1 1 1.1 1 1.1.1 1 1.1.2 2 1.1.3 3 1.2 3 1.2.1 3 1.2.2 4 1.2.3 5 1.2.4 5 1.2.5 6 1.3 8 1.3.1 8 1.3.2 10 1.3.3 10 1.3.4 11 1.3.5 11 1.4 12 1.4.1 12 1.4.2 15 1.4.3 16 2 18 2.1 18 2.1.1 18 2.1.2 20 2.1.3 24 2.1.4 25
2.2 26 2.2.1 26 2.2.2 27 2.2.3 28 2.3 30 2.3.1 30 2.3.2 33 2.3.3 33 2.4 34 2.4.1 34 2.4.2 36 2.5 37 2.5.1 37 2.5.2 37 2.6 40 2.6.1 40 2.6.2 41 2.6.3 41 3 43 3.1 43 3.1.1 43 3.1.2 44 3.1.3 45 3.1.4 45 3.2 46 3.2.1 46 3.2.2 47 3.2.3 53 3.3 54 3.3.1 54 3.3.2 56 3.3.3 58 2
4 61 4.1 61 4.1.1 62 4.1.2 62 4.1.3 64 4.1.4 64 4.1.5 66 4.1.6 66 4.1.7 67 4.2 67 4.3 68 4.3.1 69 4.3.2 69 4.4 70 4.4.1 70 4.4.2 70 4.4.3 73 4.4.4 74 4.4.5 74 4.4.6 75 4.4.7 76 4.5 76 4.5.1 77 4.5.2 77 5 79 5.1 79 5.1.1 79 5.1.2 80 5.2 80 5.2.1 80 5.2.2 81 5.2.3 81 3
5.2.4 82 5.3 86 5.3.1 86 5.3.2 86 5.4 90 5.4.1 90 5.4.2 91 5.4.3 97 5.4.4 97 5.4.5 98 6 99 6.1 99 6.1.1 100 6.1.2 100 6.2 101 6.2.1 101 6.2.2 104 6.2.3 105 6.3 106 6.3.1 106 6.3.2 107 6.3.3 107 6.4 108 6.4.1 108 6.4.2 109 6.4.3 110 7 111 7.1 111 7.1.1 111 7.1.2 111 7.2 113 7.2.1 113 4
7.2.2 115 7.2.3 116 7.3 116 7.3.1 116 7.3.2 118 7.3.3 119 7.4 120 7.4.1 120 7.4.2 123 8 125 8.1 125 8.1.1 126 8.1.2 126 8.2 127 8.2.1 127 8.2.2 130 8.2.3 131 8.3 131 8.3.1 132 8.3.2 133 9 135 9.1 135 9.1.1 135 9.1.2 135 9.2 136 9.2.1 136 9.2.2 138 9.2.3 138 9.3 139 9.3.1 140 9.3.2 140 9.4 142 5
9.4.1 142 9.4.2 143 9.4.3 144 9.4.4 145 9.5 145 9.5.1 145 9.5.2 146 9.5.3 148 9.5.4 148 9.6 149 9.6.1 150 9.6.2 ( ) 150 9.7 151 9.7.1 151 9.7.2 152 10 154 10.1 154 10.1.1 154 10.1.2 155 10.1.3 157 10.2 164 10.2.1 164 10.2.2 164 10.2.3 165 10.2.4 166 10.2.5 167 10.3 174 10.3.1 174 10.3.2 175 10.3.3 176 10.3.4 179 10.4 183 10.4.1 183 6
10.4.2 186 10.4.3 190 10.5 192 10.5.1 192 10.5.2 193 10.5.3 194 10.5.4 197 200 7
1,,,,,,, 1.1, : 1.1.1,,, 1 1 ( P) (l), 1 2 Oe,,, ; e,,,,, ; s,,, ; b ( ),, k,,,, 1
1 1 1 2 1.,, Fs, s s = Fs/ A0 ( N) ; A0 ( mm 2 ), b b = Fb/ A0, Fb ( N) ; A0 ( mm 2 ),, s,,,, b 2.,, = l1 - l0 l0, = A0 - A1, l0 ( mm) ; l1 ( mm) ; A0 ( mm 2 ) ; A1, ( mm 2 ),,,, 1.1.2, 2 A0
1, HBS HBS, N/ mm 2,, 220 HBS, HBS 450 HBS : HRA, HRB HRC HRC, HRC,, 52HRCHBS HRC,,, (), 1.1.3,,,, Ak, J, A( cm 2 ),, ak ( J/ cm 2 ), ak = Ak/ A 1.2 1.2.1,,,,, 1 3 1 3 3
1. 1 4( a),, 8 1 2. 1 4 ( b), 8 6 1,,, 1 4 1.2.2 ;,,,, 1 1 5 5,, n,, ;, n 0, 1 6, ;,,,,,, 4
1 1 5 1 6 1.2.3,, ( ), 1 7, 3 1 (1 538 ),, ; 2 (1 394 ),,, ; 3 ( 912 ),,, 1 7 1.2.4,,,,, 5
4 1. ( F ),,,, 2. ( A ),,, 3. ( Fe3 C), 6.69%, (800 HBS), 4. ( P), 0.77 %, 727,,,, 1.2.5,,,, 1 8 1 8, ( ), 6.69%, ACD ; A ECF ; ACE CDF, ACE, CDF,, A ECF,, AE SG GPQ 727, 0.77% 6
1 1 8 ( ) GS P,,,, S,,, 0.77% S ECF K,,,, S,,, 0.77%,, 3 wc 0.021 8% 0.021 8% < wc < 0.77% 0.021 8 % < wc 2.11% wc = 0.77% 2.11 % < wc 6.69% 0.77% < wc 2.11% 7
1.3,,,,, 1 9,,,, 1 1 1 1 1 9 1.3.1, 1 10, 1. Ac3 3050,,,,, ; 8
1 1 10,,, 2. Ac1, Ac1,,,,,,, 3. 100 200, 650 700,,, 4. 500600, Ac1, 9
1.3.2 Ac3 3050 ( ) Accm 3050 ( ), 1,, 10,,,,, ;,,,,, 1.3.3 Ac3 ( ) Ac1 ( ) 3050,, () 1 11 1 11, 1 Ac1 11,,, S,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 10
1,,,, + ;, + 1.3.4 Ac1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 1. 150250,, 2. 350500 3. 500650, 1.3.5,,,,,, : 11
1.4 ;, 1.4.1, 2.11%,, 1 2 1 2 1.,, 1 3 (1 ) 0.38%, 0.25 % 12
1 1 3 Q215, Q235, Q235 A, Q255, Q235B Q,,, A, B, C, D, 08F, 08, 15, 20, 35, 45, 60, 65 Mn, F Mn ( 0.8 % 1.2 % ) T8, T10 A, T 12 T,, A,,,,,, (2 ), 08,10, 15,20, 25, 20,, 30,35, 40,45, 50,55,,,,, 55,60, 65,,, (3 ) 0.7% 1.3%,,,,,, T8, T10, T10A T12 T8,,, ; T10 T10A,, ; T12 T13,, 2.,, 13
,, (1 ),, 1 4 1 4 12 MnV, 16 Mn, 15Mn T i, 16 MnCu, 15Mn VN + + 20Cr, 20CrMn Ti, 18Cr2Ni4A,,, + + 40Cr, 40MnVB,38CrMoAlA, A + ( + ) 65 Mn, 60Si2 Mn, 50Cr V A + 0.95 % 1.05 % GCr9, GCr15, GCr15 SiMn,, + (2 ),, 1 5 3.,,?,,,,, 0, 0.03%, 00 14
1 1 5 5CrNiMo, 3Cr2W85, CrMn Mo Cr12, Cr12 Mo V CrMn, CrW Mn, 3Cr13 9SiCr, Cr2, Cr WMn ( ) W18Cr4V, W6Mo5Cr4V2, 1 % ( 1.5 % ) + + +,, 1Cr18Ni9T i, 0Cr18Ni9,2Cr13 4Cr13 (0.9 % 1.3% ) (11% 14% ),,,, ZGMn13 (ZG ) 15CrMo, 12CrMoV ( ),1Cr18Ni9 Ti 1Cr13Mo 1.4.2 2.11%,,,,,, ( )( ),,,, 1 6 15
1 6 H T 150, H T 200, H T250, H T 300 Ru T300, Ru T340, RuT380, Ru T 420 H T, Ru T, Q T 420 10, Q T500 5, Q T 700 2 Q T, K T H K T H300 6, K T H350 10, K TZ450 5, K T Z600 3, K T Z,, 1.4.3,,,, 1. (1 ) (2.710 3,, kg/ m 3 ),,,, L1, L2, L3,, L6L,,,,,,,, (2 ), LF, LF2, L F21, L F6,,, 16 (3 ), LY, LY1, LY11 LY12
1,,,, (4 ) Al Si, Al Cu, Al Mg Al Zn 4 ZL, ZL101, ZL102, ZL201, 2. (1 ), 8.9410 3 kg/ m 3, 1 083,, T, T1, T2, T3,,,, (2 ),, H,, H70, H80,,, (3 ), ;,,, Q + + + QAl9 4, 8.0% 10%, 2.0% 4.0%, Z, ZQSn10 1 9.0% 11.0%, 0.6% 1.2 %, 17
2,,,, 2.1, 2 1,,,,, 2 1 2.1.1 18 1.,,
2 (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,,, (5 ),, 2. (1 ),, ( SiO2 ) 85% 97% (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,, 19
2 2,,, 3.,, : 2 % 20 %, 98 % 80 %, 8% 10%, 4% 8%, 2% 5%, 2 2 2.1.2, 2, 3 2 3 1.,, 2 4, 2. (),, ( ) 2 20 5
2 2 4 2 5 3.,,, 2 6,,,, 21
, 2 6 4., ( ) 2 7,,, 2 7 5., 2, 22 8
2 2 8 6. (), 2 9 2 9 23
7., 2.1.3, ( ) 2 10,,, 2 10 (a),,,,, 2 10( b ),,,,,, 2 10 (c),,, 4,,,, 2 10 ( d) 2 10 24
2,, ;,, 2.1.4 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,, ;,,,,, 2 11,, 2 12 ( a) ;, 2 12 ( b ),, 2050 mm, 2 11 2 12,,,, 25
3., 3, 2 13 2 13 2.2, ;,,, 2.2.1,,, 2 14 2 14,,,,,,, 2 15,,, 2 16, aa, bb cc aa, ; cc,, 26
2,,, ; bb 2 15 2 16 2.2.2,,,,,,, 1.,, 0.54, 2 17 2.,, ;, ;, ;,, ;,, 2 17 27
3.,,,,,,, 0.7% 1.0 %, 1.3% 2.0%, 0.8% 1.2%, 1.2% 1.4% 4.,,,,, 5. 25 mm,, 2 18,, 2 19,,, 2 18 2 19 2.2.3, 28
2,,,,, 2 20, 1.,,, 2.,, 3.,,,, 4.,,,, ;, ;,, ;, 2 21 5. ;,,, 2 20 29
2 20 2 21 2.3,,, 70 % 75% ; 2.3.1 : ; ;,,,, 90% 1.,, 2 22 ( ) (),,,,,,,, 30
2, 1.510 t/ h 2. (1 ), l/ 3 5kg, 520 mm, 50 mm (2 ),, 100200 mm, 100150 mm (3 ) 2 22,,,,, ( CaCO3 )( CaF2 ) 25% 30%, 2070 mm 3.,, : ; ; 31
,,, (1 ), C + O2 CO2 + Q, Q ( ),,, 2 23,,,,,,, CO2 + C 2CO - Q,,, 1 000, 2 23, ( 1 100 ),,,,, 2 23 (2 ),, 1 1001 200,, 32
2,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 700 ( CaO) ( CO2 ),,, 3.0% 3.4%, 10% 15%, 20% 25% 2.3.2,, 2 24,,,, 2 24 2.3.3 33
2 25 1.,, (2 25 ), ;,,, 2. (1 ) ( ) 150300, (2 ), ( C2 Cl6 ), 1/ 3, 3C2 Cl6 + 2A l 3C2 Cl4 + 2AlCl3 3ZnCl2 + 2Al 3Zn + 2AlCl3 ( C2 Cl4 ) ( AlCl3 ),, (3 ) 6%,,, 2% 3% ( NaF, NaCl, KCl Na3 AlF6 ),,, 2.4 2.4.1 34,
2,, 1. (1 ), ; ;,, ; ; ;,,, (2 ) 2 26,,, (3 ),,, 2 26,, 2 27 2 27 2.,,,,,, 35
, ;,, 2.4.2, 1. 2 28, 2 28,,,,,, 2.,, ;,, ;,,, ;,,, 36,,,
2 2.5 2.5.1, ( ), ; ; ;,, 2.5.2,,,, 2 1 2 1 : 1 37
: 2 1 2,, :, 3,, : 4,, :, 5 SiO 2, :,, 6,, 38
2 : 2 1 7 8 :, : 9 :, 10 :, 11 12 :,,, 39
2.6,, 2.6.1,,,,, 2 29 :,,,,,, :,,,, 25 kg 2 29 40
2 2.6.2,,, 2 30 2 30,,,,,,,,, 2.6.3,, 570 M Pa, 200 MPa, 5 100 m/ s, 0.10.5 s,, 2 31,,,, 41
2 31 42
3,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 3.1 3.1.1,,, ( ) ( ) 3 1 3 1 1 2001 250 800 1 1501 200 800 1 1001 180 850 450500 350380 800900 650700 43
,, 3 2 3 2 1 300 1 200 1 100 900 800 700 < 600 3.1.2 1., ( )3 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 2., 3 3, 3 3 44
3, ;, 3.1.3 1.,,,, 2.5% 4%,,, ;,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.1.4,,,,, 650700,, 500700,,,,,,,, 45
3.2,, ( ) ( ),,,,, 3.2.1,, 3 4 3 4 46
3,,,,,,, 65 kg, 65 kg 50 mm 2 kg 3 5 3 5 3.2.2, 3 1.,, 47
h0/ d0 2.5,,,,,,,,,, 3, 3 6 3 6,,,,,, 2., 2.5, 90 (1 ), 3 7 3 8 (2 ) l b 0.30.7, ;, 3 9 48
3 3 7 3 8 3 9 (3 ),,,,, 3 10,, 3 10 49
(4 ), 3 11 (a) 3 11 ( b ), 2.5; (5 ), 3 11,,, 3. (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,, 3 12( a) (3 ), ( ),,, 3 12 ( b) (4 ) 2/ 33/ 4, 3 12( c),,,, 3 12( d) 3, 3 13( a), 3 13 ( b),, 400 mm,, 3 13 ( c) 25 mm, 50
3 3 12 3 13 4.,, 3 14,, 3 14 5.,,, 51
3 15 (a),, 3 15( b ), 3 16, 3 15 3 16 6., 3 17,,,, 7., 3,,, 18, 3 17 3 18 8. 52, 3 19
3 3 19 (a),,,, 3 19 ( b) 3 19 3.2.3,,, 3 3 3 3 1 250 1 ( 2 ) 800 1 53
3 3 2 3 ( ) 4 3.3 ( 4 mm), 810 mm, ;,,,,,,,, 3.3.1 1. 3 20,,,,, 54
3,,, 2. 3 20 3 21 (1 ) 3 21,,, T, (2 ), 55
,, (3 ), (4 ),,,,,, ;,,, ( N ) 61.741 960 kn(6.3200 t), 98030 870 kn( 1003 150 t) 3.3.2 3 22, 1.,, ;, 3 23 56 3 22 3 23
3 ;, 2., 3 22,,,,,, 3 24,,,, 3 25, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 24 1 2 3 ( ) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 25 57
3.3.3,, 3 4,,,, 3 5, 3 4,,,,,, 3 5,,, 58
3, ( ), ( 5% 10 % ),,, 3 26 (a),,,, 3 26 ( b ), 3 26( c), 3 26,,, 3 27, 3 28,,, r,, ( ), 010 3 27 3 28 59
,, 3 29,,, t, = (1.11.2) t;,, 3 29,,,,,,,,, 60
4, ( ),, 4 1,,,,, ( ),,, 4 2 4 3 4 1 4 2 4 3 4.1 () 4 4, 6 000 K, 61
4.1.1, 1. 4 4, BX1 330, 4 5 2.,,,,, 4 6 4 5 4 6 4.1.2 ( ) (), 4 7 :, ;, 62
4,,,,, 4 7 4 1 4 1 mm 2.0 2.5 3.2 4.0 5.0 5.8 250 250 350 350 400 400 300 300 400 400 450 450 450 1 3, J422 J507, J ( ),A,Z ;,, M Pa, 42, 50, 55, 60, 70, 75 85 ;, 4 2, 1 5, 6 7, J422,J,42420 M Pa;2,, ( 1987 )J422 ( 422) E4303, J507 (507 ) E5015, J506 (506 ) E5016 4 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ( SiO2, TiO2 MnO ) J422, CO,,, ;,,,,,, 63
J507 CaCO3, CaO CO2, ;, ( CaF2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.1.3,,,, 4 3 4 3 mm 2 3 47 812 13 1.62.0 2.5 3.2 3.24.0 4.05.0 4.0 5.8,, I = (30 60 ) d, I ( A) ; d ( mm),,,,, ( : ),,,, 4.1.4 1. :, 4 8 64 2.,
4 4 8,,,, 4 9 4 9, I V U,, 4, X 10 4 10 65
4.1.5,, 4 11,,, 4 11 4.1.6 1.,, 2 4 mm,,, 4 12 2. 4 12, ( 4 13 )( 4 14 ), 1 2 3 4 13 4 14 66
4 4.1.7 46 mm 4 4 4 4 1,, 2 4 6 mm, I, 3 4, 12 mm 5,,, 300 mm 6,,, 7 8,, 4.2 ( ), 4 15 67
, 4 16 3 BX2 1000 4 15,,, 4 16, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 4 16 4.3 (), 68
4 4.3.1, 4 17,, 4 17 () 4 18, 4 18 4.3.2,, 4 19 69
4 19 4.4 4.4.1, 4 20 4 20 ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 3 mm 4.4.2 4 21 1. 4, 22, 40 L, 15 Mpa(150 atm),, 4 21 70
4,,, ; 5 m; ; ;,, 2., 4 23,,, 4 22 4 23 1.5 Mpa(15 atm),, 15, 1 L 23 L,,,,,,,,,, : 30 40 ;,,, 20, ; 3., 2.4 M Pa (24 atm),, 71
, 4 24,, 4 24( a),,,,, 4 24( b),,,,,,,,, 4 24,,,,,,,, 4.,, 35, 4 25 72
4 4 25 4.4.3, 3, 4 26 1. ( V O 2 / VC 2 H 2 = 1.01.2 ), 3 4 27, 3 0003 200 24 mm 4 26 4 27 2. ( V O 2 / VC H 2 2 < 1.0 ),,,, 2 700 3 000,,, 73
3. ( V O 2 / VC H 2 2 > 1.2 ),,, 3 100 3 300,,,,, 4.4.4 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, 4 28,, 4 28,,, 3050,,, 4.4.5,,,,, (201 ),,,, 74
4 4.4.6 ( ) ( ) ( ),, 4 29 1. 4 30, (1 300, ),, (, ),, 4 29 4 30 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 75
4.4.7 ( ), ( ), 4 31 4 31,,,,,, ( ), ( ),, 4.5 (),, (112 V), ( ), (0.01 ),,, 3, 4 32 4 32 76
4 4.5.1 4 33, ( )( ) 4 34 4 33 4 34 4.5.2 1., 4 35,,,,,, 2. 4 36,,,,, 4 36 (a), 4 35 77
,, 4 36 ( b),,, 4,, 4 36 ( d) 36( c) 4 36 78
5 5.1, 50%,, :,, 5 1 5 1 5.1.1, n, r/ min, vc,, ; 79
5.1.2, 5 2 5 2 1. vc,, m/ s vc = D n 60 1 000, D ( mm ) ; n ( r/ min) 2. f,, mm/ s mm/ r 3. ap, mm, d ( mm ) ap = D - d 2 IT11IT6, Ra 5.2 12.50.8 m 5.2.1,,,,, 80
5,,, 5.2.2 C6140A 5.2.3 5 3 C6132, 1., 2.,, 3., ( ),, 81
4., ( ), 5 3 5 3 C6132 4, (),, (), ( ) () 5.,, 6.,, 5.2.4 1. 5 4 82
5 5 4 (1 ) 5 4( a),, i, i = n2/ n1 = d1/ d2 n2 = n1, n1 n2 ( r/ min) ; d1 d2 ( mm) ;, = 0.98 (2 ) 5 4( b ),, i d1 d2 i = n2/ n1 = z1/ z2 n2 = n1 3 4, z1 z2 i = n3/ n1 = z1 z3/ z2 z4 n3 = n1 z1 z2 z3 z4 83
3 3, i = n3/ n1 = z1 z2/ z2 z3 = z1/ z3 n3 = n1 z1 z3 z2, n3 (3 ) 5 4( c), z, m, n, L( mm) L = z mn (4 ) 5 4( d), z1, z2,, z1, n1, n2, i = n2/ n1 = z1 z2 (5 ) 5 v( mm/ min) 4( e), p( mm ), n( r/ min), 2. C6132 v = np,, 5 (1 ) 5 C6132, 19 34 33 22 22 45 28 39 34 32 176 200 M1 27 63 17 58 M1 27 27,,, 5 84 n = 1 440 33 22 34 32 176 200 0.98 27 63 17 58 = 248 r/ min ( ) 5
5 1 980 r/ min, 45 r/ min,, 232 = 12 5 5 C6132 (2 ) ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,, 85
5.3 5.3.1, 5 6,, ;, 5 6 1. 2.,, 3., 5.3.2 1.,,, 5 7 86
5 (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ), 2., 5 8 (1 ) 0 5 7 5 8,,,,,,,,, 0 = 1020,,,, 0, 0 = 515 (2 ) 0, 212, (3 ) r, 87
,,,,,,,,, r = 75 r = 90 45, 60, 7590 (4 ) r,,,,,, r = 515 (5 ) s,, - 5 + 5 3.,,,,, ( > 60 HRC ) (1 ), H RC 6265, 500600,,, (2 ) ( WC ), ( T ic) (),, 8001 000, HRC 6981, (Y G), YG3, YG6 Y G8,,, YG8, YG6 YG3 ( YT), YT5, YT15 YT30,,, ;,, YT5 88
5, YT15 YT30 4. (90 ) ( 45 ), 5 9 5 9 (1 ) 90 ( ) 90 ( ) (2 ) 45 45 (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) ( ),,,, 5 5 10 11,,,,,, 89
,,,, 5 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 10 5 11 5 12 5.4 5.4.1,,,,,,, = / ( mm) C6132 4 mm, 200, 4 mm200 = 0.02 mm 90
5, 0.02 mm,, 0.04 mm,,,, 0.04 mm,,,,,,,, 5 13 5 13 5.4.2,, 1., 5 14, ; 3, 3,, 0.050.15 mm3, 5 14(c), 2. 5 15 4 4,,,,, 5 16 91
5 14 5 15 5 16 4,,, 5 17 ( a),,,, 5 17 ( b), 0.01 mm 92 5 17
5 3.,, 5 18,,,,,,,,, 5 18 (), 5 19,,,,,,, 5 19 (1 ) 5 20, (60 ) (60 ), 93
120, 60,, 5 20, (2 ),,,, 5 21 5 21, (3 ), 5 22,,,,, 5 23 94 5 22
5 5 23,,,,,,, 4.,, ( ) ( ),,, 5 24 5 24 12 00015 000,,,,,,,,, I T9IT11, 95
5.,,,,, 5 25 ( a),,,,, 5 25 ( b),,,, 5 25,,,, 5 26 5 26 96
5 5.4.3,,,, 5 27 5 27 5.4.4,,,,,,, 5 28 5 28 97
5 28 (a)( e), ;, 5 28 (f), 5.4.5 1.,, 2.,, 3.,, 4., ;, 5. 98
6 6.1 () ( V T ) 6 1 6 1 6 2 IT9IT7, Ra 6.33.2 m 6 2 99
6.1.1 6 3 ( a), ( b ), ( c) 6 3,,,,,, 6.1.2 vc f ap 6 4 1. vc ( ), m/ s vc = nl( 1 + m) 60 1 000, n (); l ( mm) ; m = v/ v, 100 m = 0.7, vc = 1.7 nl 60 1 000 6 4
6 2. f ( ), ( ), mm B6065 f = z 3, z,, 110 ; f 0.33 3.3 mm 3. ap,, mm 6.2 6.2.1,, 1 000 mm B6065 1. 2. 6 (1 ) 5, (2 ),,, 101
(3 ), 6 6,,, A,, (4 ), (5 ),,, 6 5 B6065 6 6 3. 6 [6 [6 7 7 (a) ] 1 2, 32 = 6, 7 (a) ] 3 4, 5 6 6 7, 8 [6 7 (a) ] 21, 22, 23 24 25; 6 26, 25 8 102
6 6 7 103
[6 7 ( b) ] 910 11 12 13, 14 5, [ 6 [6 7 (c) ] 7 (c) ],,>, () [6 7 ( d) ],, 19, 18, ;, ;,, 180, 6.2.2, 6 B2010A 8 B2010A 104 6 8 B2010A
6 :,, ;, ;,,,,, 24, 6.2.3,,, 6 9 B5020 B5020 3,,, 6 10 6 11,,,, 6 9 B5020 105
6 10 6 11 6.3 6.3.1,,, 1.251.5 0 ( 510 ), s ( - 10-20 ), r 3075,,,, O,, 6,, 6 12 ( b) 12 ( a) 6 12 106
6 6.3.2,, 6 13 6 13 6.3.3,, 6 14 (a) r = 13 mm,, Ra, 6 0.10.2 mm 3.2 m,, 14( b )( c) ( ),,, 1.52,,,, 6 14 107
, 6.4 6.4.1,,,,, 6 15 ( a ),,, 6 15( b ) 6 15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 108,
6 6.4.2,,,, 6 16 6 16,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 109
6.4.3,,,,, 110
7 7.1 ( ) ( V T ) ( ),, 7 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25% IT9IT7, Ra 7.1.1 7, 7.1.2 6.31.6 m 2 ( a) ( b ) vc f ap ae 7 2 1. vc, vc = dn 60 1 000, d ( mm ) ; n ( r/ min) 111
112 7 1
7 7 2 2. f vf ( mm/ min ) f ( mm/ r ) fz ( mm/ ), vf = fn = fz z n, z ; n ( r/ min ) 3. ap 4. ae 7.2, 7.2.1,,,,,,,, X6132 1. 113
2. X6132 7 3, 7 3 X6132 (1 ),,,, (2 ),, 114 (3 ), 724 (4 ),
7 T (5 ), (6 ) (045 ), (7 ), (8 ),, 7.2.2 7 X5032 4 X5032 7 4 X5032 115
, ( ),,, T,,,, 7.2.3, 7 5,, 7 5 7 5 7.3,, : 7.3.1 116
7 1. 7 6, 2. 7 7( a), ( b), ( c), ; 7 7 ( d), 7 6 7 7 3. 7 8,, 7 8 117
4. 7 9, 7 9 7.3.2, T 1. 7 10, 7 10 2. 7 11 3. T 7 12 T T 4. 118 7 13,
7,, 7 11 7 12 T 7 13 7.3.3 1.,, 7 14,,,,, 16 mm, 22 mm, 27 mm, 32 mm, 40 mm (a),, ( b ), (c),, 7 14,, 7 15,, 119
2., 7 16 20 mm,,,, (,, 7 17 ),, 7 17 7 18,, 7 18 ( 2 4 ),, 7 17 7 15 7 16 7 17 7 18 7.4 7.4.1 120
7 1.,,, 7 19( a) () 4,, 7 19( b ), 7 19 (c),, 7 19 2., 7, 20, 0360,, T,, 7 21,,,, 3.,,,, 121
, 7 20 7 21 (1 ), 7 22,, T,,,,, 7 23 i = / = 1/ 40, ( 11 ), 1/ 40 z, 1/ z, n 140 = 1 z n n = 40 z, n ; z ;40 () (2 ), n= 40 z z = 35, n = 40 z = 40 35 = 1 1 7 () 122
7 7 22 7 23,, 1/ 7 1/ 7, 7 24, : 24, 25, 28, 30, 34, 37 ; : 38, 39, 41,42, 43 : 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 54 ; : 57,58, 59,62, 66,, 7 28 7 24,, 28 4 n = 1 1 7 = 1 4 28, ( ) 1, 2, 4, 7.4.2, 6.4, 6.4, 7 21 ( ), 7 25, 123
,,, 7 26 7 27 7 25 7 26 7 27,, 124
8 8.1,, 8 1 IT6IT5, Ra 0.80.2 m, Ra 8 1,,,,,,,,,, 1 000,,,,,,, 125
8.1.1 8 2( a), ( b) :,, ;,, ;, :, vc = 30 50 m/ s ;, ap = 0.01 0.005 mm 8 2 8.1.2 vc vw fa f r 8 2 1. vc, vc = ds ns 60 1 000, ds ( mm ) ; ns ( r/ min) 126
8 2. vw vw = dw nw 60 1 000 vw = 2 s nt 60 1 000, dw ( mm) ; nw ( r/ min) ; s ( mm ) ; nt ( r/ min) 3. fa fa = (0.2 0.8 ) b, b fa = (0.2 0.8 ) b 4. fr, ap f r = 0.0050.04 mm 8.2, 8.2.1 ;, M1432A 127
1. M1432A 2. M1432A 8 (1 ) 3,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,, (5 ), T,,, ( 8 ), (6 ),,,, 3.,,, 128
8 8 3 M1432A,, 8 4 8 4,,,,,,, 129
,,, 90,,,, 8.2.2 8 M2120 5 M2120,,,,,,, 8 5 M2120 130
8 8.2.3 8 M7120A 6 M7120A 8 6 M7120A M7120A,, 1 500 r/ min 3 000 r/ min,,, ;,,,,, 8.3,, 131
,,,, 8 7 8.3.1 8 7, : ( ALO), A ( )WA() ;, C( ) GC( ),,, V( ), B()R( ),,, KR, 014 15,, 8, 8 8 8, P40050230WA46K5V35 8 1 132
8 8 1 P 400 50230 W A 46 K 5 V 35 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( m/ s) 8.3.2 1.,, 2.,, 12 mm (),,, 8 9 8 9 3., 125 mm,, 8 10 :,,, 133
,, 4.,,,,,, 8 11, 8 10 8 11 134
9 9.1 9.1.1,,,,,,,,,,, 9.1.2 (9 1 ) (9 2) ( 9 23 9 24) 9 1 9 2 135
, 100150 mm,,,,, 9.2,, ;,,,, 9 3 (a ) ;, 3, 9 3 ( b) 9 3 9.2.1, 9 4 (a),,,, 9 136 4 ( b) V,, 9, 9, 9 4 (e), 9, 9 4 ( g) 4 ( d) 4 (f) 4( c)
9 9 4 137
9 4 ( h),, ;, 9, 9, 9 5 4 (i) 4 (j), ( ), 1, 9 4 (i) 9.2.2,,,, 9 6 (a),,, 9 6 ( b ) 9 5 9 6 9.2.3,,,,, () ( ), 138, 9 7 (a)
9,, 9,,, 9, 7( b ) 7 (c) ( d) 9 7,,,,, 9.3 139
9.3.1, 9 8 300 mm, 12 mm, 0.8 mm 9 9 l ( l = 1.6 mm ) ( l = 1.2 mm) ( l = 0.8 mm) 3 9 10,, ;, 23, 2 9 8 9 9 9 10 9.3.2,,, 9 8,,,, 15, 9 11 9 12, ;,,, 2060 140
9,,,,,, 9 13( a) ;,,,, 9 13 ( b) ;,,, 9 13( c) 9 11 9 12 9 13 141
9.4,, Ra 1.60.8 m 9.4.1 1. 9 14 9 15 9 14 9 15, 10 mm ( 412 ) (1324 ) (3040,, ),, ( ), 9 16 2., 9 17, ;,,,,,, 9 18 ( a),,,, 9 18 ( b ) 142
9 9 16 9 17 9 18 9.4.2 1. 0.2 mm, 2.,, 143
3., 9 19( a) 9 19 ( b ),,,, 9 19 (c) 9 19 4., ( ), 9 20 9 20 9.4.3, 9 21,, ;,, 144
9 9 21 ( ) 9.4.4,,,,,,, 9.5 9.5.1,,,, 9 22,, 9 23, 12 mm, 1 mm 9 24,,, 145
9 22 9 23 9 24 9.5.2,, () ( ), 9 25 9 26,, 9 27,,,, 9 28,, 9 29 146
9 9 25 9 26 9 27,, 9 30(a),, 9 30( b), 9 28 9 29 9 30 147
9.5.3 (), 0.54 mm,, 34,,,, 9 31 9 31 9.5.4, 9 32, IT7 IT6, Ra 1.6 0.8 m, 0.150.5 mm, 0.050.25 mm,,,,, 1. 9 32, ( 9,, 33) 2. (9 34), 1/ 50,,,,,, 9 148 35
9 9 33 9 34 9 35 9.6 9, 9 37 36, 9 36 9 37 149
9.6.1 1. M3M20,, 9 38 2., () ( ) d0 d0 = d - 1.1 p = d - p 9 38 = + 0.7 d, d0 ( mm) ; d ( mm ) ; p ( mm) 34, 1 2 l/ 4, 9 36 2,,, 9.6.2 ( ) 1. 9 9 39 40 2.,, = d - 0.2 p, d ; p 9 39 150
9, 9 41, ;,,,, 9 37 9 40 9 41 9.7,,, 9.7.1,,,,,, 151
,,,,,,,,,,,, 9.7.2 1. 9 42,,,, 2. 9 42,,,,, 9 43( a) ;,, 9 43 ( b) ;,, 9 43 (c) 152 9 43
9, 80 90, 3.,,,,,,,, 9 44 ;,,, 9 44 153
10 10.1 10.1.1 1.,, 10 1 10 1,,,, 2., ;,,,,, 154,
10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10.1.2,,,,,,, 155
10 2 10 2 1.,,,,,,,,,,, 2., 3.,,,, :,,, ;,,,,, 4.,,, 156
10,,,,,,, 5. : ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,, 10.1.3, G M F, S, T,,, G M JB3208 ISO1056 1975E 1. 83, G G, G00 G99 100, 10 1 G ( ) ()10 1, G, G G, G,, G, G,, G, 10 1 G 157
10 1 G ( JB3208 83 ) 1 2 G00 a G01 a G02 a G03 a G04 * G05 # # G06 a G07 # # G08 * G09 * G10G16 # # G17 c x y G18 c x z G19 c y z G20G32 # # G33 a, G34 a, G35 a, G36G39 # # 1 2 G50 # ( d ) # 0/ - G51 # ( d ) # +/ 0 G52 # ( d ) # / 0 G53 f, G54 f x G55 f y G56 f z G57 f x y G58 f x z G59 f y z G60 h ( ) G61 h ( ) G62 h ( ) G63 * G64G67 # # G68 # ( d ) #, G69 # ( d ) #, G70G79 # # G80 e G40 d / G81G89 e G41 d ( ) G42 d ( ) G43 # ( d ) # ( ) G44 # ( d ) # ( ) G45 # ( d ) # + / + G46 # ( d ) # + / - G47 # ( d ) # - / - G48 # ( d ) # - / + G49 # ( d ) # 0 / + G90 j G91 j G92 * G93 k, G94 k G95 k G96 i G97 i ( ) G98G99 # # :. #, 2., G43 G52 3. ( d) d ( d) 4. G45G52 5. G53G59 G63, 6. 1 7. 2 158
10 G,, G G (1 ) G90, G91, G92, G90, ( ) G91 ( ),, G92 G92,,,,, (2 ) G17, G18, G19G17 x y, G18 G19 x z y z, (3 ) G00, G00, F,, (4 ) G01, x, y, z,,,, G01 X_Y_ Z_,_,, ;, (5 ) G02, G03, G02, G03 10 3, ( x z ) 159
10 3 (6 ) G40, G41, G42 ( - y),,, G02 G03 X_Y_I_J_ X_Z_I_K_ Y_Z_J_K_ ( x y ) ( x z ) ( y z ), X, Y, Z, ; I, J, K, R ( ),,,,,,, ( CR T/ MDI),,,,,,,, R +, R, 10 G41,,, 10 4 A E D C B A G42,,, 10 160 4 A B C D E A 4 10 4 G40, G41 G42 (7 ) ( ) G04,
10, G04_ X F, (, ms ), 2. M M, M00 M99 100, 10 2 M M, M,,,,, (4 )* M, G (5 )* M M,, M ( 2 ), ( 3 ) * M N001 G00 G17 X_ Y_ M03 M08 LF; N002 G01 G42 X_ Y_LF ; N007 G00 G40 X_ Y_ M05 M09 LF;, N001 M, M03, M08,,,, M03 M08, M,, N007 M, M05 M09, M (1 ) M00 M00,, ;, 161
10 2 M ( JB3208 83 ) 1 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) (3 ) ( 4 ) (5 ) ( 6 ) M00 * * M01 * * M02 * * M03 * * M04 * * M05 * * M06 # # * M07 * * 2 M08 * * 1 M09 * * M10 # # * M11 # # * M12 # # # # M13 * *, M14 * *, M15 * * M16 * * M17M18 # # # # M19 * * M20M29 # # # # M30 * * M31 # # * M32M35 # # # # M36 * # 1 M37 * # 2 162
10 10 2 1 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) (3 ) ( 4 ) (5 ) ( 6 ) M38 * # 1 M39 * # 2 M40M45 # # # #, M46M47 # # # # M48 * * M49 M49 * # M50 * # 3 M51 * # 4 M52M54 # # # # M55 * #, 1 M56 * #, 2 M57M59 # # # # M60 * * M61 * *, 1 M62 * *, 2 M63M70 # # # # M71 * *, 1 M72 * *, 2 M73M89 # # # # M90M99 # # # # :. #, 2. M90M99 3. 1 4. 2 163
(2 ) M01 M00, :, M01, ;, M01,,, (3 ) M02, 3. (F) (S) ( T) (1 ) F,, F,, F, F100 100 mm/ min, (2 ) S,, r/ min, S F (3 ) T, T T 10.2 10.2.1 CJK6032 CJK6032,,,, 10.2.2 CJK6032 10 5 164
10 10 5 10.2.3 CJK6032 10 6 10 6 165
10.2.4 CJK6032 NC NC, 10 7,,,,,,, CNC,,,,,,,,, CR,,,,,,,, ;, 10 7 166
10,, ;,,,,, : ( M, S, T ) ;,, + X (, ),, x,,,, x - X + X, x + Z + X, z 1 - Z + X, z 12,, 13 5 5, 10, 30, 50, 70 100 6 1, 10, 100, 1 000 4, 14, ( 4 ),, 15 ( ), /,, 16,, 17,, ;, ;, 10.2.5 10 1 (),, 10 8 : CJK6240, 4 : SIEMENS 802S : 167
(1 ) 10 8,, ; ; 45,,,, 25 0-0.084, 24.958,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, 10 9,,, (3 ),,,,,, 10 168 10
10 10 9 10 10 (4 ) 45 4, 31.5, 32 5 mm 60 93, 35, 93, 35, 10 3, 10 3 L 01 / mm 1 T01 45 1 0.5 2 T02 4 1 4 3 T03 31.5 1 4 T04 1 0.4 5 T05 32 1 6 T06 1 5 mm 0.4 7 T07 1 0.3 8 T08 93 1 0.2 9 T09 93 1 0.2 1 1 169
(5 ), (), 10 4 (6 ) 10 4 10 4, 10 4 L 01 001 O1001O1005 CJ K6240 / mm / r min - 1 / mmmin - 1 / mm 1 T01 25 25 320 1 2 T02 4 950 2 3 T03 31.5 200 4 34.2 T04 20 20 320 40 0.2 5 32 + 0 0.033 T05 32 32 0.1 6 T04 20 20 320 40 0.8 7 1.5 6 T04 20 20 320 40 0.2 8 71 T08 25 25 320 1 9,76 mm T01 25 25 320 10 34 T04 20 20 320 40 0.5 11 34.2 T04 20 20 320 25 0.1 12 5 mm T06 16 16 320 13 34.2 2 45 T07 16 16 320 14 T07 16 16 320 0.4 15 M362 7 H T07 16 16 320 0.1 16 T08 25 25 320 30 0.2 17 T09 25 25 320 30 0.2 1 1 170
10 (7 ), MDI, 45 MDI, 4, 35 mm MDI, 31.5,, 32 31.9 O1001.MPF N10 G54; N20 G90 G94 G23 ; N30 M03 ; N40 T1 ; N50 G00 Z80 ; N60 X31.9 ; N70 G01 X31.9 Z - 2 F100; N80 X30; N90 G00 Z150; N100 M05; N110 M02; 32 MDI, 32, 55 mm, 1.56, 20 mm, O1002.MPF N10 G54; N20 G90 G94 G23 ; N30 M03 ; N40 T1 ; N50 G00 Z80 ; N60 X36; N70 G01 Z76 F100; N80 X32 Z56 ; N90 X30; N100 G00 Z150 ; N110 M05; N120 M02; MDI, 3555, 171
, MDI, 4576 mm, 34.2, 25 0-0.08 4 mm,, O1003.MPF N10 G54; N20 G90 G94 G23 ; N30 M03 ; N40 T1 ; N50 G00 Z80 ; N60 X34.2 ; N70 G01 X34.2 Z25 F100 ; N80 X30; N90 G00 Z100; N100 M05; N110 M02; MDI,, 5 mm, 40 1 34.2, 34.2, 245 12, M362 7H, O1004.MPF ; N10 G54; N20 G90 G94 G23 ; N30 M03 ; N40 T1 ; N50 G00 Z 80; N60 X34.2 ; N70 G33 X34.2 Z 53.5 ; N80 G01 X32; N90 G00 Z100; N100 M05; N110 M02; 13,,,, 3555, 172
10 O1005.MPF ; N10 G54; N20 G90 G23 ; N30 M03 ; N40 G94; N50 M08 ; N60 T3 D3; N70 G00 X150.000 Z150.000 ; N80 G00 Z78.000; N90 G00 X82.828 ; N100 G01 X47.000 F30.000 ; N110 G01 Z76.000 ; N120 G01 X50.000 Z74.500 F100.000; N130 G01 Z61.000 ; N140 G02 X60.000 Z56.000 I5.000 K - 0.000 ; N150 G03 X70.000 Z51.000 I - 0.000 K - 5.000 ; N160 G01 Z50-0.000; N170 G01 X72.828 Z48.586 F20.000 ; N180 G01 X82.828; N185 T3 D0 ; N190 G00 X150.000 ; N200 G00 Z150.000; N210 G54 ; N220 T2 D2 ; N230 G00 Z - 2.000; N240 G00 X82.828; N250 G01 X47.000 F30.000 ; N260 G01 Z0.000; N270 G01 X50.000 Z1.500 F100.000 ; N280 G01 Z5.000; N290 G01 K60.000; N300 G01 Z48.000 ; N310 G03 X62.000 Z49.000 I1.000 K0.000 ; N320 G01 X68.000; N330 G02 X70.000 Z50.000 I0.000 K1.000 ; N340 G01Z51.000 ; N350 G01 X72.828 Z52.414 F20.000 ; 173
N360 G01 K82.828; N365 T2 D0 ; N370 G00 X150.000 ; N380 G00 Z150.000; N390 M09; N400 M05; N410 M30; 10.3 10.3.1 X H716 XH716,, 3 FAN UC 6MB SINUMERIK 802D,,,,,,, 174 6301 200 mm 2 1 200 mm 630 mm 800 mm 252 500 r/ min (, 1 r/ min ) ( x, y, z) 24 000 mm/ min ( x, y, z) 10 m/ min 24 (DC ) 12 kw 15 kw
10 (x, y, z 3 ) 38.5 Nm 1 42 kw 10.3.2 ( ) 10 11 10 11 XH716 10 12 15 kw ( )1,,,, 3,,,,, 3, 252 500 r/ min 10 12,, 3 2 ( 9, 4, 7), (8,5,6 ),, 3 175
1 2 3 4, 7, 9 5, 6, 8 10 11 12 13 10 12 10.3.3, 10 13, 10 12, 12 11 10, 176 1. ( z ),, 10 13 (a), 10 180,, 10 13( c), 10 13 ( b) 13 ( d)
10 10 13,,,,,, : 5 s 177
2. 10,, 11, 10 12 10 14, 7 5 4, 4 10 14 2 1 6, 2, 1 6 1 6, 3,, 1 6, 3 :, ;, 24, 120 mm, 200 mm, ( PC), 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 14 3. 10 15 451, 2, 45, 3 178
10 1 2 3 4, 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 15 4 2, 180 5 6 7 8 9, 10,,, 10.3.4 10 2 10 16 : X H716 : SIEMENS 802D ZMY1 ; IEMENS 179
180 T1 M06 ; G90 G54 G00 X4.0 Y - 47.0 M03 ; Z5.0; G01-5.0 F150 ; Y - 19.0 ; X - 4.0 ; Y - 41.0 ; X0; G02 X0 Y - 41.0 I0 J41.0 ; G01 41 X12.0 Y - 35.0 ; Y - 18.0 ; G03 X6.0 Y - 12.0 CR = 6.0 ; G01 X - 6.0 ; G03 X12.0 Y - 18.0 CR = 6.0; G01-32.0 ; X - 16.0; X - 32.0 Y - 16.0 ; Y8.0 ; G02 X - 8.0 Y32.0 CR = 24.0; G01 X8.0 ; G02 X32.0 Y8.0 CR = 24.0; 10 16 1 10
10 G01-16.0 ; X16.0 Y - 32.0 ; X10.0; G40 0 Y - 41.0; Z10.0 ; G00 X12.0 Y16.0 ; G01-5.0; X - 12.0; G01 G41 X8.0 Y16.0 D2 ; G03 X0 Y24.0 CR = 8.0 ; G01 X - 12.0; G03 X - 12.0 Y8.0 I0 J - 8.0 ; G01 X12.0; G03 X12.0 Y24.0 I0 J8.0 ; G01 X0; G03 X - 8.0 Y16.0 CR = 8.0 ; G01 G40 X0 ; G00 Z50.0 ; G00 X0 Y0 M05; M30; 10 3 10 17 8, 5 mm : X H716 : SIEMENS 802D ZMY01 ; T1 M06 ; G90 G54 G00 X29.0 Y11.0 M03 ; G01 Z10.0 F80 ; ZLJ1 P4; G90 X64.0 Y11.0 ; ZLJ1 P4; G90 X0 Y0 M05; M30; ZLJ1 ; SIEMENS 10 ZLJ1 4 ZLJ1 4 181
10 G91 G01 Z - 15.0 ; G01 X - 18.0; G01 G41 X15.0 ; G03 X - 6.0 Y6.0 CR = 6.0; G01 X9.0 ; G03 X - 6.0 Y - 12.0 I0 J - 6.0 ; G01 X18.0; G03 X0 Y - 12.0 I0 J6.0; G01 X - 9.0 ; G03 X - 6.0 Y - 6.0 CR = 6.0; G01 G40 X15.0 ; G00 15.0 ; Y17.0 ; M17; 17 2 () 182 ZMY02 ; G90 G54 G00 X29.0 Y11.0 M03 M08 F200 ; Z10.0 ; ZLJ2 P2; SIEMENS
10 G90 G00X0 Y0 M05; M30; ZLJ2 ; ZMLJ P4 ; G91 X35.0 Y - 68.0 ; M17; ZMLJ; G91 G01 Z - 15.0 ; G01 X - 18.0; G01 G41 X15.0 ; G03 X - 6.0 Y6.0 CR = 6.0; G01 X - 9.0 ; G03 X0 Y - 12.0 I0 J - 6.0; G01 X18.0; G03 X0 Y12.0 I0 J6.0; G01 X - 9.0 ; G03 X - 6.0 Y - 6.0 CR = 6.0; G01 G40 X15.0 ; G00 Z15.0 ; Y17.0 ; M17; ZLJ2 ZMLJ 10.4 ( Electrical Discharge Machining, EDM ), 20 40,,, ( ),, 10.4.1 1. ( ) 183
,,, 20,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,,, 10-7 10-3 s,,,,, (2 ), ( 10 3 10 7 cm),,,,, (3 ), s, 10 18, s,, ;,,, vw, s, vd, 10 18, 184
10 2. (1 ),,, ( ),, (2 ),,,,, (3 ), 3.,,,,,,,,,,, 0.1%, 1%, 4., 6 5, ;, 185
10.4.2 1. 1985, D71, 10 5 ( GB5290 85 ) 10 5 ( GB 5290 85 ) B 200 250 320 400 500 630 800 1 000 A 320 400 500 630 800 1 000 1 250 1 600 X 160 250 400 630 Y 200 320 500 800 / kg 50 100 200 400 800 1 500 3 000 6 000 3 5 7 T 10 12 14 18 63 80 100 125 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000 H Z 80 100 125 150 180 200 250 300 W 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 / kg 20 50 100 250 25 100 200 500 d 400 500 630 800 1 000 1 250 1 600 2 000 c 300 400 500 630 800 1 000 1 250 1 600 h 200 250 320 400 500 630 800 1 000 : mm 186
10 ( D7125 ) ( D7125 D7163 ) (D7163 ) ; ; ;,, 2. 10 19,, 3 4 (1 ) 1),,,,,,,,, 2), ( ),,,,,, 3), 3, 10 20,,, 187
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 19 10 20 (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,, 188
10 3. 10 21 HCD300K, (1 ) HCD300K,,, ( ) ( ), 0.1 mm 0.2 mm (2 ) 10 21 HCD300K,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) () 630 mm350 mm 189
( x) 300 mm ( y) 200 mm 300 kg () 1 070 mm550 mm340 mm 200 L ( z) 550 mm 550 mm 50 kg 124 mm180 mm x :0.014 mm y: 0.011 mm 330 L 60 L/ min () 1 120 mm800 mm520 mm 50 A 400 mm 3 / min Ra 0.3 m 0.3% 7 kw () 1 120 mm800 mm520 mm 1 600 kg 70 db 10.4.3 10 4 : ( ) :45 : 120,, 15 mm ; 2.2 mm; 0.2 mm ( 30 ) 10 190 22 10 + - 0 0.0.0 3 1
10 (1 ) 10 + - 0 0.03.01, 6 1, (2 ) 6,, 10 + - 0 0.0.0 3 1, (3 ) 6 10 + 0.0 3-0.0 1 (4 ) (5 ) HCD300K (6 ) 10 22 45 40 mm 10 + - 0 0.03.01 x, y,, (7 ) 10 6,,, 191
10 6 / s / s / / A / mm / mm R a / m 512 200 4 12 15 12.5 0 > 25 256 200 4 8 10 14.5 0.20 1213 4 4 2 14.8 0.30 78 128 10 64 10 4 4 1.3 15 0.36 34 2 40 8 24 0.8 15.1 0.40 1.52 (8 ), 1% 2% Ra 1.52 m,,, 0.2 mm, 10.5 ( Wire Cut EDM, W EDM) 20 50, ( ),, 10.5.1 ( ) ( ), ( ), : ( WEDM H S ),, 812 m/ s,, ; ( WEDM LS),, 0.2 m/ s, 10 23( a) 4, 7, 3 192
10,,,,, 10 23 ( b) 10 23 10.5.2,, ;,,,,,, (0.025 0.3 ),,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 193
10.5.3 1. 10 24 (1 ) 1 2 3 4 10 5 6 7 24 1),,, 2),,,, 3),,,,,, 812 m/ s, 194
10, ( ) (2 ),, ( 260 s), (15 A), (3 ),, (4 ),,, 2.,, (GB 7925 87 ), 10 7 ( GB 7925 87 ) 10 7 ( GB7925 87) 100 125 160 200 250 320 400 500 630 125 160 160 200 200 250 250 320 320 400 400 500 500 630 630 800 800 1 000 10 15 20 25 40 50 60 80 120 160 200 250 320 500 500 630 960 1 200 / kg 125 160 200 250 320 400 500 630 800 200 250 250 320 320 400 400 500 500 630 630 800 800 1 000 1 000 1 250 1 250 1 600 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 0, 3, 6, 9,12, 15, 18 ( 18 6 ) : mm 10 8 DK77, 195
10 8 DK77 DK7716 DK7720 DK7725 DK7732 DK7740 DK7750 DK7763 DK77120 / mm 200160 250 200 320250 500320 500 400 800500 800630 2 0001 200 / mm 100 200 140 300 ( ) 400 ( ) 300 150 500 ( ) R a / m 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 6.3 3.2 2.5 2.5,,, 3. 10 25 DK7725,, 586 120 mm, 10 25 DK7725 ( ), ( ), 586, 9.999 m (1 ) () 500 mm320 mm () 320 mm250 mm 120 mm 125 kg 196
10 (2 ) 0.120.25 mm 120 8.8 m/ s 1 400 r/ min 150 mm 0.01 mm 1 mm 1 mm T 5 T () 10 mm63 mm 1 1.5 12 9 kgcm 13 0.001 mm 14 250 W 15 10 W 16 60 W 17 25 dm 3 / min 18 1.5 k W (3 ) () 1 585 mm1 120 mm1 326 mm 1.2 t 1.25 t 10.5.4,,,,, 10 5, 10 26 (1 ),, 2 mm,, 197
(2 ),, 10 27 10 26 10 27 (3 ) CAXA V2, 198 G G % ( 1.ISO,03/ 22/ 04,17:24: 28) G92 X16000 Y - 18000 ; G01 X18100 Y - 12100 ; G01 X - 16100 Y - 12100 ; G01 X - 16100 Y - 521 ; G01 X - 9518 Y11353; G02 X - 6982 Y11353 I1268 J - 703; G01 X - 5043 Y7856 ; G03 X - 3207 Y7856 I918 J509 ; G01 X - 1268 Y11353; G02 X1268 Y11353 I268 J - 703; G01 X3207 Y7856 ;
10 G03 X5043 Y7856 I918 J509 ; G01 X6982 Y11353; G02 X9518 Y11353 I1268 J - 703 ; G01 X16100 Y - 521 ; G01 X16100 Y - 12100 ; G01 X16000 Y - 18000 ; M02; (4 ) ( ), (5 ),,,,,,,,, : 3 A, 3 s, 4 s, 6 m/ s, 199
1. (, ). 3. :,1991 2,.. :, 1994 3.. :,1991 4.., 1996 5.. :,2000 6.. :,1993 7,.. :, 2000 8.. :,2000 200