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13 1 1.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80,,, ;,,, 1

14 , ; cm ;, s ;,,,,,, ;, ( ), 1.1.1,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.1.3,,,,,, 1.1.4,,,,,,,, 2

15 1,,,,,,,, 1.2,, ( ),,,,, A/ D,, ( ) ( ), , :, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,, ( ) :,, 3

16 ;,,, ,, ( ), ,, (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ), (3 ) 4

17 1 (4 ),,,,,,,, (5 ), (6 ),,, ;,,,,,, ( ),,, 1.4, ;,,, 4 : ;, ; ; : 5

18 (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,, : ; ; n = n, ( ) (3 ) ( 1.1) :,, ( ),,, (4 ),,,, : ;,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,, 1.4.2,,, (1 ),,, 6

19 1 :,, 10-6 K,, ( 10 6 ) ( 8 50 ),,, (2 ),,, 1),, ; ; 2),,, 3), 4), : ; ; ; ( ),,,, (3 ),,,, 7

20 (4 ),,,,, :,,,,,, N a +, K + H +,, Na +, K + H +,, ( ), 1.4.4,,,,,,, ST-3000, CPU, 3 : (1 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4), ; 5) (2 ) 1) ; 2), ; 3), ; 4) ; 8

21 1 5) ; 6) (3 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ?? 1.3? ? 9

22 2 2.1,,,,,, : ; ;, ;,, 2.1.1, 6,, 2.1,,,,,,,,,, 10

23 ,,, ( ),,, 4 20 ma DC,0 5 V DC,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,, ( ) ( ), :, ( ), ( ), : ( ),,,,,, D/ A : D/ A 11

24 A/ D :, A/ D,,, A/ D,, A/ D,, 2.2, ( ), 2.2.1,,, : R R R ; R ; ; = (1 + 2 ) +, = L L L ; L ; ; ; ( 2.1) ( 2.1 ), :, (1 + 2 ), ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ), 12

25 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( SAW ) 2.2.3,,,,,,,, ( ) ( InSb) 2.2.4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13

26 2.2.5 ( ), ; ; ( ), ;,,, 10-9 s,,, :,,, ( CdS ) ( PbS) ( InSb) PN,, ( SnO2 ZnO ),,,,,,,,,,,, O2 N O2,,, N,,, P,,,, CO H2, N, P,,, N, P,,, 14

27 : ; ( ), : y = n x ( 2.2) y ; n, ( ) ; x,,, (2.2 ),, : (,, ) 2.3.2,,,, : 1) : :, ; : : :, ( ),,, I U, P = I U, :, :, :, ( 15

28 ),,,, ( ),, : Rt t ; R20 20 ;, ; t Rt = R20 + ( t - 20 ) + ( t - 20) 2 ( 2.3),,,,,,,, R20 :,, : 2) : :, :, ( ), 3) : 4) : 5) : 6) : (1 ), : :, : ( A/ D D/ A ), 16 :,

29 2, ;,, ( ) (2 ) 1),, 2.2 x, y, k1, k2,, kn 2.2 y = k1 k2 kn x ( 2.4), y,,,,, :, ; 1, 2,, n, : S ; S1, S2,, Sn = n ( 2.5) S = S1 S2 Sn ( 2.6) (2.5 ) (2.6 ) :,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 2) :,, 2.3, x,, k = k2 k3 kn 2.3 : x = x1 - xf ( 2.7) xf = y ( 2.8) y = k x = k( x1 - xf ) = k x1 - k y ( 2.9) 17

30 : k 1, : 2.3 y = k 1 + k x1 = 1 x1 (2.10) 1 k + y 1 x1 (2.11) (2.11) :,, ( ), ( k2, k3,, kn ) :,, : ; f : - f (2.12) S 1 Sf (2.13) S ; Sf ( ) ( ),, ( ),, :, ( ) ( ) 18

31 2 ;,, ( ),,,, , ( ), :, (1 ) 1), : ; x ; L = x - L (2.14),, 0.5 m,, 2) : ; ; = 100% (2.15) L 19

32 , : L L, x L, : 3) = 100% (2.16) x, ; = 100% (2.17) %, % 4) ( ),, 5) (2 ), ( ) 3 : 1), :,, ( ),,,,, 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20

33 2 3) (, ), (3 ),,,, : ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,, ( ) 3, 2.4 (a ), 2.4 ( b ), 2.4( c), 2.4.2, : (1 )3 3 > 3,, (2 ), n, > Zc, Zc,

34 2.2 Z c n Z c n Zc (3 ) > G,, G n Pa, G n P a n P a , n x 1, x2,, xn, 1, 2,, n, (1 ), : ( ), :, 0 : 22,, y = f ( x) = 1 2 e- ( x - L) 2 2 (2.18) 2

35 2 y ; x ( ) ; ( ) ; y = f( ) = L ( x ) ;, = x - L 1 2 e- 2 2 (2.19) 2.5 : x = L = 0 2 (2 ) 2.5, L, : ( ) : n ; x i i x = 1 n ( x1 + x2 + + xn ) = 1 n x i (2.20) n i = 1 = n ( xi - L) 2 i = 1 n = n i = 1 n 2 i (2.21), 2.6 :,,, L,,,,,, L,, : i i = x i - x (2.22) 23

36 , : s = n ( xi - x) 2 i = 1 n = n i = 1 n i s L,, (2.23),,,, m, n, : x1, x2,, xm,,, L,, x,, s : x = s n s, x n 2.7, n,, ( n > 10 ), x,, n= 5 10 (3 ), (2.24) 2.7 ( 100% ) : y = ( a, b) : f ( ) = 1 2 e- + yd = 100% - P( a < b) = 2 2 (2.25) b a 2 e- 2 2 d (2.26),, t,, : 24

37 2 t ; P P( - t t ) = 2.4 t 2.4 t 1 + t e d (2.27) - t 2 t P , t = 1, P = , % ; %,, > %, 3, lim, : x = x x ( P = ) (2.28) x = x 3 x ( P = ) (2.29) , 237.2, 237.9, 237.1, 238.1, 237.5, 237.4, 237.6, 237.6, 237.4, : x = ,, xi i 2 i : 25

38 s = x, : n ( x i - x) 2 i = 1 n - 1 = s n = = 0.09 n 2 i i = 1 n - 1 = x = x x = ( P = ) x = (1 ) 0.30 x 3 x = ( P = ) :, :,, :, 5 : (2 ) 1),,, 2) 2.8, ( a) ; ( b) 3) :,,,, :, : 26

39 2 2.8 A = n (2.30) B = ( 1-2 ) 2 + ( 2-3 ) ( n n ) 2, B 2 A - 1 > 1 n, (3 ) + ( n - 1 ) 2 (2.31), : 1),, ; ; ; 2), 3),, 4), ;,, ;, 2.4.5,,,, m,, p : 27

40 1), 1 p1 p2 p3 pm = n 1 n 2 n 3 nm (2.32) 2), 1 p1 p2 p3 pm = m (2.33), xp,, :, : x p, : x = xp x p ( P = ) (2.34) x = xp 3 x p ( P = ) (2.35) xp = x 1 p1 + x2 p2 + + xm p m p1 + p2 + + p m = m x i p i i = 1 m pi i = 1 (2.36) xp = m pi 2 i i = 1 m ( m - 1 pi ), i = x i - x p i = 1 (2.37) 2.4.6,,, (1 ) y x1, x2,, xn : y = f ( x 1, x2,, xn ) (2.38),, : d y = f d x1 + f d x2 + + f d xn (2.39) x1 x2 xn, x1, x2,, xn d x1, d x2,, d xn, : (2 ) y = f x1 x1 + f x2 x2 + + f xn (2.40) xn n x 1, x 2,, x n, : 28 y = f x1 2 2 x f xn 2 2 x n (2.41) : y = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an x n,?

41 2 1,? (3 ), : = y y (2.42),,,,,,,, : 1),, 2),,, :,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),, 4), 29

42 2.4.8 (1 ),, n m, : : L - AX = V (2.43), A, : a11 a12 a1m A = a21 a22 a2m (2.44) X ( ), : an1 an2 anm x1 X = x2 (2.45) xm L, : l1 L = l2 (2.46) ln V, : V = 1 2 n, : : (2.43), : 30 (2.47) V V = (2.48) A V = 0 (2.49) A ( L - AX ) = 0 (2.50) ( A A ) X = X = ( A A ) - 1 A L (2.51) A L (2.52)

43 2 2.2 Rt = R0 (1 + t), R ti/ Rt i / : Rt i - R0 (1 + t i) = i ( i = 1, 2, 3,, 7) (2.53), x = R0, y = R0, : : Rt i, L, : A, : X, : V, : - ( x + ti y) = i ( i = 1, 2, 3,, 7) (2.54) L - AX = V (2.55) L = A = X = x y 31

44 1 2 3 V = ( Matlab ) : A A = = A A = = , ( A A ) - 1 = 1 A A A11 A1 2 A21 A2 2 = A L = = : X = ( A A ) - 1 A L = = (2 ) R0 = x = = y = R = /,,,, : 32

45 2 y = b0 + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + + bnx n (2.56), ( ), : : n ( x i, yi ), y = b0 y = b0 + b1 x (2.57) + b1 x,, b0, b1, : y1 - y^ 1 = y1 - ( b0 + b1 x 1 ) = 1 y2 - y^ 2 = y2 - ( b0 + b1 x 2 ) = 2 (2.58) yn - y^ n = yn - ( b0 + b1 xn ) = n y^i xi ( i = 1,2,, n) y : L - AX = V L = y 1 (2.59) yn A = 1 x1 (2.60) 1 xn X = V = b0 b1 1 n (2.61) (2.62) 2.2, Rt = R0 ( 1 + t),,, ( xi, yi ),, ( ), ( ) 33

46 2.1?? 2.2??? 2.3??? 2.4? 2.5? , : , , , ,167.87, ,168.00, ,167.82, (1 ) 10, (2 ) 99.73%, 2.7 : x - 3 y = - 5.6, p1 = 1; 4 x + y = 8.1, p2 = 2; 2 x - y = 0.5, p3 = 3; x, y 2.8 Lt = L0 ( 1 + t),, 0 ti/ L ti / m X,, y x,, ( x ) x/ mm y/ kv , : / % / , : (1 ) ; (2 ) 60%, ( 95 % ) ; ( 3) , ( 95 % )? 34

47 3, -,, : ( ) ( ) ( ) ;, -,,,,, ( ), : , : ( ),, 35

48 -, : y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x an x n ( 3.1) y ; x ; a0 ; a1 ; a2, a3,, an ( ) 3.1,,,, ( 3.1 ) 3.1( d ) (3.1 ) 3 : 1) 3.1( a), : y = a1 x ( 3.2) 0 : Sn = y x = a1 ( ) ( 3.3) 2) ( + ) 3.1( b ) - : y = a1 x + a2 x 2 + a4 x 4 + ( 3.4), 3) ( + ) 3.1( c) - : y = a1 x + a3 x 3 + a5 x 5 + ( 3.5) ( ),,,, ( ),, 3.2,, ( ) ( ) 36

49 3 L ( ) ; Lmax ; YF S L = Lmax Y FS, Sn Sn = = d y d x 100 % ( 3.6), : ( 3.7), ;,, ;, 3.3,,,, -,,,

50 3.1.3,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) :, -, 3.4 Hmax Y F S : 3.4 H = Hmax Y FS 100 % ( 3.8) ( 3.5 ) Rmax YF S : R = Rmax Y F S % (3.9 ), :,,,, ( ) 3.5 ( ) ( ), ( 20 ) : ST ; ST = yt - y20 t yt, y2 0 t 20 ; t t 20 (3.10) 38

51 3 3.2,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ), ( ),,,,, T1 T0, T0, < T1 ( ), T0 T1, T0 T1, T0 T1,,, 3.6, : 3.6,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1),, : 63.2%, 3.7,,,, td : 50 % tr : 90 % 39

52 tp : ts : :, 2), :,, y( t) x( t), d x/ d t d 2 x/ dt 2,,, ( ) y( t) x( t) : an dn y dt n + an - 1 d n - 1 dt n - 1 y + + a1 d y d t + a0 y = d m x bm + dt m bm - 1 d m - 1 x + + d t m - 1 b1 d x dt + b0 x (3.11) an,, a0 bm,, b0 : (1 ) x( t), y( t), x1 ( t) y1 ( t) (3.12) x2 ( t) y2 ( t) (3.13) [ x1 ( t) x2 ( t) ] [ y1 ( t) y2 ( t) ] (3.14), N, N 40

53 3,,, (2 ) : ( ) x ( t) = X0 cos ( t),, y( t) = Y0 cos( t + 0 ) :,,,,,,,,, ( 3.11 ),,,, (3.11), x ( t) y ( t) ( t = 0 ) 0, : : Y ( s) ( an s n + an - 1 s n a1 s + a0 ) = X( s) ( bm s m + bm - 1 s m b1 s + b0 ) (3.15), s = + j Y ( s) X( s) = bm sm + bm - 1 s m b1 s + b0 an s n + an - 1 s n a1 s + a0 (3.16) x( t), (3.16) y( t) Y ( s) x( t) X( s), H( s) : H( s) = L[ y( t) ] L[ x( t) ] = Y ( s) X( s),, : H(j ) = Y (j ) = X(j ) bm (j ) m + bm - 1 ( j ) m b1 (j ) + b0 an (j ) n + an - 1 ( j ) n a1 (j ) + a0 H(j ), s = j ( = 0), H(j ), :, ( ) : ( ) : H( j ) = A( )e j ( (3.17) (3.18) ) (3.19) A( ) = H( j ) = [ HR ( ) ] 2 + [ HI ( ) ] 2 (3.20) 41

54 HR ( ) H( j ) ; HI ( ) H(j ) ( ) = - arctan HI ( ) HR ( ) (3.21), (1 ) : : a1 a1 a0 d y( t) d t d y( t) dt + a0 y( t) = b0 x( t) (3.22) + y( t) = b0 a0 x( t) (3.23) a1 a0 ( ), ; b0 a0 Sn Sn,, Sn Sn,,,, :,, (3.23) : a1 a0 d y( t) d t Sn = b0 a0 = 1 (3.24) + y( t) = x( t) (3.25) : : : : : H( s) = a1 a0 1 H(j ) = A( ) = s + 1 = 1 (j ) s + 1 (3.26) (3.27) 1 (3.28) 1 + ( ) 2 ( ) = - arctan( ) (3.29) 3.9 (3.28) ( 3.29 ) 3.9,, A( ) 1, ( ) 0,, 1, A( ) 1,, ( ), 42

55 3 tan ( ) =, ( ),, y( t) x( t) ,, x ( t), y( t), C, R, : x( t) - y( t) R = C ( 0 ), : = RC, : (2 ) X( s) - Y ( s) R H( s) = Y ( s) X( s) d y( t) dt (3.30) = C s Y ( s) (3.31) = 1 s + 1 (3.32) (, 1, x( t) b0 = a 0) :, : : a2 d 2 y( t) d t 2 H( j ) = + a1 H( s) = d y( t) dt s a0 y( t) = a0 x( t) (3.33) 2 n + 2 n s + 2 n 1 2 n + 2j n (3.34) (3.35) 43

56 : : A( ) = n ( ) = - arct an n (3.36) 2 n 2 (3.37) 1 - n, n = a0 a2 ( ), = a1 2 a0 a2 ( ) ( 3.36 ) (3.37) 3.11, n < 1, n, A( ) 1 ( ), ( ), ( ),,, y( t) x( t) = n,,,, :,, < 1, n 3 5, n ( 3 5 ),,, n max 3 5, 44

57 3,, max 2 3,, n 10, :, : 3.12 RLC n ( 3 5) ( 2 3) 10 (3.38) 3.12, RLC, ui, uo, ui ( t) = L i( t) = C d i( t) d t d uo ( t) d t + R i( t) + uo ( t) (3.39) (3.39) ( 3.40 ) ( 0), : (3.40) Ui ( s) = L s I( s) + R I( s) + Uo ( s) (3.41) I( s) = C s Uo ( s) (3.42) I( s), : H( s) = Uo ( s) Ui ( s) = 1 L C s 2 + R C s + 1, y( t) x( t) : A t0 (3.43) y( t) = Ax ( t - t0 ) (3.44),, A t0,, (3.44), : : : : : Y ( s) = Ae - st 0 X( s) (3.45) H( s) = Y ( s) X( s) = Ae- st 0 (3.46) A( ) = H(j ) = Ae - j t 0 (3.47) H(j ) = A( ) (3.48) ( ) = - t0 ( ) (3.49),,, ( ) 45

58 3.1?? 3.2?? , 3.1 / mv / MPa , 3.2 x y ?? 3.6? Hz, 5%,? 50 Hz,? 3.9 = 3 s,, 3.10, : 4 d y dt + 2 y = y ( m ), x ( ) 46 x

59 3 3.11,, t = 0, 10 mv ; t = 5 s 50 mv ; t, 100 mv , 40% 0.8 s, 3.13, 216 H z, 1.4 1, f , = H z, H z, 400 Hz, A( ) ( )?

60 4 4.1 ( ) ( ), :,,,,, ,,, : R ; ; L ; A R = L A ( 4.1) F,, ( ), (4.1 ) : 48 d R = L A d + A d L - L A 2 d A ( 4.2)

61 4 (4.1 ) : d R R 4.1 = d + d L L - d A A,, A = r 2 ( r ), : ( 4.3) d A = 2 rd r ( 4.4) ( ) : d A A = 2 d r r, d, d L, d A, L, r, : L L R R = + L L - 2 r r ( ),, : = L L, : r r = - L L ( 4.5) ( 4.6) ( 4.7) = - ( 4.8) (4.8 ),,,, (4.7 ) (4.8 ) ( 4.6) : R R = + ( ) ( 4.9), : K = R R = (4.10), :, (1 + 2 ),, ( ), 1 2 ;,,,, K 4.1.2,, 49

62 : ; E = E (4.11), (1 ) ( ) 4.2 (a),,,, mm 4.2( b),, mm,,,,,, ( ),,, K ( ) (2 ) ( ) 4.3,,, (1 + 2 ) ( ),,,, : = = E (4.12),, : K = E ( ) (4.13) 50

63 4 (4.11), = E,, K = R R =, : (1 ) : Rt, R0 t 0 ; ; t (4.14), t, : (2 ) Rt = R0 ( t) (4.14) R = Rt - R0 = R0 0 t (4.15),,, 0 L0, s g, : Ls Lg = L0 (1 + s t) (4.16) = L0 (1 + g t) (4.17), L, R : L = Lg - Ls = ( g - s ) L0 t (4.18) = L L0 = ( g - s ) t (4.19) R = K R0 = K R0 ( g - s ) t (4.20), : Rt R0 = R + R = [ 0 + K ( g - s ) ] t (4.21) R0, : ( t) ; ( K, 0, s ) ; ( g ), : t = Rt R 0 K = 0 K + ( g - s ) t (4.22) 51

64 4.2.2, (1 ) , U o : U o = Ua - Ub = R1 R1 + R2 U - R3 R3 + R4 U = R1 R4 - R2 R3 ( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 ) U (4.23) U o = g ( R1 R4 - R2 R3 ) (4.24) g = g U ( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 ) (4.25) (4.24), R3 R4, R1 R2 U o :, R2, 4.4 ( b) : R4, R1 1), R1 R2, ( R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 ) U o = g ( R1 R4 - R2 R3 ) = 0 (4.26) ( ), ( R1 = R2 = R3 = = R2 ),, : 2) U o = g [ ( R1 + R1 ) R4 - ( R2 + R2 ) R3 ] = 0 (4.27), R 1 = R1 K,,, : 52 U o = g [ ( R1 + R 1 ) R4 - R2 R3 ] = g R 1 R4 = g ( R1 K ) R4 (4.28)

65 4 (4.28), U o,, :, R3 = R4 R1 R2,, K R0, (2 ), ( 4.21 ), 0 + K( g - s ) = 0 (4.29) (4.29),, Rt R 0 = 0 (4.30) 4.3,, , ( K 2),, ,, (1 ) 4.5 RL ( ), : Uo = E Uo (4.31) : R1 R1 + R2 - R3 R3 + R4 ( 4.31 ) = 0,, R1 R2 = R3 R4 ( 4.32 ) 4.5, (2 ),,,, R1 ( R1 ),, Uo 0, ( ) : 53

66 ( R1 + R1 ) Uo = E ( R1 + R1 ) + R2 - R3 R3 + R4 R1 R4 = E [ ( R1 + R1 ) + R2 ] ( R3 + R4 ) R4 R1 = E 1 + R1 R1 R3 R1 + R2 R1 1 + R4 R3 (4.33) R2 R1 = n, R1 R1, R1/ R1, R1 R2 = R3 R4 : : Uo KU = = E Uo R1 R1 n R1 (1 + n) 2 R1 (4.34) = E n (1 + n) 2 (4.35),,, (4.35) :,,, n, n E, KU, d KU/ d n = 0 d KU/ d n = E 1 - n2 (1 + n) 4 = 0 (4.36) n= 1( R1 = RB = R3 = R4 ), KU, : Uo = E 4 R1 R1 (4.37) KU = E/ 4 (4.38), E R1/ R1,, (3 ) (4.30) R1/ R1, : : 54 n R1 R1 U o = E 1 + R1 + n ( 1 + n) R1 (4.39)

67 4 L = R1 Uo - U o R1 = Uo 1 + n + R1, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, n = 1, : R1 (4.40) L = R1 R1 2 + R1, , R1/ R1 R1 (4.41) = KU, KU, KU = 2, R1/ R1 = KU = 10-2, ( 4.41 ) 0.5%,,, KU = 125, , R1/ R1 = KU, R1/ R1 = KU = 0.125, (4.41) 6 % : 1) (4.40),, ( 4.35 ),,, 2) ( a), : Uo ( R1 + R1 ) = E ( R1 + R1 ) + ( R2 - R2 ) R1 = R2, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, :, Uo R1 : KU Uo = E 2 R1 R1 - R3 R3 + R4 (4.42) (4.43),, = E/ 2, 4.6 ( b ),, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, : 55

68 Uo R1 + R1 = E ( R1 + R1 ) + ( R2 - R2 ) - R3 - R3 ( R3 - R3 ) + ( R4 + R4 ) (4.44) : Uo = E R1 R1 (4.45) KU = E (4.46),, ,,,, Z1 Z2,, ( C1, C2 ) Z1 : ZR = R1, ZC 1 = 1, : j C1 Z1 = ZR ZC 1 = ZR ZC 1 ZR + ZC 1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 (4.47), : Z1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 Z2 = R2 1 + j R2 C2 (4.48) Z3 = R3 : Z4 = R4 U o = U Z1 Z4 - Z2 Z3 ( Z1 + Z2 ) ( Z3 + Z4 ) (4.49) 56 U o = 0, : Z1 Z4 - Z2 Z3 = 0 (4.50) (4.48) (4.50) :

69 4 R1 R4 1 + j R1 C1 : = R2 R3 1 + j R2 C2 (4.51) R1 R4 + j R1 R2 R4 C2 = R2 R3 + j R1 R2 R3 C1 (4.52), : R1 R4 = R2 R3 ( ) R4 (4.53) = C1 = R2 R1 C1 = R2 C2 ( ) R3 C2 R1,, ,, ;,,,,, R1 R1 + R1, R2 R2 - R2, : Z 1 = Z1 + Z1 (4.54) Z 1 = R1 + R1 1 + j ( R1 + R1 ) C1 (4.55) Z1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 (4.56) Z1 = R1 + R1 1 + j ( R1 + R1 ) C1 - R1 1 + j R1 C1 R1 (4.57) ( 1 + j R 1 C1 ) 2 57

70 , : Z 2 = Z2 + Z2 (4.58) Z 2 = R2 - R2 1 + j ( R2 - R2 ) C2 (4.59) Z2 = R2 1 + j R2 C2 (4.60) : Z1, Z2 Z2 = R2 - R2 1 + j ( R2 - R2 ) C2 - R2 1 + j R2 C2 - R2 (4.61) ( 1 + j R 2 C2 ) 2,,, U o = U Z 1 Z4 - Z 2 Z3 ( Z 1 + Z 2 ) ( Z3 + Z4 ) (4.62),, 5 10,, R1 C1 1, R2 C2 1, Z1 R1, Z2 - R2, R3 = R4, R1 = R2, Z1 = Z2, C1 = C2,, R1 = R2 (4.62), : U o = U 2 R1 R1 (4.43),, R1 (4.63) 4.4,, ( ),,,, ( ) 4.4.1,,, BLR t ( ), ; ;,,,,,, 58

71 4,,,,,,, (1 ) ( ) 4.9,,,,, R1 R3, R2 R4,, 4.9 ( ) (2 ) 4.10,,,, C 0, 4.10 A, B, A : h ; b ; = 3 F[ R - ( h/ 2) ] bh 2 E 1-2 (4.64) 59

72 E ; F, +, - B : 3 F[ R - ( h/ 2 ) ] = bh 2 E 2, -, + (4.65) R/ h > 5,, h/ 2, = 3.14 A, B A : A = + + F B : B = - - F 1.09 FR bh 2 E 1.91 FR bh 2 E (4.66) (4.67) A, B, F, : 4.11 Uo U o = f ( R R ) R R ( 3) R R = K U = f( F ) F 4.11, R1, ( ), ( ) F,,,,,,,, F,,, ( ) 4.12,, p,, : 60

73 r = t = R, h ; x ; p ; ; E (4.68) ( 4.69 ) : 1) x = 0, : 3 p(1-2 ) ( R 2-3 x 2 ) 8 h 2 E 3 p(1-2 ) ( R 2 - x 2 ) 8 h 2 E r = t = 2) x = R, : 3 p( 1-2 ) R 2 8 h 2 E (4.68) (4.69) (4.70) t = 0 (4.71) r = - 3) x = R/ 3, : 3 p(1-2 ) R 2 4 h 2 E (4.72) r = 0 (4.73) 4.12 ( a) :, ;,,, 2 x = R/ 3 0,,,,, ( R1, R4 ) t, ; ( R2, R3 ) r, ;, 61

74 ,,,,, : S ; ; g ; h 4.13 Uo = S h g (4.74) h g, : h g = Q A (4.75) Q ; A (4.74) ( 4.75 ) : Uo = S Q A (4.76) (4.76),, 4.4.4,,,, : 62

75 4 a ; F ; m a = F/ m (4.77) , 4,,, a,,,,,, (10 60 Hz) 4.1? 4.2?? 4.3?? , m 2, E = N/ m 2, 50 kn 1, kn,, 20 mm, 18 mm, 8,4, 4, 120, 2.0, 0.3, Pa, : (1 ) ; (2 ), ; (3 ) 10 V, 63

76 , ( ), E = 4 V, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 100 (1 ) R1,, R1 R1 = 1.0, Uo (2 ) R1, R2,,,, Uo (3 ) R1, R2,, R1 = R2 = 1.0,,, Uo , R1 K = 2.05,, R1 = 120 F, = 800 m/ m : (1 ) R1 R1/ R1 (2 ) R1, 3 V, (3 ),? 64

77 5, ( ) L M, L M,,, ( ) ( ) :, ;, ;, ;, 5.1 ( ) ,,,, : ; L = = W I I I ; ( 5.1)

78 W ; : Rm : = IW Rm ( 5.2),, Rm = L1 1 A1 + L2 2 A2 0, 1, 2 ; L A0, L2, ; A0, A1, A2 ( A0 = A1 ) ; ( 0 1, 0 2 ), :, ( 5.3) : (5.1 ) (5.2 ) ( 5.6) : 2 0 A0 2 0 A0 Rm L = W2 Rm L1 1 A1 L2 2 A2 2 0 A0 = W2 0 A0 2 ( 5.7), W, L Rm A 0 ( 5.3) ( 5.4) ( 5.5) ( 5.6) ( 5.7),, (, ) L- (5.7 ), L, 5.2 0, L0, : L0 = W2 0 A ) ( 5.8), = 0 -, : L = L0 + L ( 5.9) 66

79 5 (5.7 ) : : L = L0 + L = / 0 1, ( 5.10 ) : : 2) W 2 0 A0 2 ( 0 - ) = L0 1-0 (5.10) L = L0 + L = L (5.11) L = L0 L L = L (5.12) 0 0 0,, = 0 +, : = (5.13) L = L0 1-0 L L0 = 1-0 (5.13) ( 5.15 ), : (5.14) (5.15) 0 0 L L0 = 0 ( ) : K0 = L L0 = 1 0 (5.16) (5.17) (5.17),,,, ( ) K0 : K0 5.2,,,,, : K0 = L L0 =, K (5.18) 0 0 0,,,, : K0 = L L0 = (5.19)

80 , K0 : : L L0 L L0 = (5.20) 0 0 = (5.21) 0 0,, ( ), 5.3,, 5.3,,,,,,, ( ),, L, L1, L2 (5.12) ( 5.14 ), : L = L1 + L2 = 2 L (5.22) ( ) : : L L0 K0 = = 2 0 L L0 = 2 0 : 1) ; (5.23) (5.24) 2) / 0 (,, L 2 ;, L L0 0 L0 2 3 ), / 0 1, 0 68

81 (1 ) 5.4 Z1 Z2,, : Z1 = Z + Z1 ( 5.25 ) Z2 = Z - Z2 ( 5.26 ) Z = R + j L0 ( 5.27 ) Z ( R ) ; Z1, Z2, Q( Q = L/ R), :, : U o = U Z2 Z1 + Z2 (5.23) ( 5.25 ) ( 5.31 ) : Z1 j L1 (5.28) Z2 j L2 (5.29) Z j L0 (5.30) R R + R = U Z2 - Z1 2 ( Z1 + Z2 ) U o = - U 0, = - U Z1 + Z2 2( Z1 + Z2 ), Z1, Z2, U o = U 0 (2 ) (5.31) (5.32) 5.5, Z1, Z2,, U o : U o = U A - U B = U Z2 Z1 + Z2 - U 2 = Z2 - Z1 Z1 + Z2 U 2 (5.33), Z1 = Z2 = Z,, 0, Q,, Q : ; ; 69

82 : 5.5, Z1 = Z + Z, Z2 = Z - Z( :,, Z1 Z2 ), Q : U o = - U 2 Z Z = - U 2 L L0 (5.34), Z1 = Z - Z, Z2 = Z + Z, U o = U 2 Z Z = U 2 L L0 (5.23), (5.35),,,, ( ) (3 ) 5.6, L, C, U, U o,, L ( ), 5.6 ( b ) L0 ( ),, , L, 5.7 ( b), f L L C, : 1 f = (5.36) 2 LC L,, f , 70

83 5 :, P P,,, C : C,,,, 1 2 (, ),, 5.2 ( ),,,,, mm, (1 ) 5.10 A, B W1 a = W1 b = W1 W2 a = W2 b = W2,,,, a0 = b0 = 0, W1 a, W2 a M a W1 b, W2 b M b,, e2 a = e2 b,, U o = e2 a - e2 b 71

84 = 0, a < b, Ma > Mb,, e2 a > e2 b, U o = e2 a - e2 b > 0;,, a > b, Ma < Mb,, e2 a < e2 b, U o = e2 a - e2 b < 0, : 5.10 (2 ) 5.11, r1 a L1 a, r1 b L1 b ( Q ),, : 1) U o = a - b a + b W2 W1 U i (5.37) a = b = 0, U o = 0 2) a = 0 -, b = 0 +, : U o = - 0 W2 W1 U i (5.38), U o, -,, 3), : U o = 0 W2 W1 U i ( 5.39 ), 5.12 U o

85 5 (5.38) (5.39) K :, : K = U o = W2 W1 U i 0 (5.40) U i, ;, K, W2/ W1 0 K W2/ W1 0, mm,, (, ),,, 5.12, Uo :,, ; (, ), ( ),,,,, (1 ) 5.13 ( W1 ) (, W2 a W2 b ), 5.14,,, ( ),, ( M1 = M2 ), ( E 2 a = E 2 b ), 0 (U o = E 2 a - E 2 b = 0), ( = I W, Rm, Rm 73

86 ),, M1 > M2, E 2 a, E 2 b ;, E 2 b, E 2 a, x, : 5.15 I1 = U o = E 2 a - E 2 b, 5.15,,, 0, r1 ( 2) 5.14 U i + j L1 (5.41) U 1 ; U i ; I 1 ; r1, L1, : M1, M2 ; E2 a = - j M1 I1 (5.42) E2 b = - j M2 I1 (5.43) -, : 74 U o = E2 a - E2 b = - j ( M1 - M2 )U i r1 + j L1 (5.44)

87 5 : : U o = 1) ( x = 0) : E 2 a = E 2 b, U o 0, 2) ( x > 0) : E 2 a, E 2 a ( M1 - M2 )U i (5.45) r ( L1 ) 2 M1 = M2 = M (5.46) U o = 0 (5.47) M1 = M + M, M2 = M - M (5.48) U o = 2 MU i r ( L1 ) 2 (5.49) > E 2 b U o U i 3) ( x < 0) : E 2 b, E 2 a (3 ) M1 = M - M, M2 = M + M (5.50) U o = - 2 MU i r ( L1 ) 2 (5.51) < E 2 b U o U i,,,,,, 1) ( ), 5.16, (a ) ( c) ; ( b ) ( d) R0 (c),, C1 2 4, C2 6 8, : Uo = U24 - U68 (5.52), U2 4 = U68, Uo = 0;, U24 > U68, Uo > 0 ;, U2 4 < U68, Uo < 0 Uo, 75

88 2) ( ) (a) VD1 VD4, 1 4 A B u y ( ) u0 ( ) A, B R u0 A ( u = u1 + u2 ),, u0 uy u0, ( ), Rf 1), x( t) > 0, u y u ,, u y ( ) uy, uy u0,, u y u0, u y u0 ( 0 ), A u1, u2 ; B u0 1, u02 VD1 VD3 76 u1 4, u01 1, u1 u01,, 4 1, u1 4, u02 3,, 3 4, VD4 u2 2, u01 1,, 1 2, VD2 u2 2, u02 3, u02 u2,, 3 2,, VD1, VD4, VD2, VD3, u2,

89

90 ( b ) : n1, n2 B, A u0 1 = u0 2 = u0 2 n2 u1 = u2 = u y 2 n1 (5.53) (5.54) u0 1, u02, ( 5.17 ( b -2 ) ), 5.18 : : if = u2 (5.55) R 2 + Rf ( b -2) u y = if Rf = Rf u2 n1 ( R + 2 Rf ) (5.56), ( 2 ), A u1, u2 ; B u0 1, u02 u1 4, u01 1,, 4 1, VD1 u1 4, u02 3,, 3 4, VD4 u2 2, u01 1,, 1 2, VD2 u2 2, u02 3,, 2 3, VD3, VD1, VD4, VD2, VD3, u1, (c) ( 5.56 ), 0, ( ) 2) x( t) < 0, u0 u y, ( 0 ), u0 ( d) ; ( 2 ), u0, ( e), : u y = if Rf = - Rf u2 n1 ( R + 2 Rf ) u y u y (5.57),,,, : u y x ( t), u y x ( t) ( ) u y u0,, , u y 4 : : u y 0,,, 0 ; : u y 0,,, 0 ;

91 : u y 0,,, 0 ; : u y 0,,, 0 (4 ), 5.20,,,,,,, % Pa, 5.21 CPC 5.20 CPC, P1 P2,,,,, 5.22,, A, 79

92 x( t), 5.21 CPC ( ) :,,,,,,, : ;, ,,,,, Z : 80

93 5 ; Z = F(,, r, f, x) ( 5.58 ) ; r ; f ; x,, (5.58),, Z,, x, ,,, 5.24 R2, : R2 = 2 h ln ra R2 ; ri (5.59) 5.24 ; R1 R1, L1 ; h ( h = ra ; ri : I1 + j L1 I1 - j M I2 = U 1 - j M I 1 + R2 I 2 + j L2 I 2 = 0 R2, L2 ; M (5.60) : 0 r f ) ; (5.60) Z = U 1 I1 = R1 + 2 M 2 R2 + R ( L2 ) 2 j L1-2 M 2 L2 R ( L2 ) 2 (5.61) = Req + j Leq Req ; Leq 81

94 (5.62) ( 5.63 ) : Req = R1 + Leq = L1-2 M 2 R2 (5.62) R ( L2 ) 2 2 M 2 L2 (5.63) R ( L2 ) 2,, ( ) ( ),,, : Qeq = Leq M 2 Req = = (5.64),, ( ) (1 ) 5.25, LC,,,, (2 ) ,, ( f 0 ) i0 LC : Z = j L 1 j C = LC : (5.65), 1-2 LC = 0, = Uo j L 1-2 LC = i0 Z = i0 j L 1-2 LC 1, = 2 f0, f0 = LC (5.65) (5.66) 1 2 LC ( LC ), ;, L 1-2 LC < 0 L 1-2 LC > 0, Z,, LC ( ) f 0, 82

95 5,,, L,,, ( 5.27 ), ( 5.6) L,,, (1 ) (5.54),,, 0 30 mm, 80 mm, 0.1% 5.28 (2 ),,,, 5.28 ( a),,, (3 ),, 5.28 ( b),,, (4 ), 5.28 ( c),,,,,,,, 83

96 5.1,? S = 1.5 cm 2, L = 20 cm, r = 5 000, 0 = 0.5 cm, = 0.1 mm, 0 = H/ m, W = 3 000, L/,? 5.4? ? 5.5, U = 4 V, f = 400 Hz, R = 40, L = 30 m H,, 5.28 : ( 1) R3 R4 ( 2) Z = 10, ?? 5.8,? 5.10? 5.11?? 5.12?,? 5.13, 84

97 6, ( ) :,, ; ;,,,, ; ; ; ( ),,,,, 6.1 : 6.1, C = A d A ; = 0 r A d ; (6.1 ) 0 ( ) ( F/ m) ; r ; d 6.1 (6.1 ), A r d, C,,, 85

98 ,, 3 : ( a) ( b ), (c) ( h), (i) (l) 6.1.1, d0 C0 = 0 r A d0, : ( 6.2), ( ) ( ), d, C, : C = C0 + C = 0 r A d0 - d = C0 1 - d d0 ( 6.3) ( 6.1), C = f ( d), ( 6.3 ), 6.3, d/ d0 1, (6.3 ) : C = C0 + C = C0 1 + d d0 + d d0 2 + d d0 3 + ( 6.4) ( 6.4),, :, C d (6.5 ), d, d0 C = C0 d ( 6.5) d0,

99 6, d0,,,, 6.4, : C0 Cg = 0 g A dg = 0 r A d0 : = 0 A d0 C = Cg C0 Cg + C0 = (6.6 ) (6.7 ) A dg + d 0 0 g 0, g = 7, ( : r = 1 ) 6.4 ( 6.8) 7,,, m,, , A, x, : C0 C = C0 = 0 r ab/ d ; C = 0 r xb/ d - C = 0 r ( a - x) b/ d ( 6.9), C x 6.5 : 6.6 C C0 = x a 6.7 (6.10) 6.6,, A = A0 - r 2 / 2, A0 = r 2 / 2, 87

100 6.7 : : C0 C = 0 r A0 = d 0 r A0 1 - d A = A0 ( 1 - ) (6.11) = C0 ( 1 - ) = C0 C = C - C0 = C0 - C0 = C0 - C (6.12) (6.13), C, (6.13),,, 10 6 H z, TiO ,, 6.8 1, h, H, d, D,,,, : C1 = 2 0 ( H - h) C2 ln D d = h ln D d (6.14) (6.15) : C0 = 2 0 H ln D d (6.16) 88

101 6 ( ) : C = C1 + C2 = 2 0 ( H - h) ln D d h ln D d = 2 0 H ln D d h( 1-1) ln D d = C0 + 2 h 0 ( 1-1) ln D d (6.17) C = C - C0 = 2 h 0 ( 1-1) ln D d (6.18), 1 (6.18), C h 6.2,,,,,,,, d/ d0 1, (6.3 ) : C C0 = d d0 1 + d d0 + d d0 2 + d d0 3 + (6.19), d ( ) : C d ( ) : K = C0 C/ C0 d d0 = 1 d0, ( ) d0 (6.19) d d C C0 d0 = d d0 1 + d d0 d0 2 = d d0, (6.19) : + d d0 2 (6.20) (6.21) (6.22) (6.22) ( ), : = d d0 d d % = d d0 100% (6.23) 89

102 6.9 ( 6.21 ) (6.23),, d0 d0,,,,,, 6.9 d0 C0 d, C1 d1 d0 - d, C2 d2 d0 + d : C1 C2 = C0 = C d d d d0, (6.24) (6.25) (6.24) ( 6.25 ),, d/ d0 1, : C1 = C0 1 + d C2 = C0 1 - d0 d d0 + d d0 + d d d - d0 d d (6.26) + (6.27), ( T ),, : : C = C1 - C2 = C0 2 d C C0 = 2 d d0 1 + d d0 d d + d d0 d d + d d0 d (6.28) + (6.29) (6.29) ( ), : : K = C 2 d C0 C/ C0 d d0 = 2 d0 (6.30) (6.31) (6.29) ( ),, : 90 = 2 d d0 2 d d % = d d % (6.32)

103 6 (6.21) ( 6.23 ) ( 6.31 ) (6.32),,, 6.3,, C, ;,, 6.10 Rs, ;,,,, 6.10 L ; Rp, ;,,, 6.10 L C,,,,, : Rs Rp, Zeq ; ZL ; ZC : 1 j Ceq Ceq : Zeq = ZL + ZC (6.33) Ceq =, : Ceq = = j L + 1 j C C 1-2 LC C 1-2 LC + 2 LC C = (1-2 LC ) 2, ( 6.35 ) (6.36) : (6.34) (6.35) C (6.36) (1-2 LC ) 2 91

104 Ceq Ceq = LC C C (6.37) (6.37), L,,, 6.4,, T, , : L ; f = 1 2 LC C : C = C0 C C0 (6.38) ; C f : 6.11, C = 0, : f0 = 1 2 LC0 (6.39) ( ), C 0,, f 0 = 1 2 L ( C0 C) = f0 f (6.40),, ( f ),,,,, ( u), 92 :, 0.01 m ;

105 6 ; ; ( ), 6.4.2,, 6.12 Cx ( K = ), O, ( Zi = ),, Ii = 0, : U i = ZC 0 I 0 = U 0 = ZC x I x = : 1 j C0 I 0 ( 6.41 ) 1 I x ( 6.42 ) j Cx I0 + Ix = 0 ( 6.43 ) U o = - -, : (6.44), : U o Cx C0 Cx = A d 6.12 U i (6.44) (6.45) = - U i C0 d (6.46) A, :, K = Zi =,,, T T 6.13 e E ( 6.13 ( b ) ), D1 D2, R1 = R2 = R, C1, C2 1) ( C1 = C2 ) : e, D (c), C1 D2, C1, R1 RL, I1, D2, D1, C2, 6.13 ( d ), C2, I1 R2 RL, RL I2 = I2,, RL 0 93

106 2) ( C1 C2 ) 6.13 T, I1 I2, RL, ( ) : f C1, C2 RL, : U0 = IL RL = 1 T T [ I1 ( t) - I2 ( t) ] d t RL 0 R( R + 2 RL ) ( R + RL ) 2 RL E f ( C1 - C2 ) (6.47) U0 M E f ( C1 - C2 ) (6.48) M = R( R + 2 RL ) ( R + RL ) 2 RL ( ) (6.49) (6.48), Uo, T ( (6.28) ) ( E f ), Uo C1, C2 :,, ( f ), 1 k, 20 s,, A C1, C2, R1 = R2, A1, Q, Q Q = 1( ) Q = 0 ( ),, A, ua ( ) R1 C1, M u M : um = ua 1 - e - t 1 (6.50) 94, D1, ( 6.50 )

107 6 1 = R1 C1 t 1, : um = ua, C1,, um t ( 6.51 ) 1, 1 t, M ur, um > ur, A1,, Q = 0 ( ) Q = 1( ), A, C1 D1 0 ;, 6.14 B, R2 C2, (6.50 ), 2 = R2 C2, N ur, un > ur, A2,,, Q Q ( A, B ) (6.50) : 6.15 t = 1 ln = ua ua - um = R1 C1 ln ua u A - um (6.52), C1 C2 ur ( ua ub 95

108 ,, ua = ub ) : T1 = R1 C1 ln u A ua - ur (6.53) T2 = R2 C2 ln ub u B - ur = R2 C2 ln ua u A - ur (6.54) C1 = C2, R1 = R2,, T1 = T2,, A, B u AB, ( ) 0( 6.15( a) ) C1 C2, C1 > C2, C1 C2, 1 > 2, uab, 6.15 ( b ), uab ( ) 0, : uo = ( uab )DC = ua - ub = T1 T1 + T2 uam - T1 T2 + T2 ub m = R1 C1 uam - R2 C2 ub m R1 C1 + R2 C2 (6.55), uam, ub m ua, ub R1 = R2, ua m = ub m = um, ( 6.55 ) : 1) uo = ( uab ) DC = C1 - C2 C1 + C2 um (6.56) d1 C1 d2 C2 ; uo = d2 - d1 d1 + d2 um (6.57) C1 = C2 = C0, d1 = d2 = d0, uo = 0 ; C1 C2, C1 > C2, d1 = d0 - d, d2 = d0 + d, : C1 < C2, d1 = d0 + d, d2 = d0 - d, : uo uo = + d um (6.58) d0 = - d um (6.59) d0, uo d ( C d ) 2) C1 > C2, A1 = A0 + A, A2 = A0 - A, : C1 < C2, A1 = A0 - A, A2 = A0 + A, :, uo A uo uo = + A um (6.60) A 0 = - A um (6.61) A 0,, 96

109 ,,,, (,,,,, ) PL PH,, P = PH - PL, P = 0,, CH = CL = C0 ; 6.16 P > 0,,, CL CH, CH : < CL CL CL - CH + CH = K ( PH - PL ) = K P (6.62) K (6.62) CL CL - CH + CH,,, (6.62 ) ( 6.56 ) ,,,,, 6.2, : C 2 d C0 d0 (6.63) : S = d = 1 2 at2 (6.64) 97

110 6.17 S ; a ; t ( 6.64 ) ( 6.63 ), : C 2 d C0 d0 = at2 d0 (6.65),, ( 6. 58), ( 6.59 ) :, 6.5.3, 6.18,, ( ),,,, C= C1 + C2 6.18,,,,, ,,,,,, :, : C0 = 2 0 H ln D d (6.66) 98

111 6 C1 = 2 0 ( H - h) ln D d (6.67) : C2 = 2 0 r h ln D d (6.68) H ; h ; D ; d ; r, ( ) : C = C1 + C2 = 2 [ 0 H + 0 ( r - 1) h] ln D d = C ( r - 1 ) h ln D d (6.69) 6.19,, C h C = C - C0 = 2 0 ( r - 1) h ln D d (6.70) K : K = C/ C0 h = 2 0 ( r - 1 ) h ln D d 2 0 H ln D d h = r - 1 H (6.71) : ( r - 1), D d, C, K, r, 6.19 d D,, C, ( C/ h) (a),,,,, 6.20 ( b) 0.05 m 99

112 ,?? , a = 10 mm b = 16 mm, d0 = 1 mm, 2 mm, K ( r = 1 F/ m, 0 = F/ m) m 5 m,, 80 %, C = f ( x) 0, 2 > 1, W , = d = 1 mm, ( 50 mm) 1 = 1, 2 = 4 x = 0 50 mm, 0

113 7,,,,,,,, :,,,, ( ) ; ( ),, ( ) : ; ; ; ; ; :,, 7.1 : :, : :, :,,, = ;, = 101

114 :, :,, 1680,1948,, ( ) SiO2,,, 7.1 (a), x, y, z z :,,, x : z x, ( ), y : x, z y, (a) (b ) (c) 7.1 y, 7.1 (c) (1 ) x yoz, : qx = d11 f x ( 7.1) d1 1 x ; f x x qx f x (7.1 ), qx (2 ) y y z,, : qy = d12 a b f y = - d11 a b f y ( 7.2) d1 2 y (, d12 = - d11 ) ; 102 a ;

115 7 b ; f y y (7.2 ), qy - y x (3 ) z,,, 7.2 (a) x ( b) x (c) y (d ) y 7.2, 7.3 (a) ( b) x (c) y 7.3 Si 4 + ( ) O 2 - ( ),, x Oy, 120,,,,, 0, 7.4( a) 1) x,, 7.4( b ), 103

116 ,, x,, y (,, ) 2) y,, 7.4 ( c),,, x, y (,, ) 3) z x y,,,, 7.4 ( d) ( ),,,,,, 7.5 (a),,,,,,,,,,,, 7.5 ( b), 104

117 7,,,, ( ), 7.5 ( ),,, ( BaTiO3 ), ( PbZrO3 - PbT io3, PZT, Pb, Zr, Ti ), ( 70 ),,, 7.1.3,,,,,,,,,, -,,,

118 7.1 ( PZT ) PZT- 4 PZT-5 PZT-8 / ( C N - 1 ) d 11 = 2.31 d 14 = 0.73 d15 = 260 d31 = - 78 d 33 = 190 d15 = 410 d31 = d 33 = 230 d15 = 670 d31 = d 33 = 600 d15 = 330 d31 = - 90 d 33 = 200 / ( 10 9 N m - 2 ) / ( m) > > / / ( 10 3 kg m - 3 ) / ( 10 5 N m - 2 ) : : ; :,, ; :, ; :, ; :,,, : 573 ; , 10-6 / ; ;,, : ; 120 ; ; ( ) ; ( ),, PZT, PbT io3 PbZrO3 Pb( ZrT i) O3,, ( Nb) ( Sb) ( Sn ) ( Mn) ( W ) PZT 300,,,, 106

119 7 7.2,,,, 7.6( a) : A ; d ; r Ca = r 0 A d ( 7.3) (a) ( b) (c) 7.6, Q,, : Q Ca U = ( 7.4), Q Ca, 7.6 ( b), 7.6 (c),, Cc, Ri, Ci Ra,, 7.7 ( a) ( b)

120 7.3,, : ( M ) ( 100 ) ;,, : Ra Ri ( ), Ca Cc Ci C, 7.8 ( b) Cf K Rf,, Rf 10 9,,,,1/ Rf Cf, (1 + K) 1 : Rf 108 U i = C f = (1 + K ) Cf ( 7.5) Q Ca + Cc + Ci + C f

121 7 : Uo = - Uo = - K Ui ( 7.6) - K Q Ca + Cc + Ci + (1 + K ) Cf K 1 ( K = ), ( 1 + K ) Cf > 10( Ca + Cc + Ci ), : : Uo - Q Cf ( 7.7) = UC f ( 7.8),, Q Cf UC f ( ), Uo Cc, Q, Q,, ( c) ( d) Ra, Ri R, Cc Ci C, : R = Ra Ri Ra + Ri ( 7.9) C = Cc + Ci (7.10) f = Fm sin t, : : d ; Um = d Fm Ca U = Q = Q Ca d f = d Fm sin t (7.11) = d Fm Ca R, C : ZRC = 1 j C R = 1 j C + R R, C Ca, : Z = 1 j Ca, : + Z RC = sin t = Um sin t (7.12) 1 j Ca R 1 + j RC + R 1 + j RC (7.13) (7.14) U i = ZRC Um (7.15) Z : U i = d F j R m 1 + j R ( Ca + C) = d F j R m 1 + j R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) (7.16) 109

122 : Uim = : d Fm R (7.17) R 2 ( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 2 = - arctan[ R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) ] (7.18) 2, Ra Ri, (7.9 ) R, R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 1, ( 7.17 ) : U i m = df m Ca + Cc + Ci (7.19) (7.19) :,, R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) S = U im d =, Ri Fm Ca + Cc + Ci (7.17) (7.19) : Ui m = U im 1 = : Uim R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) (7.20) R 2 ( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 2 1 R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) = U im = 1 (7.21) / 1 (7.22) 1 + ( / 1 ) 2 = - arctan 2 1 (7.23) 7.9, / 1 > 3 Uim,, ( = 0 ), 0,,,,,,,,,, ,,

123 7 7.9, ( ),,, 7.10,,, 7.10 (a),,,,,, 2,, 7.10 ( b),,,,,, ( a) ( b)

124 7.4.2,,, 7.11 ( a) ( b) (c) (d) , -, : ; ( ) ;,,,, 7.12,,,, N, 0.01 N, , k Hz, 1% , 112

125 7 7.12,,,,,,,, 7.13,,,,,,,,, : f = m a,, Q,,, : Q = d11 f = d11 m a (7.24) d1 1 ; m ; 113

126 a,, 7.1?? 7.2??? 7.3?? ,? ,, 7.10? 7.11??

127 8 ( ),, 8.1,, -,,,, ( H z), , ( Michael Faraday ) :,, N,,, : E = - N d d t v, (8.1 ) : B ; L ; ( 8.1) E = - NB L v ( 8.2) E = - NB S ( 8.3) 115

128 S,, B, L, S, N, E v, (1 ) ( ) 8.1,,,,,,, 8.1 (a) ( b ),, ;,, ( a) ( b) 8.1,,,, ( ),,,,,, : E = - NB L v ( 8.4) N ( ) ; B ; L ; v 116

129 8 (2 ),,,,,, 8.2 (a) ( b) ( a), ; ( ),,,,,,,, 8.2( b ),,,,,, ;,,,,, 50 Hz, 100 kh z ( 8.3 ), Io Rf ; R Io = E R + Rf = N B Lv R + Rf : ( 8.5) 117

130 : : 8.3 SI = Io v = NB L R + Rf Uo = Io Rf = N B LvRf R + Rf ( 8.6) ( 8.7) SU = Uo v = NB L Rf R + Rf ( 8.8) : B, S, B ; L S, ( L R ), : 1) 8.3,,, R Rf 2),,,,, (8.6 ) : (1 ) = d S I SI = d B B + d L L - d R R ( 8.9) :, I, I,, :,,, I,, 118,

131 8 8.4, I,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), (8.5),,, E, % ; 200,, R, 10, 4% Rf, R1 ( ) R2 t, (8.5 ), : I o = ; 1 R1 ; 2 R2 ; R1 ; R2 : E(1 - t) R(1 + 1 t) + R1 (1 + 1 t) + R2 (1 + 2 t) = I o - Io Io (8.10) 100 % (8.11) 119

132 (8.11), E, R Rf, I o < Io,,,, ( ),,,,, : (3 ),, ( e/ v) ;,,,,, ; ( ),,,,, 10 H z, H z 8.1.3,,, v = d x dt a= d v d t ( x = vdt),

133 8 (1 ),, CD-1 CD-6 ZI-A CD-1, CD-1, 8.6,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8.6 CD-1 (2 ) 8.7, ( ) ( ),,

134 ,,, ;,,, 0 180,, 0 0 : n ( ),, 0 = n (8.12), , ( Edwin H. H all),, 8.2.1,, , l b d,, ( x ) I, ( z ) B,,, f L, f L : fl = eb v (8.13) e ; 122

135 8 B ; v f L, f L EH ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),, : UH, : b ee H = evb EH = vb (8.14) UH = EH b (8.15) UH = vbb (8.16) n, v, ( ) : d (8.18) (8.16), : I = - nevbd (8.17) v = - U H = - N, RH (8.19) : UH : RH = - = RH I nebd IB ned 1 ne IB d (8.18) (8.19) (8.20) (8.21) KH = RH d, ( 8.21 ) : KH [ mv/ ( ma T ) ] UH = KH IB (8.22) :, ( 8.22) : UH = KH I Bcos N : KH = - 1 ned (8.23) 123

136 P : KH KH = 1 ned (8.24) N KH, P KH ( 8.22 ),, UC, UC = E l, :, (8.16) (8.25), : UH v = E (8.25) = buc B l, UC (8.26) B, d, l RH d,, d = mm, 1 m ( 8.23) (8.24 ),,, (8.26),,, N, N, (1 ), ( 4 mm 2 mm 0.1 mm), a b, ; c d, (a) ( b) (c) 8.9

137 8 (2 ) Rin :, Rou t :, Rin Rou t 20 5 roff :, : a) ; b) ; c) : Uoff ; I roff = Uoff I (8.27) :, 1, U0 :, : a),, ; b),, 1 mv, (3 ),, 1),,,, 8.10,,,,,,,,,, (a) ( b)

138 ,,,,,, 2),, ( ),, UH = KH I B : ( 0.1% ), I KH,, : KH = KH0 (1 + T) (8.28) KH0 T0 KH ; T, T = T - T0 ;, ( 1 + T ), KH I, I,,, 8.11, RP, RP, I, 8.11 T0, RI0, KH 0, RP0 : IH0 = I RP0 RP0 + RI0 (8.29) 126

139 8 T, : ; : IH = I RP RI + RP, U0 RI = RI0 (1 + T) (8.30) RP = RP 0 (1 + T) (8.31) = RP0 (1 + T ) I RI0 (1 + T ) + RP 0 ( 1 + T), (8.32) UH0 = UH (8.33) KH 0 IH 0 = KH IH (8.34) (8.28) ( 8.29 ) (8.32) (8.34), T 2 RP0 = ( - - ) RI0 : (8.35), (8.35) (4 ), 8.12 ;,, ,, ; ;,, 127

140 (1 ) 8.13,,,, B = 0, UH = 0; z, B 0, : UH = KH IB = K z (8.36) K ( a) ( b) 8.13 z,,, 1 2 mm, 5 mm, mm ; 30 mv/ mm (2 ), 8.14,, ( a), ( b),,,,,, 128 (a) ( b ) 8.14

141 8 8.15, M, H, A,, c d, ;,,,,, 8.15 (3 ), ( Eug ne Bourdon ),,,,, 8.16,,,,,

142 ,? ?? 8.5?? 8.6 l, b, d 1.0 cm, 0.35 cm, 0.1 cm, l I = 1.0 ma, lb B = 0.3 T, 22 V/ ( A T ), 8.7 U1, U2,,, 0

143 9,,, ; 9.1 ( thermocouples ) ,,,, (1 ) 9.1, ( t > t0 ),,,, 1821 T.J.Seebeck, ( Seebeck effect ), A, B, ( t),,

144 ( t0 ),,,, (2 ) A, B,,, A, B, A B,, A B B A, A A E AB ( t) n A > n B 9.2 B, B,,, 9.2,, A B, A B B A,,, EAB ( t) EAB ( t0 ), : EAB ( t) = EA ( t) - EB ( t) = EAB ( t0 ) = EA ( t0 ) - EB ( t0 ) = kt ln na - q0 kt0 ln na - EAB ( t), EAB ( t0 ) A, B t, t0 q0 kt ln nb = kt ln n A q0 q0 kt0 ln nb = kt0 q0 q0 nb ln na n B ; EA ( t), EB ( t) A, B t ; EA ( t0 ), EB ( t0 ) A, B t0 k, J/ K ; t, t0 ; na, nb A, B ; q0, C (3 ) t, t0 ( 9.1) ( 9.2) ; ( t > t0 ),,,,,,,,,,, ( thermo electromotive force), ( na, nb, ) : EA ( t, t0 ) = EA ( t) - EA ( t0 ) = EB ( t, t0 ) = EB ( t) - EB ( t0 ) = EA ( t, t0 ) A t, t0 132 kt ln na - q0 kt ln nb - q0 kt0 ln na = q0 kt0 ln nb = q0 ; k( t - t0 ) ln na ( 9.3) q0 k( t - t0 ) ln nb ( 9.4) q0

145 9 EB ( t, t0 ) B t, t0 (4 ), : ( 9.1),,, ; EAB ( t) EA B ( t0 ), A B, A B, : t2, t3, :, : ( na EA B ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = k q0 ( t - t0 ) ln na n B = nb ),, 0 ( 9.5) ( t = t0 ), A, B, 0 ( na, nb ) ( t, t0 ), A, B t1, t3, t1, t2, : EA B ( t1, t3 ) = EA B ( t1, t2 ) + EA B ( t2, t3 ) = EA B ( t1 ) - EAB ( t2 ) + EA B ( t2 ) - EAB ( t3 ) = EAB ( t1 ) - EAB ( t3 ) ( 9.6) A, B, EAB ( t, t0 ) t t0, : EAB ( t, t0 ) = f ( t) - f ( t0 ) ( 9.7), f ( t0 ) = C( ),, EAB ( t, t0 ) t EAB ( t, t0 ) = f ( t) - f( t0 ) = f ( t) - C = ( t) ( 9.8) (9.8 ) t0,, t, 0,,,,,, ,, : tm = tl + tm ; EM tm ; th ; E H th ; tl ; EL tl EM - EL ( th - tl ) ( 9.9) E H - EL 133

146 : B ( 0 ) / / mv : S ( 0 ) / / mv

147 9 : K ( 0 ) / / mv : E ( 0 ) / / mv : T ( 0 ) / / mv

148 / / mv (5 ) 1),,?,,, ( a),, : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBC ( t0 ) + ECA ( t0 ) (9.10) t = t0, 0, : EBC ( t0 ) + ECA ( t0 ) = - EA B ( t0 ) (9.11) (9.10) (9.11) : EA BC ( t, t0 ) = EA B ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = EAB ( t, t0 ) (9.12) 9.3( b ),, : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBC ( t1 ) + ECB ( t1 ) + EBA ( t0 ) (9.13) EBC ( t1 ) = - ECB ( t1 ) (9.14) : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EB A ( t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = EA B ( t, t0 ) (9.15), ( 9.12 ),,, :, ( 136

149 9 ) 2) 9.4, A B t, t0 EA B ( t, t0 ) t, tc tc, t0 9.4 EAB ( t, tc ) EAB ( tc, t0 ), : EAB ( t, t0 ) = EA B ( t, tc ) + EAB ( tc, t0 ) (9.16),,,,,,, ) A, B C, A, B : EA B ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) (9.17) EAC ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t) - EAC ( t0 ) (9.18) EBC ( t, t0 ) = EBC ( t) - EBC ( t0 ) (9.19) : EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t) - EAC ( t0 ) - [ EBC ( t) - EBC ( t0 ) ] (9.20) : EAC ( t) - EBC ( t) = EAB ( t) (9.21) - EAC ( t0 ) + EBC ( t0 ) = EBA ( t0 ) (9.22) : EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBA ( t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EA B ( t0 ) = EAB ( t, t0 ) (9.23) (9.17),, 137

150 ,,,,,,,, 100 0, 2.95 mv, mv, : 4) 2.95 mv - ( mv) = 6.95 mv,, (1 ), 9.6 1) 9.6,, mm,, mm, mm, 350 mm,, 2 4 6,, 5 M,,,, ( ) 138

151 9 2),, ( Sheath), , :, ;,,, ( m ),, ( ) ( 2),, 9.8,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,, (3 ), ( IEC ) IEC 6 IEC R 13 -, 10 -,, 4, (B ) 3 0-6, ( S ) 1 0 -, ( K ) % 13 % 139

152 -, ( E ) B S ( ) ( ),,,,,, - K - E - J - T, ( ) B, S, ,, ( ),,, ,, E ( ), , ( ) 9.1.3,,,,,,,,, : ( 1) 1 m,,,,, 9.9, :,,

153 9, 0 150, ( ),,,,, 9.7,,, ( 0.6% ) - : - - : (2 ), (, 0 ), 0, (3 ) 0, t0, (9.16) ( ), : E( t, 0) = E( t, t0 ) + E( t0,0 ) (9.24) t ; t0 ; 0 ( 0, ) ; E( t, t0 ) t t0, E( t, 0), E( t0,0 ) 0, t t0 ( ) 9.1 -, t0 = 30, E ( t, t0 ) = mv, : E( 30,0 ) = mv E( t, 0) = E( t, 30 ) + E( 30,0 ) = = ( mv) : E(970,0 ) = mv, E( 980, 0) = mv 141

154 , ( 9.9) : t = ( ) = 977 ( ) ,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,, ,, R1, R2, R3 RC u, 20 ( 0 ), A, B,,,, RC u,, A, B,, U AB E AB ( t, t0 ), : t0 : UAB = E ( RCu + R1 ) ( R2 + R3 ) EAB ( t, t0 ) EAB ( t, t0 ) + UAB = (9.25) RC u UAB R2 RC u - R1 R3 E = E 1 + R2 - R1 R3 RC u = R1 RC u ( R2 + R3 ) = (9.26), 20,, 20, ( ),, 142

155 ,,,,,, (1 ) 9.11, A, B 9.11,, (2 ) ( ) 9.12 ( t1 - t2 ), ( A A, B B),,,, t1 t2 ET, ( 9.5) : ET = EAB ( t1, t0 ) - EAB ( t2, t0 ) = EAB ( t1, t2 ) (9.27) t2, t1, t1 - t2,, t0,, ( t0 ) (3 ) ( ),, 1) 143

156 9.13,, R,,, ( 9.5) : ET = = E1 + E2 + E3 3 = EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, 3 t0 ) 3 EAB ( t1, t0 ) + EAB ( t2, t0 ) + EAB ( t3, t0 ) 3 = EAB t1 + t2 + t3 3, t0 (9.28) E1, E2, E3 :,, 2 ) 9.14,,, : ET = E1 + E2 + E3 = EAB ( t1, t0 ) + EAB ( t2, t0 ) + EA B ( t3, t0 ) 9.14 = EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, 3 t0 ) t 0 = 0 EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, t0 ) (9.29), 3, (9.29) 0,, 0,, :,,, 9.15,, :, AD594C AD594C,, J 10 mv/ , AD594C - IN + IN,, A1, A1 U o AD594C A/ D, 144

157 9 9.2,, : ;,, ;,, ; ;, 9.16, , 9.16 (a ),,,, 9.16 ( b) 9.2.1,,,,,,, IP T S- 68, , : Rt = R0 ( 1 + At + Bt 2 ) (9.30) : Rt = R0 [1 + At + Bt 2 + C( t ) t 3 ] (9.31) Rt t ; R0 0 ; A, B, C, A = /, B = / 2, C = / 4 145

158 (9.31), t R0, R0 = 10 R0 = 100, Pt1 0 Pt10 0, Pt100 ( Rt -t ) 9.8, Rt, Pt10, ; Pt50, 9.8 : Pt100 R0 = 100 / / ,,, ,, : Rt = R0 (1 + t) (9.32) 0 ( = / ),, :,,,, 100, : Cu50 ( R0 = 50 ) Cu10 0 ( R0 = 100 ) Cu Cu10 0, :,, :,, 146

159 9,, 6 ma 9.9 : Cu50 R 0 = 50 / / ,,,, 3 (1 ) (, ) 9.17,,,,, 9.17 (2 ) (, ), 100, 1 3 ( 9.8),, 9.18 Rt,, r, ;,, : ( Rt + r) R2 = ( R3 + r) R1 (9.33) 9.18 : Rt = ( R3 + r) R1 - rr2 R2 (9.34) R1 = R2, r = 0, r : R1 = R2,,,, (3 ) (, ),, 9.19 I,, r1, r4 r2, r3,, r1, r4,, 147

160 (, ), 9.3, ( NiO MnO2 CuO TiO2 ),,,, 1 mm, 3 mm, ( ) ( ), ; ; ; 9.21 ; ;, :, ; ;,, , , 3, ( Negative Temperature Coefficient, NTC) ( Positive Temperature Coefficient, P T C) ( Critical Temperature Resistor s, CTR ) 9.22, 9.22 : Rt = R0 exp B - t 148 B t0 (9.35)

161 9 Rt, R0 t t0, K; B (, B K ) ; t0 0, t0 = K 9.23 ( NT C) B -,,, N TC, P T C,,, 9.23 NTC - CTR,,,,, ( 10 ),,,,,,,, Rt (1 ) 9.24, VT1 V T2, VT1, V T3, VT4,,, VD, C RP,,, 9.24 (2 ) 9.25 Rt1 Rt2, Rt 1, Rt2 149

162 , R1 R2, 9.25,,, Rt 1 Rt 2, Rt1,, Rt1, 9.1? 9.2? 9.3? ?? 9.6, 9.7 K, 9.26 t1 = 420, t0 = 30, mv,? t1 E,,? , 50, 60 mv,? ,, 281, ( ) mv/, 1 200,, 50, ,,? 9.12? , 150

163 9 9.15, B K, 500 k,

164 10 ( ) ( ),,,, 4 : (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 11 (3 ), CCD( Charge Coupled Device, CCD) CCD, MOS MOS ( Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, MOS ) (4 ) ( LED) ( LD),,,, (, ),,,,, 152

165 ,, ;, ;, 4 : (1 ),,,, 10.1 ( a),,, (2 ), 10.1 ( b) :, ;, (3 ),, 10.1( c), ( ) 10.1 (4 ),,,, 10.2 ( ), ( ), 0 1 3,, 153

166 , ;,, , : E = h (10.1) h, h = J s; :,, E A 0,, : Ek = 1 2 mv2 = h v - A0 (10.2) m ; v,,,,,, ,,,,,, (1 ) 1) 10.3 ( a),,,,, 154

167 10,,, 10.3,,,,,,,,,,,, 2) , 10.4 ( a) ( b ), ( ),, , 2, ( ) 155

168 10.6, ;, 10.6, 1 2, 3 ( ),,, (2 ) 1),,,,, ( Photo multiplier tube, PM T) ( ) 3,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 3 6,,, 3 6, ( ), ,,,, 2) M M n, : 156

169 10 I ; i ; ; n ( 9 11 ) : I = i M = i n (10.3) = I/ i = n = M (10.4) M,, M , V V, M,,, 10 A/ lm,,,,,,,,,,,,, , ( -, ) ; ;, (1 ), ; ;, 1),,,,,, 157

170 ,,,,,, 10.8 (a),,, ( ),, ( ), (, ) 10.8 ( b ), 10.8 (c) 10.8, 2),,, 10.9,,, 1 M, 100 M, 1 k ,, 10.9,,,,,, -, 158

171 10,, 10.10,, ,,,,,,,,,, 63%,,,,, 10.12, 10.13, ( ), (2 ) 1),,, 159

172 ,, 10.14( a) N, P PN PN, h E, PN -, P N, N P, P N, P 10.13, N, PN, PN,, P N, ( P ),, ( N ), 10.14( b),,, ),,,, 3) 160

173 ( a), m, m,,, 0.8 m, 0.5 m,,, ( ) 10.16( b ),, ( ), lx,,,,,,,,,,,,, PN,, (c),,,, 161

174 1 000 lx ( d ), :,, ( ),,, (3 ), PN, P N,,, PN P N, P N,, -, P N N, P, 1) PN,, PN,,, 10.17,,,,,,, P, N,, P, N, P N,, ( ) N PN,,,,,,, -,,,,,, 162

175 ma,, ), ( ) 10.19, ( ),, m, m; m, m,, ;,,, 10.20, 10.20, 100,,, 163

176 ,, 10.21, I0 E :, ( ), s, ( ),,,,, , 3 :,,,, 1 A 100 n s, 5 10 s,, ;,, 10.3 CCD ( Charge Coupled Devices, CCD),,, MOS ( Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, MOS ), CCD 1970 W.S.Boyle G.E.Smith 164

177 10, CCD,, CCD CCD, MOS MOS,, ,, MOS, CCD (1 ) CCD MOS CCD MOS, CCD MOS, (a) MOS, ( ) ; ; ( SiO2 ),, (2 ) P MOS, MOS, MOS P, VG ( ),, P, Si-SiO2,, s, 0, - q s s 0, - q s 0,,, ( ),,,, 10.23,, VG,, SiO2 P-Si,, MOS N-Si, V G, SiO2 N-Si,,, -,,, : 165

178 , -, ;,,,,, MOS VG,,,,, (3 ) CCD ( m) MOS,,, VG1 MOS VG1, VG2, < VG2 ( 10.24) VG2,, s2 > s 1, - q s2 < - q s1 < 0, V G2,, 1 2, VG1 < VG2 < < V Gn,,, MOS ( ),,,, MOS CCD 1, 2, 3, ( ) ,, ( 1/ 3 ), ( a ) MOS, 1 1 4, 2 2 5, 3 3 6, ( b) : t = t1 : 1, 2, 3, 1 4, t = t2 : 2, , , , 166

179 10 t = t3 : 2 5 t = t4 : 2, 2 5,,,,,,,,, CCD, (4 ) CCD,? : CCD, -,, ( ), 10.26( a) CCD CCD ( ),, 10.26( b ),, IG t, PN 1, Q = ID t CCD (5 ) CCD OG, CCD,,, PN, RL I0, RL U CCD CCD :, CCD; 167

180 , CCD CCD ; CCD (1 ) CCD CCD,,,, CCD CCD,, 10.28,, ( N ) ( ), MOS, N MOS, MOS P,, N MOS ( ) ( N ), CCD, CCD,,,, CCD CCD, N CCD N, CCD, CCD ( ),,,,, CCD,,, (2 ) CCD CCD,, 3 168

181 10 ( Line Transmission, LT ) CCD (a), :,,,,,,, CCD ( Frame T ran smission, F T ) CCD 10.29( b) 3,, M, N, M N,,, :, 50% ( Interline T ransmission, ILT ) CCD ( c),,,, :,, CCD, CCD, CCD CCD :, (1 ) CCD, Q1, Q0, : 169

182 = Q1 N, : Q0 (10.5) : QN Q0 = N = (1 - ) N (10.6) = 1 - (10.7) CCD, 99.99% %, 90 % CCD,,, (2 ),,, M T F, MT F / ( ), f0 ( / ), f f/ f 0, 300 m, 30 m, 0.1, f m f 0 ( ), : f m = 1 2 f0 (10.8) (3 ) -,,,,,,, 10,,,, PROM ( ),, (4 ), : S = S ; Ns q H A t H ; A ; ( 10.9 ) Ns t 10.30,,

183 10, 10 m,,, nm, 100%, (5 ) CCD,,,,, CCD CCD : : : : : ( ) (1 ),, 1), m,,,, He-N e,,, L a 2 /,, d : d = L / a ( 10.10) 171

184 L ; ; a, N l, : (10.10 ) ( 10.11), a : 2) d = N l ( 10.11) a = L / d = L / ( Nl) ( 10.12),, : 10.32, ( CCD),, ( ),,, ( ), ( ) CCD 10.32, 10.33,, CCD,,,, CCD : a, Lx, b CCD, N0,, L0, Lx, Lx CCD, CCD N1 N2 : 172

185 10 : Lx ; Lx L0 Lx = = = n p M N0 - ( N1 + N2 ) N0 N0 - ( N1 + N2 ) L0 n, n = N0 - ( N1 + N2 ) ; p ; M, M = N0 L0 p N0 ( 10.13) ( 10.14), (2 ) CCD,, / 10.34, CCD ; CCD,, CCD,, ;,, ( ),, (3 ) X -, CCD,,, , ( ), ( ),, 173

186 10.35 X,, : ( 80 kv/ 20 cm ), ;,, ;,,,,, p H 70,, ( 1), ( ), SiO2, GeO2 P2 O5, 5 75 m, m, SiO2, B2 O3 SiF4,,,, 10.37,, ( n1 ) ( ) ( n2 ) ( ),, : i ; 174 sin k sin r = n2 n1 sin i sin = n1 n0 ( 10.15) ( 10.16)

187 10 ; k ; r, n1/ n0 n2/ n1, i,,, k, r i c r = 90,, c : sin c = n1 n0 sin = n1 n0 cos k = n1 n0 1 - n2 n1 2 sin r = 1 n0 n n 2 2 ( 10.17), n0 = 1, : c = arcsin n n 2 2 ( 10.18) k c,, : i < c ( 10.19),,, (2 ) 1) N A (10.18 ), c, n1, n2 N A( Numerical Aperture) :, sin c N A = sin c = n n 2 2 ( 10.20),, NA, i,,,,, 2 c, ( ) NA,, N A NA = ),,,, ( 2 12 m), : ; :, ( m),, : : 175

188 , 3) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ), ( ),,, (2 ),, 1),, ;, ;,, ;,,,, 2),,,, (3 ) 1) ( ),,,, ( ),, 2),, 176

189 10,,, ( a ),,, ( ),,, 10.38,,,, 10.44( b ), :, ( ),,, :, ( ),,,, f ; f i ; c ; f = / c 1 fi 1 - / c fi (1 + / c) ( 10.21),,,, -, 177

190 ,, 3) (4 ) 1),, ; ; m 1 db/ km, m m, Ir( ), 0.1 m ( = m ), ( a) 0.74 m GaAlAs GaAs, 10.40( b ) m,, 0.9 m,,,

191 g,,, T, ( ),, (, ),,, , 2 s, , 2 000, 1, 2 s 2) ( ), , 10 m, 10.43,,,, 10.43, 3),,,, 10.44,,, CCD,, 10.45, 1, 2, M M F1 F2 F1 F2 ( ),, 179

192 ) 10.45, - ( ), ( - ), - ( Fabry- Perot), ;, -,,, -, t, a,,, a a - t, = t/ a, 1, -, 2 2, f -, 180

193 f f -, - -, a = 10 mm, a = 1 m, 100 ; a= 10 nm, % F.S.( Full Scope, ), 0.025% F.S., -, /,, - -, 0.20 mm 10.1?? 10.2? 10.3? 10.4? 10.5? 10.6?? 10.7? 10.8 ;?? MOS CCD? CCD,? CCD? CCD 10.16??

194

195 11,,,,, ,, m, H z,

196 , ( ),,,,,,,,,, c = f (11.1) c ; ; f ,,,, : (1 ),, :,,, 4, : 4,,,,, 1938, Yeoy Ta,, 20 60,,,, ( ),,,, 11.2,,,, 11.2, 184

197 11, , Ps ( ),,,,,, Ps,, 5 50 m,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, ;,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, 185

198 ,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,, 11.2 : : :, : : : , ( ),,, :

199 m,, :, ;,,,, 2 m,, 7 m :, T, Q, V, Q,, T = 0,,, T, ;,,, ,,,,,,, 2003, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 3 : 11.5 :,,,,,, LED ( ) RS232 ( ) 187

200 ,, ( 11.6 ), , CO 4.65 m ; CO m 4.26 m 13 m,, N2, O2 H2 ;, H e, Ne, Ar ; 188

201 11,, ( ),,,, C, C m,,, ( N2 ),,,,, ( CO ),, CO, 4.65 m ;,,,,,, C,,,, 11.7,, CO CO2 4 5 m, CO2 CO, 11.7, CO2, ( CO) 11.1? 11.2?? 11.3,? 11.4?? 11.5, ( : ) 189

202 ,, 1 m 1 mm ,,,,,,,,, ;,, 190

203 : ; ; ;, ;, :,,,,,, (1 ) (2 ),,,,,,, : ( ) (1 ) ( 300 MHz 300 G H z),,, ( 10 cm, ) (2 ),, 12.2,, ;, (3 ), 191

204 12.2 -,, ( PN ), (1 ),, ; 1 m 1 mm, 0.3 G H z 3.0 G Hz, ;,, ;,,, ;,, ;,, ; (2 ), ;, s,, Pr Pr = 2 4 d ; 192 s ; Pt, Gt ; : Pt Gt Gr (12.1) s d 2

205 12 Gr, Pr d ,,, ( ), ; ( ), : ; ; ; = + (12.2),,, 1 5, 64,,, ( ),,,, : MS, A1, A2 T 1, T2 T1, ; T2 ( P T, AT ) T1, T2,, 193

206 12.2.3,,, ( ),, : : e0 (, T ) ; C ; k ( k = J/ K) ; T ; e0 (, T ) = 2 ck T (12.3) Ti Tc,, e0 (, T ),, 12.5,,,,,, 0.1, 1, 0.1,,, ,,,,, 194

207 12,,, 12.6,, (,, ), : K = 2 ( ) ; K 1 (12.4) G Hz( = 6 mm ), = 1.0 mm, 2 = 2.0 mm, ,,,,,, 195

208 ,,, ( ),, ;,,,, , v,, ( ), : f d ; v ; ; fd = 2 v cos (12.5), fd ;, f d v, fd f d,, (12.5),, : r ; ud ; Ud ud = Ud sin (2 f d t - 4 r ) (12.6) r,, ( 12.6), : 196

209 12 : : 1 = 2 fd t - 4 r = 2 t 2 vcos - 4 r = 2 fd t - 4 r = 2 t 2 vcos - 4 r = 2-1 = 4 r( 1-2 r = ( 1-2 ) (12.7) (12.8) 1 ) (12.9) 1 (12.10 ), 1 2, r ( 12.10), ; ; ; 12.1? ?

210 13,,,, (1 ),,, H z, ; 16 H z, ; H z, , : 198

211 13 = c f (13.1) ; c ; f,,,, : (2 ) 1), ; ;,,,, 2),, 344 m/ s, m/ s,, 90% 3),,,, 13.2,,,,,, c1 c2 4), : sin sin = c1 c (13.2),, 199

212 : P x, I x x ; P0 P x, I0 ; x ; = P0 e - x (13.3) I x = I0 e - 2 x (13.4),,,,,,,,,, db/ cm db/ mm, db/ mm 1 db/ mm, 1 mm 1 db ,,,,, (1 ), ( ) ( ),,,,,,, 13.3, ( ),, f,,,, ( 0.3 mm ),, 200

213 13,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, 13.3, mm,, :,, ( ),, , 201

214 ,,,, v, d, t, : d = v t 2 (13.5) t, 13.4,,, t, t,,,,,,,,, ; , ( 13.5 ( a) (c), ( 13.5 ( b) ( d ) ) ( 13. 5( a) ( b) ),, 202

215 13 ( 13.5 ( c) ( d) ),,,,,,, : h ; t = 2 h v h = v v t 2, 2 s,, : s ; a s = v t 2 (13.6) (13.7) (13.8) h = s 2 - a 2 (13.9), t, :,, 0.1 %, m,, 13.6 v, c, ( 90 ), A, B, L (1 ) A, B,, c + v cos, t1 :

216 t1 = L c + v cos ( 13.10) B, A,, c - v cos, t2 : : : t = t2 - t1 = t2 = L c - v cos - L c - v cos L c + v cos = 2 Lv cos c 2 - v 2 cos 2 ( 13.11) ( 13.12),, c v, ( ) : t 2 Lv cos ( 13.13) c 2 v c2 t ( 13.14) 2 L cos v,,, t, c, c, (2 ) A, B, 1 : 1 = L ( 13.15) c + v cos B, A, 2 : : = 2-1 = 2 = L c - v cos -, c v, ( 13.17) : : L ( 13.16) c - v cos L c + v cos = 2 Lv cos ( 13.17) c 2 - v 2 cos 2 2 Lv cos ( 13.18) c 2 v c2 ( 13.19) 2 L cos, c, 204 (3 ), A, B, f 1 :

217 13 f1 = 1 t1 = c + v cos L B, A, f2 : : f2 = 1 t2 f = f1 - f2 = c + v cos - L v = = c - v cos L : c - v cos = 2 v cos L L ( 13.20) ( 13.21) ( 13.22) L f ( 13.23) 2 cos (13.23 ),, L, v f, c,,,,,, ( ),,,, (1 ) 13.7, 13.7,,,,, ;, 205

218 ,,, :, ;,, :, ;, ; (2 ) 1) ,, ( T ),,, F,, B F B, T,, T B, F;, T B, F ( ),,,,, T F, B (2 ) 13.9 (a),,,,,,, ( ( b) ) ;,, ( ( c) ) ;, ( ( d) ),, 206

219 ? 13.2? 13.3, t? m/ s, 25 s, 13.4?? 13.5, 13.6? 207

220 14,,,, :,,,,,, :, ( ) 14.1 ( ), 14.1, ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ), 208 ( )

221 ,, (1 ),,, 14.2,,, 1 ;,, 0,,,,, a b c d e f g h i j k

222 11 l m n o p = 360 / 2 4 = 22.5 n, = 360 / 2 n, n,,,,,,,,, ,, ( 3),, , 3, 1000, i,,, ( ), 14.1 :,,,,, ( n,, ),, n,, 6 ( 14.3 ) 6, :,, 14.1, : Cn = Bn C ; Ci = Bi Bi+ 1 ( i = 0 n - 1) B ; i ;, (14.1) (14.1),, n ( ) : 210

223 14, : : Bn = Cn Bi = Ci Bi+ 1 ( i = 0 n - 1 ) (14.2),,,,,, (2 ),, 16, 20 ;, 23, , ,,, ( ), 14.5,, ( ),,, ( 211

224 ), 1 0, 14.5 ( , 360 / 64, 5.6 ) : 1 1, 2 1 ; 2 2, 2 2 ; 4 4, 2 3 ;, 2 6 = 64,, (, 14.5 ), = ,,,,,, 1 0,, (3 ),, 14.6, ;, 14.6 ( NS SN NS ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 0,, : ; :, ( ), 360,, ( 0 ), 360,,,,, 10 1, 10,, 212

225 ( ) n,,,,,, (1 ), A B,,,,,, ,,,, (2 ), 14.8( a), 14.8 ( b ) 1 2, P1 P2, D D C, D C ( P2 ), 1 2, P1 P2 90, D Q = 1,, P1 P2 Y P,,, P2 P1 90, D Q = 0,,,,,,,, 213

226 ,, ; ;, ( ) ( ), ( 0.05 m, 0.1 ),,,,, (1 ) ( ),, 14.9 a ( ), b ( ), a + b = W ( ), a = b 25, 50, 100, 125,

227 14 (2 ) ,,,,, ( Moire),,, ( d d) ;, ( f f ), BH : 1), W ( a = b = W 2 ), BH, BH : W ; BH = W/ 2 sin W/ 2 / 2 = W 2 (14.3),, BH, BH W 1/, 50, a= b= 0.01 mm, = 0.1 = rad, BH = mm, 573, 2) W, BH,, ;,,, 3), 0, 215

228 : = 0 n (14.4) n 50 /, 4 mm, 200, m, 0.07 m,,,, ;,, ( ) (1 ) ( ), 14.11, ( ) ( - ) 14.11,,,, : W ; d = W2 (14.5),, 14.12, ( a),, ; ( b), ; (c), ( d) ( e), W,,,,,,,,,, : u = U0 + Um sin ( x ) (14.6) W

229 u ; U0 ; Um ; W ; x (14.6), x 0 W, /, x, 50 x,, 217

230 (2 ),, 1) 14.14, BH/ 4, 1 2, / 2 u1 u2 ( (14.5) ), 1 u 2, A, u 1, u 2 1, Y1 ; u 1, u 2 0, Y2, A, 1 u 2 0, Y1 ; u 1 u 2 1, Y2, u 2,, u 1,, ( 14.8), ),,,,,,,,, N, N, 1/ N, N, 218

231 (1 ),, ( / ),,,,,,,,,,, 14.15,,,,,, (2 ) 14.15, ( : r/ min) : t ; N1 t ; n = N1 N.60 t N ( ) (14.7) (a) t,,,, t, ( ) 219

232 ( : r/ min) : N ; n = 60 2 N2 N T N2 ; T, s (14.8) 14.16( b ),, N2, (14.8) ,,, ,,,, 220

233 ?? 14.2?? ? 0.01 mm,? ,? ? 14.11?? 1

234 15 ( ),,, 15.1, : ;, ;,,,, (1 ),,,,,,, ;,, :, ; 222

235 15 ;, ;, ; ;, (2 ) 1) ( S),, R P : S = R P, R0, K : 2) K = R0 R (15.1) R (15.2), 3),,, 4),,, 5),, 6), 7) 8),,,,,, ;, (3 ),,, 223

236 ,,,, ( SnO 2 Fe 2 O 3 ZnO 2 ),,,,,, CO H 2, C H 4 C 2 H 5 O H SO 2, CO 2,,,, H 2 CO 2,, ( ), MOS P d-m OSFE T 15.1, ;,,

237 15 (1 ) 1),, N ( ) P ( ),, 15.2,,, ( ),,, ( ),, O2 N O2, 15.2 N,, H2 CO,, N ( SnO2 ZnO), P ( MoO2 CrO3 ), ( ),, N, P, ( ), 15.2 N : + N :, ; + N :, ; + P :, ; + P :,,,,,, 15.3 SnO2, 15.4 SnO2 -, 1 2,,,,,, ,,,, SnO2 225

238 15.5,,, 15.3 SnO SnO 2-2) 15.5 SnO 2 3 : ( SnO2 ZnO ) ( Pt Pb ),,,,, :,

239 , SnO2 ZnO,,, ; : a., ; b., ; c.,,, SnO2,,, ;,,, ( SnO2 ZnO ),, : SnO2 ZnO 15.8 : 15.8 SnO2 ZnO 3% 15%,, :,, 3) :,, ; ;, :,,,, 227

240 ( ) 15.9 (2 ) 3 : MOS Pd- MOSF ET 1),,,,,,, 2) MOS MOS MOS -, P, nm SiO2, SiO2 Ca, Si-SiO2 Cs, C U, MOS - ( C-U ), H2,, MOS C-U MOS, 15.11, H 2 228

241 15 3) Pd-MOSF ET Pd-MOSF ET MOS ( MOSF ET ) UT Pd-MOSFE T MOSF ET ( Pd ) ( Al), ,, H2, H 2, UT UT UT MOS C- U Pd-MOSF ET H2 H2 PH 2 ( Pa) : UT = UT m UT m Pd-SiO2, UT K K P H K P H 2 (15.3) ; Pd-MOSFE T ,, (1 ) SnO2 TGS109,, 15.13, SnO TGS109 ( ),,, ( ),,,,,, 229

242 ,,,,,,, ( ) TGS (2 ),,

243 , QM-N10, N, QM-N10, ( A K ), A, K, RP, K, U850 ;, A, K, RP, K, C2, C2 U850 ( 1.4 V), U850, KD9561 A, K, K 1.4 V, U850, (3 ) QM-J1 ; K1 2, ; 5G , S,,,, Ua, U1, U3, K2, K2 2, VD2,,,, K2 1,, K1, K1 1, 15.2, :, 30%,, ;, (60% 75% ) ;, ;, 231

244 (1 ), : : 1) ( A H ),, mv ; V ; Ha = mv V Ha, g/ m 3 kg/ m 3 (15.4) ( V ) PV,, : m ; R ; T V = PV m R T 2) ( R H ) (15.5), : HT = PV PV ; PW ; PW HT,, 3) 100% (15.6),,,,,,, (2 ),, 232, :, ;

245 15,, ;, ; ;, ;, ;,, ; (3 ) 1) ( : ) 2) 3) ( : ),, 4) ( ) ( ) 5),, 90% 6 ), 1,, 7), (4 ), ; ;,, S AW

246 (1 ),, 3 1),, ( LiCl ;, ), , ( LiCl), Li + Cl -,,, Li +,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 15.19,,, 15.19, 50% 80%,,, 10% 20%, 20% 40%, 40% 70%, 70% 90% 80 % 99 % 5, 234

247 15 : ; ; 5 % : ; ;,, 2),,,,,,, ZnO-LiO2 -V2 O5 Si-Na2 O-V2 O5 TiO2 - MgO-Cr2 O3 Fe3 O4 3, ;, A.,, P,, N,,,,,, ( ),, 15.20, P N,, B.,,,,,, Fe3 O4 A.MgCr2 O4 -T io2, MgCr2 O4 -T io2 235

248 ,,,,, 2 3, MgCr2 O4 -T io Fe 3 O MgCr 2 O 4 -TiO MgCr 2 O 4 -TiO 2

249 15 B.ZnO-Cr2 O , ZnO-Cr2 O3,,,,,,, : a., ; b.,, ; c ZnO-Cr 2 O 3, 3) ( N H 4 + Cl - N H2 SO3 - H + ),,,, ;,,, ( H + ) ( H3 O + ),,,, 0 50, ( < 30 s ), 0 100%, 5% (2 ), 15.25, 15.25,,,, LC, 15.26,,,, 237

250 15.26 ; ( BaT io3 -BaSnO2 P ), ,,, (1 ) RH, RL, J, J1 T 1 T 2, T1 R1, R2 RH,, RH, T1, T2, J, J1, RL,, RH,, RH R2 T1, T1, T2, J, J1, RL,,, RH,, T1, T2, J1, RL, (2 ) KSC- 6 V, RC 238

251 15, : RC,, 0,,, 0,, 0, RC, 0 100% mv KSC- 6 V 15.28, A1 A2, A1 A2 RP1 RP2,, A1, A1,, T 1, LED1,, J1,,, A1, J1,,,, A2, A2, T 2, LED2,, J2,, J2,,, (3 ),, 239

252 ,,,,, ( LED ), 15.29, VT1 VT2,, 2 k, V T1 0.5 V, VT 2, 1 V, V T3 V T2, VT3 VT4,, ;, 50 k, VT1, V T2,, VT 3 VT 4, ( LED),,,, ? 15.2? 15.3?, ?? 15.6,?, 240

253 , 20 60, 70 80,,,, , 21, 21 ( immobilized biomolecules ), Gronow ( ), : ( ), ( ), ; ( ),,,, 241

254 ( biological active ma terials ), ( tran sducers),,,,, ; ( ) ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,, , :,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,, 1%,,,,,,,,, 242

255 16, Clark Lyons 15,,,, 1972 Yellow Springs ( YSI), 1979,, Leeds NorthNp Beckman, 20 80,80,, ISFE T-pH, ; Medisen se,1988 ( mediator ), ( Pen ) ( companion) %,,, ( F ET ) ( FOS ) ( PZ) ( SAW ), 80, 1991 Pharmacia BIAcore BIAlit e 90, ( MEMS ), Minimed, Lifescan, Medi-sense MEMS,, 20,, :,, ( TAS ),,,,, : (1 ),,,,, 243

256 (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),, 16.2 ( ),, ph,,,, ,,,, ( ) ( ), 244

257 16,,,,,,, , ( ) DNA,, ( ), DNA,, ;, ;, ;, ,,, ( ), ,, ( ph ) 245

258 , Clark ( ) ( ) ( ph ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,, 16.2, 16.2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) :, ( ),,,

259 ( ), DNA (1 ) ( Enzyme Sensor),,, ( ) ( F ET- ) / d / ( mg ml - 1 ) p H L L L- L

260 (2 ) ( Tissue Sensor),, / d CO mol/ L CO mol/ L L- NH mol/ L O 2 14 CO mol/ L O U/ ml (3 ) ( Microorganism Sensor),,,,,,,,,,, / ( mg L - 1 ) O O O B12 O2 CO CO B p H p H 248

261 , 1993, Radu mg, 5 9 min,,, L( + ),, 2 3 min,,, 0.01 ml, 2 3 min, AOAC SO2 ( Thiobacillus thiooxidarts ) SO2, 0.1 ng/ g C B,,,, mmol/ L,,, Nisson NADP H,,,, GC, Guilbault, mmol/ L Male,, mmol/ L,, Mesarost,,,,, Muramatas u IgS, / mm 3 Chang Saures A, 1 ng/ ml A, 4 min, 3 4 h ELISA E. co1i Saures, Bouret te ( FIA), 249

262 CFM/ ml E.coli, 30 min, 300,,, ( ) ( ) ( IM P ) ( H x ) ( ATP ) K1 ( ATP ) K1,, K1 < 20 %,, K1 = 20% 40%, 1987, Karube, (50 20) 10-6 mol/ L ,,,,, ( BOD), BOD, BOD 5 d 1977 Karube, - BOD BOD, 15 min BOD 1993, Kong I, BOD, BOD,, BOD, BOD,,, BOD,,, BOD SO2, Marty -, SO2, 10 min SO mol/ L, SO 2-3, mol/ L,, 37 2,

263 16,,,,, ( Ache) ; ;, ,,,,,, (1 ),,,,, ( Psoudomonas fluorescens ),,,,,,,, ( Trichosporon brassicae), ( E.coli),,, - (2 ),,, (3 ),

264 ,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ), Kim, ( screen-printed electrod, SPE) ( AF P), 20 L, A FP,, ELISA 96 A FP, AFP, 15 min 20 L, 3 min, 90 L,,, 120 s AF P, A FP, g/ ml, ELISA,, 20 min, Kreuzer IgE, 90 ng/ L, ng/ L, 30 min, Nalion, Charpenrier Okochi, 20 L, IgE Knight DNA,, Zhou DN A, Erdem DN A, DNA, ( ), DN A 252

265

266 ,,,,,,,,,,, ( Intelligent sensor Smart sensor),,,,,,,,,,,, : ;,, 20 80,, 254

267 17,,,, 21, , 3 : (1 ),, ( ),,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, ,

268 17.1.3,,,,,,,, :,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, , : (1 ), ; ; (2 ),, ADI ADXRS300,, 300( )/ s,, ( )/ s g g Honeywell, psi( psi, / 2, 1 psi = kpa), 10 (3 ),,, RS232 PIO IEEE- 488 D/ A, 256

269 17 Sensirion S HT / 15,, 3, (4 ), ; ;,, ( ), (5 ),, (6 ),,,, (7 ),,,,, (8 ), (9 ),,,, S H T / 15, 7.62 mm ( ) 5.08 mm ( ) 2.5 mm( ), 0.1 g, (10),,, CMOS,,, FPS W , 257

270 , ,,,,,,,,, -,,,,,,,, , 6 1, 4,, 8031,0, 1 6 6,,,

271 17, , RS ,,,,, 3 :,, CCD ;,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, ( ) 259

272 ,,,,,,, (1 ),,, 17.5, 3DIC, :, MOS,,,,,,, 17.5 (2 ), /,,,, Honeywell 1983 ST-3000,, 260

273 , S T , ST , ( ) ( A/ D D/ A I/ O ) S T ST ,,, A/ D ( P ) ( ROM PROM RAM E 2 PROM) D/ A I/ O ROM ; RPOM ST-3000, ;, PROM ; RAM E 2 PROM,, E 2 PROM RAM,, ; PROM P, P T,, D/ A, I/ O 17.7 ST-3000 ST-3000 :, 100 1( 10 1), 400 1,, ;, 0.1% ;, ( MTBF ) 4.70, 15 ST-3000, 261

274 (3 ) CCD( ),,,,,, CPU, 17.8, CPU, ,,, ,,, -,,,,,,,,,,, , 262

275 17,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ,,, ( MEM T ),,,,, CP U,, ,,, ; ; Honeywell PP T PP T R PP TE, A/ D,,, ID,,, E 2 PROM ( Wireless Sensors Net work, WSN),,,,,,,,,, 263

276 17.1? 17.2? 17.3? 17.4? 17.5? ? 264

277 1. ( ) [ M]. :, ,. ( ) [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ M]. :, ( 3 ) [ M]. :, [ M]. :, ( 3 ) [ M]. :, ( ) [ M ]. :, [ ]. [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ M]. :, [ ]. [ M]. :, ( 4 ) [ M]. :, ( 2 ) [ M]. :, [ M]. :, ,. [ J]., 2002, 13 ( 3 ) : 265

278 ,,. [ J ]., 2004, 24 (7 ) : [ J ].,2004, 30 : ,,. [ J ]., 2004, 22( 1) : ,,. [ J ]., 2004, 1: ,. [ J ]., 2002, 20 ( 3 ) : ,. [ J]., 2004,1 : Trosok SP, Driscoll BT, Luong JH T. Med i ated m icrobia l biosensor usin g a no vel yeast stra in f or w astew ater BOD measurement [ J ]. A pplied microbiology and bio technology, 2001,56 ( 3 4) : Makarenko A A, Bezverbnaya IP, Kosheleva IA, et al. Development o f biosensors f or p henol determination f rom bacteria f ound in petroleum f ields o f W est Siberia [ J ]. Applied biochemistry and microbiology, 2002, 38 (1 ) : Kim EJ, Yanagida Y, H aruyama T, et al. Im munosensin g system f or - f etoprotein cou pled w ith a disposable amperometric glucose ox idase sensor [ J ]. Sensor & Actuator s B, 2001, 79: Kreuzer M P, Sullivan CK, Pravda M, E t al. Development of an i mmunosensor f or the determi nation o f 2001, 442: a ller gy antibod y in blood sam p les [ J ]. Analy tica Chemica Acta, 36 Joseph W. Glucose biosensors: 40 years of advances and challenges [ J ]. Eletroanaly sis, 2001, 13( 12 ) : Charpentier L, Murr NEL, Amperometric determ ination o f cholesterol in ser um with sue o f a renew able su r f ace perox id ase electrode [ J ]. Analytical Chemica Acta, 1995, 318: Knight AW, Goddard NJ, Fielden PR, et al. Development of a f lowthrou gh detector f or monitoring genotox ic com pounds by quanti f y in g the ex p ression o f green f luoresent protein in genetical ly modi f ied yeast cel ls [ J ]. Meas Sci Tech nol, 1999, 10: Zhou XC, H uang LQ, Li SF. Microgr av imetric D N A sensor based on quartz cr ystal microba lance: com p arison o f oli gonucleoti de i mmobili za tion method and t he a p plication in genetic diagnosis[ J].Biosense Bioelectron, 2001, 16:

279 ,,, : : : : ( ) : : ( ) : : : ( ) : ( ) ( ) : : 174 ( A ) : : : : ht tp:/ / fxk@ cqup.com.cn