untitled

... I... III... IV... 1... 13 1-1... 13 1-2... 13 1-3... 13 1-4... 13 1-5... 14 1-6... 15... 19 2-1... 19 2-2... 21 2-3... 23... 24 3-1... 24 3-2... 24... 29 4-1... 29 4-2... 29 4-3... 32 4-4... 34... 37 5-1... 37 5-2... 37 5-3... 37... 39 6-1... 39 6-2... 39 I

6-3... 40... 42 7-1 1... 42 7-2 2... 49... 58... 79... 89... 100 II

2-1... 20 2-2... 22 7-1... 45 7-2... 52 III

1-1... 2 1-2... 4 1-3... 8 1-2... 11 6-1... 39 7-1 98~100... 43 7-2 98~100... 43 7-3 98~100... 45 7-4... 46 7-5... 48 7-6 98~100... 51 7-7 98~100... 51 7-8 98~100.. 53 7-9... 53 7-10... 56 8-1... 58 8-2... 59 8-3... 60 8-4... 61 8-5... 62 8-6... 63 8-7... 64 8-8... 65 8-9... 66 8-10... 67 8-11... 68 8-12... 69 8-13... 70 8-14... 71 8-15... 72 IV

8-16... 73 8-17... 74 8-18... 75 8-19... 76 8-19... 76 8-20... 77 8-21... 78 9-1... 79 9-2... 80 9-3... 81 9-4... 82 9-5... 83 9-6... 84 9-7... 85 9-8... 86 9-9... 87 9-10... 88 10-1... 89 10-2... 90 10-3... 91 10-4... 92 10-5... 93 10-6... 94 10-7... 95 10-8... 96 10-9... 97 10-10... 98 10-11... 99 11-1... 100 11-2... 101 11-3... 102 11-4... 103 11-5... 104 11-6... 105 V

11-7... 106 11-8... 107 11-9... 108 11-10... 109 11-11... 110 11-12... 111 11-13... 112 11-14... 113 11-15... 114 11-16... 115 11-17... 116 11-18... 117 11-19... 118 11-20... 119 11-21... 120 11-22... 121 11-23... 122 11-24... 123 11-25... 124 11-26... 125 11-27... 126 11-28... 127 11-29... 128 11-30... 129 11-31... 130 11-32... 131 11-33... 132 11-34... 133 11-35... 134 11-36... 135 11-37... 136 11-38... 137 11-39... 138 11-40... 139 VI

11-41... 140 11-42... 141 11-43... 142 11-44... 143 11-45... 144 11-46... 145 11-47... 146 VII

1

94 102 15 32 ( 1-1) 1-1 2

7 22 64 15 ( 魞 ) () () () () 鮻 () 鮊 魞 3

() () 鱂 鱂 鱂 1-2 () () Anguilla japonica Anguilla marmorata Megalops cyprinoides + Trichogaster trichopterus + Channa maculata + Channa striata + + Cichlasoma citrinellum synspilum + + Cichlasoma managuensis + Oreochromis spp. Eleotris fusca Rhinogobius brunneus * Rhinogobius candidianus * * Rhinogobius formosanus* Rhinogobius giurinus * Rhinogobius rubromaculatus * Sicyopterus japonicus 鮻 Liza macrolepis Mugil cephalus Cobitis sinensis Misgurnus anguillicaudatus * Acrossocheilus paradoxus * * Aphyocypris kikuchii * 4

() () + Barbodes pierrei + * Candidia barbata * Carassius auratus + + Carassius cuvieri + + Ctenopharyngodon idellus + 鮊 Culter erythropterus Cyprinus carpio + Hemiculter leucisculus * Microphysogobio alticorpus * * Microphysogobio brevirostris * Paracheilognathus himategus Pesudorasbora parva Rhodeus osellatus osellatus 魞 * Spinibarbus hollandi* Varicorhinus barbatulus * Zacco pachycephalus * Zacco platypus * Crossostoma lacustre * * Hemimyzon formrsanus * * Sinogastromyzon puliensis* Pseudobagrus adiposalis Pseudobagrus brevianalis * brevianalis* Clarias fuscus + Acanthicus hystrix + Parasilurus asotus 鱂 鱂 + Gambusia affinis + 鱂 + Poecilia reticulata + * + 5

2 1 3 7 33 (16 )(11 ) 8-12 6

() () 7

31 1 6 15 ( 1-3) 5 1-3 () () * Caridina pseudodenticulata * Neocaridina denticulata Macrobrachium asperulum Macrobrachium epuidens Macrobrachium formosense Macrobrachium jaopnicum Macrobrachium lar 8

Macrobrachium nipponense + Procambarus clarkii + Eriocheir japonicus Varuna litterata * Geothelphusa cinerea* * Geothelphusa ilan* * Geothelphusa olea * * Candidiopotamon rathbuni * * + 5 9 14 (Bivalvia)(Gastropoda) ((Turritella terebra terebra)/ )(Stenomelania plicaria)(semisulcospira libertina) ()() 卵 () 9

刺 (Clonorchis sinensis)(angiostrongylus cantonensis) ( ) (Sinotaia quadrata)(corbicula fluminea) (Pomacea canaliculata)68 10

1-4 Semisulcospira libertina Sinotaia quadrata Cipangopaludina chinensis Melanoides tuberculatus tuberculatus Stenomelania plicaria Tarebia granifera Thiara scabra Pomacea canaliculata Physa acuta Radix auricularia swinhoei Septarria septaria porcellana Anodonta woodiana Unio douglasiae taiwanicus Corbicula fluminea 11

77 293 刺 12

1-1 1. 2. 3. 鳝 1-2 1. 2. 1-3 1. 2 95% 5% 1-4 1. 2. 3. 13

4. 5. 1-5 57 482 24600 48000 2450 224 30 6 1. (1). (2). (3). 14

2. (1). (2). (3). 1-6 1. ( )1986) (1986) (1993) 1999 2. 3. (1). 15

: : A. B. C. A. B.( )() D.(Dorsalfin) A.(Analfin) C.(Caudalfin) P.(Pectoralfin) V.(Ventralfin) D.1 D.2 123 A.I+9 A.2+9 (2). ( 1986) 16

刺刺 (3). L.1 (4). 刺 ( Gr.) (5). 4. () cm mm 17

=/ =/ 5. (1987) ( 1987) (1).(Fusiform) (2).(Compressiform) (3).(Depressiform) (4).(Anguilliform) 18

2-1 2 1 3 7 33 16 11 8-12 19

2-1 20

2-2 31 21

H 2-2 22

2-3 1. 2. (1). (2). (3). 12 Z 3. 23

( http://shell.sinica.edu.tw/main.htm ) 17 65 3-1 (Stream-net samplers) Surber sampler Hess sampler Drift net 3-2 () 1A.... 33 1B.... 2 2A.... 3 2B.... 25 3A.... 4 3B.... 8 4A.... 5 24

4B.... 7 5A.... 6 5B.... Nertina violacea ( Gmelin ) 6A.... Septaria porcellana ( Linnaeus ) 6B.... Septaria lineate ( Lamarack ) 7A.... Neritina 7B.... Clithon 8A. ( 6)... 9 8B. (Paucispital) ( 7)... 18 9A.... 10 9B.... 14 10A.... Pila leopoldvillensis Orbigny 10B.... 11 11A.... 12 11B.... 13 12A.... Cipangopaludina miyaggi Kuroda 12B. Pomacea scalaris Orbigny 13A.... Ampullarium insularum Orbigny 13B.... 14 14A....... Cipangopaludina chinensis (Gray) 14B....... Sinotaia quadrate 15A.... Bithynia 25

15B.... 16 16A....... Stenothyra formosana Pilsbry & Hirase 16B.... 17 17A.... 18 17B.... Assiminea 18A. 6...... Oncomelania hupensis formosana ( Pilsbry &Hirase) 18B. 5... Oncomelania hupensis chiui ( Habe & Miyazaki ) 19A.... Semisucospira libertine ( Gould ) 19B.... 20 20A. 1/4... 21 20B. 1/4... 22 21A.... Thiara plicaria ( Born ) 21B....... Thiara torulosa ( Bruguiere ) 22A. 1/2... 23 22B. 1/2... 25 23A....... Thiara torulosa ( Bruguiere ) 23B.... 24 24A. 刺... Thiara scabra ( Muller ) 24B....... Thiara granifera ( Lamerck ) 26

25A....... Thiara tuberculata ( Muller ) 25B....... Thiara costellaris ( Lea ) 26A.... Ferrissia 26B.... 27 27A.... 28 27B.... 29 28A. 20-30...... Lymnaea swinhoei ( Adam ) 28B. 20-30...... Lymnaea ollula ( Gould ) 29A.... Physa 29B.... 30 30A....... Gyrallus spirillus ( Gould ) 30B.... 31 31A....... Segmentina hemisphaerula ( Benson ) 31B.... 32 32A.... Hippeutis umbilicalis ( Benson ) 32B....... Hippeutis cantori ( Benson ) 33A. 15... 34 33B. 20... 36 27

34A.... Sphaerium 34B.... 35 35A.... Corbicula 35B....... Pisidium casertanum ( Poli ) 36A.... Anodonta woodiana (Lea ) 36B.... 37 37A.... Unio douglasiae ( Lea) 37B.... Cristaria discoidae ( Lea ) 28

4-1 4-2 1. 62 2. 29

卵 卵 100 3. 卵 卵 40 4. 30 5. 30

刺 6. (Parachauliodes sp.) (Protohermes sp.) 9cm 7. 200 8. (Eoophyla) 31

9. 10. 11. 刺 4-3 1A... 2 1B... 6 32

2A... 2B 3... 3 3A 1~2... 4 3B... 5 4A 1... 4B... 5A 5... 5B... 6A 刺... 6B... 7 7A... 8 7B 3 刺... 8A 2 2...... 襀 8B 2 3 1... 33

... 4-4 1. () (reach) ( ) 2. (1).(Grab sampers Grabs) Ekman grab Petersen grab (2).(Stream-net samplers) 34

Surber sampler Hess sampler Drift net (3).(Artificial substrate samplers) (multiplate sampler)(basket sampler) 3. (1). 0.6mm 0.25mm (2). 70~80% 10% 35

(3). 36

5-1 5-2 1. 2. 1~4m2 4~50m2 100~10000m2 5-3 1. 37

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 3 38

6-1 (Biodiversity) 6-2 5-1 6-1 Simpson's Index Shannon-Wiener's index λ = 1 H ' = s i= 1 s i= 1 ni ( N i 2 ) ( n / N)log( n / N) i n i i N n i i N 39

- or H ' = s i= 1 ( n i / N) ln( n i / N) Pielou's evenness index Margelef's index J ' = H ' / log S R = (S-1) / log N H S S N 6-3 (regional diversity γ diversity) (community diversity α diversity) (gradient diversity β diversity) (between community diversity) 40

41

7-1 1 1. 2. 3. 卵 98 99 100 5 98 99 100 5 -(Shannon-Wiener's index, ) 10 0~5 5 1 0.22(98 8 )0.45(100 7 ) 0.29(100 10 ) 3 0.53~0.97 ( 45)( 123)( 123) 0.22~0.83 ( 45) 0.54~0.97 42

7-1 98~100 Acrossocheilus paradoxus E A1 Paracheilognathus himantegus A2 Candidia barbatus E A3 Ctenopharyngodon idella * A4 Zacco pachycephalus E A5 Carassius cuvieri * A6 Carassius auratus auratus * A7 Cyprinus carpio * A8 Cobitis sinensis A9 Hemimyzon formosanum E A10 Monopterus albus A11 Pseudobagrus brevianalis taiwanensis E A12 鱂 Gambusia affinis * A13 Cichlids * A14 Rhinogobius candidianus E A15 Rhingobius rubromaculatus E A16 7-2 98~100 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 98 8 2 1 8 98 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 10 98 4 2 1 1 2 8 98 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 2 10 98 4 2 2 8 3 8 98 3 2 3 1 3 3 5 3 10 43

4 4 5 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 98 8 2 3 6 9 9 6 2 98 10 3 4 7 10 1 6 6 2 98 8 2 2 4 2 98 10 5 2 4 1 99 7 3 3 10 2 1 1 1 2 99 10 1 2 13 1 1 1 3 1 99 7 1 2 7 3 2 2 2 1 99 10 4 7 1 2 2 1 1 3 99 7 10 2 16 2 1 2 1 1 1 99 10 12 13 26 3 5 4 1 3 2 2 1 99 7 1 2 17 1 26 6 13 2 99 10 2 5 2 11 11 8 3 13 11 5 99 7 3 2 3 30 5 45 10 25 5 2 99 10 4 2 2 6 7 5 1 2 7 3 2 100 7 3 5 2 100 11 2 3 100 7 2 7 2 1 4 100 11 5 2 8 2 5 100 7 7 8 1 5 2 1 100 11 3 2 4 1 4 3 44

4 4 5 5 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 100 5 4 12 15 10 8 7 100 4 17 13 11 4 11 100 3 1 1 6 6 1 7 100 2 13 9 8 11 7-3 98~100 1 2 3 4 5 98 8 0.22 0.53 0.53 0.78 0.58 98 10 0.76 0.82 0.81 0.83 0.54 99 7 0.75 0.81 0.69 0.68 0.77 99 10 0.76 0.8 0.83 0.93 0.97 100 7 0.45 0.61 0.66 0.74 0.66 100 11 0.29 0.64 0.74 0.64 0.54 7-1 45

7-4 1 2 3 4 5 1. 2. 3. 1. Pistacia chinenis Bunge 30 2 5-6 卵 46

4-8 ` 卵 5 (mm) 2. Palaquium formosanum Hay. 20 3. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre 47

7-5 ( ) / ( ) Pistacia chinenis Bunge Palaquium formosanum Hay Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Melia azedarach Linn. 1500 3.0/2.2 2000 2.5/2.0 2000 2.5/2.0 1500 3.0/2.2 Hibiscus tiliaceus L. 2000 2.5/2.0 4. Melia azedarach Linn. : 500 48

5. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. 47 卵 7-2 2 卵 98~100 5 5 1 7 2 9~10 8~10 5 49

- (Shannon-Wiener's index, ) 10 0~5 5 99 1 () 2 98 ( )100 3~5 3~5 2() 4() 50

7-6 98~100 E B1 B2 B3 E B4 魞 E B5 E B6 E 7-7 98~100 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 1 98 7 2 1 98 9 1 1 2 98 7 6 2 98 9 1 3 98 7 13 3 98 9 4 98 7 25 3 4 98 9 5 98 7 8 1 5 98 9 2 1 99 7 2 1 99 10 2 99 7 2 99 10 3 99 7 3 99 10 4 99 7 4 99 10 5 99 7 5 99 10 1 100 7 1 2 3 1 1 100 10 51

2 100 7 4 2 100 10 2 1 3 100 7 1 3 100 10 4 100 7 6 1 4 100 10 5 100 7 6 4 5 100 10 2 2 7-2 52

7-8 98~100 1 2 3 4 5 98 7 - - - 0.15 0.15 98 9 0.30 - - - - 99 7 - - - - - 99 10 - - - - - 100 7 0.55 - - 0.18 0.29 100 10-0.28 - - 0.30-1 7-9 1 2 3 4 5 1. 2. 3. 53

1. Pistacia chinenis Bunge 30 2 5-6 卵 4-8 卵 5 (mm) 2. Diospyros philippensis (Desr.) Gurke 8~20 2~4 4 4~6 8 7~9 54

3. Palaquium formosanum Hay. 20 4. Koelreuteria formosana 卵 卵 3 5. Melia azedarach Linn. 55

500 6. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre 7-10 / ( ( ) ) Pistacia chinenis Bunge Diospyros philippensis (Desr.) Gurke Palaquium formosanum Hay Koelreuteria formosana 1500 3.0/2.2 2000 2.5/2.0 2000 2.5/2.0 1500 3.0/2.2 56

Melia azedarach Linn. 1500 3.0/2.2 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre 2000 2.5/2.0 : 57

8-1 Acrossocheilus paradoxus 15~20 30 2 7 卵 4-10 卵 卵 卵 卵 逹 500 卵 -- -- --- 93 (III) 58

8-2 Zacco pachycephalus 5~15 25 10 卵 -- -- -- 95 59

Zacco platypus () () 8-3 5~10 15 10 -- 92 (II) 60

8-4 Crossostoma lacustre 5~10 15 11 -- 100 61

8-5 Cobitis sinensis 6~9 13 5 2 1 2 4-5 -- --- 99 62

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus 8-6 6~12 18 5 2 1 2 15 ~30 25 ~ 28 5 30 10~30 卵 4 5~ 6 卵 18~ 30 22~28 卵 3 ~ 9 4 ~ 7 卵 3 8 8~10 --- -- 92 (II) 63

8-7 Rhinogobius candidianus 3~5 5 卵 卵 卵 卵 - --- 92 (II) 64

8-8 Rhinogobius giurinus 4~7 10 5 7~8 卵 卵 2-3 10 卵 2-3 --- - 93 (III) 65

8-9 Rhinogobius rubromaculatus 3~4 5 2 -- 92 (II) 66

8-10 Sicyopterus japonicus 7~15 20 2 8~11 卵 卵 5~7 4 4-5 - -- 92 (II) 67

8-11 Candidia barbatus 10~15 20 卵 卵 --- -- 92 (II) 68

Carassius auratus auratus 8-12 10~20 25 3 卵 -- --- -- -- 92 (II) 69

8-13 Carassius cuvieri 23~30 5-6 卵 -- 92 (II) 70

Oreochromis spp. 8-14 10~30 50 6~7 ( ) () 10 1~4 卵 4~5 卵 卵 卵 -- - 5 6 - --- -- -- - 94 71

Cyprinus carpio carpio 鮘 8-15 10~30 60 3 -- -- -- 100 72

8-16 Tanakia himategus 鮘 3~5 7 1 1 5-5 33-35 2+ 8-9 2+ 10-12 1+ 7 卵 卵 卵 --- - 94 73

8-17 Pseudorasbora parva 4~6 10 卵 卵 卵 -- -- - 94 74

8-18 Rhodeus ocellatus 2~4 6 2 卵 卵 -- 94 75

8-19 Aphyocypris kikuchii Medaka( ) 3~5 7 2 5.3 4.4 10-11 30 2 + 7 2+ 7 卵 卵 - 92 (II) 76

Parasilurus asotus 8-20 15~60 3 1 --- 92 (II) 77

Gambusia affinis 鱂 鱂 鱂 8-21 2.5~5 卵 卵 鱂 1913 -- -- - -- 92 (II) 78

9-1 Caridina pseudodenticulata 5.0 6.3 5.6 4.3 16-23(4-5)/3-5 --- - 92 (II) 79

9-2 Neocaridina denticulata 6.0 6.1 6.9 5.0 12-25(2-5)/2-7 15-21(2-5)/4-6 卵 --- - 92 (II) 80

9-3 Macrobrachium asperulum 17.0 26.2 22.7 10.5 8-13(1-3)/1-4 8-12(2-3)/1-3 - ---- - 91 (I) 81

9-4 Macrobrachium japonicum 21.0 33.6 26.2 14.3 10-14(3-5)/2-4 - 100 82

9-5 Macrobrachium lar 28.0 48.6 35.8 20.1 7-10(1-2)/2-3 - - 92 (II) 83

9-6 Macrobrachium nipponense 12.0 27.8 21.2 6.7 9-15(2-4)/2-4 9-14(2-3)/2-3 -- --- 97 84

Eriocheir japonicus 9-7 8-95 85

Varuna litterata 9-8 5-98 86

9-9 Geothelphusa olea 26.2 21.0 mm 34.5 28.2 mm 36.2 27.9 mm 21.2 17.0 1.6 2.0 H 50 1,000 1,000 -- 91 (I) 87

9-10 Candidiopotamon rathbuni 35.0 30.0 mm 46.5 36.9 mm 24.7 20.9 mm H 2000 --- - 92 (II) 88

10-1 Semisulcospira libertina 2 0.05m/sec Pleuroceridae Potamididae 96 89

10-2 Sinotaia quadrata 3 1/3 Cipangopaludina chinensis (Gray, 1834) Cipangopaludina miyagii Kuroda, 1941 Sinotaia quadrata (Benson, 1842) (Pace 1973) 2/3 1/3 2/3 17B 3 17 97 90

Melanoides tuberculatus tuberculatus Melanoides 10-3 3 17 96 91

10-4 Stenomelania plicaria Stenomelania 4 96 92

10-5 Tarebia granifera 2.5 1/2 2/5 卵 卵 96 93

10-6 Pomacea canaliculata 7 卵 卵 卵 卵 10 cm 卵 卵 卵 2mm 卵 2 cm 7 cm 1.5 cm 2 卵 50 卵 1979 1986 17B 30 96 94

10-7 Radix auricularia swinhoei 2 17B 97 95

10-8 Septarria septaria porcellana 2.5 10% Neritidae 卵 96 96

10-9 Anodonta woodiana 12 () 卵 卵 卵 -- glochidium Unionidae (Opisthodetic ligament) (Kuroda 1941Wu 197919801982) Unio douglasiae (Griffith et Pidgeon, 1834) Anodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) Cristaria discoidea (Lea, 1834) 96 97

10-10 Unio douglasiae taiwanicus 4 Unionidae (Opisthodetic ligament) (Kuroda 1941Wu 197919801982) Unio douglasiae (Griffith et Pidgeon, 1834) Anodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) Cristaria discoidea (Lea, 1834) 96 98

10-11 Corbicula fluminea 4 Corbiculidae 3 2 (Corbicula)(Kuroda 1941)Wu(1980) Corbicula fluminea (Muller, 1774) 97 99

11-1 Musa sapientum L. ABC 260 1 97 100

11-2 Ageratum conyzoides L. 30~60 30~ 60 98 101

11-3 Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 30~110 卵 4~7 5 5 30~110 4 5 96 102

11-4 Aster subulatus Michaux (). 2 3 95 103

11-5 Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sch. 2m 4~7 ~ 卵 卵 99 104

11-6 Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) Walker 20~150 100 105

11-7 Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore 40~100 40~100 卵 5~18 3~10 96 106

11-8 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. 10~60 1 1~4 10~60 98 107

11-9 Tridax procumbens L. 30~50 30~50 卵 3~5 1~5 2 10~20 5~8 0.2 15 98 108

11-10 Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Yaubau() 20~60 1~4 6~15 0. 8 0.2 8~9 刺 0.3 95 109

11-11 Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 10-40 10-40 卵 2-4 3 0.12 4-11 95 110

11-12 Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp. 3-8 15 4~6 8 2~4 1 4 1 1 3 2 2 卵 1.5 5~9 100 111

11-13 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. 4~10 () 卵 30 3 4~6 3 1 12 5 4~7 刺 刺 3 3 1000 95 112

11-14 Ricinus communis L. 20~60 7~9 卵 5 5 3 刺 3 2 刺 96 113

11-15 Mimosa pudica L. 1 1 刺 1.5-4 0.4-1 2-4 10-20 0.8-1.3 2-3 1 4 4 1.4 3-4 1 刺 卵 4-11 99 114

11-16 Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl 20 卵 7~10cm 3~4cm 6cm 9 1 9 1,200m 1,800m 98 115

11-17 Sida rhombifolia L. ( ) 50-80 50-80 2-5 0.5-2 0.15-0.3 1.3 5 5 8-10 2 2 刺 1 95 116

11-18 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 50 90 50 90 卵 卵 3 6 8 12 97 117

11-19 Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Herit. ex Vent Koritsatsa() Bisiyoppu() 卵 1000 1000 97 118

11-20 Ficus microcarpa L. f. 20 卵 6~9 3~4, 1~2 0.1~0.12 1~2 卵 1 20 卵 97 119

11-21 Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. () 4 4 刺 5~20 7~10 5 3 7 卵 卵 刺 () 15~25 5 5 10 2 2 卵 1 刺 刺 98 120

11-22 Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell 5~150 5~150 5 1~9 0.5~3 0.25~1.8 4 4 8 2 1.5~3 0.1~0.12 卵 96 121

11-23 Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven 20~100 20~100 5 6~10 2~2.5 4 卵 1 卵 1 8 2.5~5 0.5~0.6 98 122

11-24 Passiflora foetida L. var. hispida (DC. ex Triana & Planch.) Killi ( ) 1~5 1~5 50~150 卵 卵 6~12 5~12 3~11 3~5.5 3~7 3 1.5~3 1~1.5 5 1.5~2.5 0.4~0.6 5 1.5~3 0.5~0.8 1.5~2.5 卵 96 123

11-25 Paederia foetida L. 2~4 卵 卵 卵 5 98 124

11-26 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. 卵 2~3 4 2 4 8 3 卵 7~8,,,, 95 125

11-27 Euphoria longana Lam 10m 10m 15~30cm 2 ~6 6~20 cm 2.5~5 cm 5 5 8 2~3 97 126

11-28 Solanum nigrum L. 20-60 20-60 卵 4-10 3-6 4-10 5 5 2 2 0.7 卵 0.15-0.2 卵 95 127

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume 11-29 卵 3 500 97 128

11-30 Lantana camara L. 1.5--3 刺 刺 卵 ; 1.5--3 刺 卵 刺 : 97 129

11-31 Melia azedarach L ;,3~4,,, 10,,, 1~2 ;, 95 130

Colocasia escutenta (L.) Schott 60-150 11-32 60-150 1 3~4 1 3 11~3 3~4 91 (I) 131

11-33 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. () 3 2 卵 96 132

11-34 Cyperus iria L. 10~60cm 10~60cm 2~5mm 2~5 2 卵 1.5~4cm 5~22 4~10mm 2mm 6 ~22 卵 1.5mm 3~5 3 1mm 4~10 8~9 95 133

11-35 Cyperus rotundus L. 10~40 10~40 10~20 0.2~0.5 2~3 1~3 0.3~0.32 卵 3 7 20 600 5 98 134

Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf 11-36 刺 12 20 2 2 96 135

11-37 Chloris barbata Sw. 30-60cm 30~60 17~15 2 4~8 3 4~20 4 97 136

11-38 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 15-25 15~25 1 23~6 3~5 3... 98 137

11-39 Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv. 20-40 1 20~40 2 3 4~12 0.5 3 4 4-6 ~7 2~4 2, 卵 1mm 0.95mm 0.5mm 96 138

11-40 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. 50-100 50-100 8~20 0.5 ~1.2 0.1~0.3 3~8 5~15 0.06~0.1 0.3 96 139

11-41 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. 20~80 20~80 15 0.3~0.5 0.1 2~7 2 0.4~0.7 3~6 3~10 0.3~0.5 2~5 ( 2) 3~6 卵 0.1~0.2 98 140

11-42 Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex Schum. & Laut. 2 3-1 30 50 250 ~1140 96 141

11-43 Panicum maximum Jacq. 1.2-2.5 1.2-2.5 30-80 3-4 0.4-0.6 0.3 1/3 5 5-10 1908 95 142

11-44 Paspalum conjugatum Berg 30-100 30-100 10-15 0.4-1 6-12 卵 1 2 卵 3 2 0.12 卵, 6 10, 8~12 95 143

Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. 11-45 ~ 96 144

Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C. E. Hubb. 11-46 120 10-20 15 卵 3 2 120-99 145

11-47 Cenchrus echinatus L. 刺 刺 20-55 20-55 3-10 刺 刺 刺 刺 100 97 146