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( ) 063, ;,, ;,, ( CIP) / - :, 1998 10 ISBN 7 113 03130 7 T U 476 CIP ( 1998) 28879 : : : ( 100054, 8 ) : : : : 787 1092 1/ 16 : 15 : 383 : 1999 2 1 1999 2 1 : 1 : ISBN 7 113 03130 7/ T U 588 : 19. 50,

, ; ( ) ( ) ; ;,,,,,,,, 1. 2. 3.,,, 1998 7

1 1 1 2 4 3 13 4 21 5 25 6 31 39 1 39 2 44 3 49 4 56 73 1 73 2 92 3 103 4 121 5 134 6 148 7 161 8 163 9 176 183 183 229 233 236 238

1 C A 1776,,, ( ),,, 2% 10% ( 0 15 ), ( ),,, ;,, ( ), 1 0. 35,,,,, 1975 4 16 ( ) :,, ( T BJ1 96) 10. 2. 5 :,,, 1857 W J M,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 10%,,, 1

,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 60,, 1% A,, ( ) ;, 1 1,,, ( ), 1 1, ( ), ( ) ( ),,, 1 2 1 2, ;,, AC ( 1 1 ),,, ( ), 2

,,,,,, ; ( ) < 30,,,, ( ) ;,, 15, = 30 45, = 1 3 1 2,,,,,, ;,, 16 < 15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, W C 3

2 C A 1776,,,,, (, ),,,, ( ),,,, 1 3, ( 1) ( ), ( 2) ( ),, ( ),, 1 3,,, 2 3,,,,, ( ), 1. E,, ( 1 4 ), E : 1 4 E = 1 2 cos 2 ( ) H 2 cos 2 cos( + ) sin( + ) sin ( - ) 1+ cos( + ) cos( - ) = cos 2 ( - ) cos 2 cos( + ) sin ( + 1+ cos( + ) sin( - ) ) cos( - ) 2 2 ( 1 1) E= 1 2 H 2 ( 1 2) 4

E ( MN ) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; H ( m) ; ; ; ; ; 1 1 1 2,, 1 1 (, = 1 2 ) 1 1 m 1 2. 5 1 2 1 1. 75 1 1. 5 1 1. 25 1 1 1 0. 15 0. 366 0. 541 0. 649 0. 860 1 0. 2 0. 390 0. 581 0. 698 0. 926 30 1 0. 25 0. 415 0. 624 0. 751 0. 998 1 0. 3 0. 441 0. 671 0. 809 1. 076 1 0. 35 0. 468 0. 720 0. 871 1. 164 1 0. 15 0. 310 0. 431 0. 487 0. 544 0. 690 1 0. 2 0. 334 0. 468 0. 530 0. 593 0. 753 35 1 0. 25 0. 358 0. 508 0. 575 0. 645 0. 820 1 0. 3 0. 384 0. 551 0. 626 0. 703 0. 896 1 0. 35 0. 412 0. 596 0. 679 0. 764 0. 976 1 0. 15 0. 261 0. 347 0. 381 0. 412 0. 467 0. 627 1 0. 2 0. 284 0. 381 0. 420 0. 454 0. 516 0. 693 40 1 0. 25 0. 309 0. 418 0. 461 0. 500 0. 569 0. 765 1 0. 3 0. 335 0. 458 0. 507 0. 550 0. 627 0. 845 1 0. 35 0. 362 0. 501 0. 555 0. 603 0. 689 0. 933 1 0. 15 0. 219 0. 280 0. 302 0. 321 0. 351 0. 411 0. 772 1 0. 2 0. 241 0. 312 0. 337 0. 359 0. 393 0. 461 0. 867 45 1 0. 25 0. 265 0. 346 0. 375 0. 399 0. 438 0. 515 0. 972 1 0. 3 0. 290 0. 383 0. 416 0. 444 0. 488 0. 575 1. 091 1 0. 35 0. 317 0. 423 0. 461 0. 492 0. 542 0. 641 1. 222 y, P : P = y ( 1 3) y, ( ) P ( 1 4 ) : 5

1 2 (, = 2 3 ) 1 1 m 1 2. 5 1 2 1 1. 75 1 1. 5 1 1. 25 1 1 1 0. 15 0. 364 0. 547 0. 662 0. 891 1 0. 2 0. 389 0. 590 0. 715 0. 965 30 1 0. 25 0. 415 0. 636 0. 773 1. 045 1 0. 3 0. 442 0. 686 0. 836 1. 133 1 0. 35 0. 471 0. 740 0. 904 1. 231 1 0. 15 0. 311 0. 438 0. 497 0. 559 0. 718 1 0. 2 0. 336 0. 477 0. 544 0. 612 0. 788 35 1 0. 25 0. 361 0. 520 0. 593 0. 669 0. 863 1 0. 3 0. 389 0. 567 0. 648 0. 733 0. 949 1 0. 35 0. 418 0. 616 0. 707 0. 801 1. 040 1 0. 15 0. 265 0. 355 0. 392 0. 425 0. 486 0. 661 1 0. 2 0. 289 0. 393 0. 434 0. 472 0. 539 0. 737 40 1 0. 25 0. 315 0. 433 0. 479 0. 522 0. 598 0. 819 1 0. 3 0. 343 0. 476 0. 529 0. 577 0. 663 0. 911 1 0. 35 0. 372 0. 523 0. 583 0. 637 0. 734 1. 014 1 0. 15 0. 225 0. 290 0. 314 0. 334 0. 367 0. 434 0. 845 1 0. 2 0. 249 0. 325 0. 353 0. 376 0. 414 0. 490 0. 959 45 1 0. 25 0. 274 0. 363 0. 394 0. 421 0. 464 0. 551 1. 087 1 0. 3 0. 302 0. 404 0. 441 0. 471 0. 521 0. 620 1. 232 1 0. 35 0. 331 0. 449 0. 480 0. 526 0. 583 0. 696 1. 397 P = y cos ( 1 4),, N A ( 1 5 ),,, ( 1 1) ( 1 4) E,,,,, 2.,,, ( 1 6) : E = 1 2 H 2 sin 2 sin ( + ) 1+ sin 2 ( - ) sin( + ) sin( - ) sin( + ) sin( - ) 2 ( 1 5) 6

1 5 1 6 = sin 2 sin( + sin 2 ( - ) ) sin ( + ) sin( - ) 1+ sin ( + ) sin( - ) 2 E = 1 2 H 2 ( 1 6) E ( MN ) ; ; ; 1 2 1 3 1 4, ; 1 7, y, P : P = y 1 3 (, = 1 2 ) ( 1 7) 1 1 m 1 2. 5 1 2 1 1. 75 1 1. 5 1 1. 25 1 1 1 0 0. 301 0. 435 0. 521 0. 690 30 1 0. 15 0. 246 0. 349 0. 417 0. 558 1 0. 25 0. 214 0. 300 0. 359 0. 484 1 0. 35 0. 184 0. 257 0. 308 0. 419 1 0 0. 246 0. 334 0. 375 0. 419 0. 531 35 1 0. 15 0. 192 0. 255 0. 286 0. 319 0. 406 1 0. 25 0. 161 0. 211 0. 237 0. 264 0. 338 1 0. 35 0. 133 0. 172 0. 193 0. 215 0. 278 1 0 0. 199 0. 258 0. 282 0. 304 0. 343 0. 460 40 1 0. 15 0. 148 0. 187 0. 203 0. 218 0. 247 0. 332 1 0. 25 0. 119 0. 148 0. 161 0. 172 0. 195 0. 263 1 0. 35 0. 093 7 0. 115 0. 124 0. 133 0. 150 0. 205 7

1 1 m 1 2. 5 1 2 1 1. 75 1 1. 5 1 1. 25 1 1 1 0 0. 160 0. 189 0. 213 0. 225 0. 245 0. 268 0. 541 45 1 0. 15 0. 112 0. 135 0. 144 0. 152 0. 165 0. 192 0. 372 1 0. 25 0. 085 4 0. 102 0. 108 0. 114 0. 123 0. 143 0. 284 1 0. 35 0. 062 9 0. 073 7 0. 077 9 0. 081 7 0. 088 2 0. 102 0. 212 1 0 0. 126 0. 151 0. 160 0. 167 0. 178 0. 198 0. 246 50 1 0. 15 0. 081 9 0. 095 7 0. 101 0. 105 0. 111 0. 123 0. 152 1 0. 25 0. 058 6 0. 067 2 0. 070 3 0. 073 0 0. 077 1 0. 084 8 0. 105 1 0. 35 0. 039 6 0. 044 6 0. 046 4 0. 047 9 0. 050 4 0. 054 5 0. 067 9 1 0 0. 096 9 0. 113 0. 118 0. 122 0. 129 0. 139 0. 160 55 1 0. 15 0. 057 5 0. 065 2 0. 067 7 0. 069 7 0. 072 8 0. 078 1 0. 098 6 1 0. 25 0. 037 6 0. 041 8 0. 043 2 0. 044 3 0. 046 1 0. 049 1 0. 055 5 1 0. 35 0. 022 3 0. 024 2 0. 024 9 0. 025 5 0. 026 3 0. 027 6 0. 031 2 1 4 (, = 2 3 ) 1 1 m 1 2. 5 1 2 1 1. 75 1 1. 5 1 1. 25 1 1 1 0 0. 297 0. 435 0. 525 0. 705 30 1 0. 15 0. 241 0. 345 0. 416 0. 562 1 0. 25 0. 208 0. 295 0. 356 0. 485 1 0. 35 0. 178 0. 251 0. 302 0. 416 1 0 0. 244 0. 335 0. 378 0. 424 0. 543 35 1 0. 15 0. 189 0. 253 0. 285 0. 319 0. 410 1 0. 25 0. 158 0. 208 0. 234 0. 262 0. 338 1 0. 35 0. 130 0. 169 0. 189 0. 212 0. 275 1 0 0. 200 0. 260 0. 286 0. 309 0. 351 0. 476 40 1 0. 15 0. 147 0. 186 0. 203 0. 219 0. 248 0. 338 1 0. 25 0. 118 0. 146 0. 159 0. 171 0. 194 0. 266 1 0. 35 0. 091 7 0. 113 0. 122 0. 131 0. 148 0. 205 1 0 0. 162 0. 203 0. 218 0. 231 0. 252 0. 296 0. 577 45 1 0. 15 0. 112 0. 136 0. 146 0. 154 0. 167 0. 195 0. 388 1 0. 25 0. 084 9 0. 101 0. 108 0. 114 0. 124 0. 144 0. 292 1 0. 35 0. 062 3 0. 073 1 0. 077 5 0. 081 4 0. 088 0 0. 102 0. 215 1 0 0. 130 0. 157 0. 166 0. 174 0. 185 0. 207 0. 259 50 1 0. 15 0. 083 2 0. 097 5 0. 103 0. 107 0. 114 0. 126 0. 157 1 0. 25 0. 059 1 0. 067 9 0. 071 1 0. 073 8 0. 078 1 0. 085 9 0. 107 1 0. 35 0. 039 6 0. 044 6 0. 046 5 0. 048 1 0. 050 6 0. 054 8 0. 068 5 8

1 1 m 1 2. 5 1 2 1 1. 75 1 1. 5 1 1. 25 1 1 1 0 0. 102 0. 119 0. 125 0. 129 0. 136 0. 147 0. 170 55 1 0. 15 0. 059 4 0. 067 4 0. 070 1 0. 072 3 0. 075 6 0. 081 1 0. 103 1 0. 25 0. 038 5 0. 042 8 0. 044 3 0. 045 5 0. 047 3 0. 050 4 0. 057 2 1 0. 35 0. 022 6 0. 024 6 0. 025 3 0. 025 9 0. 026 8 0. 028 1 0. 031 8 y, ( ) ( 1 6 ) P : P = y sin ( ),, : ( 1 8) (,, 1 5 1 6), H s,, 1 8 (, ) H s, ( 1 8) : H s= q ( 1 9) H s= cos cos H s cos( - ) H s ( m ) ; q ( MP a) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; H s 1 8; ; ( 1 10) ( B ), p, ( 1 8) : p = H s ( 1 11) H,, p, ( 1 8) : 1 8) : p = H s + H = ( H s+ H ) ( 1 12),, E ( E = E s+ E H = H s H + 1 2 H 2 = H s+ 1 2 H H ( 1 13) E ( MN ) ; H s, ( m) ; 9

H ( m) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; H s 1 7,, ( 1 11) ( 1 12) ( 1 13), H s 10

, ( ) ( ), 1 9, AB,, 1 9, BC A C, BC E 1 ( 1 2), E 1, BC ; AC V, AV, ( 1 3), A C ( ), AC 1 8 1 E 2, AC, E 2= h ( H 1 - h), E 2 2 A C, ( AC, AC,,, ) E, E 1 E 2, 1 9( b) 1 5 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) kn 220 220 220 220 220 kg/ m 70 60 50 43 43 / k m 1 840 1 760 1 760 1 680 1 600 m 0. 5 0. 35 0. 5 0. 35 0. 45 0. 3 0. 4 0. 3 0. 35 0. 25 m 3. 1 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 2. 9 1 1. 75 1 1. 75 1 1. 75 1 1. 75 1 1. 5 m 3. 6 3. 2 3. 6 3. 2 3. 5 3. 1 3. 4 3. 1 3. 3 3. 0 kp a 57. 5 58. 9 57. 0 58. 5 57. 2 58. 9 57. 4 58. 8 56. 6 58. 8 kn / m 3 17 18 18 19 17 18 18 19 17 18 18 19 17 18 18 19 17 18 18 19 m 3. 4 3. 2 3. 3 3. 1 3. 4 3. 2 3. 3 3. 1 3. 4 3. 2 3. 3 3. 1 3. 4 3. 2 3. 3 3. 1 3. 4 3. 2 3. 3 3. 1 :,,, 0. 1m, ;, ;, 45 1 6 ( kn ) 220 220 ( kg/ m) 43 38 ( / km) 1 600 1 600 1 520 1 600 11

( m) 5. 8 5. 7 5. 0 5. 7 5. 5 4. 9 5. 6 5. 4 4. 9 5. 4 5. 3 4. 8 ( m) 0. 40 0. 35 0. 25 0. 40 0. 35 0. 25 0. 35 0. 30 0. 25 0. 35 0. 30 0. 25 ( m) 3. 4 3. 3 3. 0 3. 4 3. 3 3. 0 3. 3 3. 2 3. 0 3. 3 3. 2 3. 0 kn / m 3 17 17 18 19 17 17 18 19 17 17 18 19 17 17 18 19 H s ( m) 3. 3 3. 3 3. 3 3. 1 3. 2 3. 2 3. 2 3. 0 3. 3 3. 3 3. 3 3. 1 3. 2 3. 2 3. 2 3. 0 kp a 56. 4 56. 9 59. 0 54. 6 55 57. 2 56. 3 56. 9 58. 6 54. 2 54. 8 56. 9 : 1. : = 17kN / m 3 ; = 18kN / m 3 ; = 19kN / m 3 ; 2.,, 1 E ( 1 10) : E = 1 2 cos 2 ( + ) H 2 cos 2 ( - ) sin ( + ) sin( + ) 1- cos( - ) cos( - ) = cos 2 cos( - cos 2 ( + ) ) sin( + ) sin ( + ) 1- cos( - ) cos( - ) 2 2 ( 1 14) E ( MN ) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; H ( m ) ; ; ; ; ; E = 1 2 H 2 ( 1 15) 1 9 E,, E 2. y, p ( 1 10) : p = y ( 1 16) 3. y, ( ) p : 12 p = y cos ( 1 17)

, E W R ( 1 10 ),,,,,,,,, 1 10, [ ( 1 9) ], 1 15 E,,,, 1 11, ( ),, 1 14 E = 1 2 H 2 1+ sin 1- sin = 1 2 H 2 tan 2 45 + 2, 1975 4 16 ( ) :, 1 11 ( 1 18) 1 3? ( T BJ1 96) 10. 2. 6 :, 1 3 3, 1857 W J M,,,, ;,,, 13

,,, 1 7,, 1 7 1. 2., 3. 4. 1.,, 2., 3., 4. 1.,,, 2., 3. 4. ( 1) ( ),, ( ), ( ), 1 12 ) 1 12 ( 2),, ( 1 13,,, ;,, 10% 1 13 ( ) ( 90 - ), 1 12 1, : 14

1= 1 2 ( 90 - ) + 1 2 ( - ) ( 1 19),, : 1 ; ; ; ; ( ) = 1 2 ( 90 - ) - sin = sin sin 1 2 ( - ) ( 1 20) 1. AV E( ), AV, ( 1 12) : E = 1 2 H 2 cos cos - cos + cos 2 - cos 2 cos 2 - cos 2 ( 1 21) = cos cos - cos 2 - cos 2 cos + cos 2 - cos 2 E = 1 2 H 2 ( 1 22) E ( MN ) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; H ( m) ; ; ; p, ( 1 12 ), : p = y,,, : ( 1), = 0 ; ( 1 23) ( 2), = ( ) = 0 = ( 1 1),, 1 21 : E = 1 2 H 2 cos 2 ( - ) cos 2 cos( + ) sin ( + ) sin( - ) 1+ cos( + ) cos( - ) = 1 2 H 2 cos2 1 cos [ 1+ sin( + ) sin( cos - ) ] 2 2 15

= 1 2 cos 2 H 2 2 1 cos 1+ cos cos 2 - cos 2 = 1 2 cos 2 H 2 cos cos + cos2 - cos 2 2 cos = 1 2 H 2 cos cos2 ( cos + cos 2 - cos 2 ) 2 cos 2 = cos 2 - ( cos 2 - cos 2 ) cos 2 = ( cos - cos 2 - cos 2 ) ( cos + cos 2 - cos 2 ) E = 1 2 H 2 cos ( cos - cos 2 - cos 2 ) ( cos + cos 2 - cos 2 ) ( cos + cos 2 - cos 2 ) 2 = 1 2 H 2 cos cos - cos2 - cos 2 cos + cos 2 - cos 2, = 0, ( 1 19) ( 1 20) 1= = 45-2, ( 1 21) E = 1 2 1- sin H 2 1+ sin = 1 2 H 2 t an 2 45 - ( 1 24) 2, ( = ), ( 1 19) ( 1 20) 1= 90 - = 0, ( 1 21) E = 1 2 H 2 cos ( 1 25) 2., ( 1 14 ),, AB E, E 1 W ( E 1 A A V,, AV ; W AV A B ABV ), E, 1 14( b) 3., ( 1 13 ),, 1 14 1 15( a ),, ; 1 14,,,,,, ( 1 15b),, 16

,,,,, 4.,, H s [ ( 1 9) ], 1 16 1 17, ( 1) A AV D, AD E s E H, 1 15 E A V = E s+ E H = H s H + 1 2 H 2 = H s+ 1 2 H H 1 16 1 17 ( 2) AV BCf V ( ) W E s E H W (,,,, ) 1 18, A,, ( 90 + ) ; ; ; AV E, AV : = 1 2 ( 90 + ) - 1 2 ( + ) ( 1 26) = 1 2 ( 90 + ) + 1 2 ( + ) ( 1 27) E = 1 2 H 2 cos cos + cos 2 - cos 2 cos - cos 2 - cos 2 ( 1 28) 17

= cos cos + cos2 - cos 2 cos - cos 2 - cos 2 E = 1 2 H 2 ( 1 29) E ( MN ) ; ; ; ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; H AV ( m) ; sin = sin sin : 1 18, y, p p = y,,, : ( 1),, = 0; ( 2), = ( 1 30) = 0 = ( 1 14),, ( 1 28) ( ) ( = 0), ( 1 26) ( 1 27), = = 45 + 1 2, AV, AV ( 1 19 ), : E = 1 2 H 1+ sin 2 1- sin = 1 2 H 2 tan 2 45 + 2 E ( MN ) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; H AV ( m) ; 45 + 2 ( 1 31), 18 1 19 ( 1 31)

,,,,,,, (, ),,,,, ( 1 14), ( 1 28),, 1 20 19

( ) ( ),,,,, ( 1 21 ),,, ( 1 21 ),,,,, 1. A, AV V ( 1 20) 2. A 1 A 1B1 AV, B 1 3. ( 1 1) B1 E 1, E 1 1, 4. B 1, B 1N A V V 1 ( 1 23) A 1V 1 A 1 V 1 : p V 1= h 1 p A 1 = ( h 1+ h 2) A 1V 1 E 2 E 2 E 2= h 1 h 2 + 1 2 h 2 2 = h 1+ 1 2 h 2 h 2, ( ) 5. 3 A 1 A : p A 1 = ( h 1+ h 2) p A = ( h 1+ h 2+ h 3), AA1 E 3 E 3= ( h 1+ h 2) + ( h 1+ h 2+ h 3) 2 h 3 = 1 2 h 3 ( 2h 1+ 2h 2+ h 3) E 3 ( ), AA1 (, ; AA 1 E 3 ), 6. B1 D, DB 1CA 1V W ( BB1D E 1,, ) E 1 E 2 E 3 W ( ), 1 22,, 1. ( ) D B, DB B V D BV [, ( 1 20) ],, E 1 ( 1 1), E 1 20

, 1 21 1 22 DBV,, ( 1 22 ), BV E 1 ( 1 21), E 1= 1 2 ( h 1+ h 3) 2 E 1, BV BCDV W ( CD ) E 1 W, (,,, ) 2. ( AB ) AB B 1, AB1,, ( 1 7) B A : p B = ( h 1+ h 2+ h 4) p A = ( h 1+ h 2+ h 3 + h 4), E 2 E 2 E 2= ( h 1+ h 2+ h 4) + ( h 1+ h 2+ h 3+ h 4) h 3 2 = 1 2 h 3( 2h 1+ 2h 2+ h 3+ 2h4) AB, (, ) 4 ; ;,, ;,,,,, ( ),,, 21

1., ( 1 23) ( 1) A AL ( + ), AL ( 2) A AG, AG 1 23 ( 3) AG AB, 1 23 ABaA ABbA ABcA (,, ) ( 4) ABa A ABbA A BcA ABd A, ( 5), (,, A ), Aa 1= ABaA Ab1= ABbA ( 6) a 1 b1 c1 d 1, AL, Aa Ab Ac A d a 1 b1 c1 d 1 ( 7) a1 b1 c1 d 1, A G M 1 ( 8) M 1 AL, AG M 1 AB E, M1M1, ( 9) AM1, M, A M ; AM AB, 1 23,,, E ( ),, ;,, 1 24 1 24, 2., ( 1 25) 1 23, ( 1) 22

( 2), ( ABabA A Ba bca,,, q, b ) ( 3) Ad, Q, d 1d 2= Q ( 4) a 1 b1 c1 d 1 d 2 e1, A G M 1 ( 5) M1 AL AG M 1, M1M1, ( 6) AM 1, M, AM ; AM AB, ( 7) AM Q, 1 25 2 3,, E,, ( ), E,,, ( 1 25 ), E,, ( a ) 1 26( a ), ( ) 1 26 ( b) E 1 E 2 E ( c) B A 1 A 2 A ( BA 1 A 1A 2 A 2A ),, ( 1 26b), A, E, E A y (, 1 26( c) y 1 23

26( b) y ), y= 2E 1 2h+ 2( E 2-2E 1) h+ [ E - 2( E 2- E 1) ] h 3 y = E h ( 2E 1+ 4E 2+ E ) 3E y E,, ( m) ; h ( m ) ; E 1 ( MN ) ; E 2 ( MN ) ; E ( MN ) 3., ( 1 27) ( 1 32) A AV V, AV 1 23, AV E 1, E 1, AV E E 1 W ( W AV A 1A 2BVA 1 ) 4., ( 1 28) A AV V, AV, 1 23 1 25, AV 1 27 E 1,, AV E 1 24 1 28,, B 2H ( H ), AV E 1 E 1 AV, ( 1 32),,,, AV

E, E 1 A 1A 2BVA1 ) W ( W AV 5,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, = (, ),,,,,,,,,, ( ;, ;,,,,, ) ( T BJ1 96) 10 2 8 : ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, 1 29 ( ; ),,,, E : E = 1 2 h 2 1 E ( MN ) ; h 1 ( m) ;, ( 1 1) ; ( MN / m 3 ) : ( 1 33) 25

= g - b 1+ = ( g - b) ( 1- ) = d- ( 1- ) b d g ( MN / m 3 ) ; b ( MN / m 3 ) ;, p : p = h 1, p : E b : p = h 1 cos E b= 1 2 b H 2 1 cos, p b : E b ( MN) ; b ( MN/ m 3 ) ; H ( m) ; p b= b H ( 1 34) ( 1 35) ( 1 36) ( 1 37) E ( ), AC E b, ( 1 29 ) 1 30 (, ),,, E 1 E 2 E 3 1 29 1 30 1. CB E 1, ( 1 1) E 1, CB CB ( C ) 3, p C= h 2 2. AC E 2 E 3, : E 2= h 2 h 1 ( 1 38) E 3= 1 2 h 2 1 ( 1 39) E 2 E 3, 1 30 ( MN) ; 26

( MN / m 3 ) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; h 1 h 2 1 30;, 1 1 E 2 E 3, AC E 2 AC ; E 3 AC AB E, E 1 E 2 E 3 y, A, : y = h 1 ( 6E 1+ 3E 2+ 2E 3) + 2 h 2 E 1 6 ( E 1+ E 2+ E 3) ( 1 40),,,, E b, AC, : E b= E b AC ( MN ) ; b ( MN/ m 3 ) ; h 1 ( m) ; 1 2 b h 2 1 1 cos ( ),, ( 1 41) 1 31,,,, E 1 1. A AV V, AV : E 1= 1 2 h 2 1 ( 1 42) E 1 AV ( MN) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; h1 AV ( m) ;, E 1, AV AV, h 1 ( 1 39) p = h 1 P : ( 1 43) 2. AV E b, AV, : E b= 1 2 b H 2 E b AV ( MN ) ; b ( MN/ m 3 ) ; ( 1 44) 27

H ( m) 3. E, E 1 W ( W AV A 1BCV A 1 ) ; E : E A, A (, ) 1 32,,,, E 3 1. A AV V, AV E 1 E 2 ( 1) V V E 1 ( 1 21), E 1, VV 1 31 1 32 ( 2) AV, E 2 E 3 E 2 E 3, AV, : E 2= h 1 h 2, AV, : ( 1 45) E 3= 1 2 h 2 1 ( 1 46) E 2 E 3 AV ( MN) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; h1 h 2 1 32;, ( 1 21) 2. AV E b AV, AV, : E b= 1 2 b h 2 1 3. E, E 1 E 2 E 3 W ( VV V CDV ) W ( AV A 1BCV ), 1.,, 1 33 (, ) 28

,,,,, 1 29 1 34,,,,,, 1 31,, 2.,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1 33 1 34 1 35 ( ),,,,, 1 23,, W b, : 1 35 W b ( MN ) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; S ( m 2 ) Wb = S ( - ) ( 1 47) AV1 Aa Ab1 A BVA ABaA ABbA ; VV1 a1a 1 b1b1, ABVA ABa A 29

A BbA [ ( 1 47) ], 1 23, M 1M 1 ( ) AM A M AB, M 2M3 AM M, ABMA M 1M2 W b = ADM ( - ) Wb M2 M1M1 AM M3,, E,, E = E - E E, y, A, y : y= E H 3 - E h 1 3 E - E y, ( m) ; E, ( MN) ; E ( MN ) ; E,, E = E - E ( MN ) ; H ( m ) ; h1 ( m ) ( ) E b,, ( 1 48) 1 36 1 36,,,, A AV E 1, ( 1 27 1 35), ( 1) ( 1 19) 1 AM ( 2) A VM W R E abc, 1 36( b),, AV E 30

( 3), Rb, R, E ( ), E b, W b, ( 1 47) bb Wb ; b E b ( ) b f ; b Rb bf f, bf b, 1 36( b) ; b f f E a c c, b c b AV E 1, 1 36( b) E 1 A y, A, : y= E H 1 cos - E b h 3 3 E cos - E b ( 1 49) y AV E 1 A ( m) ; E, AV ( MN ) ; E b, AV ( MN ) ; H AV ( m) ; ; h 1 ( m ) E, E 1 W1( VV V CDV ) W2( A 1V A 1BCV ) AV E b,,, h 1, 1 36( c) 6,,,,, :, ; ; (, ) ;,,, F ( 1 37) : F = W g a = K h W ( 1 50) F ( MN ) ; W ( MN ) ; a ( m / s 2 ) ; g, g = 9. 80665( m/ s 2 ) ; K h 1 37,, K h 1 1 8, 31

:,, ;, W F W1, 1 37 W1= W cos 1 1 W1 W, W1, 1 c (,,,, c, ), : ( 1 51) 1 8 ( ) 7 8 9 K h 0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 1 1 30 3 6 2 30 5 10 1= arctan ( K h c) ( 1 52),, : W W 1 ; E R W1, 1, 1 38 :, 0,, : E = - 1 0E = 0-1 + = 1 E = cos 1 ( 1 53), E 0E E E 0, ( ),,, 1 38 E,,,, E,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, 32

2. (, ) 1 39,,, ( 1 1) 1 40,,, AV E 1 ( 1 21) : E, E 1 W1( W1 AV CDBV ) 1 39 1 40 3.,,,, 1 41,, ( 1 19) 1,, ABM, 1,, AM,, E ABM E ( ), R ( ), ABM ( ), E,, 1 41( b) ; E, 1 42, 1 41, AV E 1,, 1 42( b) ; E 1, AV E, E 1 W1 ( W 1 AV CDBV ) 1 43,,, > 1( 1 ),, 1 43 1 41 E, 1 41( b), 1 43( c) E, ( 1) A AV; A AD, VA D = 1 ( 1 ), 33

A D ( 2) M AD MC C BCM> 1, BC, E 1 ( 1 1), BC C p c 3, p c= h 2 ( 3) AC, B C C A AC E 2 E 3, 1 43( b), E 2= h 1 h 2, AC ; E 3= E - E 1- E 2, AC 1 42 1 43 E y, A, ( 1 43b) : y= E 1 y 1+ E 2 y 2+ E 3 y 3 E ( 1 54) 1 44, 1 43, AV E A V,, 1 44( c) ; E A V, 1 43 E, E A V W1 ( W1 ),,,, ;,, A V CDBV 1 44,,, 34

( 1) 1 45,,, :, 1 45( a ) ; 1 2,,,,,, 1 45( b) ( 2),, 1 44( a ) ;,, ( 1 9),,, 1 45( c) 1 45,,,,, ( ) ;,, : : :, : H ma x= 2C0 cos 0 1- sin 0 H m a x= 2C cos sin( 2 - ) - sin H ma x> H m ax 2C0 cos 0 1- sin 0> 2C cos sin( 2 - ) - sin C0 C > 1- sin 0 cos 0 cos sin( 2 - ) - sin =, ; = 20 80, C ; C0 ; ; 0 ; ( ) ; ( 1 55) ( 1 56) ( 1 57) 35

1 46,, E, W R E CL, ABM, AM, : E = W ( sin - f cos ) - C L cos( - + ) + f sin( - + a) 1 46, W W = W ( 1 58) 1 46 1 L sin( 90 - - ) H L cos( + ) H = 2 cos 2 cos E= H L cos( + ) ( sin - f cos ) - C L 2 cos [ cos( - + ) + f sin ( - + ) ] E ( MN ) ; W ( MN ) ; ; ; f f = tan ; C ( MP a) ; L ( m) ; ; ; H ( m) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ( 1 59) 1 47( a ),,,, E W E AM F A M F 1 F = ( W cos + E sin ) tan F 1= C L, A BM, AM, E 0 cos + C L+ ( W cos + E sin ) tan - W sin = 0 ( 1 60),, 1 47( a ) W = H 2 2 tan L= H sin W L ( 1 60), 36

E 0= H 2-2 ( 1 59) H 2 tam + 2 C H sin2 ( 1+ tan tan ) ( 1 61) 1 47( b), <,,, E : A BM, AM L W H L = sin( - ) sin ( 90 + ) L= H cos sin ( - ) W = H 2 cos cos 2 sin( - ) W L ( ( 1 60) E E 1, 1 47( b) ), E 1= 1 cos sin( - ) 2 H 2 cos ( sin - cos tan ) - C H cos + sin t an ( 1 59) ( 1 61) ( 1 62), : E 1= 1- E t an t an :, E 1 ( 1 62) ( 1 63) 1 48,, H 1,,,, 1 47 1 48 1 48 L= H 1 sin H ( 2H 1- H ) W = 2 tan W L [ ( 1 60) E E 2, 1 48 ], 37

E 2= 1 H ( 2H 1- H ) cos ( sin - cos t an ) - C H 1 2 sin ( cos + sin t an ) ( 1 59) H H 1,, H t an E H 1 H - 2 + C sin2 ( 1+ t an t an ),, E 2, H 1 ( 1 64) ( 1 65) 1 49,, P ( ),,, E P 1 49 L= H sin : W= H 2 2 tan + P L W [ ( 1 60) E E P, 1 49 ], E P = 1 2 H 2 cos ( sin - cos tan ) - C H sin ( cos + sin t an ) 1 49 sin + P - cos t an cos + sin t an ( 1 66) ( 1 47( a ) ) E, cos E P = E + P tan - tan 1+ tan tan E P ( MN ) ; P ( MN ) ; ( 1 59) = E + P tan( - ) ( 1 67) 38

1, ( ), (, ), 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 2,,,,, 180km, 525, 3885m;, 34km, 91, 9243m, 80572m 3, 537m,, : 2 3 ( 1), 2 4 ( 2),, 2 5 ( 3), ( 4),, 2 6 39

2 4 2 5 ( 5) ) ( 6), ( 2 7 2 6 2 7 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 40

,,,, ( ),, K c 1 3, 2 8,, K 0 1 5, 2 9 2 8 2 9, e, : e B 6 ( B ) ; e B 4, e1 : e1 0. 3B 1( B 1 ) ; e1 0. 35B 1,,, 1. 2 ( ), 20%, ( ),,, ( ) 30%,,,,,,, : 23kN / m 3 ; 22kN / m 3 ; ( 3% ) 25k N/ m 3, ( ), 2 1 0. 75m,, 1. 5m; 1. 0m; 0. 5m,, 41

2 1 M7. 5 M30 M10 M30 M15 M20 M15 M20 : - 5-15 ; - 15,,, (, ) 2 2,, 2 10, ;, ( ) ( ) 2 2 : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( ) 42

1. W,, 2. E ( ),, E ( ), ;,, E, 3. ( ) V,, 2 10 4. T = V f ( V, f ) 5. E, E,, E,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 2 11, F, F = K h c W ( K h 2 11, C ), ( ), 2 10, ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) 3. 1. ( 1) ; ( 2) ( ) 2. ( 1) ; ( 2) 4. ( 1), ( 2) ; 43

( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3),,,, ( ),,,,, 2,,,, 1. 2 12, 1 0. 2 1 0. 3, 1 0. 4, ;, 1 0. 05 1 0. 2( ), H 12 ( H ), b 0. 2m; b 0. 4m ; b 0. 5m, ( ) ( 2 12 :, ; ), 1 0. 25, 1 0. 3 1 0. 35,,, 60,,,, 2. 2 13 1 0. 2 1 0. 35 2 13, b H,, 0. 13H 0. 45H,, 0. 2 1;, 0. 3 1(,, ) :,, 3,, 44

,,, 2 14 1 0. 10 1 0. 25; 1 0. 1 ( 1 0. 2, 1 0. 3 ) b H,, 0. 13H 0. 35H,,,,, 4. 2 15,,,,, 2 12 2 12,, 2 15,,,, ;, 2 14,, b 2 12 ; 2 15 5. 2 16,,, :, : 2 15 2 16 ( 1) b 0. 4 0. 6m ( 2) 1 0. 05 ( 3) ( ) 0. 4H ( H ), 1 0. 35 1 0. 45 ( 4) 0. 6H, 1 0. 2 1 0. 3 45

( 5) b1, 0. 15H 0. 17H, b ( 6) A, D, D ( ) ( 7), (, 0. 2 1; 0. 3 1) ( 8),, h H 6 H 8, 0. 5 h h ( 2 16 CGB), ( 35, 45 ), ( 9), 0. 3 0. 4m b+ 0. 1 0. 15m, 0. 1 0. 15m 6.,,,,,,,,, 1. 5 3. 0 m; 1 0. 5 1 1;,, 1. 0m ;, L,, ;, 2 16 2 17 7. 2 18,,,, ; L 1, H 4 ; 1 3, 2 18 8. 2 19 2 17, ;, 1 0. 05 1 0. 2 ; b= H, 0. 2m; 24 H 12 ; 1 3 ; ( ) H, 12 0. 3m(, ;, ) ; H 2 2H 3,,,,, 46

9. ( 2 3 ), :,, H 2 H 3 ( H ) ;,, (,, ) ;, 2 19 2 18 2 19,,,,, ( ),,, M7. 5 M10 2cm, 0. 3 0. 4m, b+ 0. 1 0. 15m( b ), 0. 1 0. 15m 150,,,,,,, ;,, 10 25m,,,,,,,, 2 3cm, ( ),,,,, 0. 2m; 47

,, 2 20 2 20,,,,,, ; 5cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 15cm 20cm, 5 10cm 2 3m,, (, 0. 3m; 0. 3m) 12m,,, ( ),,, ( ) ( ),, 0. 3m ( ),,, 0. 5m, 0. 3m ;, 0. 2m,, 2 21,,,,,, 2 22 2 23 2 21,, ;,, 48

2 22 2 23 ; ( ),,, : ( 1), 2cm 100 # ; 2 3mm ( 2), 2 3mm ( 3),, ( 4),, 3,,,,,, ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) (,,, ) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ; ( 6),,,,, :,, 2 24 2 25 2 26,,, 49

, ( ),, ( 2 27 ) : A B CD 1 0. 3;, WA B = WCD, : AB CD ( E A B E CD, 2 24, ) ;, 2 27( a ), E A B E C D, AB CD 2 25 ( CD CK A, AB, E CD E A B, ),, E A B E CD, : F A B, ( F A B ), ; F C D, ( F C D ), [ 2 27( b) ( c) ] ( ),, ;,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,, :,, ( ), 2 26 ( ),, ;,,,, 50

2 27 1. 1 5,, ( ),, 1 1. 5( = 33 41 ), = 35, = 2 3 = 23 20, 1 0. 3 ( = 73 18 ) 1 0. 25( = 75 58 ) 1 0. 2( = 78 41 ), 0. 305 0 0. 336 8 0. 371 7( 2 28 ) 2 29,, ( ),, e, e ( ), e 2 28, :, ( ), ( E e ) ; ( ),? 51

2. 2 29 2 30 1 1,,, ( ), 1 1. 5( = 33 41 ), = 35, = 2 3 = 23 20, 1 0. 3( = 16 42 ) 1 0. 25 ( = 14 02 ) 1 0. 2 ( = 11 19 ), 0. 948 0 0. 864 0 0. 787 4( 2 30 ) 2 31,, ( ),, e ( e ) ; ( ), e 2 31, :, ( ), ( ) 52

( E e ) ; ( ),? 1,,,,,,,, ( 2 32 ),,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),, ( ) 3.,,,, 2 32 4.,,,, ( 2 33 2 33 ) 5.,,,, :, 0. 2 1, 0. 3 1,,,, 0. 1 1,, 0. 2 1,,,, 25%,, 0. 1 1 0. 2 1, 10% 30%, 33%, 53

6.,,,,, 7.,,,,, 8.,,,,, 20% 40% ( 2 34 ),, 2m, 20%, 9., 10m,,, ;,,, 19m, 1 25m,, 10.,,,,,,, 2 34, 13. 2m, 6. 8m, 3m, 86m 3 2 35( a ),, 2 35( b), 59%, 25%,,,,, 2 35 11.,,,,,,, 1981 7 1985 54

:,,,,, :,, ( ),,,, DK265+ 585 649,,,,, ;,,,,, ( 2 36 ),, DK 337+ 817 873,,, 7m,,,,,, 2m, ( 2 37 ) 2 36 2 37 :, 1. : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) 2. 3., 4., 5.,, :, 1 2 3 ;, 4, 55

4,,,,,,, ( 1), 1m(, 1. 5m) ( 2), 1m ( 3), 1. 5m( ) ( 4) 0. 25m( ), 1m; 1m, 1. 25m,, h- 1( m ) ( h ) ( 5) 1m, 0. 2m ( ),,,, 0. 15 0. 25m, 2 3, 2 3 h ( m) 0. 25, 0. 60, 1. 00 1. 00 l ( m) 0. 25 0. 50 0. 60 1. 50 1. 00 2. 00 1. 50 2. 50 N T,, ( ) ( ),,, ( ), ( ) 2 38 AG,, K 56

( 2 38) : h = ( L + B) t an ( 2 1) 1 - m tan W2 = 1 2 L h 1 W3 = 1 2 2 tan ( L + B) 1 - m tan = A 1 tan 1 - m tan K = N + W 2 + W3 - T t an N + W 2 + W3 t an + T,, 0 f ( 2 2) tan 0 = - b+ - b 2 - ad a ( 2 3) A 1 = 1 2 2 ( L + B) A 2 = T 2 + N + W2 2 A 3 = T - A 1 a = A 1 A 3 + m 2A 1 N + W 2 - A 2 m b = A 2 m - N + W2 A 1 d = A 1 T - A 2 T ; N ; ; f ( f = ; 2 38 tan ) ; : L, K,, L,, ( 3 38 ), ( 2 3) 0, ( 2 1) h, h > h 2, A D, ( 2 2) K, ( ) 1.,,,, L, ( ) 2 39( a ) ( b) ;, ( ) 2 39( c) 2. N T e,, ( 2 40) 57

2 39 N T O (, N a bcd a W1) M 1 M 1 = N Z 1 - W1 Z W 1 + T H W1 = N x 0 - B 2 - e - W1 Z W 1 + T H = h 2 B - 1 2 m 1 h 2 P 1 N - W 1 T,, N 1 T 1, P 2 1 = N - W1 2 + T 2 T 1 = M 1 R 2 N 1 = P 1 2 - T 1 a j sda W 2 W 2 = 2 x 0 h 2 d GS d, dgsd W3 2 40 W3 = 2 3 W 2 W3 2x0 h 3 = 1. 33 x 0 h 3 = 1. 33 x 0 ( R - H ) N 2 N 3 N 2 = g 2 W2 N 3 = g 3 W3 N 2 N 3 = arct an x 0 H g 2 g 3 3 41, T 2 = 0 T 3 = 0 j suj, j suj W 4( j 1 3 x 4 ) 2 41 g 2 g 3 58 W 4 W4 = 1 x 4 h 2 2 O M 4

M 4 = W 4 Z 4 = W 4 ( X 0 + X 4 3 ) W 4 N 4 T 4 T 4 = M 4 R 2 2 N 4 = W 4 - T 4 d S : L = 2 R 2 = 0. 0349R 360 S U : L 4 = 0. 01745R 4 K = 4 = arctan x 0 + x 4 H - h 2 - ( N 1 + N 2 + N 3) f + N 4tan 4 + C L + C4 L 4 T 1 - T 4 K,, K 1. 5; H ; h2 ; B ; 4 ; ; C4 C ; 2 40 ( 2 4) ( 2 4) K,, ( 2 4) N 4 T C4 4, E, T 4 E, 4 = 0 C4 = 0 N 4 = 0;, E, E = 1 2 h 22 (, E, W 4, ), 4 = 0 C4 = 0, T 4 E, ( 2 4) K = ( N 1 + N 2 + N 3) f + C L + T 4 T 1 ( 2 5) C4 4 C,, K ( K 2) ( ) 1. ( 2 42) a b, ( 2 3) a b OG, O 1 ( O1 a b ), Rm a x Rm ax = L+ B 2sin ( cos - m sin ) b ( 2 6) 59

: OG (, L, ( 2 3), ( 2 6) R ma x, ),, L,,, L K 5% ( 2 3, K min ) 2., ( 2 6) R 2 43 P 1= N 2 + T 2 L+ B h= cot - m h L 1= R sin = 2 sin = arcsin L 1 R L h 2= m- m 1 h 3= ( L + B) t an h 5= R ( 1- cos ) x o= R sin( + ) z1= x 0- ( B 2 + e) 2 42 g 5 L z2= x 0- B- 3 2 z3= x 0-3 ( L+ B) 1 z4= x 0- ( L+ B) - 3 m h z5= g 5 R sin, 2 44 W2= 1 2 L h 2 W3= 1 2 h 3 ( L+ B) W4= 1 2 h 3 m h O 1 W5= R 2 ( - 2 sin 2 ) y 0= R cos( + ) M 1 = N Z 1 + T y 0 M 2= W2 Z 2 M 3= W3 Z 3 M 4= W4 Z 4 M 2-5= W 2-5 Z 2-5 60 M 5= W5 Z 5

2 43 2 44 P 1 N T,, N 1 T 1, T 1 = M 1 R, W2 W3 W4 W5 N 1 = P 2 1 - T 1 2,, T 2-5= M 2-5 R ( T 2= M2 R, T 3= M3 R ) N 2-5= W 2 2-5- T 2 2-5 ( N 2= W 2 2- T 2 2, N 3= W 2 3- T 2 3 ) a b L L= 0. 01745 R ( 2 ) = 0. 0349R K K = = 5 1 N tan + C L 5 T 1 ( N 1 + N 2 + N 3 + N 4 + N 5) tan + C L T 1 + T 2 + T 3 + T 4 + T 5 ( 2 7) ( ),, ( e= 0 ), ( ) 61

1. b ( 2 45 2 46),,,, ( 1), e1 B1 6,, b ( m) ; b = - N + N 2 + 3 N N ( MN ) ; e ( m) ; B, 2 45( m) ; ( MPa) ( 2e + B) - B ( 2 8) 0 e1 B 1 6, b : 2e b 1. 5 e- B 6 ( 2), e1> B1 6 b : b = 2 N - 0. 5B + e ( 2 9) 3 2 45 e1> B 1 6 : b< 1. 5 e- 2 h ( 2 45) CD M Q, : 2 45,, D 3 B 6 3= 2+ ( 1-2) B = 2 b+ 1 B b+ B b+ B Q= 1+ 3 b 2 M= 3 b2 + 1 2 2 ( 1-3) b 2 3 b ( 2 10) = 1 6 b2 ( 2 1+ 3) ( 2 11) Q CD ( MN ) ; M CD ( MN m) ; 62 1 ( MPa) ; 2 ( MPa) ;

3 ( MPa) ; ( 1), h : h Q = ( 1+ 3) b 2 ( 2), h : ( 2 12) h b 2 1+ 3 ( 3), h : h ( m) ; tan = b h h = b tan ( MPa) ; l ( MPa) ; ; : = 35 ; = 45,, h 3. h ( 2 13) ( 2 14), ( 2 8) ( 2 9) b,,, h ( 1), h ( ), ( 2 12) ( 2), h, : h Q 0. 87 1 + a ( 2 15) h ( m) ; 1 ( ) ( MPa ) ; 2 46 a, d 2 d ( m) ; + 0. 03( m) ; Q, ( 2 10) ( MN ), h,, 30cm h, A g : 63

M A g= g 0 ( h- a ) A g ( m 2 ) ; g ( MPa ) ; 0, 0. 87; h ( m ) ; a ( m ) ; M, ( 2 11) ( MN m), L ( 2 46) : L ( m) ; T L T ( MN ) ; ( MPa) ( ) ( 2 16) ( 2 17), 30MPa,,, 2 47 1., ( 1) 1. 0m ( 2),, 35, 45 ( 3) d, 0. 2 2e( e ) ( 4 ) B h, 1. 5 2. 0m, 1. 25ZR ( Z R R A ), e 0. 3Bh ( 5) m1 2 47, ( 2 47 ),, K 0 1. 5,, m 1= 64 K 0( M 0+ T h) - My - N d - N h+ 1 6 1 h ( B+ d + Bh) 2 - B h( B+ d ) 1 3 1 h 2 ( B+ d + 0. 5B h) ( 2 18)

K 0, K 0 1. 5; M y CD, C ( k N m) ; M 0 CD, C ( k N m) ; N CD, ( kn ) ; T CD, ( k N) ; h ( m) ; d ( m) ; 1 ( kn / m 3 ) ; B ( 2 47) B= B 1+ B2+ B 3+ B 4- d ; B h ( m) 2. ( 1),,,, ( 2),,, m 1 ( 2 18), m 1 : ( 2 18),, K 0 = My + N ( d + m 1 h ) + W Z M 0 + T h 1. 5 ( 2 19) W ( k N) ; Z W G ( m) ; 3. R, G ZR : Z R = + N ( d + m My 1 h) + W Z - M 0 - T h N + W B h : Bh 1. 5ZR e1 : e1= B+ d + m 1 h - 2 : M y+ N ( d + m1 h) + W Z - M 0- T h N + W 65

1. 2 ( kpa) ; 1. 2 = N + W B + d + m1 h 1 6e1 B + d + m 1 e1 R ( m) ; ( kpa) ; ( ),,,,,,, 2 48 1. h 2 48 ( 1), 300 ;, 150 250 ( 2) 20mm,,, ( 3) D = 3 4d ( d ), d + 5( cm) ;, 20cm 2 49 ( 4) L : ( 3 ) 5 L 25d ( 30d ) ; L 30d ; L 35d ; 150, L 5d ( 5), ( 6),, 40d + 5 ( cm ) ( 2 20) 2 ( 2 49),,,,, : P ( MN) ; D ( m) ; h ( m) ; P = D h Cf P = 4 d 2 g Cf ( MPa) ; : 66 : Cf = 0. 1 0. 18MPa : Cf = 0. 3MPa : Cf = 0. 45 0. 50MPa ( 2 20) ( 2 21)

d ( m) ; w, 2 4( MPa) 2 4 ( MPa) ( 16M nq) ZG25 w 210 130 120 80 : 16Mnq 340MP a;,, 3 ( 2 49),,, ( ) ( ), : N f K C f ; + A g g T N, ( MN ) ; T, ( MN ) ; K C, K c = 1. 3; A g, ( m 2 ) ; g, 2 4( MP a) 4 ( 2 49), : 2 Z My K 0 2 = ( Z 1 + P b Z 1 2 + Z 2 2 Z 2 + Z 3 M 0 2 + + Z ) ( 2 22) ( 2 23) My ( ),, A ( MN m) ; K 0, K 0 = 1. 5; P b ( MN) ; Z A ( m) ; M 0 ( ),, A ( MN m) ; ( ), 2 50 67

( ),,,,,, 2 50,,,,, ( ) 1 h( h 1 + h 2) 5m, h 2 ( h 1 : + h 2) + ( h 1 - h 1) h h 2 h2 ( m) ; = h + h1 ( m) ; h 1 ( - 1) - ( MN / m 3 ) ; h1 ( MPa ) ; h h ( MPa) ;, 2 5 2 5 h 1 ( 2 24) h b a b a / b 2 2. 4 2. 8 3. 2 4 5 10 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0. 1 0. 988 0. 988 0. 988 0. 989 0. 989 0. 989 0. 989 0. 2 0. 976 0. 976 0. 977 0. 977 0. 977 0. 977 0. 977 0. 3 0. 923 0. 925 0. 928 0. 928 0. 929 0. 929 0. 929 0. 4 0. 870 0. 875 0. 878 0. 879 0. 880 0. 881 0. 881 0. 5 0. 799 0. 809 0. 812 0. 814 0. 817 0. 818 0. 819 0. 6 0. 727 0. 740 0. 746 0. 749 0. 753 0. 754 0. 755 0. 7 0. 660 0. 674 0. 685 0. 690 0. 694 0. 697 0. 698 0. 8 0. 539 0. 612 0. 623 0. 630 0. 636 0. 639 0. 642 0. 9 0. 536 0. 559 0. 572 0. 579 0. 588 0. 592 0. 596 1. 0 0. 481 0. 505 0. 520 0. 529 0. 540 0. 545 0. 550 1. 1 0. 436 0. 462 0. 479 0. 488 0. 501 0. 508 0. 513 1. 2 0. 392 0. 419 0. 437 0. 447 0. 462 0. 470 0. 477 1. 3 0. 357 0. 384 0. 403 0. 426 0. 431 0. 440 0. 448 1. 4 0. 321 0. 350 0. 369 0. 383 0. 400 0. 410 0. 420 1. 5 0. 294 0. 322 0. 341 0. 356 0. 374 0. 385 0. 397 1. 6 0. 267 0. 294 0. 314 0. 329 0. 348 0. 360 0. 374 68

h b a b a / b 2 2. 4 2. 8 3. 2 4 5 10 1. 7 0. 245 0. 272 0. 292 0. 307 0. 326 0. 340 0. 355 1. 8 0. 224 0. 250 0. 270 0. 285 0. 305 0. 320 0. 337 1. 9 0. 207 0. 233 0. 251 0. 263 0. 288 0. 303 0. 320 2. 0 0. 189 0. 214 0. 233 0. 241 0. 270 0. 285 0. 304 2. 1 0. 176 0. 199 0. 220 0. 230 0. 255 0. 270 0. 292 2. 2 0. 163 0. 185 0. 208 0. 218 0. 239 0. 256 0. 280 2. 3 0. 151 0. 173 0. 193 0. 205 0. 226 0. 243 0. 269 2. 4 0. 141 0. 161 0. 178 0. 192 0. 213 0. 230 0. 258 2. 5 0. 131 0. 151 0. 167 0. 181 0. 202 0. 219 0. 249 2. 6 0. 123 0. 141 0. 157 0. 170 0. 191 0. 208 0. 239 2. 7 0. 115 0. 132 0. 148 0. 161 0. 182 0. 199 0. 234 2. 8 0. 108 0. 124 0. 139 0. 152 0. 172 0. 189 0. 228 2. 9 0. 101 0. 117 0. 132 0. 144 0. 163 0. 180 0. 218 3. 0 0. 095 0. 110 0. 124 0. 136 0. 155 0. 172 0. 208 : h ( m) ; b ( m) ; a ( m) 2,, h 2, B 1 B 1 ( m ) ; B ( m ) ; h2 ( m ) ; B 1= B+ 2h 2 tan ( 2 25), = 45 ;, = 50 ;,,, = 90 - ( ) ; = 30 40 ( ),,,, ;,, ( 2 51 ) 1. ( 1), ( 2) :, 3, 4 ; ( ),, 2. 5 ; ( ),, 2 69

,,, 1. 5, d 1. 0m, 0. 5d, 0. 25m; d > 1. 0m, 0. 3d, 0. 5m, d ;, d, 0. 25m ( ) ;, 0. 25m; 0. 5m ( 3),,,,,,, ( 4),,, ( 5),, 2 ( 1) 2 51,, 8 10m,, ;, ( 2),,,, ( ), :, 1. 0m,, ;,, 1. 5m 2. 0m 1. 5m 3. 0m, 2. 0 4. 0m, 3 5, 15m 150 # 250 #, ( ) 1. 25m,,,, 2 52 2 52 ( 3),,, 0. 8m 1. 0m 1. 25m 1. 5m,, ( ),, 0. 5m ( 4),,,,, ( 70

),,, 200, 6m, 2 2 53 2 53 ( 5), 3 6m,,,, M15 M25; M20 ;, M25 ;, 1. 5m, M15 M25, : 0. 6m, 2 ; 0. 6 1. 2m, 1. 2m; 1. 2m, 0. 5m, 2,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,, 150,,,, ;,, 0. 1m, 6 8m;, 0. 8,,, 15cm, 45 ;,,,,, ( 71

, ), 0. 25m,,, 1. 8m;, 2. 5m, 2 54 2 55 K 120+ 340 K 120+ 665 2 54 2 55 72

1 :, ; :,,, 3 1,,, 3 2,,, DD 1 D 1D 2 3 1 3 2 ( ) ( 3 2) 3 2 K C : K C = V f H = ( W + E V) f E H ( 3 1) K C ( K C 1 3, K C 1 2) ; W ( MN ) ; E V ( MN ) ; 73

V ( MN ) ; E H ( MN ) ; H ( MN ) ; f ( 3 1),,,,,,, E, ( 3 1) K C, ( ) ( 3 2) K 0 : K 0 = M V M 0 = W ZW + E V ZV E H Z H 1 8 ( 3 2) K 0 ( K 0 1 5, K 0 1 3) ; M V ( MN m) ; M 0 ( MN m) ; ZW W ( m) ; ZV E V ( m) ; ZH E H ( m) ; ( ) ( 3 2) 1 e, : e = B 2 - C = B 2 - M V - M O V = B 2 - W Z W+ E V Z V- E H Z H W + E V ( 3 3) e : e B 6, e B 4 ( m) ; B ( m) ; C ( m) ; 2 e B 6 74, 1 2 : 1 2 = V B 1 M 0 5B J = V B 1 6e B

= W + E V 1 6e B B 1 2 ( MPa) ; J J = B 3 12 ( m 3 ) ; M ( MN m) M = V e [ ] ( 3 4) [ ] (, 20% ) ( MPa ) ;, e> B 6, 3 3, 3 B 2 - e, ma x : 3 3 m ax = = 2 V 3 C 2 V 3 B = 2 ( W + E V ) 2 - e 3 B [ ] ( 3 5) 2 - e ma x ( MP a) ; ( ) ( 3 4) 1 ( 1), (, ), e1 B 6, 3 4, e1 1 2 e1 : e1 = B1 2 - C1 3 4 = B1 2 - M D V - M D O V D = B1 2 - WD Z WD + E V 1 Z V 1 - E H 1 Z H 1 W D + E V 1 ( 3 6) 75

e1 = C1-2 e1 DD 1 ( m) ; B 1 D D 1 ( m) ; C1 DD 1 D 1 ( m) ; M D V ( MN m) ; M D O ( MN m) ; V D ( MN) ; WD D D 1 ( MN ) ; E V 1 DD 1 ( MN ) ; E H 1 DD 1 ( MN ) ; Z WD W D D 1 ( m) ; Z V 1 E V 1 D 1 ( m) ; Z H 1 E H 1 D 1 ( m) B 1 ( 3 7),, e1, :, e1 0 3B1;, e1 0 35B 1,, e1 e1 B1, 1 2 : 6 VD 1 2 = M D 0 5B 1 B1 1 J 1 = V D B 1 1 6e1 B 1 = WD + E V 1 B 1 1 6e1 B 1 1 2 ( MPa) ; [ ] ( 3 8) M D ( MN m) MD = V D e J 1 J 1= B 3 1 12 ( m 3 ) ; [ ] ( MPa) ; [ ] 2 9 [ ] 2 10 : 0 45R( R 28 ), :, ( ) 30% ;, [ W 1], m a x, 76

( 2), e1> B 1 6,, 3 5 1, 2, : 1= D + b = V D B1 = WD + E V 1 B1 + 6 V D e1 B 2 1 1+ 6e1 B 1 [ ] ( 3 9) 2 = b- D = 6 V D e1 = B 2 1 6 ( WD + E V 1) e1 - B 2 1 - V D B1 WD + E V 1 B 1 = WD + E V 1 6 e1-1 [ W 1] B1 B 1 1 D D 1 ( MPa) ; 2 D D 1 ( MPa) ; [ W 1] ( MPa) ; 3 5 ( 3 10),,,,, W C :,,, : 0 03R( R 28 ),,, ( 3), e1> B 1 6, ( ), 3 6 D 1, D 1 3 B 1 - e1, 2 ; D,,,, e1 :, e1 0 3B 1;, e1 0 35B1 ( B 1 D 1 3 6 ) m a x : 77

ma x= 2 V D 3 C1 2 V D = 3 B 1 2 - e1 2 ( W D + E V 1) = 3 B [ ] ( 3 11) 1 2 - e1 ma x ( MP a) ; 2 ( 3 4) : E H 1- ( W D + E V 1) f = B 1 ( MPa ) ; f ; [ C] ( MPa ) ; [ C] ( 3 12),,,,,,,,,,, ( ), D 1D 2,, D 2 D 1 ( 3 7 ) D 1, D 2, 15, D 2, D 1, ( ), D 1D 2 3 7 : = 6 M D 1 D 2 b h 2 D 1D 2 ( MP a) ; [ w 1] MD 1 D 2 D 1D 2 ( MN m) ; 78 b,, b= 1( m) ; ( 3 13)

h ( m) ; [ W 1] ( MPa) 3 7, A 1 D 1D 2 D 2 A 1 2, 3 : D 1D 2 MD 1 D 2 3 : 3= ( 1-2) ( B- l) B + 2 M D 1 D = 2 V Z ( 3 14) = l 2 6 ( 2 1+ 3-3h1 1-2h 2 - h 2 1-3h3 ) ( 3 15) 3 D 1D 2 D 2 ( MP a) ; 1 ( MPa) ; 2 ( MPa) ; B ( m) ; l ( m) ; MD 1 D 2 D 1D 2 ( MN m) ; V ( MN ) ; Z ( m) ; 1 ( MN / m 3 ) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; h 1 h 2 h 3 3 7, [ C] [ W 1] 2 ;, [ C], [ Z l- 3] 1 5, D 1D 2, : = 35 ( tan 35 = 0 7) = 45 ( tan 45 = 1 0), l, 0 5 h h( h ),, D 1D 2,, 5 2m, = 10, = 0 016MN/ m 3, = 30 ; 3 8 1 8m, [ ] = 0 3MPa; 79

f = 0 5, 3 8,,, 150 # ( ) 1, 1= 0 024MN / m 3, = 2 3 = 2 3 30 = 20 : = = cos 2 cos( + ) 1+ cos 2 ( - ) cos 2 16 42 cos( 20 + 16 42 ) 1+ = 0 52 sin( + ) sin ( - ) cos( + ) cos( - ) cos 2 ( 30-16 42 ) 2 sin ( 20 + 30 ) sin ( 30-10 ) cos( 20 + 16 42 ) cos( 16 42-10 ), = 16 42, = 10, = 30, = 2 3 = 2 3 30 = 20, 1 20 = 0 52 ( 1) E 2 E = 1 2 H 2 = 1 2 0 016 72 0 52= 0 204 MN E E V = E sin36 42 = 0 204 sin 36 42 = 0 204 0 597= 0 122 MN E E H = E cos36 42 = 0 204 0 802 = 0 164 MN ( 2) DD 1 E 1 E 1= 1 2 H 2 1 = 1 2 0 016 5 82 0 52= 0 140 MN E 1 E 1 E V 1= E 1 sin36 42 = 0 140 0 597= 0 084 MN E H 1= E 1 cos36 42 = 0 140 0 802= 0 112 MN 2 ( 1) W W = W1+ W2+ W 3+ W 4+ W 5+ W6 = 1 2 1 74 5 8 0 024+ 0 6 5 8 0 024+ 1 2 0 58 5 8 0 024 + 1 2 3 28 0 024+ 0 6 0 6 0 024+ 1 2 0 6 0 6 0 024 = 0 121+ 0 084+ 0 040+ 0 094+ 0 009+ 0 004= 0 352MN ( 2) DD 1 WD W D = W1+ W2+ W3 80 = 1 2 1 74 5 8 0 024+ 0 6 5 8 0 024+ 1 2 0 58 5 8 0 024 = 0 245MN

( ) ( ) K C= ( W + E V ) f E H ( 0 352+ 0 122) 0 5 = 0 164 = 1 45> 1 3 ( ) K 0= M V M 0 W 1 Z 1+ W2 Z 2+ W3 Z 3+ W 4 Z 4+ W 5 Z 5+ W6 Z 6+ E V ZV = E H Z H = ( 0 121 2 36+ 0 084 1 48+ 0 040 0 98+ 0 094 2 24+ 0 009 0 3 + 0 004 0 4+ 0 122 3 18) ( 0 164 2 33) = 1 052 0 382 = 2 75> 1 5 ( ) ( ) e= B 2 - M V- M0 V = 3 88 2-1 052-0 382 0 352+ 0 122 = 0 526m< B 6 = 3 88 = 0 647m( ) 6 1 2= W+ E V 1 6e B B 0 352+ 0 122 = 3 88 = 0 221 1 6 0 526 3 88 0 023 MPa< [ ] = 0 3MPa ( ) ( ) D D 1 1 e1 e1= B 1 2 - MD V- MD 0 V D = B 1 2 - W 1 Z1+ W 2 Z 2+ W3 Z 3+ E V 1 Z V 1- E H 1 Z H 1 W 1+ W 2+ W 3+ E V 1 = 2 92 2-0 121 1 76+ 0 084 0 88+ 0 04 0 387+ 0 084 2 341-0 112 1 93 0 121+ 0 084+ 0 040+ 0 084 0 499-0 216 = 1 46-0 329 = 0 6m> B 1 6 = 2 92 = 0 487m ( e1< 0 3B1= 0 876m ) 6 e1> B1 6, e1 < 0 3B 1, D D 1,,, DD 1 81

3 9( a ) D 1 1 D 2 : 1= WD + E V 1 B 1 1+ 6e1 B 1 = 0 245+ 0 084 2 92 1+ 6 0 6 2 92 = 0 252MPa< [ ] = 5 5MPa ( ) 2 = WD + E V 1 B 1 = 6e1-1 B1 0 245+ 0 084 2 92 6 0 6 2 92-1 = 0 026MPa< [ W 1] = 0 4MPa ( ) e1> B 1, ( ), DD1 6 3 9( b) D 1 m ax ; D 1 3 B1 2 - e1 ; D, ma x : m ax = 2 ( WD + E V 1) 3 B 1 2 - e1 2 ( 0 245+ 0 084) = 3 2 92 2-0 6 = 0 255MPa< [ ] = 5. 5MPa( ),, DD 1, 2 D D 1 E H 1- ( WD + E V 1) f = B 1 0 112- ( 0 245+ 0 084) 0 65 = 2 92 = - 0 035MPa < [ C] = 0 65MP a ( ) :, 3 9,,, ( ) D 1D 2 1 D 2 3 ( 3 8) 3= ( 1-2) ( B- l ) B 2 D 1D 2 MD 1 D 2 82 + 2 ( 0 221-0 023) ( 3 88-0 6) = + 0 023 3 88 = 0 190MPa

: MD 1 D 2 3 D 1D 2, D 2 = e2 6 ( 2 1+ 3-3h 1 1-2h 2 - h 2 1-3h 3 ) = 0 6 2 ( 2 0 221+ 0 190-3 0 6 0 024-2 0 6 6 0 016-0 6 0 024-3 0 6 0 016) = 0 032MN m 4 D 1D 2 = 6 M D 1 D 2 h 2 b = 6 0 032 1 2 1 2 = 0 133MPa < [ W 1] = 0 33MPa ( ), 5 0 5 ( 1+ 3) l = h b ( ) 0 5 ( 0 221+ 0 190) 0 6 = 1 2 1 = 0 103MPa < [ C] = 0 65MP a ( ), h = 1 2m, l= 0 6m D 1 t an = l h = 0 6 = 0 5 1 2 = arctan 0 5= 26 33 ( = 45 ) : D 1D 2, D 2,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 1 ( 3 10 ), E,,,, ( ) :, 83

E,,,,,, 2 ( 3 11GC1 ) G C1, E W( W C1C G ),, (,, ),, E, E,, (,, ),,, ( ), 3 10 3 11 3 12 3 ( 3 12 ) C1V E C,, C1V, E C W1( C1N V ) W 2( C1C GN ),,, 3 13,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ) ( 3 13), ( ), ( 3 13C C ), 84

3 13, C D, ( ), C C h,, E CH E CV, WC + W : h = L= B 1t an 1- t an 1 tan h sin = B1 tan sin ( 1- tan 1 t an ) ( 3 16) ( 3 17) t an = - A A 2 + 1 ( 3 18) A = W - H - V tan 1 H t an 1- V W = 1 2 1B 1 H = E C H B 1 E C V+ WC V = B 1 h 3 13; L 3 13;, 3 13; ( MPa) ; B 1 C C ( m) ; 1 ; = cos 2 [ H ( 1- tan 1 t an ) + Vt an ( 1- t an 1 tan ) 1 ( MN / m 3 ) ; E CH ( MN ) ; E CV ( MN ) ; + Wt an 2 ] [ C] ( 3 19) W C C C ( MN ),,, 4 5m, = 15 ; 3 14, = 0 018MN/ m 3, = 35 ; 1 5m, [ ] = 0 35MPa, f = 0 4, 3 14,, 100 # 30MPa, 1= 0 023MN / m 3 ( ), 85

1 C1, : C1V V, ( ) C1V sin = sin sin = sin15 sin35 = 0 4512 = arcsin 0 4512= 26 50 = 1 2 ( 90 - ) - 1 2 ( - ) = 1 2 ( 90-35 ) - 1 2 ( 26 50-15 ) = 21 35 2 C G, ( C G ),, C1V E C, :, C1V = cos cos - cos 2 - cos 2 cos + cos 2 - cos 2 = cos15 cos15 - cos2 15 - cos 2 35 cos15 + cos 2 15 - cos 2 35 = 0 3, = 15, = 35, = 0 30 C1V E C : E C= 1 2 H 2 = 1 2 0 018 2 982 0 30= 0 024MN E C E C E CV = 0 024 sin15 = 0 006MN E CH = 0 024 cos15 = 0 023MN, C G E C C1VGC (, ),, ( 3 14, ) : W 1= 1 1 8 0 48 0 018= 0 008MN 2 W 2= 1 1 8 2 5 0 018= 0 041MN 2 W 3= 1 2 0 8 2 5 0 018= 0 018 MN C G,,, E C, E C W 3( C1GC ) 3, C1A E A AC1 86 V, AV,,

= 2 3 = 2 3 35 = 23 20, : = = sin 2 sin( + ) 1+ sin 2 ( - ) sin 2 78 41 sin( 78 41 + 23 20 ) 1+ = 0 204 sin( + ) sin ( - ) sin( + ) sin ( - ) sin 2 ( 78 41-35 ) 2 sin( 23 20 + 35 ) sin( 35-15 ) sin( 78 41 + 23 20 ) sin( 78 41-15 ) V 3 2m, C1 A P C1 P A : P C1= y sin = 0 018 3 2 0 204 sin78 41 = 0 012 P A = y sin = 0 018 6 7 0 204 sin78 41 = 0 024 C1A E A : E A = E A + E A E A E A V = E A sin( + - 90 ) = P C 1 H sin + 1 ( P A - P C1) H 2 sin = 0 012 3 5 sin78 41 + 1 2 ( 0 024-0 012) 3 5 sin 78 41 = 0 043+ 0 021= 0 064 MN = 0 043 sin ( 78 41 + 23 20-90 ) = 0 009MN E A E A H = E A cos( + - 90 ) = 0 043 cos( 78 41 + 23 20-90 ) = 0 042MN E A E A V = E A sin( + - 90 ) = 0 021 sin ( 78 41 + 23 20-90 ) = 0 004 MN E A E A H = E A cos( + - 90 ) 4 = 0 021 cos( 78 41 + 23 20-90 ) = 0 021 MN 8 W = W 4 + W5 + W6 + W 7 + W8 = 4 = 1 2 1 2 5 0 023+ 1 0 7 3 5 0 023+ 1 1 3 5 2 2 0 023+ 0 5 6 0 0 023+ 1 2 0 3 6 0 0 023 5 = 0 029+ 0 028+ 0 089+ 0 069+ 0 021 = 0 236 MN 87

W 3 A 1 Z 3, W3 W 4( W4, A 1 1 1 8 1 8 2 5 0 018 0 3+ 0 5+ 2 3 ), W3 W 4 A 1, = 1 2 1 2 5 0 018 1 133+ W 3 Z3 0 0567-0 0255 Z 3= = 0 0312 W3 0 018 = 1 733 m A 1, 3 14, ( ) K C : ( ) K C = V f H = = 8 W + E CV + = 1 E A V + E A V f E CH + E A H + E A H ( 0 303 + 0 006 + 0 009 + 0 004) 0 4 0 023 + 0 042 + 0 021 = 1 49 > 1 3 ( ),,, K 0 : K 0 = M V M o = ( W 1 Z 1+ W 2 Z 2+ W 3 Z 3+ W 4 Z 4+ W 5 Z 5+ W6 Z6 + W7 Z 7+ W 8 Z 8 + E C V Z CV + E A V Z A V + E A V Z A V ) ( E CH Z CH + E A H Z A H + E A H Z A H ) = ( 0 008 2 0+ 0 041 2 0+ 0 018 1 733+ 0 029 1 133+ 0 028 2 133+ ( 0 089 1 35+ 0 069 0 55+ 0 021 0 2+ 0 006 2 60+ 0 009 2 25+ 0 004 2 134) ( 0 023 4 490+ 0 042 1 750+ 0 021 1 170) = 2 13> 1 5 ( ) ( ) 1 e : e = B 2 - M V - M 0 V = 1 9 2-0 429-0 202 0 322 = 0 245m< B 6 = 1 9 = 0 317m ( ) 6 2 e B 6 88, : V 1 2 = B = 1 6e B 8 W + E CV + E A V + = 1 B E A V 1 6e B

0 303+ 0 006+ 0 009+ 0 004 = 1 9 = 0 301 0 038 MPa < [ ( ) C C 1 6 0 245 1 9 ] = 0 35MP a ( ),, C C 1 C C ( 3 15) ( 1) E C,, W1 W2 W 3 E C= 0 024MN ( E CV = 0 006MN, E C H = 0 023MN ) W 1= 0 008MN W 2= 0 041MN W 3= 0 018MN C C W C W C= W4+ W5+ W6 3 15 = 1 2 1 2 5 0 023+ 0 5 2 5 0 023+ 1 2 0 125 2 5 0 023 = 0 061MN ( 2) e1 e1 = B 1 2 - MV - M 0 V = B 1 - ( W 1 Z 1 + W2 Z 2 + W3 Z 3 + W4 Z 4 + W5 Z + W 6 Z 6 + E CV Z CV - E CH 2 Z CH ) ( W1 + W2 + W 3 + W4 + W5 + W 6 + E C V) = 1 625 2-0 008 1 825 + 0 041 1 825 + 0 018 1 559 + 0 029 0 958 + 0 028 0 375 0 008 + 0 041 + 0 018 + 0 029 + 0 028 + 0 004 + 0 006 0 004 0 083 + 0 006 2 425-0 023 0 990 + 0 008 + 0 041 + 0 018 + 0 029 + 0 028 + 0 004 + 0 006 = 0 813-1 114 (, C C ) e1= C1- ( 3) C C B 1 2 = 1 114-0 813 = 0 301m> B 1 6 = 1 625 = 0 271m 6 e1< 0 3B 1= 0 3 1 625= 0 488m ( ) 1 = 2 V 3 B1 2 - e1 89

( 4) C C 2 0 134 = 3 1 625-0 301 2 = 0 174MPa < [ ] = 1 8MPa ( ),,,,,, = E CH - V f B 1 = 6 E CH - W + E CV = 1 B 1 f 0 023-0 134 0 75 = 1 625 = - 0 048MP a< [ C ] = 0 24MPa ( ),, 3 16) 2 C C ( ( 1) 3 16,, E C = = cos 2 ( - ) : cos 2 cos( + ) sin( + 1+ cos( + cos 2 21 48 cos( 23 20 + 21 48 ) 1+ = 0 576 ) sin ( - ) ) cos( - ) cos 2 ( 35-21 48 ) 2 sin( 23 20 + 35 ) sin ( 35-15 ) cos( 23 20 + 21 48 ) cos( 21 48-15 ), = 21 48, = 15, = 35, = 2 3, = 0 58 2 E C= 1 2 H 2 = 1 2 0 018 0 576 2 5 2 = 0 033 MN E C E C E CV = 0 033 sin23 20 = 0 013 MN E CH = 0 033 cos23 20 = 0 030 MN ( 2) e1 e1 = B 1 2 - MV - M 0 V = B 1 2 - W 4 Z4 + W5 Z 5 + W6 Z 6 + E CV Z CV - E CH Z CH W 4 + W5 + W6 + E CV 90

= 1 625-2 = 0 813-0 029 0 958 + 0 028 0 375 + 0 004 0 083 + 0 013 1 292-0 030 0 833 0 029 + 0 028 + 0 004 + 0 013 0 056-0 025 0 074 = 0 394m > B1 6 = 1 625 6 = 0 271 m e1 < 0 3B1 = 0 3 1 625 = 0 488m ( ) ( 3) e1> B 1 6 :,, C C ( 4) C C 2 V 1 = 3 B 1 2 - e1 2 ( WC+ E C V) = 3 B1 2 - e1 2 ( 0 061+ 0 013) = 3 1 625-0 394 2 = 0 118MPa< [ ] = 1 8MPa ( ) = E CH - V f B 1 E CH - ( WC+ E CV ) f = B 1 0 030- ( 0 061+ 0 013) 0 75 = 1 625 = - 0 016MPa < [ C] = 0 24MP a ( ) = - 0 016MPa,, C C, ( 3 1),, 561 5% 76 7% 147 5%, 3 1 E CV + W 1 + W 2 + W 3 = 0 073 E CV = 0 013 561 5% ( MN ) ( MN ) e1( m) 1 ( MP a) ( m) E CH = 0 023 E CH = 0 030 76 7% 0 301m 1 0 394m = 0 174 1 = 0 118 147 5% 3 B 1 2 - e 1 = 1 535 3 B 1 2 - e 1 = 1 256 ( MP a ) = - 0 048 = - 0 016 91

,,, ( ) C, ( 3 15) : W = 1 2 1 B 1= 1 0 023 1 625= 0 019 2 H = E CH = 0 023 B 1 1 625 = 0 014 E CV + W 1+ W 2+ W3+ W4+ W5+ W 6 V = B 1 0 006+ 0 008+ 0 041+ 0 018+ 0 029+ 0 028+ 0 004 = 1 625 = 0 082 A = W - H - V t an 1 H tan 1- V 0 019-0 014-0 082 0 05 = 0 014 0 05-0 082 = - 0 012 3 tan = - A A 2 + 1 = - ( - 0 012 3) ( - 0 012 3) 2 + 1 = 0 012 3 1 = 1 012 3 ( ) - 0 987 7 = arctan 1 012 3= 45 21, = cos 2 [ H ( 1- tan 1 tan ) + V tan ( 1- tan 1 tan ) + Wt an 2 ] = cos 2 45 21 [ 0 014 ( 1-0 05 1 012 3) + 0 082 1 012 3 ( 1-0 05 1 012 3) + 0 019 1 012 3 2 ] = 0 055MPa < [ C] = 0 24MP a ( ) 2 ( 3 17),,,,,,,,,, 3 17,,,,, DD 1 D 1D 2 92

,, 1,, ( ) ( ), ( 3 17) ( ) 1 e1 ( DD1 ) e1 ( 3 6) ( 3 7) 2 ( 3 18) ( 1) e1 B 1 6 DD 1, 3 17 e1 B1, 6 3 4, 1 2 ( 3 8),,, 3 18 ( 2) e1 B 1 6, 0 3 B1 ( ) 0 35B1 ( ) D D 1, e1> B 1, e1 6 0 3B 1( ) e1 0 35B 1 ( ),, 3 6, 3 B 1 - e1 ; 2, m a x ( 3 11),,,, 3 5 1, 2 1 2 ( 3 9) ( 3 10) 2 [ W 1],,, 93

2, [ W 1],,, ( 3) e1 0 3B 1( ) 0 35B 1( ) ( 3 18) DD 1,, e1> 0 3B 1 ( ) 0 35B 1( ),, T, 3 18( b) (,,, ) 3 18( b), 3 18( b) O, 2 ;,, O 2 ;, 3 18( b) O 3 18( a ) O, 3 18( b) 2 ( ) 3 18 ( a ) 2, 3 18( b) 1 3 18( a ) 1, 1 ; : 2 V 1 = 3 B1 - a 2 - e1 1 ( MPa) ; V ( MN ) ; B 1 ( m) ; = 2 ( WD + E V 1) 3 B 1 - a - e1 2 [ W ] a, d 2 + 0 03( m ) ; e1 ( m) ; W D ( MN ) ; E V 1 ( MN ) ; [ W] ( MPa) ; d ( m) ( 3 20) 3 18,,, 2 : 2 = 1 B1 - x x ( 3 21) x = 3 B1 - e1 ( 3 22) 2 2 ( MPa) ; 1 ( MPa) ; ; B 1 ( m) ; e1 ( m) : E g 210GPa, E h 3 2,, 3 3 94

3 2 GPa 600 550 500 450 400 E h 36 35 5 35 34 33 350 300 250 200 150 E h 32 31 29 27 24 3 3 n 600 400 300 250 200 = E g E h 8 10 15, ( 3 20) ( 3 21),, 1 2 ;,, DD1, ( e1> B 1 ), e1> 0 3B 1 0 35B 1, 4, e1 0 3B1( ) 0 35B1( ),?,,, 3, F a : F a = 104 MD D 1 [ g ] j B1 = 104 E H 1 Z H 1 [ g] j B 1 F a ( cm 2 ) ; MD D 1 DD 1 ( MN m ) ; E H 1 DD 1 ( MN ) ; Z H 1 E H 1 D 1 ( m) ; [ g] ( MPa) ; j, j = 0 87; B 1, ( m ) ( 3 23) ( 3 23), j = 0 87,,, ;,, ; ;,,, ( : 200 #, 0 1% ; 250 # 400 #, 95

0 15% ) ( 3 20) ( 3 21), ( 3 20) 1, [ W ] ; ( 3 21) 2,, [ g], ( 3 21) 2 [ g],, 1, ( 3 10) 2,, b 2 ( b,, b= 1m) 2 [ g ],,,,,,,, ( 3 23), 10mm, 20cm, 6mm, 3 ( ) D D 1 D D 1, 1,,, ( 3 19) 1 3 19,,,, ( ) 1 : 1= 1 b j h Q- MD 1D 2 1 D 1D 2 ( MP a) ; h tan [ Z l - 2] ( 3 24) b, b= 1( m ) ; j, j = 0 87; Q D 1D 2 ( MN ) ; h ( m) ; MD 1D 2 D 1D 2 ( MN m) ; ; [ Zl - 2] 96 3-19

( MPa) ( ), 3 24 = 0, 2 D 1D 2 Q 1= b j h [ Z l- 2] ( 3 25), (, ), : Q = b h = ( 1+ 3) l 2 b h [ C] ( 3 26) D 1D 2 ( MPa) ; Q D 1D 2 ( MN) ; b,, b= 1( m) ; h ( m ) ; 1 ( MPa ) ; 3 D 1D 2 ( MPa) ; l ( m ) ; [ C] ( MPa ) 3 ( 3 13) [ W 1] ( ), ; > [ W 1],, : F a = 104 MD 1D 2 [ g ] j h F a, ( cm 2 ) ; MD 1 D 2 D 1D 2, ( 3 15) ( MN m) ; [ g] ( MPa) ; j, j = 0 87; h ( m) d h = h - 2 + a h ( m) ; d ( m) ; ( 3 27) a,, 0 03, 0 05 ( m ) ( 3 27), [ ( 3 23) ] 4 97

,, l : l ( m) ; F a1 ( m 2 ) ; [ g ] ( MPa) ; U 1 ( m) ; l= [ C] ( MPa) F a 1 [ g ] U 1 [ C] ( 3 28) ( 3 28), ( : A 3, l 30d, 15d ; A 5 16Mn, l 20d, 8d 3 20 ), 6 6m, = 15, = 0 018MN / m 3, = 35, 1 3m, [ ] = 0 4MPa, f = 0 55, 3 21, 150, 1= 0 025MN/ m 3, A 3 [ g] = 130MPa ( ) 1 3 20, = 2 3 = 2 35 = 23 20 : 3 = = cos 2 ( - ) cos 2 cos( + ) sin( + 1+ cos( + cos 2 14 02 cos( 23 20 + 14 02 ) 1+ = 0 49 ) sin ( - ) ) cos( - ) cos 2 ( 35-14 02 ) 2 sin( 23 20 + 35 ) sin ( 35-15 ) cos( 23 20 + 14 02 ) cos( 14 02-15 ) = 35, = 15, = 2 3, = 14 02,, = 0 49, 2 E E = 1 2 H 2 = 1 2 0 018 0 49 8 22 = 0 297 MN E E V = Esin( + ) = 0 297 sin( 23 20 + 14 02 ) = 0 180 MN E E H = Ecos( + ) = 0 297 cos( 23 20 + 14 02 ) = 0 236 MN 98

BD E 1 E 1= 1 2 H 2 1= 1 2 0 018 0 49 72 = 0 216 MN E 1 E 1 E V 1= E 1 sin( + ) = 0 216 sin( 23 20 + 14 02 ) = 0 131 MN E H 1= E 1 cos( + ) 2 W = 0 216 cos( 23 20 + 14 02 ) = 0 172 MN W = W1+ W2+ W 3+ W 4+ W 5+ W6 = 1 1 75 7 0 025 + 0 6 7 0 025 2 + 1 2 0 35 7 0 025 + 3 1 2 0 025+ 0 6 1 3 0 025 + 1 2 0 6 1 3 0 025 = 0 409 MN D D 1 WD 3 21 W D = W1+ W2+ W3= 1 2 1 75 7 0 025+ 0 6 7 0 025+ 1 2 0 35 7 0 025 = 0 289MN ( ) K C= V f E H = ( ) ( W+ E V) f E H = ( 0 409+ 0 180) 0 55 = 1 37< 1 3 ( ) 0 236 K 0= MV M 0 W 1 Z 1+ W2 Z 2+ W3 Z 3+ W 4 Z 4+ W 5 Z 5+ W6 Z 6+ E V ZV = E H Z H 0 153 2 833+ 0 105 1 950+ 0 031 1 533+ 0 090 2 800+ 0 020 0 650+ 0 010 0 867 = 0 236 2 733 + 0 180 3 617 0 236 2 733 = 1 611 = 2 50> 1 5 ( ) 0 645 ( ) 1 e= B 2 - M V - M o V 99

2 = B 2 - M V - M o W+ E V = 4 3 2-1 616-0 645 0 409+ 0 180 = 0 510m< B 6 = 4 3 6 = 0 717m e B 6, : ( ) D D 1 1 2= V B 1 6 e B 1 DD 1 e1 : e1= B 1 2 - MV 1- Mo1 V 1 = B 1 2 - W 1 Z 1+ W2 Z 2+ W3 Z 3+ E V 1 Z V 1- E H 1 Z H 1 WD + E V 1 = W + E V 1 6 e B B 0 409+ 0 180 = 1 6 0 510 4 300 4 300 = 0 234 MPa< [ ] = 0 40MPa ( ) 0 040 = 2 7 2-0 153 1 533+ 0 105 0 650+ 0 031 0 233+ 0 131 2 117-0 172 2 333 0 289+ 0 131 = 0 907m> B 1 6 = 2 7 6 = 0 450 m,, e1 0 3B 1, : e1> 0 3B 1 2 D D 1 e1> B1,,, 1 6 2 : 100 2 V 1 = 3 B 1 - a 2 - e1 2 ( WD + E V 1) = 3 B 1 - a - e1 2 2 ( 0 289+ 0 131) = 2 700-0 050 3-0 907 2 = 0 670MPa< [ W] = 5 5MPa ( ) x = 3 B 1 2 - e1

2 700-0 050 = 3-0 907 = 2 1 254m 2 = 1 B1 - x x ( 2 700-0 05) - 1 254 = 15 0 670 1 254 = 11 188MP a> [ w 1] = 0 33MPa, 2, 150 [ w 1], 3 D D 1,, ( A 3, [ g ] = 130MPa ) F a = 104 E H 1 Z H 1 [ g ] j B1 10 0 172 2 333 4 2 = = 13 389 cm 130 0 87 ( 2 700-0 050), 200 #, 0 1% DD 1 F a 7 22, F a = 26 61cm 2 D D 1 F a = ( 270-5) 100 0 1% = 26 500 cm 2,,,,,,,, ( 1), ( 3 10) 2,, 2 = WD + E V 1 B1 6e1-1 B1 0 289+ 0 131 = 6 0 907 2 700 2 700-1 = 0 158 MPa, 2 = 1 0 158= 0 158MN ( 2),, 2, F a F a = 104 2 [ g] cos = 10 0 158 4 130 cos14 02 = 12 527 cm 2,,,, (, 6 44% ), F a = 104 MD D 1 [ g ] j B 1 MD D 1 DD 1 ( MN m ) ; j, j = 0 87; B 1 ( m) ; 101

[ g] ( MPa),, ( ) D 1D 2 1 ( 1) D 1D 2, D 2 3 : 3= ( 1-2) ( B- l ) B ( 2) D 1D 2 MD 1 D 2 = l 2 6 ( 2 + 2 ( 0 234-0 040) ( 4 3-1 3) = + 0 040 4 3 = 0 175MPa 1+ 3-3h 1 1-2h 2 - h 2 1-3h 3 ) = 1 32 ( 2 0 234+ 0 175-3 0 6 0 025-2 0 6 0 018-0 6 0 025-3 6 0 4 0 018) = 0 152MN m, (, ), D 1D 2 : M D 1 D 2 = l 2 6 ( 2 1+ 3) = 1 3 2 ( 2 0 234+ 0 175) 6 = 0 181MN m ( 3) D 1D 2 Q (, ) : 2 Q= l 2 ( 1+ 3) = 1 3 ( 0 234+ 0 175) 2 = 0 266MN,,, 1 3 D 1D 2 102 1 1= b j h Q - M D 1 D 2 h tan 1 0 181 = 0 266-1 0 87 ( 1 2-0 05) 1 2-0 05 0 6 1 3 = 0 193 MPa < [ Zl - 2] = 0 43MPa ( ) Q = b h

4 D 1D 2 D 1D 2 5 = 0 266 1 1 2 = 0 222MPa < [ C] = 0 65MP a ( ) = 6 M D 1 D 2 b h 2 = 6 0 181 1 1 2 2 = 0 754MP a> [ W 1 ] = 0 33MPa, D 1D 2 ( ) 150 # [ W 1 ],,, 200 # A 3, 5 19 F a = 14 18cm 2 6 F a = 104 M D D 1 2 [ g ] j h 10 0 181 4 = 130 0 87 ( 1 2-0 05) = 13 916 cm 2 F a = 100 ( 120-5) 0 1% = 11 5cm 2 l : : A 3 l=, 0 1% F a 1 [ g ] U 1 [ C] = ( 0 019/ 2) 2 130 2 ( 0 019/ 2) 0 54 = 1 144m, 30d ( 15d ) l= 45d = 45 0 019= 0 855m l 1 144m 3 2 2, 2 2( a ) ; 2 2( b),, 2 2( c),,,,, ( ),, : 103

, 37m,,,,, 200 3 22,,,,, 3 22, ( 1) A, V, AV E,,, ( 2) AV ( 3 22 W 1+ W 2+ W3) ( 3), 3 22 W4 + W5 + W 6 + W7 ( 4) W8 ( 5),,,, 1,,,,, ( 3 23) ( ) 3 23, 1 C V 2, CV 2 E CV,, CC E C E CV W 3( W3 CV2C ) 2 ( ), 3 23 3 ( ), 104

CD QC D, E C, Q CD = E C cos CD MC D, CD, E CH E CV ( 3 23 ) ; E C V, ; W 3 W4 W5 W 6( 3 22) CD,,, ; E CH H C ( E C W 3 3 ) MC D = E CH H C 3 CD,, ( ) 1, CD, ( 1), bq : bq = bq CD ( m ) ; Q CD [ C] b j = E CH [ C] b j Q CD CD ( MN ) ; E CH E C ( MN) ; [ C] ( MPa) ; b,, b= 1 0( m) ; ( 3 29) j,, 3 4 ( 2) bm : bm = MC D R b ( 3 30) R= 1 2 [ W] K j ( 3 31) ( ), K = 1+ j = 1- bm CD ( m) ; 1 [ g ] [ W] K 3 ( 3 32) ( 3 33) MCD CD ( MN m ) ; R, ( 3 31), 3 4 ( MP a) ; [ W ] ( MP a) ; K, ; j, 3 4 ; 105

[ g ] ( MP a) ; ; b, b= 1 0( m), [ g] [ W], R K j 3 4 3 4 R [ g ] [ W ] K = 1+ 1 [ g ] [ W ] j = 1- K 3 R = 1 2 [ W ] K j 130 150 5 5 15 0 388 0 871 0 929 3 A 3 130 200 7 0 15 0 447 0 851 1 331 4 130 250 9 0 10 0 409 0 864 1 590 2 130 300 10 5 10 0 446 0 851 1 996 2 150 150 5 5 15 0 355 0 882 0 861 1 A 5 150 200 7 0 15 0 412 0 863 1 244 4 150 250 9 0 10 0 375 0 875 1 476 6 150 300 10 5 10 0 412 0 863 1 866 7 ( 3 29) ( 3 30), ( :, 3cm, 5cm, 30cm, 2cm 1 5cm) CD,,,,,, 1 5 2m,, 2 CD, F a : F a = 104 M CD = 10 4 E CH Z CH [ g ] j B 1 [ g] j B1 F a CD, ( cm 2 ) ; M CD CD ( MN m) ; E CH E C ( MN ) ; Z CH E CH ( m) ; [ g] ( MPa) ; ( 3 34) j, 3 4,,, j 0 87; B 1 ( m), ( 3 34), CD,,, 106

( ) 1,, 2,,, 3 24 3 24, N b, N O, O, N b = M C D b = M CD N b N ( m) ; ( 3 35) CD M CD O ( ) ( MN m) ; 3 24 N, CD ( MN ) CD, x, : x 3 - Tx 2 + Gx - GB 1 = 0 ( 3 36) T = 3 ( B 1 - b) G= 6 b F a x ( m) ; B 1 ( m) ; b, ( 3 35) ( m) ; F a ( m 2 ) ; 1 : 2 : x N 1 = 0 5x 2 - ( B 1 - x ) F a 2 = 1 ( B 1 - x ) x 1 ( MPa) ; 2 ( MPa) ; [ W] ( MPa) ; [ g] ( MPa) ; [ g ] [ W ] ( 3 37) ( 3 38), D D 1, 107

, D D 1,, ( ) 3 25, ( 1) W9 ( 2) W8 ( 3) ( 4) E,, ( 5),,,,, 3 25, = 0,, ( ) D D 1 1 DD 1 VD : l ( VD = 1 + 3) - W8 - W9 2 VD DD 1 ( MN ) ; 2 DD 1 : l ( m ) ; 1 ( MP a) 3 ( MP a) ; h ( m ) ; h 1 ( m ) ; 1 ( MN / m 3 ) ; ( MN / m 3 ) = l 2 ( 1 + 3-2h 1-2h 1 ) ( 3 39), (, ), MD D 1 = l 2 MD D 1 D D 1 ( MN m ) ; ( ) 1, h V 6 ( 2 1 + 3-3h 1-3h 1 ) ( 3 40) : h V = h V DD1 ( m ) ; D V [ C] j b V D D D 1 ( MN ) ; 108 ( 3 41)

[ C ] ( MPa ) ; j, 3 4 ; b,, b= 1 0m 2 h M : h M DD 1 ( m) ; h M = MD D 1 R b ( 3 42) MD D 1 DD 1 ( MN m) ; R, ( 3 31), 3 6 ; b, b= 1 0m ( 3 41) ( 3 42),, 3 D D 1,,, : F a = 104 M D D 1 [ g ] j h ( 3 43) F a D D 1,, ( cm 2 ) ; MD D 1 DD 1 ( MN m ) ; [ g] ( MPa) ; j, 3 4 ; h, h = h - a ( m ) ; h ( m) ; a ( m),, l, : l= F a 1 [ g ] U 1 [ C] l ( m) ; F a1 ( m 2 ) ; U 1 ( m) ; [ g ] ( MPa) ; C ( MPa) ( 3 44) ( 3 43) F a,,, ( ) 3 26, 1, W1 109

W 2 2 W1 0 3 4, A V 1 E 1 ( E 1= E A - E C, E A E C A V V 1V ), AV1 CC1, 5,,,,,, = 0,, CC1,, 6 V 1V E C, CV 2 E C 26 ( ) CC1 (, ), 3 CC1 V C,, : VC = 1 2 l 2 1 t an + H C l 1 + E 1 sin + h l 1 1 - VC CC1 ( MN ) ; CC1 MC C 1 l 1 ( m ) ; ( MN / m 3 ) ; ; E 1 AV1 ( MN) ; H C ( m ) ; h ( m ) ; 1 ( MN / m 3 ) ; 2 A ( MPa) ; 4 CC1 ( MPa ) 3 26 ( 2 + 4) l 1 2 ( 3 45),, : MC C = 2 1 3 W 1 l 1 + 1 2 W2 l 1 + E 1V l 1 + 1 2 W1 0 l 1-1 2 2 l 2 1-1 6 ( 4-2) l 2 1 - MC C 1 CC1 ( MN m) ; 110 1 2 ( h + l 1 tan ) E 1H ( 3 46)

W 1 V 2SV ( MN ) ; W 2 CV2SG ( MN) ; W1 0 ( MN ) ; E 1V E 1 ( MN ) ; E 1H E 1 ( MN ) ; ( ),,,, DD 1 CC1,,,,, 3 27,, 3 37,, V = 0 Q = 0 M = 0,,,,, 3 27 ( CD CC1 DD 1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,, 1 8 ( 2 648cm 2 ) 111