + R f R 2 R f R 2 + R f u O2 - R f R 2 u O1, R P AD552 AD624 = R f R 2 ( u O2 - u O1 ) u O = - R f R R R P u i ( 6-25), 6.3.5, 3.3 RC, RC,,,,, , ui,,,,, A u (j) = U o = U o U + U i U + U i U o = 1 + R f U + R 1 = A uo (: A uo, ) 0 = 1 RC U + = U i 1 jc R + 1 = jc U + = U i jrc 1 + j 0 A u (j) = A uo j ( 6-26) 0

191 A u (j) = A uo 1 + ( 6-27) , 6-28, < 0, u O u i ; > 0, u O 0,,, 6-29, RC, , 6-27 R C, 6-31 A u (j) = U o 1 = A uo U i j 0 ( 6-28), A uo = 1 + R f R 1, 0 = 1 RC A u (j) = Auo ( 6-29) 183

192 ,, ,, 6-33, H, L, : = H - L, 6-33, 6-34 L H, L H 6-34,, 184

193 ,,, AD,, (a), u i, u N = 0, u I > 0 u O = U O +, u I < 0 u O = U O -, 6-35( b),, ( a), u I, u N = U R, U R ui > UR uo = UO +, ; u I < U R u O = U O -, 6-36( b) uo,,, 6-37 (a), u I < U R, u O = 0 ; u I > U R, u O = U Z 6-37 ( b), ( 1 0) 6-37(c) ( AD) ( ),,,, 185

194 6-37,,, (), ( a), uo = UZ, ui, u N = u +, u + = R 1 R1 + R2 U Z 6-38( b) u T = R 1 R 1 + R 2 U Z u I - u T, u N u +, u O = + U Z, u + = + u T u I + u T,, + U Z - U Z u I + u T, u N u +, u O = - U Z, u + = - u T u I - u T,, - UZ + UZ R U R, 6-39 (a) u + = u N = u +, u I, R 2 R 1 + R 2 U R R 1 R 1 + R 2 U Z u T1 = R 2 R 1 + R 2 U R - R 1 R 1 + R 2 U Z 186

195 u T 2 u T2 = R 2 R 1 + R 2 U R + R 1 R 1 + R 2 U Z 6-39( b), u T 2, u T 1, - u T 1, 6-39,,,, AD790 LM119 LM193MC1414MAX900,,,,,, TTL CMOS, 6.4.2,,, RC 6-40( a), 6-40 ( b) 6-40, R1 R2,, 187

196 U Z u C u O R 2 u R 2 u C > u R2, u O = - U Z ; u C < u R 2, u O = + U Z u R 2 = 6-41 R 2 R1 + R2 u O 6-41, u O = + U Z, u C = 0, u R 2 =, u C R 2 R 1 + R 2 U Z, 6-41 (a) uc = R2 R 1 + R 2 UZ = K1, u O - UZ, ur2 = - R 2 R 1 + R 2 U Z, ;, u O + U Z - UZ,, 6-41 ( b ), u C u C = - R 2 R 1 + R 2 U Z = K 2, u O - U Z + U Z, 6-42,,, RC, T 1, T 2, T 1 = T 2 = RCln R 2 R 1 T = T 1 + T 2 = 2 RCln R 2 R

197 6.5,,,, 6-43,, ,,,? 1.,,, u O,, u i, (,, u O ) u O,, : u f = F u u O = u i u O = A u u i = A u u f = A u F u u O 6-43 A u F u = 1 ( 6-30), A u F u, (6-30 ),, A u A F u F = A u F u ( A + F ) = 10 A u F u = 1 ( 6-31) A + F = 2 n( n = 0, 1, 2, ) ( 6-32), 2, ;,,, A u F u 1,,,,, (6-31 ), 189

198 6-44 A u F u 2. RC A u F u > 1 ( 6-33) u i ( u f ),,,,, ; : LC RC, RC LC, RC, 6-45 (3.3.1) 6-46, = 0 = 1 RC, RC 6-46 RC H() = 13 ; () = 0 (), 1 Hz 1 MHz, 6-47 RC, = 0, ( 0 ) = 0, 0360 RC : = 0 = 1 RC, F u = 1 3,, A u F u > 1,, A u > 3A u = 1 + Rt R 1, Rt > 2 R1,, R t R 1, 190

199 R t,,,,, R t,,,,, Rt,,,,,, R 1,,,,,,, 6-47,, 6.6,,,,,,, CA741LM741MC741PM741SG741CF741A741 PC A741,,, : :1 mv :20 na :80 na :210 5 : 75 :2 M :25 ma : 1.7 ma A , 4, 7, 8 2. LM A741 LM324 4,,, : : 2 mv : 5 na : 45 na : 100 db : 7 V : 3-30 V 191

200 : V : 500 A LM , LM OP07 OP07( LM714),, : :10 V :0.7 na :0.2 V : 22 V : 500 A OP , 4, OP LF JFET LF411 L F411 JFET,,, L F411 DA : : 0.8 mv : 25 pa : 7 V : 50 pa : : 1.8 ma : V : V : 4 MHz L F , 4, 7 192

201 LM119,,,, 2 36 V 18 V,, T TL LED LM219, LM319LM139 LM239 LM339 LM119 LM , 6, 3 1, LM119 LM ( a) 6-52 LM119 ( ),,,, 6-53 ( b) 6-53 LM ICL8038 ( 1030 V), ( 5 15 V ) Hz300 khz, 2% 98%, 1% ICL8038,, R C, R P2, P P1, R P3 R P4 193

202 6-54 ICL ICL : 194 (1 ),, ( 2), ( 3),,

203 ( 4) A u =, r i =, r o = 6-2 : ( 1) (a. :b. ; c. ) ( 2) (a. ; b. ; c., ) ( 3) (a. ; b. ; c. ) ( 4) (a. ; b. ; c. ) ( 5) (a. ; b. ; c. ) 6-3,,? ( 1), A xf 1F x,,,, F x = 1A xf, A xf ( 2),,,,,? 6-4 : ( 1),, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, (a. ; b. ; c. ; d. ) (2 ), ;, ;, ;, (a. ; b. ; c. ; d. ) 6-5 ( ) : ( 1),,, ( ) ( 2),,( ) (3 ), A x f 1F x, A x,,,( ) ( 4), ( ) 6-6 ( 1) 60 db,? 195

204 ( 2) ,? (3 ),15 db,?? 6-7 : ( 1), (a. ;b. ; c. ;d. ; e. ) ( 2) (a. ;b. ; c. ) (3 ),,, (a. ; b. ) ( 4),,, (a. ; b. ; c. ; d. ) 6-8 : (1 ) y = a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 ( a 1 a 2 a 3, ), ( 2) y = b 1 x 1 + b 2 x 2 - b 3 x 3 ( b 1 b 2 b 3, ), ( 3),, (a. ;b. ; c. ; d. ; e. ) d A x A x 20%, d A xf A xf 1 %,A xf = 100, A x F x? 6-10,u O,; 6-10 R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R f, u O =? 6-11,u O 6-12,,u O1 u O2 u O3 u O ; R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R u O 196

205 , A 1 A 2, u C (0 ) = 0 ( 1) u O ; ( 2) R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R 4 = R 5 = R 6 = R, u O ,,U o , T R f,, : u O u ui = - R 1 + R 3 + R 2 + R 3 R 4 R , 12 V, U Z = 6 V, u i 3 V U R + 2 V 0 V- 2 V u O 197

206 , 13 V, U Z = 6 V, U D = 0.7 V, , 1 A,100 A,R F 6-19,, 6-20, C = 0.1 F, R 2 = 100, R P 020 k, u O

207 7 ; :, ;, 1. (1 ) S U,, U I U O, U O U I U O 100 % (2 ) (3 ) 2.,, (1 ),, -, (2 ) -, , U I, T 199

208 , A, U R E F, R 1 R 2, U F ( ) T RL, T c - e, U O : U I ( IO ), U O, U F = U O R 2 ( R 1 + R 2 ) = F U U O ( F U ) 7-1 U F U R E F, U B I C, T c - e U CE, U O, U O, U I ( I O ),, T U B = A u ( U RE F - F U U O ) U O U O = U RE F A u 1 + A u F U, A u,, A uo, 1 + A u F U 1, U O = U RE F F U, U O U R E F, F U U RE F F U, U O, T F U U O U O U RE F,, U CE,,, 7-1,,, U O 7.1.3,,,,, AD DA MC1403 MC1503 TL

209 TL431, :, V;, (a) 7-2 ( b) TL431 2 A, V, T 2, I 1,, TL431, TL431 U RE F,, TL431 URE F, 7-2 TL ,, 220 V,,,,

210 7.2 :,,,, 7.2.1, , 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, V 11 5, A, 78M A, 78 L A,78T00 3 A, 78H00 5 A , :, ;,, 7-4, LM7805 LM7905, 23 V 7-4 C 1, C 2, C F, C 2 1 F 7.2.2, LM117 LM217 LM317, LM137 LM237 LM337,,,, V, LM317, 1.5 A, V U O = U RE F 1 + R 2 R 1, U R E F = 1.25 VR 1 = 240, R 2 = 2.4 k, V 202

211 V,, A 4.5 W, Micrel MIC29150, 3.3 V 5 V 12 V, 1.5 A, 7800, 7805 :, 1.5 A 350 mv, 600 mv ; 2 % ; 26 V, 20 ppm, ; ( V ) 5.6 V, 5.0 V, 0.9 W, W,, MIC ,, ( P C = U C E I O ), (= P O P I = U O I O U I I I ) 40 % 60 %,,,, U CES I C EO,, 80 % 90 %,, , LC ( u T )C, ( PWM), U I, u B, u B T U I u E ( u D ) u B, T, U I T D 203

212 , u E U I (T ), D, I O, L u B, T, ( ), D, D R L, R L, D u E - U D ( ),, D LC, 7-7 i L u E ( u D )u O t on T, t off T, T = t on + t off, L, u E ( u D ) i L u O 204

213 U O = t on T ( U I - U CE S ) + ( - U D ) t off T U I t on T = qu I, q = t on T, U I, U O,, U set, u F = F U U set = U R E F, u A, C U B q = 50 %, u T u B u E 7-8 (a) U I U O, u F > U R E F, u A, u A u T, u B, q < 50 %, U se t, u T u B ue 7-8( b), UI, UO, uf < UR E F, UA, ub q > 50 %, U O, U I R L U O, U I U O u T u B u E f T khz f T, LC,,,,, 2. PWM PWM, :,, PWM,,, (AC - DC ), (DC - DC ) (1 ) PWM MAX

214 MAX668 MAXIM, PWM, ( U O - U I )U I, U O U I, CMOS, MAX668 ( 220 A), ( khz), 328 V, 28 V 7-9, 5 V 12 V, 1 A, 92 % 7-9 MAX668 MAX668 : 1, LDO, 5 V, 1 F 2, FREQ, 3, GND, 4, RE F, 1.25 V, 50 A 5, FB,, FB 1.25 V 6, CS +,, CS + PGND 7, PGND, 8, EXT, MOSF ET 9, U CC, 0.1 F 10, SYNCSHDN, :, DC - DC, DC - DC FREQ (2 ) TOP Switch Power Integration,, 206

215 PWM,, V (AC), 2100 WTOP CMOS,, D ; C ; S,,, TOP ; TOP221217: 10 KHz V 2 % 67 % V ma A 7-10 TOP220YAI 12 V 30 W,, V 7-10 TOP Switch, T r R 1 C 2 D 5,, TOP, U2 TOP,, U3 207

216 ,,, R P ( 1) ( 2), (3 ), 2 ( 4) U 2, 2 U 2 ( 5), ( 6) ( 7) ( 8),, ( 9) ( 10) 7-2 : (1 ),,, ; 200 ma, ;,, ;,, (,,,,,) ( 2), 18 V, 6 V,, V(,,,18,20,24) 7-3, Dz 5.3 V, R 1 = R 2 = 200, U BE = 0.7 V a. ( ) : ( 1) ( 2), ( 3), ( 4), b. R P U O = 15 V,R P c. R P, U O =? W7800, ; 208

217 7-3,, CW7815, CW7915,, 15 V , U Z = 6 V, R 1 = R 2 = 6 k, R W = 10 k, : ( 1) U O? ( 2) R C A B,? , U Z = 6 V, R 1 = 2 k, R 2 = 1 k, R 3 = 0.9 k, U I = 30 V, = 80, : (1 ) U O (2 ) U O = 15 V, R L = 150, I 7-7,7-7 R 1 = 1 k, R 2 = 3 k, R P = 1.5 k, R 3 = 3 k, R 4 = 3 k, U O

218 8 ( )( ) ( ) ( ),, 8.1,,, (), ;, 8.1.1, 8-1( a), PNPN, PN A P, K N, P ( ) G 8-1 ( b),, 8-2, 8-2 ( a),,,, [ 8-2( b ) S ], S, 8-2 (c), 8-1,,,, 8-2 ( d) : 210

219 , (, ), ( I H ) PN, NPN PN P, A K, T 1 T 2,, T 1 G( ), I G, T 1, T 1 1 IG, T1 T2, T2, T2 1 2 I G T 1, T 1,, T 1 T 2,, 1 V T 1, T 1 G, T 1 T U A I A, 211

220 8-4,,,, oa, b, b ( ), U B O, I A U A,,,, I A, I A, I H U G ( I G ),, 8-4 IG1 IG2, I G = 0, 800 V, I G = 5 ma, 200 V ; I G = 15 ma, 5 V, < I H, 8-4, Oc, d,, U BR ( ) 2., : (1 ) I F,, I F, 50 A I F I m, I F = 2 1 I m sin td( t) = I m 0 50 A,,,, PN, (2 ) I H, I H,,, I H 212,

221 (3 ) U FR M,,, U FR M U BO 80% (4 ) UR RM,, U R RM U B R 80% (5 ) U G I G 6 V, (6 ) IF SM,,, KP-, K ; P ; ;,, U FR M U RR M ; ( 100 A ),, AI V KP200-18F 200 A V, 0.9 V,,, 8.2,,,, ( a), 2., u 2, a, b, 8-5( b) T, u G,,, u G, T,, u O, T, (), u G 213

222 ,,, u 2, a, b, T, i O = 0, u O = 0,, 8-5( b) =- 3. u 2 = 2 U 2 sin t, R L, U O = U 2 sin td( t) = 2 2 U 2 (1 + cos ) = 0.45 U cos 2 (8-1) (8-1), = 0 (=), U O = 0.45 U 2,, =, U O = 0, = 0,, R L IO = UO R L = 0.45 U2 1 + cos R L 2 ( 8-2 ) 8-1, 8, U = 220 V, 60180, : : 60, (8-1) U O = 0.45 U cos cos 60 = = V 2 180, 60180, V, ( 8-2 ) I F = I O = U O R L = A = 9.28 A U F M = U R M = 2 U 2 = 2220 V = 311 V 23, 600 V 4. L R, 8-6, 214

223 , u 2,,,,, D(8-6 ) u 2, e L D,,,, , T, RP 8-6, ( a), T1 T2 2., u 2 (a, b ), T 1 D 1, t =, u G T 1, : at 1 R L D 1 b, T2 D2 u2, T1, u 2 ( a, b ), T 2 D 2, t =+, u G T 2, : bt 2 R L D 2 a, T 1 D 1 u 2, T 2, u 2, R L, 8-8( b) 8-8 ( b), U O = 0.9 U cos (8-3)

224 8-8 (8-3), = 0 (=), U O =, U O, R L I O = 0.9 U 2,, = 0, = 0, = U O = 0.9 U cos R L R L 2 2 U 2 (8-4) I T = I D = 1 2 I O (8-5),,, 8.3, u G, u G, , 8-9 (a), PN E, B 1 2. B 2, 8-9 ( b) 8-9 ( c), R BB = R B1 + R B2, D PN R BB 215 k B 1 B 2 U BB, A B 1 216

225 R B1 U AB1 = R B1 R B1 + R B2 U BB = U BB (8-6),,, , 8-9 U E = f ( I E ) 8-10 (a), B 2 B 1 E B, U BB E E R E E B U E < U BB + U D ( U D PN ), PN,,, 8-10( b)ap U E = U BB + U D, 8-10( b) P, U P I P PN, R B1, U E, I E,, 8-10( b) PV V U V I V, I E, U E,,, V, U E < U V, 217

226 , U P, U P U BB U P = U D + U A B1 U A B1 = U BB (8-7) U V U V = 25 V( U BB = 20 V) BT31 BT32 BT33 BT, 3, mw RC,, 8-11( a) 8-11 S, R C ( C ), u C = RC u C U P,, R 1, R , C,, R1 u G, u E, u E U V ( ),, u G,,, C, R 1 u G, 8-11 ( b) R( C ), 8-11 ( b) t 1 u G, 8-11,,, R 1,, 8-12,,

227 ,, D 1 D 2 D 3,, D 2, D 3, D2, D2 D3, , 8-13 T 1 T 2 T 1 T 2, ; 8-13, U Z, u 1 (, ), 8-14 (a) u 1, u 2, U BB, E B 1 PN, C,, 8-14 ( b) u B 1,, 8-14 (c),,, [ 8-14 ( c) ],,, u O 219

228 8-14( d) R P, R P C,,, u O R P,,,,, R P, R P,, 0.11 F, R ,, 50 A (JFK - 3 ), 200,, , R P ( 4.7 k), R 1 R2, C BT33 R3 DZ M T 1, 8-15 JFK ,,, 1., :,,,, 220

229 ,,,,, 8-16 ( 8-16 F U1),,, ( 8-16 F U2), R L ( 8-16 FU3 ) 8-16,,,,, 50 Hz 1.57, 100 A, 150 A 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, LC, 8-17 ( 8-17 C 1 R 1 ) ( 8-17 C 2 R 2 ) 8-17 ( 8-17 C 3 R 3 ) ,, 8-18,, 221

230 , U i 8-18 U O = 1 ( 2 U i sin t) 2 dt 1 = U i sin ( 8-8) ( 8-8), U O,,, NPNPN, A 1 A 2 G,,,, : ( 1) G, ( 2),,,, ,, 100 A 141 A (1002A),45 A 141 A (45 A ), 100 A 45 A, 3CTS KS : 8-20 D T,,, ,, R P1 R 2 C 2, C 2, D,D,T G, ;,C 2, C 2, D 222

231 ,D, T R P1 T, R 1 R P2 C D 2CTS ; KS, 400 V,, ; C 1 C V, 0.5 W ,,,, 8-22, 50 Hz u U d, f o u o, U d,, U d,u o ; 50 Hz ;, ; , 8-23, ( GTO),, ;, ( ),,,, 8-23( a), U d T 1 T 3 T 2 T 4, u O, 8-23( b ), U d ; f o, i O u O, 223

232 D 1 D 4 T 1 T 3, i O ; T 2 T 4, i O, D 2 D 4,,, i O u O,, 8-23 ( ), 8.7 () 8.7.1,, ; ( GTO), ( GTR ) MOS ( P - MOSFET) MOS ( MCT) ( IGBT ) ( GTR),,, ( GTR ),,, MOS ( P - MOSFET) MOS, P - MOSFET MOS, 8-24 N P - MOSFET P P - MOSFET, P - MOSFET, P - MOSFET P - MOSFET,, ( IGBT), 8-25( a) (b),, IGBT NMOS PNP, IGBT N MOS, IGBT I C U GE, NMOS U GE, U GE 8-24 P - MOSFE T, U GE(th), NMOS, NMOS, PNP, PNP, IGBT, NMOS, PNP, IGBT IGBT MOSFE T GTR :MOSFET,,,, ; GTR,, 224

233 8-25 ( IGBT), 50 A IGBT, IGBT, ( IPM ) ( ),,,, (a) ( IGBT) ( b)u O, L D IGBT,L, R L, U L 8-26( a),igbt, u O = U S ; IGBT, u O = 0 U L U L = T on T on + T off U S = qu S (8-9), q = T on ( T on + T off ), IGBT,q, U L 8-27 IGBT,L IGBT, U S L, L, i L, C R L, D ;IGBT, L, e L, i L, C, u C,, IGBT L, L i L

234 T on T off, L, i L, i L = I L, IGBT IGBT, W in = U S I L T on W out = E L I L T off = ( U O - U S ) I L T off W in = W out U O = T on + T off T off U S > U S (8-10) (1 ),? (2 )?,?,? (3 ),?? (a), 300 V, 400 V? 8-3 (8-6)?,? ,R L,,, R L,,? ,KP100-3,???

235 8-6?? 8-7 (1 ) U BB = 20 V, U D = 0.7 V, = 0.6,? U BB = 15 V,? (2 )?? (3 )? (4 )?? (5 )?? , 60 V, 30 A, 220 V, 8-9, R L = 10, 220 V, = 60, 8-10 u 2 = 141sin t V,18,: (1)? ( 2) 30120,? ,8-12,

236 ,R L R, R L, S , R L = 10, u 1 = 311 sin t V = 60 u O,U O U FM U RM (a), U S = 12 V, T on = 6 ms, T off = 2 msu L 228

237 ( 10 n, n ) % E24 1.0; 1.1 ;1.2; 1.3 ;1.5 ;1.6;1.8 ;2.0;2.2 ;2.4; 2.7 ; ; 3.6 ;3.9; 4.3 ;4.7 ;5.1;5.6 ;6.2;6.8 ;7.5; 8.2 ; % E12 1.0; 1.2 ;1.5; 1.8 ;2.2 ;2.7;3.3 ;3.9;4.7 ;5.6; 6.8 ; % E6 1.0 ;1.5 ;2.2;3.3 ;4.7;6.8,,

238 % % % %, - 20 % % % % 20 % % , ( ) 5 % 10 % 20 % 100 pf1 F 1.0,1.5, 2.2,3.3,4.7,6.8 1 F100 F 1,2,4,6, 8,10, 15,20,30,50,60,80, 100 ( ) 1.0,1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 5 % 2.2,2.4, 2.7,3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7,5.6, 6.0,6.8,7.5,8.2, ,1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 10 % 4.7,5.6, 6.8, % 1.0,1.5, 2.2,3.3,4.7, % 20 % 50 % 1.0,1.5, 2.2,3.3,4.7, % % - 30 %,, ( :V)

239 m(10-3 )(10-6 ) n(10-9 ) p (10-12 ) 4 n F = pf ; 33 n F = F ;4p7 4.7 pf, 1, pf ; 1, F pf ; F, pf,, 10 n, n 9, = pf = F, = 4.7 pf ( GB24989) 2 3 A B C D A B C D E N, P, N, P, PNP, NPN, PNP, NPN, P V W C Z L S K X 3 A G 1 B G D A T PNP, : < 3 MHz; : < 1 W ; : 3 MHz ; : 1 W EWB, (EIA ) 231

240 2.2 (EIA ) PN N EIA EIA A B C D JAN ( J) n PN n PN N EIA JAN 2 N 3553 C 2N3553C EIA EIA I DM ma 2AP1 2AP7 2AP11 2CP1 2CP10 2CP20 2CZ11A 2CZ11H 2CZ12A 2CZ12G 2AK1 2AK5 2AK14 2CK70AE 2CK72AE 2CK76AE I DM ma U RM V A - 20 B - 30 C - 40 D - 55 E - 60 U BR V A - 30 B - 45 C - 60 D - 75 E - 90 f M MHz khz 50 khz 50 khz t r ns

241 3.2 U Z V I Z ma I Zmax ma r Z u ( % ) P ZM W 2CW CW CW CW CW CW CW CW CW CW CW DW1A DW6C DW7C h fe I CEO ma I CM ma P CM mw U ( BR) CEO V f T MHz 3AX51A 3AX55A 3AX81A 3AX81B 3CX200B k Hz 6k Hz 3DX200B AG54A AG87A CG100B CG120A DG110A DG120A DD11A A 300W 30 3DD15A A 50W 60 3DK8A DK10A

242 3.4 3DO4 3DO2 () 3DO6 ( ) 3DO1 () I DSS A U GS( off) V 19 U GS (th ) V R GS g m AV f M MHz U (BR)DS V U (BR)GS V P DM mw : 3DO1 P, N ( : U GS (th ) ; U GS(th ) ) 3.5 BT33A BT33B B T33C BT33D R BB k U BB = 3 V, I E = > > U BB = 20 V I P A U BB = 20 V < 4 < 4 < 4 < 4 I V ma U BB = 20 V > 1.5 > 1.5 > 1.5 > 1.5 U V V U BB = 20 V < 3.5 < 3.5 < 4 < 4 U ES V U BB = 20 V, I E = 50 ma < 4 < 4 < 4.5 < 4.5 I EO A U EBO = 60 V < 2 < 2 < 2 < 2 E,B 1 U EB1 O V I EO = 1A P BM mw KP5 K P20 KP50 KP200 KP500 U FRM V U RRM V U F V I F A I H ma U G V I G ma

243 4 4.1 ( GB343089) 0 C T T TL C 070 F H HTL G B E ECL L H C CMOS E D M R J M P F S W K B T J C AD AD E DA DA G D : SC C F 741 C T SS SW 0 70 EWB, ( NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR) LM 356 N A, 4.2,

244 4.2 D N F W00, W01 F00, F01 W06, W07 F06, F ADC HS SF FET ADS IDM (2901) SFW AEE I MP () SH AF INS ( A) SK AH ( ) IPC ( ) SL ALS ISP ( ) SM CMOS AM ( ) JM M38510 MY LED BLC L ED LED NH ( ) BIMX LF ( ) NMC MOS BLX LH ( ) NMH C CMOS LM ( ) NS CD CMOS(400 ) LP NSA LED CIM CMOS MA NSB L ED ( ) COP MAN LED NSC LED () DA AD MCA NSC (800) DAC MF NSL LED() DB MH MOS( ) NSL DH ( ) MM MOS( ) SN () DM ( ) NSM LED SPM DP ( ) NSN LED() SPX DS NSW PNP NPN IN TBA () DT PAL TDA DISW PNP TRC ECL RA U FET FOE RMC UP FOR SCMP FOT SCX HC CMOS SD 236

245 5 5.1 CF741 (F007) CF7650 CF3140 CF715 CF3078C U CC ( U DD )V A uo db U IO mv I IO na I IB na U icmax V , , , U idmax V K CMR db r i M GBMHz SB (V s) , ( A V = - 1) 5.2 CW7805 CW7815 CW78L05 CW78L15 CW7915 CW79L15 U O V U imax V I omax A U O mv (, U i ) U O mv (, I O ) U O (mv ) (, ) () U i = U i = U i = U i = U i = 725 V V 720 V V V I O = 5 ma I O = 5 ma I O = 1 ma I O = 1 ma I O = 5 ma I O = 1 ma 1.5 A 1.5 A 100 ma 100 ma 1.5 A 100 ma I O = 5 ma,

246 first order circuit second order circuit two terminal network diode diode clamp binary system binary counter - binary coded decimal system(bcd) PN PN junction P P - type semiconductor JK JK flip - flop D D flip - flop decimal system decimal counter RC RC selection frequency network RS RS flip - flop N N - type semiconductor N N channel gate circuit AND gate NAND gate and - or - invert( AOI) gate Great transistor tri - state logic gate three - phase rectifier three - phase circuit three - factor method three - phase power three - phase three - wire system three - phase four - wire system three - phase transformer three - phase induction motor triangular connection triangular wave operating point interference rise edge fall edge branch branch current method neutral point neutral conductor center processing unit(cpu ) mutual inductance Watt power meter reactive power Weber 238 counter emf opposite in phase feedback control open circuit open - circuit voltage switch block diagram bistable flip - flop astable flip - flop passive two - terminal network

247 passive inverter output transformer less ( OT L) circuit output capacitor less( OCL) cir cuit output transformer less ( OTL) power amplifi er output capacitor less ( OCL ) power am plifier complementary symmetry power am plifier backward resistance backward bias reverse breakdown inverter feedback feedback coefficient minority carrier discrete circuit decibel( db) frequency division resolution threshold voltage counter Karnaugh map positive pole positive direction sinusoid sinusoidal current node node voltage method work power power factor power triangle power angle electric energy electric charge electric field electric field intensity electric potential electric potential difference potential rise potential drop potentiometer voltage voltage triangle electromotive force(emf) source voltage source current source circuit circuit analysis circuit element circuit model current current density current transformer resistance resistor resistive circuit resistivity conductance conductivity capacitance capacitor capacitive circuit inductance inductive circuit bridge electric machine electromagnetic torque electrical degree armature armature reaction armature winding electrical measurement 239

248 electromagnetic instrument electro dynamic instrument average value average power symmetrical three - phase circuit main flux external characteristic transmitter separately excited generator programmable controller( PLC) programmable logic device( PLD) electron device inductance filter capacitor filter current amplification coefficient voltage amplifier voltage gain voltage comparator potential transformer voltage transmission characteristics master - slave flip - flop distortion read only memory( ROM ) brush electrical angle electron device electric shock forward resistance forward bias positive feedback sinusoidal oscillator positive logic breakdown emitter light - emit ting diode(led) Boolean algebra half - wave controlled rectifier half - wave rectifier half - adder semiconductor intrinsic semiconductor offset voltage offset current average delay time Ampere ampere - turns Volt volt - ampere characteristic effective value active power alternating current circuit(a - c circuit) alternating - current machine self - inductance self - induced emf autotransformer self - excited generator automatic control automatic regulation self - locking negative pole load load line 240 negative feedback dynamic resistance parallel connection parallel resonance shunt d - c generator shunt d - c motor shunt field winding synchronous generator synchronous motor synchronous speed in phase torque - speed characteristic over excitation servo - unit transfer function transducer closed loop control loop

249 network conductor admit tance step voltage law of total current complete response full - wave rectifier full - wave controlled rectifier full adder common - mode signal common - mode input common - mode rejection ratio ( CM RR) common - emit ter configuration covalent bond dynamics impurity diffusion load negative feedback load resistance load line negative resistance negative logic pinch - off voltage multistage amplifier majority carrier astable multivibrator autotransformer automatic control self - locking free electron self - excited oscillator self - bias on conductive channel cxclusive - OR gate asynchronous binary counter synchronous binary counter exclusive - NOR gate cross - over distortion field - effect transistor( FET) anode cathode photo - sensitive resistor photodiode transmission gate( TG) transfer characteristics mechanical characteristic travel switch Maxwell Kirchhoff s current law( KCL) Kirchhoff s voltage law( KCL) Coulomb Henry0 angular frequency series connection series resonance series field winding impedance impedance triangle counter torque initial phase time constant time domain analysis time - delay relay exciting current field rheostat two - phase induction motor two - power meter method servomotor stepping motor step angle system initial value initial phase operational amplifier low - frequency amplifier angular frequency 241

250 clock pulse sequential logic circuit decipherer impedance impedance transformation impedance transformation resistance - capacitance coupled amplifier interception barrier sample and hold direct current circuit( d - c circuit) direct - current machine Farad no - load open - circuit characteristic air gap nonlinear resistance non - sinusoidal periodic current controlled source transformer ratio of transformation rheostat line voltage line current coil linear resistance period reference potential parameter apparent power stator rotor rotor current slip speed torque switch group braking single - phase induction motor hole space - charge layer fixed - bias direct - coupled amplifier monostable flip - flop unijuction transistor( UJT) - - metal - oxide - semicon ductor( MOS ) NOT gate nonlinear distortion OR gate NOR gate saturation transfer characteristic timer reference voltage combinational logic circuit phase phasor phase voltage phase current phase difference phase angle phase sequence phasor diagram response 242 star connection complex number impedance compound d - c generator Ohm Ohm s law equivalent circuit quality factor insulation

251 insulator salient poles rotor tachometer generator winding wound rotor starting starting current starting torque start but ton penetration current gate grid recombination Darlington reset differential amplifier differential - mode signal differential - mode input isolated - gate field - effect tran sistor( LGFET ) quality factor pulse pulse circuit pulse width pulse amplitude pulse period pulse leading edge pulse trailing edge capacitive reactance Norton s theorem Gauss prime mover primary winding core core loss rectangular wave characteristic equation integrating circuit efficiency oscill tory discharge relay thermal overload relay( OLR ) commutator regulating characteristic speed regulation relay - contactor control bridge rectifier bypass capacitor emitter follower emitter coupling oscillator oscillation frequency depletion layer MOS depletion mode MOSFET carrier silicon Zener diode peak point secondary winding copper loss fundamental harmonic harmonic resonant frequency bandwidth ideal voltage source ideal current source attenuated oscillation normally open contact normally closed contact stopping stop but ton receiver contactor control motor control circuit rotating magnetic field 243

252 non salient poles rotor logic gates logic circuit base control grid current bias biasing circuit imaginary ground holding current RS basic RS flip - flop random access memory register shift register clear doped semiconductor eddy current eddy - current loss Joule Oersted short circuit sawtooth wave amplitude maximum value maximum ( breakdown ) torque lag lead Fourier series transient state transient component unattenuated oscillation interlocking logic gates logic circuit base control grid current bias biasing circuit imaginary ground holding current RS basic RS flip - flop random access memory register shift register clear inductive reactance induced emf Lenz s law frequency frequency domain analysis spectrum input output microfarad differentiating circuit superposition theorem zero - state response zero - input response shaded - pole motor slip ring 244 squirrel - cage rotor cutoff angular frequency filters source digital circuit digital integrated circuit digital display - digital - analog converter( DAC) multiplexxer demultiplexer input resistance output resistance zero drift trans conductance flip flop

253 magnetic field magnetizing force magnetic circuit flux flux density magnetomotive force (mmf) reluctance permeability magnetization magnetization curve hysteresis hysteresis loop hysteresis loss pol magnetoelectric instrument leakage flux leakage inductance leakage emf Hertz steady state steady state component static resistance carbon brush source filter digital circuit digital integrated circuit digital display - digital - analog converter ( DAC) multiplexxer demultiplexer input resistance output resistance zero drift rated value rated voltage rated power rated torque instantaneous value Thevenin s theorem excitation full load slot fuse instantaneous power rectifier circuit MOS enhancement mode MOS FE T 245

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