1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - 1 -
( ) 30% ( ) ( ) (CIC) 60% 70% [1] 57 10 62 65 65 73-2 -
( ) 16.4% 12% 70% [2] ( 1) [3] ( 2) ( ) 11 384 555 770,000 270,000 ( ) 106 106 ( ) 21-3 -
( ) 64 10 67 391 79 312 72 75 7% ( ) ( ) ( ) 395 311.4 ( 78.8%) 76.9 ( 19.5%) 6.7 ( 1.7%) - 4 -
1 [3] 2 [3] - 5 -
[4] (1) ( ) (2) ( 5,000 ) 1,600 ( 320,000 ) 40,000 ( 8,000,000 ) (3) (4) 200,000 250,000 (5) ( VCD ) - 6 -
[5] ( ) ( 10 µm ) ( 1~100 µm) ( 0.05 1.0 µm ) ( 0.05~20 µm ) (1) (ash) (soot) 80% 1~3 4~6 0.01% 0.02% 0.01~0.02% 0.02~0.05% (2) - 7 -
(in-stroke) (out-stroke) (3) ( ) ( ) SO 2 SO 2 70% 0.5~6% 0.5~3% (SO X ) (SO 2 ) (SO 3 ) 90% SO 3 SO 2 ( 10-6 ) 10-6 ( ) (thermal NO X ) (fuel NO X ) (prompt NO X ) NO NO 2 9:1~19:1 7-8 -
N 2 O NO NO 2 NO 3 N 2 O 3 N 2 O 4 N 2 O 5 NO NO 2 NO NO 2 NO X N 2 O NO NO 2 NO 3 N 2 O (HNO 3 ) ( ) (Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs) (20 C, 760 mmhg) 0.1 VOCs VOCs (Radicals) NO ( PAN ) VOCs VOC (Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential, POCP) 11 11 VOCs VOC (Total Hydrocarbon, THC) (Methane, CH 4 ) (Non-methane Hydrocarbon, NMHC) THC CH 4 NMHC NMHC NMHC VOCs CH 4 CFC 11 VOC ( ) - 9 -
(1) (NH 3 ) (2) (H 2 S) (3) ((CH 3 ) 2 S) (4) (RSH) (5) (A) ((CH 3 )NH 2 ) (B) ((CH 3 ) 2 NH) (C) ((CH 3 ) 3 N) - 10 -
( ) (1) 0.10 ppm 1.4 20~500 ppm SO 2 25 ppm 36 ppm 40 ppm SO 2 SO 2 (synergistic effect) SO 2 25 ppm --- (SO 2 ) (NO 2 ) (2) SO 2 SO 2 (3) (ph ) 5.6 ph 5.6 NO - 3 SO 2-4 H + Cl - - 11 -
( ) (1) ( ) NO NO NO 2 NO NO 2 NO 2 NO 2 NO 2 NO 2 (troposphere) (2) (O 3 ) ( ) 10~15 ppm (PAN) (Pollutant Standards Index PSI) PSI (PM 10 10 ) (SO 2 ) (NO 2 ) (CO) (O 3 ) - 12 -
PSI 100 PSI 100 (Pollutant Standard Index, PSI) 100 PM 10 O 3 PM 10 O 3 PM 10 O 3 1997 PM 10 O 3 PM 10 54% 46% ( ) 47 (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs) (International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC) (Group 2A) 47 (Group 1) (Benzene) (Vinyl Chloride) (Ethylene Oxide) (Group 2A) 1,3- (Butadiene) (Trichloroethylene) (Group 2B) (Acrylonitrile) [6] (1) Du Wang VCM VCM Pan ( 2-3 ) (P<0.05) (1981-1990 ) Yang - 13 -
OR 1.66 (1.05-2.61) OR 1.50 (1.03-2.17) (2) Blot 1950 1969 Kaldor ( 2~3 ) (3) --- 1.65 1.47 1.51 2.11 5.45 1982 Gottlieb 1.65 1.47 1.51 2.11 5.45-14 -
(4) 3 7.5 km 7.5 km 8% 24% 3 km OR 2.15(95% CI 1.25~3.67) 7.5 km OR 2.15(95%CI 1.25~3.67) (5) ( ) (84.6% vs 2.1%) (6) ( ) ( ) (7) OR 2.7 (95%CI 1.8~3.9) (8) 30~37 ( ) (Greenhouse Effect) 15 C -16 C ( ) [7] - 15 -
( ) (1) ( ) 20 µm 50~70% 50~150 mmh 2 O (2) (3) 1 µm (A) (discharge electrode) (B) (electrode collector) (C) (4) (Wet Scrubber) (A) (Spraying Tower) 10.25 µm - 16 -
(B) (Packed Tower) ( ) 3 µm (C) (Venturi Scrubber) (Venturi throat) ( ) [8] (1) (A) (B) FeS 2 (Gasification) (2) (A) ( ) ( ) (B) ( CaO, CaCO 3, Na 2 SO 3 /NaOH, MgO, Citrate, FeS 2, K 2 CO 3 ) ( CaO, Na 2 CO 3 ) ( 150 C) ( Trona (Na 2 CO 3 ), Nacholite (NaHCO 3 )) - 17 -
(Flue Gas Desulfurization FGD) 1 ( ) NO X NO X [8] (1) ( ) ( ) (A) (B) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2) 50% (Selective Catalytic Reduction, SCR) (Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction, SNCR) SCR 80% ( ) NO X N 2 NO X 4 NO + 4NH 3 + O2 4N 2 + 6H 2O (1) 2 NO2 + 4NH 3 + O 2 3N 2 + 6H 2O (2) NO X 80% NH 3 slip SNCR Thermal DeNO X NO X NH 3 NO X N 2 H 2 O - 18 -
( SCR 1/5 1/3) ( ) ( 1,000 C) NH 3 /NO (NH 3 ) NH 3 slip NO X FGD NO X L/G ratios [Depriest, 1990] ( ) VOCs (1) VOCs (2) - 19 -
200~600 ft/s (atomize liquid) 0.5 µm VOCs (3) (A) VOCs 90.99% (B) VOCs VOCs metal mesh-mat) (ceramic honey comb) (space velocity ) VOCs ( ) - 20 -
VOCs 98% (4) ( ) (5) VOCs CO 2 H 2 O NO3 SO4 2- VOCs ( ) CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 ( ) CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 ( ) CO 2-21 -
CO 2 CO 2 ( ) ( ) CO 2 CFCs CH 4-22 -
( ) ( ) [9] ( ) 61.4 44.1 46.6 40.7 84.7 70% 30% 40% 60% 89.3 0.2 16.6 76,435 35,350 54% 66,736 / 50,459 24% ( ) (1) (2) - 23 -
(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) ( ) (1) 16 18% 14% 25% (2) 75 1,000 11,431 (3) 2% 1.5% - 24 -
1% 0.5% 17 25ppb 5.5ppb 78% (4) 70% (5) / SNCR NO X ( ) ( ) 1987 1989 1-25 -
[1] 3 [2] http://gis4.cpami.gov.tw/cpis/cpclass/class10/ch09/sec2.htm [3] http://www.cpc.com.tw/classroom/book/petrodistrib.htm [4] 4 [5] [6] [7] 355 18~21 [8] [9] http://www.epa.gov.tw/f/evolve/air_assay/index_index.htm - 26 -