1 2 10 17 28, 2500ppm 15 25 1,000ppm 11 21 1,000ppm 500ppm, 1. 114 2. (plant essential oil) (fungistatic) (fungicidal) (sclerotia) (spore) (garlic oil) (Macrophomina phaseolina) (9,10) ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) (4) (9) ( Phytophthora drechsleri) (zoospore) (5) ( Erysiphe polygoni) (29) (ginger oil)( Fusarium sp.) ( Alternaria sp.)( Sclerotium rolfsii) (Curvularia lunata) (8,32) 18
(29) (lemongrass ( oil) Aspergillus niger) ( Fusarium oxysporum) (Penicillium sp.) (14)( Rhizoctonia solani) (7) ( Helminthosporium oryzae)( Monilia sitophila) 9 (25) (eugenol) 6 (Alternaria alternata)( Fusarium solani) (33) (cumin oil) ( Colletotrichum falcatum) ( Curvularia pallescens) (Periconia sp.)(26) ( Colletotrichum capsici) ( Fusarium moniliformae)(15) (Aspergillus spp.) (6) (castor oil) (16) (menthe oil) (Mucor sp.) (3 (Rhynchosporium oryzae) (19) (pine oil) (Pestalotia versicolor)(18) (30) (mustard ( oil) Phomopsis viticola) ( P. psidii) (1) (castor (4) oil) (clove (6,21) oil) (18) ( Chaetomium indicum) (6) ( Alternaria solani) (17) (6,20,27) 10 (geraniol) ( Alternaria brassicae) 22 38 1, (ml) 100,000 Table 1. Plant pathogenic fungi tested in this study Chinese name Scientific name Alternaria brassicae (Berk) Sacc. Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif.
Alternaria spinaciae Allescher and Noack Alternaria tenuis Auct. Alternaria solani (Ell. & Mart.) Sor. Ascochyta pisil ib Botrytis cinerea Fr. Capnodium sp. Cercospora apii Fres. Cercospora beticola Ciferri and Bruner Cercospora longissima Sacc. Cercospora arachidicola Hori. Cercospora personata (B. et C.) E. et E. Cercospora sp. Colletotrichum capsici (Sydow) Butler and Bisby. Colletotrichun gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ellis & Halsted Colletotrichum spinaciae Ellis and Halsted Curvularia sp. Erysiphe cichorocearum DC. Fusarium oxysporum Helminthosporium maydis Nishik. Et Miyabe Helminthosporium turcicum Pass. Monilia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey Oidiopsis taurica Tepper Oidium caricae Noack Phoma lingam (Tode) Desmazieres Phyllosticta chenopodii Sacc. Phyllosticta zingiberi Hori Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow Peronospora effusa (Grev.) Tul Puccinia alii F. Rudolphi Puccinia polysora Underw.
Puccinia sorghi Schw. Pyricularia oryzae Cavara Septoria lycopersici Spegazzini Stemphylium sp. Uromyces phaseoli (Reben) Wint typica Arth. (cinnamon Cinnamomum)(clove oil from oil from Syzygium)(lemongrass Cymbopogon)(cumin oil from Cuminum) oil from (garlic oil from Allium sativum) (ginger oil from Zingiber officinale) (menthe oil from Mentha) (castor oil from Ricinus comminis) (pine oil from Pinus) (mustard oil from Brassica juncea) 10 Tween 20 10:1 (micropippet) 10 (µl) (5,000ppm) 2,500ppm (cavity slide) (25±3 ) 20 0 677 1,250 1,677 2,500ppm 0 333 400 500 677 1000ppm ( Alternaria porri) ( Colletotrichum capsici) (conidia) (Puccinia sorghi)(urediospore) (eugenol) (geraniol) 0 333 500 677 1,000ppm 10 (µl) 10 0 500 625 833 1,250 2,500ppm 0 250 333 400 500 667 1,000ppm, 0 250 333 500ppm 10
1 30 ( 30 ) 1 2 3 20 (cineole)(geraniol) (linalool) (11,12,22,23) 2,500ppm ( 2) (spectrum) 80 Cercospora beticola) ( C. apii) ( C. longissima)( Cercospora spp.) ( C. personata) ( Cercospora sp.) (eugenol) ( Fusarium oxysporum) ( F. solani)( Monilia sitophila) (Alternaria alternata) (7,14,33) 5 ( Colletotrichum falcatum) ( Curvularia pallescens) ( Colletotrichum capsici)( Alt-ernaria alternata) (Fusarium moniliforme) ( Helminthosporium oryzae) ( Alternaria),, 4 Colletotrichum gloeosporio-ides) (4) ( Fusarium) (Alternaria) (Curvularia) (Erysiphe) (8,29,32) ( Alternaria solani) Fusarium) ( Alternaria) (Curvularia) (31) 10 2,500ppm 7
Table 2. Effects of plant oils on spor egermination of plant pathogenic fungi germination ( ) Pathogenic fungus (Alternaria brassicae) (Alternaria porri) (Alternaria solani) (Alternaria spinaciae) (Ascochyta pisi) (Botrytis cinerea) (Cercospora apii) (Cercospora beticola) (Cercospora longissima) check cinnamon clove lemongrass cumin 100* 0 0 60 33 87 0 0 70 65 80 0 0 66 29 92 0 0 17 40 100 0 0 100 100 100 0 0 2 92 92 0 72 90 80 100 0 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 75 0 0 75 83 (Cercospora personata) (Cercospora sp.) (Colletotrichun gloeosporioides) (Colletotrichum lagenarium) (Colletotrichum spinaciae) 95 0 0 35 40 100 0 8 100 100 60 0 0 15 32 94 0 0 95 5 98 0 2 38 68
(Curvularia sp.) (Erysiphe cichorocearum) (Fusarium oxysporum) (Helminthosporium maydis) (Helminthosporium turcica) (Oidiopsis taurica) (Phyllosticta chenopodii) (Phyllosticta zingiberi) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) (Phoma lingam) (Peronospora effusa) 100 0 0 100 0 100 0 13 34 100 100 0 5 100 100 100 0 18 100 95 62 0 0 3 0 100 0 0 100 100 100 0 0 85 80 77 0 4 0 0 93 0 4 58 7 100 0 0 2 9 81 0 19 39 28 (Puccinia polysora) (Pyricularia oryzae) (Uromyces phaseoli) 96 0 3 100 100 49 0 0 0 0 Table 2. Effects of plant oils on spore germination of plant pathogenic fungi germination ( ) Pathogenic fungus (Alternaria brassicae) garlic ginger mentha castor pine mustard 100 100 30 100 15 11
(Alternaria porri) 80 72 49 90 50 (Alternaria solani) 68 3 100 2 0 40 (Alternaria spinaciae) 93 40 6 76 4 40 (Ascochyta pisi) 100 100 100 100 100 100 (Botrytis cinerea) 35 42 95 85 0 100 (Cercospora apii) 91 87 89 90 43 95 (Cercospora beticola) 100 100 100 100 100 100 (Cercospora longissima) 100 100 100 100 5 100 70 (Cercospora personata) 30 0-58 0 (Cercospora sp.) 3 90 90 80 87 95 (Colletotrichun gloeosporioides) 100 100 100 100 100 100 (Colletotrichum lagenarium) 60 15 60 2 (Colletotrichum spinaciae) 10 89 22 34 31 100 (Curvularia sp.) 100 57 95 100 92 (Erysiphe cichorocearum) 100 100 100 100 0 (Fusarium oxysporum) 100 100 100 100 100 100 (Helminthosporium maydis) 100 100 100 100 100 100
(Helminthosporium turcica) (Oidiopsis taurica) (Phyllosticta chenopodii) (Phyllosticta zingiberi) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) (Phoma lingam) (Peronospora effusa) 100 100 100 95 83 100 38 19 23 17 28 11 100 100 100 100 100 100 65-90 80 78 70 75 1 1 19 0 2 20 65 14 50 11 89 67 8 100 100 30 100 87 54 67 67 53 78 (Puccinia polysora) (Pyricularia oryzae) (Uromyces phaseoli) 100 40 71 100 100 90 78 0 0 30 0 55 *, *mean of 4 replicates, and expressedin in teger. 2,500ppm ( 3) 10 1,667ppm 36 100 4) 677ppm 18 20 10 ) Table 3. Effect of different concentration of clove oil on spore germination of plantpathogenic fungi. germination ( )
pathogenic fungus concentration of clove oil (ppm) 0 2500 1667 1250 1000 667 ( Alternaria porri) 92 4 70 68 82 85 ( Alternaria solani) 88 0 42 100 - - ( Alternaria tenuis) 100 0 0 0 54 - ( Botrytis cinerea) 38 0 0 0 7 - ( Capnodium sp.) 36 0 0 0 0 4 ( Cercospora arachidis) 92 0 0 0 9 71 ( Cercospora bataticola) 98 0 0 36 39 - ( Cercospora personata) 68 0 0 0 0 - ( Cercospora sp.) 97 0 0 0 0 3 ( Colletotrichum capsici) 93 0 0 100 100 - ( C. gloeosporioides) 97 8 36 53 64 - ( Colletotrichum lagenarium) 100 0 0 100 100 100 ( Curvularia sp.) 90 0 0 2 2 - ( Helminthosporium maydis) 75 6 10 6 27 - ( Helminthosporium turcica) 94 0 1 34 96 - ( Monilia fructicola) 96 0 0 45 68 - ( Oidium caricae) 30 4 5 5 - - ( Phoma lingam) 85 0 0 32 60 - ( Phyllosticta zingiberi) 100 5 78 100 100 - ( Puccinia alii) 53 0 6 7 - - ( Puccinia polysora) 92 6 13 41 82 - ( Puccinia sorghi) 73 0 0 0-19 ( Pyricularia oryzae) 78 0 0 0 32 - ( Septoria lycopersici) 100 0 100 100 100 - ( Stemphylium sp.) 91 0 0 0 0 - * mean of 4 replicates.
Table 4. Effect of different concentratrion of cinnamom on spore germination of plant pathogenic fungi. germination ( ) concentration of cinnamon oil (ppm) pathogenic fungus 0 1000 677 500 400 333 (Alternaria porri) 98* 0 0 0 0-100 0 0 0 17 - (Alternaria tenuis) (Capnodium sp.) 36 0 0 0 0-92 0 0 0 0 10 (Cercospora arachidis) (Cercospora bataticola) 98 0 0 2 7 15 95 0 0 0 0 0 (Cercospora personata) (Cercospora sp.) (Colletotrichum capsici) (C. gloeosporioides) (C. lagenarium) (Curvularia sp.) (Helminthosporium maydis) (Helminthosporium turcica) (Monilia fructicola) 80 0 0 2 0 0 93 0 0 100 100-97 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 100-90 0 0 0 0-75 0 18 - - - 94 0 0 0 0-96 0 20 29 35-75 0 0 3 12 15
(Phoma lingam) (Phyllosticta zingiberi) (Puccinia polysora) 100 0 10 22 85 100 82 0 0 0 0-73 0 0 3 - - (Puccinia sorghi) (Pyricularia oryzae) 90 0-0 0 4 100 0 0 0 2 - (Septoria lycopersici) (Stemphylium sp.) 91 0 0 0 0 - * mean of 4 replicates. ( Alternaria porri) 2,500ppm 1,000ppm 0( 5) 625ppm 333ppm 1,250ppm 42.5 250ppm 100 500ppm 62.5 417ppm 42.5 20 625ppm (Synergistic activity) Pandey (1982) ( Citrus aurantifolia)( Mentha arvensis) Aegle marmelos 4 8 1,250ppm 250ppm (Colletotrichum capsici) 250ppm 1,000ppm ( 6) 500ppm 16 500ppm 75 94 (Puccinia sorghi) 1,250ppm 1,000ppm 250 500ppm 90 ( 7) 333ppm 167ppm 79 33 48
Table 5. Effect of combination of clove oil and cinnamom oil on conidia germination of Alternaria porri germination ( ) cinnamom oil conc. (ppm) clove oil conc (ppm) 1,000 500 333 250 0 2,500 0* 0 0 0 0 1,250 0 0 0 0 42.5 625 0 0 67.5 87.5 97.5 417 0 42.5 82.5 92.0 100 0 0 62.5 100 100 100 * mean of 6 replicates Table 6. Effect of combination of clove oil and cinnamom oil on conidia germination of Colletotrichum capsici germination ( ) cinnamom oil conc. (ppm) clove oil conc (ppm) 1,000 500 333 250 0 2,500 0*(100) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 1,250 0(100)** 0(100) 9.0(88) 20.5(74) 17.5(77) 625 0(100) 3.0(94) 27.5(43) 47.5(39) 45.0(42) 500 0(100) 5.0(96) 29.0(63) 52.5(32) 65.0(16) 0 0(100) 19.0(75) 44.0(65) 54.3(30) 77.5(-) * mean of 4 replicates. ** value in parenthesis is the inhibition percentage. Table 7. Effect of combination of cloveoil and cinnamum oil on urediospore germination of Puccinia sorghi. germination ( ) clove oil conc. (ppm) cinnamom oil conc. (ppm) 1,000 500 333 250 200 167 0 2,500 0*(100) 2.5(97) 3.5(95) 0.5(99) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100)
1,250 0(100)** 1.5(98) 6.5(91) 2.5(97) 0(100) 0(100) 1.0(99) 625 0(100) 0(100) 4.4(94) 4.6(94) 5.1(93) 13.9(81) 9.2(87) 500 0(100) 3.5(95) 6.2(92) 6.5(91) 7.6(90) 13.9(81) 20.9(71) 333 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 8.8(88) 8.8(88) 15.2(79) 49.3(33) 0 0(100) 3.2(96) 4.5(94) 6.3(31) 22.7(69) 37.9(48) 73.3(-) * mean of 4 replicates ** value in parenthesis is the inhibition percentage (eugenol) (geraniol) (2,3,23,24,40) 2,000ppm 1,000 500ppm 4.5 6.3 333ppm 24.0 ( 8) 2,000 1,000ppm 500ppm 18 1.3 333ppm 14.5 333 2,000ppm 90 Table 8. Inhibitory effect of eugenol and geraniol on sporegermination of plant pathogenic fungi germination ( ) pathogenic fungus concentration (ppm) plant oils 2,000 1,000 500 333 0 eugenol 0 4.5 6.3 24 99 (Alternaria porri) geraniol 0 0 0 0 eugenol 0 0 18 41.3 46 (Colletotrichum capsici) geraniol 0 0 0.5 2.0 eugenol 0 0 1.3 14.5 41.3 (Puccinia sorghi) geraniol 0 0 0 3 * mean of 4 replicates Suzhi (1981) ( Colletotrichum lagenarium) 40 Muhadam & Deshpande (1977) (Alternaria brassicicolla) (RNA) 40-60 (germtube) 110 Colletotrichum capsici)
( Alternaria porri) 1 ( Puccinia sorghi) 2.5 3 30 ( 9) 68.2 1 3 20 250ppm 16.0 4.0 333 500ppm 1 3 2.0 6) 333 500ppm 44.0 19 61.3 24 32.3 7) 250ppm 99.5 87.5 94.3( 5)500 333 250ppm 62.5 100 100 3 0.5 9.5 18.8 Table 9. Effect of dryness on germination of fungal spores post-treated with cinnamom oil germination ( ) cinnamom oil conc. (ppm) pathogenic fungus dried duration, (hour) 500 333 250 0 (wetted check) 68.2 1* (Colletotrichum 2.0 1.2 16.0 22.0 capsici) 2 0 0 9.2 20.0 3 0 0 4.0 19.2 (wetted check) 61.3 1 (Puccinia 2.8 10.5 8.5 32.3 sorghi) 2 2.8 4.0 6.0 25.3 3 1.5 1.5 6.3 24.0 (wetted check) 99.5 1 (Alternaria 18.8 32.3 77.5 94.3 porri) 2 3.8 9.5 27.5 90.0 3 0.5 9.5 18.8 87.5
* mean of 4 replicates 1 1 3 11 4.4 ( 10) 500 333 250ppm 4.4 27.5 26.4 3 1 2 250ppm 30 1 3 75 86 11) 500ppm 300ppm 250ppm Table 10. Effect of dryness on inhibition of conidia germination of Colletotrichum capsici treated with cinnamon oil germination ( ) dried duration, (hour) cinnamonoil conc. (ppm) 500 333 250 0 water oil water oil water oil 1 0(100)** 0(100) 7.7(89) 0(100) 8.8(88) 0(100) 11.0(84) 2 0(100) 0(100) 2.2(97) 0(100) 5.5(92) 0(100) 9.9(86) 3 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 0(100) 4.4(94) (wetted ck) 4.4(68)* 27.5(62) 26.4(64) 72.6(-) * mean of 4 replicates ** value in parenthesis is the inhibition percentage Table 11. Effect of dryness on the inhibition of urediospore germination of Puccinia sorghit reated withc innamon oil germination ( ) dried duration, (hour) cinnamon oil conc.(ppm) 500 333 250 0
water oil water oil water oil 1 0(100)** 0(100) 7.5(89) 0(100) 11.5(83) 0(100) 17.0(75) 2 1.5(98) 0(100) 2.5(96) 0(100) 12.0(83) 2.5(96) 16.0(77) 3 0(100) 1.0(99) 1.5(98) 0(100) 9.5(86) 1.0(99) 9.5(86) 7.5(89)* 18.5(73) 18.0(74) 69.3(-) (wetted ck) * mean of 4 replicates ** value in parenthesis is the inhibition percentage 1 1 3 15 30 ( 12) 500 333 250ppm 77.5 100 17.5 500ppm, 77.5 250ppm 500ppm 17.5 Table 12. Effect of dryness on the inhibition of conidia germination of Alternaria porri treated with cinnamom oil germination( ) cinnamon oil conc. (ppm) 500 333 250 0 driedduration, (hour) water oil water oil water oil 1 72.5* 0.5 85.0 10.0 71.3 17.5 85.0(75) 2 31.3 0 40.0 2.5 51.3 0 74.2 3 15.0 0.5 27.5 2.5 45.0 0.8 70.0 77.5 97.5 100 100 (wettedck) * mean of 6 replicates
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