(mg/l) ppm (µg/l) ppb
1 /2,000 1 /2,000,000 1 cm/10 km 1 ppm 1 /2 1 /1,300 1 m 2 /10 1 /100,000 1 ppb 1 /32 1 /5 1 m 2 /10000 1 cm/10,000 km 1 /100,000,000
Class TDS (mg/l) Fresh Brackish Saline Brine 0 1,000 1,000 10,000 10,000 100,000 > 100,000
( ppm)
(DO)
(TOC)( ) (ph) (Specific Conductance) (Mn) (Fe) (Ammonium, NH 4 as N) (Cl) (Na) (VOC)* 1-10 ppm 6.5-8.5 100-1,000 mm/cu 0-0.1 ppm 0.01-10 ppm 0-2 ppm 2-200 ppm 1-100 ppm < 40 ppb
I. II. III. IV. V. VI.
I. ( ) (Land Application)
Septic tank
BOD: 100 300 mg/l COD (unfiltered): 280 550 mg/l COD (filtered): 200 400 mg/l TSS: 45 70 mg/l Fecal Coliforms: 2000 28,000 no./ml Fecal Strep: 2 1500 no./ml Total N: 30 80 mg/l
Ammonia N: 20 50 mg/l Nitrate-Nitrogen: 0.15 0.85 mg/l Total P: 10 32 mg/l Other P: 10 15 mg/l
(U.S. NO LONGER ALLOWED)
II. (Material piles, non-waste)
(GCL) (GCL)
TDS: 2000 30,000 ppm Specific conductance: 2500 20,000 µmhos/cm TSS: 20 3000 ppm BOD: 100 30,000 ppm COD: 1000 50,000 ppm TOC: 400 6000 ppm (should be higher) ph: 5-8
GCL (Optional) (GCL)
1976 (RCRA)
Oil refinery Chemical plants Leaking tanks Leaking pipelines
(USTs)
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
LNAPLs Gasoline Diesel fuel Jet fuel BTEX
Fig. 11.22 Organic liquids such as gasoline, which are only slightly soluble in water and less dense than water, tend to float on the water table when a spill occurs
DNAPLs TCE PCE TCA
Fig. 11.23 Organic liquids such as trichloroethylene, which are only slightly soluble in water and are more dense than water, may sink to the bottom of an aquifer when a spill occurs
-..,. ( 8 ).( ),,,.
Chromium 2 4 ug/ml. :,,,,,., :., (24-48 ),.
Copper- ( ),,.
-.,,,.., 214 1955,,,,,,,,.
- -
Ammonia Boron Chlorides Cyanides Nitrates Fluorides
coliform (E. Coli) Giardia
Cobalt 60 Cesium 137 Plutonium 238, 243 Radium 226, 228 Radon 222 Uranium 238
-... MTBE-
Chloroform, 1-1 (or 1-2) Dichloroethane, Dioxins, Trichloroethanes (TCA), Trichloroethylene (TCE), Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) -,,.
( ) :. :. :.
(Kentucky) (Louisville) 10 ( hepatic angiosarcoma),, (carcinoembryonic antigen) - (alpha-fetoprotein),, 12,,.
ph, metals, anions: 600 700 USD VOC 150 USD 400 USD 300 USD 400 USD
(Filter Pack) (Annular Seal) (Well Development)
(Purging) vs. : / / /
(Calibration) /
(Purging) ph
/ (QA/QC) (accuracy) (precision) 10%
/ / /
(Purging)
3 5 (Well Volume)
ph Eh
ph Eh
ph, Eh ph
H 2 O H + +OH - (H + ) H 3 O +
Table 10.3 Temperature ( C) 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 K eq 0.1139 x 10-14 0.2920 x 10-14 0.6809 x 10-14 1.008 x 10-14 1.469 x 10-14 2.919 x 10-14 5.474 x 10-14 ph of a neutral solution 7.47 7.27 7.08 7.00 6.92 6.77 6.63
Eh Eh
25 C 1 E 0 (in volts)
Eh E 0 Eh
ph Eh Eh-pH Eh-pH
Fig. 10.2 The Eh-pH field where water is a stable component. The usual limits of Eh and ph for near-surface environment are also indicated by solid lines
Fig. 10.3 Stability-field diagram for a 10-7 -model solution of iron
Eh Eh
Eh Eh
Eh Eh
Eh Eh-pH Eh 0.2 to +0.7 V Eh Eh
V b = V w = C w C f M w
V b V b
C w,0 V b +C f V b M w C w C w =M w /V w V b M w,1 =M w,0 C w,0 V b +C f V b V b M w,2 =M w,1 C w,1 V b +C f V b C w,1 =M w,1 /V w C w,2 =M w,2 /V w
99%
Turbidity timecourses from wells at the Delaware site
Monitored parameter time courses from well D at the Connecticut site
The effect of pumping rate and sampling method on observed turbidity, NY site
(Low-Flow Purging)
Eh
3 5