: : : : : : : : : :

93 4 15 93 12 31 93 4 15 95 12 31 93_01_07 93 12 31

93-01-07 : : : : 02-28615274 : 02-28610511 384 E-mail: jiayuh@atmos.pccu.edu.tw : : : : 02-28615274 : 02-28610511 367 E-mail: kyliu@atmos.pccu.edu.tw 93 4 15 93 12 31 93 4 15 95 12 31 92 93 94 100,000 400,000 15,000 95 (02) 28610511 384 (02) 28615274 111 55 E-mail cwchang@atmos.pccu.edu.tw 1

100% 2 5 150 2 2 100% 100% 100% 10 2

3 2500mm 70% 1980 TAMEX 136 3.41 5.0 4.26

Typhoon Fujihara Effect Heavy Rain 4

82 1993 83 1994 1.1 82 83 5

1.1 1947 Joint Typhoon Warming Center JTWC 180 84 1979 1990 92 1996 1996 9608 1998 12 31 2000 Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre RSMC 14 140 2001 2004 2004 140 73 50 1.1 6

1947 1947 84 1979 1990 92 1996 1998 2000 2000 14 10 140 2001 2004 Vipa Wipha Megkhla Mekkhala Kularb Kulap Ramasoon Rammasun 2 Morakot Hanuman Aere Kodo Hanuman Kodo Peipah Vamei Matmo Chataan Nuri Rusa Molave Imbudo Typhoon Hurricane Cyclone - Willy-Willy Buquio 7

1.2 2004 Damrey Kong-rey Nakri Krovanh Sarika Longwang Yutu Fengshen Dujuan Haima Kirogi Toraji Kalmaegi Maemi Meari Kai-tak Man-yi Fung-wong Choi-wan Ma-on Tembin Usagi Kammuri Koppu Tokage Bolaven Pabuk Phanfone Ketsana Nock-ten Chanchu Wutip Vongfong Parma Muifa Jelawat Sepat Nuri Melor Merbok Ewiniar Fitow Sinlaku Nepartak Nanmadol Bilis Danas Hagupit Lupit Talas Kaemi Nari Changmi Sudal Noru Prapiroon Wipha Mekkhala Nida Kulap Maria Francisco Higos Omais Roke 8

Saomai Lekima Bavi Conson Sonca Bopha Krosa Maysak Chanthu Nesat Wukong Haiyan Haishen Dianmu Haitang Sonamu Podul Pongsona Mindulle Nalgae Shanshan Lingling Yanyan Tingting Banyan Yagi Kajiki Kujira Kompasu Washi Xangsane Faxai Chan-hom Namtheun Matsa Bebinca Peipah Linfa Malou Sanvu Rumbia Tapah Nangka Meranti Mawar Soulik Mitag Soudelor Rananim Guchol Cimaron Hagibis Molave Malakas Talim Chebi Noguri Koni Megi Nabi Durian Rammasun Morakot Chaba Khanun Utor Matmo Etau Aere Vicente Trami Halong Vamco Songda Saola 9

1.2 17.2 1.2 1.2.1 17.2 65 10

Tropical storm 135 knots 1.3 V / V knots V 17.2 V 34 8 17.2 V 32.7 34 V 64 8 11 32.7 V 51.0 64 V 100 12 15 51.0 V 100 V 16 knots=( / ) 1 = 1.862 1 ( ) = 1 (knots) 0.506 (m s) 1.15 mph 1.4 Tropical Depression Tropical Storm (hpa) ( / ) (knots) (mph) TD ----- 17.2 34 39 TS ----- 17.2 32.6 34 63 39 73 1 > 980 32.7 42.2 64 82 74 95 4-5 2 965-980 42.3 48.9 83 95 96 110 6-8 3 945-965 49.0 58.1 96 113 111 130 9-12 (foot) 4 920-945 58.2 68.9 114 135 131 155 13-18 5 < 920 > 69.0 > 135 > 155 >18 1.2.2 1. 26.5 11

Gray 1968 McBride 1995 26.5 1.3 26.5 12

2. 5 15 2001 12 27 30 Vamei 1.5 1.4 13

1.5 3. 14

1.6 4. 1.7 15

1.8 1.2.3 eye eye wall spiral rain band 1.9 1. 16

45 1.10 NASA 17

2. 15 1.11 3. 18

1.12 2000 8 21 A B C 1.3 1.3.1 80 55 25 26 30% 15% 12% 12% 12% 12% 7% 19

1.13 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1.14 20

2001 2003 1986 2001 2004 1949 1 2004 8 1413 26 37 1964 15 1954 249 4.5 88 1.6 3.5 286 9 1949 1.15 1949 1 2004 8 17.6 2004 ) 1.3.2 1897 2003 21

2001 1996 2001 1.3.3 1897 2003 187 157 84 30 16 4.16 4.16 1897 2003 22

1.3.4 ( ) ( ) 23

1.17 24 164 142 150-200 2001 1.18 24 24

1.4 1.4.1 1. 1.19 2. 25

1.20 3. 1.21 DCView GSMBOY 4. 5. 26

1.22 6. 1.23 7. 27

1.24 8. 1.4.2 9 6 28

1.25 9 0 6 2004 1.26 1.4.3 29

1500 900 66 90 9 17 425 900 1500 1.27 76 6 http://www.feitsui.gov.tw/index_chinese.html 1.5 30

31 ( ) 30 581 22% 29 1.28 1.5.1 Mei-yu 黄 mold rains ( ) 1998

Baiu Chang-Mai 1.29 1998 32

33

70 5 28 190 73 74 73 6 3 218 33 5 12 82 6 1 2 20 1.32 34

1.33 35

2.1 2.1.1 47 48 52 59 66 74 85 93 2.1 180 1. Gloria 52 1963 52 9 11 36 1.5 36

1947 (*) 224 88 450 48 1959 2.2 52 5 9 http://wrm.hre.ntou.edu.tw/wrm/dss/resr/wk.htm 2.3 52 (*) (http://www.wranb.gov.tw/wranb_spring/index1.asp) 37

2. Herb 85 1996 85 7 31 8 1 350 60 1170 1748.5 7/31-8/1 1987 ( ) 51 22 463 503 880 559 1,266 2,157 19 199 2.4 7 31 7:00 (*) 1997 38

2.5 1 2 3 4 3. 23 1897 8 9 1920 9 4 1932 8 24 39

52 2.1.2 1. WAYNE 75 1986 75 1986 8 22 6 40 17 68 19 6624 31532 23 24 28 9 6 16 16 40

2.6 http://www2.thu.edu.tw/~biodiver/variety/plant/59.htm 2. NAT 80 1991 23 7 Mireille 41

2.7 3. Nari 90 2001 90 9 6 7 9 75 80 9 11 15 16 9 40 17 8 22 16 686 76 LYNN 1136 67 ORA 733 42

2.8 404 19 359 105 43

2.9 2.10 44

2.1 17 425 1930 359 16 686 76 1136 67 733 144 120 397 1323 64 42 15 36 14 14 16 2.1.3 1947 32 45

76 87 89 2.11 1. LYNN 76 1987 76 10 24 LYNN 1136 352.5 61 2. Zeb 87 1998 87 10 16 28 10 27 4 16 51.6 46

3. Xangsane 89 2000 89 10 31 11 1 26 36 115 14 15 SQ006 79 2.12 47

2.13 2.1.4 2004 1994 1981 51 3 90 48 90 80 89 69 18 7 10 83 93 48

2.14 2.15 2.1.5 1977 1977 66 1977 7 25 Thelma 9 10 60 72 300 200 7 49

31 Vera 38 3 1958 2.2 2.16 2.2 48 1959 ( ) 1959/08/29 1959/09/03 1971/09/18 1971/09/22 5 4 50

1977/07/25 1977/07/31 1987/07/21 1987/07/27 1994/08/03 1994/08/08 ( ) 1996/07/26 1996/07/31 6 6 5 5 2.1.6 1959 2004 1. 48 1959 8 7 9 38 660 523 719 667 408 27466 18303 136,542 297 476 11% 51

2.17 48 8 7 30 88 http://www.twhistory.org.tw/20010806.htm 2. 93 9 11 800 100 35 52

2.18 2.2 1200 Fujiwhare 1921 Fujiwhare effect 1921 1931 1960 2000 Bopha Saomai 1994 Pat Ruth 1991 Nat Mireille 53

2.19 93 8 Aere Chaba 1500 12 17 60 8500 52 54

2.20 2.21 55

2.3 2.3.1... 1. 1 Foehn 2.22 56

2. Tornado 45 140 Tornado waterspout 93 2.23 3. Storm surge tide 57

2.24 50 9 10 93 8 25 4. 5. 2.25 58

2.26 6. 2.3.2 50 9 12 2,089 34,941 52 9 11 224 88 75 8 22 38,156 85 7 31 8 1 7/31 1,095 7/31 8/01 24 1,749 31 1 24 1,870 536 300 90 7 28 402 80 90 9 17 18 20 8 93 7 2 93 8 25 59

2.27 2.3 47 90 ( ) ( ) 213 31,545 5,973 1,588 23,984 541,311 17 15,083 2,576 29 12,478 149,499 152 13,873 2,417 1,074 10,382 341,992 37 2,432 927 474 1,031 49,626 7 157 53 11 93 194 2.4 ( ) 61 65 11 2.2 66 70 13 2.6 71 75 16 3.2 76 80 21 4.2 60

81 85 21 4.2 86 90 23 4.6 2.5 47 90 50 09 12 *2,089 158 *121 *1,810 34,941 11,692 23,249 51 08 05 1,581 79 1 1,501 21,146 7,497 13,649 52 09 11 762 *224 88 450 24,733 *13,950 10,783 49 07 31 613 102 81 430 23,917 10,513 13,404 85 07 31 536 51 22 463 1,383 503 880 75 08 22 509 68 19 422 *38,156 6,624 *31,532 58 09 26 476 93 12 371 32,846 12,264 20,582 90 07 30 402 111 103 188 2,617 645 19,72 90 09 17 369 94 10 265 -------- -------- -------- 66 07 25 347 37 12 298 25,423 3,385 22,038 2.4 2.4.1 Aerosonde 1995 11 GPS 13 61

150 4 30 87 5 2 5 9 5 25 18 2.4.2 2.28 1930 1943 7 27 1945 1987 2002 60 24 13 200 15 20 GPS Dropsond 62

2003 9 1 92 11 800 2.29 GPS 2.30 63

2.5 Francis Beaufort 1805 61.2 12 20 50 51 300 2.6 = 0.836 * ( ** (3/2)) m/s knots Kg/m**2 0 calm 0.3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 light air slight breeze gentle breeze moderate breeze fresh breeze strong breeze near gale 0.3 1.5 1 3 < 1 1.6 3.3 4 7 1 3.4 5.4 8 12 1 3 5.5 7.9 13 16 3 7 8.0 10.7 17 21 7 14 10.8 13.8 22 27 14 23 13.9 17.1 28 33 23 35 8 17.2 20.7 34 40 35 52 64

9 10 11 12 gale strong gale storm violent storm hurricane 20.8 24.4 41 47 52 72 24.5 28.4 48 55 72 97 28.5 32.6 56 63 97 128 32.7 36.9 64 71 128 164 13 37.0 41.4 72 80 164 206 14 41.5 46.1 81 89 206 256 15 46.2 50.9 90 99 256 312 16 51.0 56.0 100 108 312 377 17 56.1 61.2 109 118 377 449 2.6 52 9 11 93 8 24-25 90 425 86 10 44 121 65

66

67

2.33 http://www.dcview.com.tw/gallery/showmsg.asp?msgid=340654&place=12&posit=10 68

3.1 (1) 3.1 3.1 (1) 73 69

1 25 3.2 3.3 70

3.4 3.5 300 350 30 71

3.6 92 9 1 GPS Dropsonde 100 Dujuan 3.7 ATSRA 100 GPS Dropsonde 72

460 3.8 73

3.9 90 9 25 11 2 World Meteorological Organization WMO 74

3.10 3.11 3 75

3.12 Weather Integration and Nowcasting System WINS 3.13 WINS 2003 9 WINS 4 76

Numerical Weather Prediction NWP 3.14 Fujitsu VPP5000 15 96 80 16 24 20 77

75% 24 142 5 9 2 15 16 22 12 6 3 0~12 24 78

3.15 3.16 6. http://www.cwb.gov.tw 166 167 SSB 8,117KHZ 020303166 E-Mail 79

3.17 http://www.cwb.gov.tw 3.2 75 2000 Noguri Rammasun 2003 Morakot Melor 80

1. 8 14 20 2 24 48 3 7 6:00 8:40 10:00 11:40 14:40 16:30 17:40 20:40 23:40 30 2. 7 13.9 24 100 18 24 18 3.18 81

3.19 82

3. 100 100 (2) 450 (2) 83

3.20 12 24 48 3.3 84

1 15 50 130 15 130 93 600 700 93 9 13 24 200 24 350 200 350 92 6 20 66.5 92 8 13 141 85

3.21 92 8 13 141 2 86

87 3.4 1 4:30 10:30 16:30 22:30

2 1997 1 p2-7 2002 15 1 p7-13 2001 29 12 p867-878 2001 28 02 p103-103 2001 29 12 p851-858 p63-84 21 10 p1002-1014 1993 (TAMEX) 1998 5 1998 7 Chang, C.P., Ching-Hwang Liu, and Hung-Chi Kuo 2003"Typhoon Vamei: An equatorial tropical cyclone formation." GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, vol.30, p.1150 Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 88

96, 669-700. McBride, J. L., 1995: Tropical cyclone formation. Global Perspectives on Tropical Cyclones, R. L. Elsberry Ed.,WorldMeteorologicalOrganization,63-105. 62 73 75 82 91 79 92 91 92 84 90 http://www.twhistory.org.tw/20010806.htm http://www.cwb.gov.tw/v4/index.htm http://science.yam.com http://www.weather.org.hk http://photino.cwb.gov.tw 89

http://home.kimo.com.tw/sunny9608/ Unisys http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/index.html http://www.weather-liyu.com.tw/ http://home.kimo.com.tw/cfwu123/ http://www.homeland.org.tw/foundation/htm/eye/0009/ http://www.feitsui.gov.tw/index_chinese.html 90

93 / / ( ).. 91