( CIP) /,. :, 2004.8 ( ) ISBN 7109093875... - -. S823. 5 CI P (2004) 076411 ( 2 ) ( 100026 ) : 2004 8 1 2004 8 1 : 787m m1092m m 1/ 64 : 2. 125 : 46 : 1 20 000 : 2. 20 (, )
( )
2004 1,,,, 2004, 1
,,,,,,,,, 2
1 ( ) 1 ( ) 33 35 ( ) 35 ( ) 44 56 ( ) 56 ( ) 79 98 ( ) 98 1
( ) 104 107 ( ) 107 ( ) 119 122 2
,,,,,,,,,, () 1. 1
60% 70% 90%,,,, 40% 50%, 30%, A ( ), 5080 /,,,, 75% 85%,,,, 20% ( ) ( ) ( ) 2
()( ),, 2. 18%, (1),,,,,, D E, 7% 13%, 10% 21%, 20% 30%, 30% 50%,, ;, 3
,,,,,,, (2), 30%45%,, 6% 12%,,,, D, 1) : 3% 6%, 25%,, 4
2) :,,,,,,, 3) : 2.6% 3.2%, 21% 33%,,, 4) :, 5) : 20%23%,,,,, 5
6) :, 7) : 5% 10%, 42% 50%, ( ) 38% 12%,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 21%, 30%,, 6
23, 1 25,,, (), (),,, 3., (1),,,,, 8.4%, 7
12.7% (2) 1/ 2,,, 3/ 4, 100 5 15 (3),,,,, 60% 70%,, 78, 1, 0.70.8, :, ( ) 10 8
,, 0.51,,, 23,, :, (),,,,, : :, 1,,,,,, 2430, 50%, 45%, :, ( ) 9
11. 3 :, ; ; :,,,,,,,,, : 45,, 15 25 10 4.
, 70% 90%, 25%33%, B, 12 (1) 75%, 20% 25%,, 1015, 30% (2),, 16% 25%,, 15, (3), 20%,,, 11
, 5. ( ), 70% 95%,,,, 85% 90%, 3%10%, 1% 2%,,, C, D,,,,, (),,,,,, 36, 12
, 5% 11%, 8% 11%, 40, 25, 6. 18%, 20% 20%,,,, 13
, ( ) ( ) :, (1), 20% 40%, 23, 46, 1, (2) 38% 47%,,, 14
, (3), 35%40%, 16% 20%, 20%30%,,,,,,,, 43%, 10 /, 15
, 22%,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20%,,,, 16
(4),,,,, 12.50 ( / ),, 44%,,,, 85%,,,,, 9%, 30, 77%80%,,,, 17
,,,,,, 44% 48%,, 20% 25%, (5), 36% ;, 8.40 /,,, 15%,,, 18
30% 38%,, 1.0 /, 10%, 20% (6),,,,, 28% 32%,,, ;, 6 7 ; 20%,, 12%, 10 /,,, 19
,,,, 20% (7),,, (),,,,, 9.0 / 8%, 12%,,, 32%34%, 20
,,, 10% (8), ( 45% 70% ),, 25%60%,,, (9), 40% 50%,, B 1% 2%, 10% (10), 21
, 46%, 28.8%,, 1 6,,,,, 7. 18%, 20%, ( ),, 18%, 20%, 10.50 :, :, ; ( 10% 22
) ; ;, B (1), 66%80%, ; 10%,, ; 3.5%, 7%10%, ; A D,,,,,,, 70% 80%,, 23
, 8% 13%,,, 0.1%,, 0.3%0.45% 1) :,,, 8%,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 72%,,, 2%, 90% 3.5% 4.5%, 24
7.0%9.0% 2) :,,,,,,, 2.8%3. 3%,, 1.1%,,,,,,,,,,, 25
,,,,,, 80% 95%,, 3) :,,, 12%, 14% 16%,,,, 85% 26
, 15% 100 70, 30,,,,,,,,,, B E, 50%,, 4) :,,, 27
11% 14%, 1,, B,,, ;, ; B, D, K B2 5) :, 28%,, 8%, 38%43%,, 5.2%,, 40% 47% 11.5%,, B, 28
,, (2), : 15%, ( 10% ) 3% 5% ; B,, E ;,, ; :,, ; ;,,, : 29
1) :,, 1.9 /, 1.51.7 /, B E,,,, 2) : ( ), 16.5%,,,,,,,, 30 3) :
:,, 2 /, 10. 3%,,,,, 9.5% 10 % ;, 1.8 / ;, 10% 8%, 2. 0 /,, 11%, B, 8.,,, 1% 2%, 38%33%, 31
18%, 23% ; 21% 20% ; ( ) 20%, 39%, 9.,,,, (1),, (2 ), (3), K B, C, 32
, A D E (4), 1.5%,, 0.8% () :,,, 50%, :,, : 33
,, 34
() 1., 1 4%, 3.138, NND ( ) : 1 89%, 9.01, 9.01/ 3.138 = 2.87NND 1 ( ) 2.87 ( ) 35
(1) 1) :, ( ) 0.356W 0.75,, 20%, 10% 2) :, : ( ) = 0.75 + 0.388 ( % ) + 0.164( % ) + 0.055 ( % ) 3) :,, ;,, 36
,, 25. 104, 1 8 ( 25. 104/ 3.138 = 8 ) (2),,, 15,,, 60,,,,,, 37
6,,, 1.00 4.870,, 69, 4.184, 7.112, 12.552 20.92 (3 ), : ( ) = 0.062 W 0. 75 + 0.40Y (, 6040) = 0.062 W 0. 75 + 0.45Y (, 4555) : Y ( ) ; W ( ),,, ;, 38
15% ( NDF ), NDF 25%, 19 % ( ) 2. (1) 3.0 W 0. 75 200 2.3 W 0.75 2. 5 W 0. 75, 200 2.2 W 0.75 (2),, ( % ) ( % ) = 2.36 + 0.24 = / 0.60 39
= / 0.70 (3) ( / ) = W ( 170.22-0.173 1W + 0.000 178W 2 ) (1. 12-0.125 8 W) : W ( ); W ( ), 55%, 4060 70%, 7090 65% (4),, 6 50, 7 84, 8 132, 9 194 ;, 6 40
43, 7 73, 8 115, 9 169 3. (1) 100 6 4.5 ; 4.5 3 1.321, 100 3, 1 1.2 (2) 100 6 4.5 20 13 4. ( ) = 0.397W 0.75 () = 4.0 W 0.75 () = 3.3 W 0.75 5. 1 2 41
1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( NND ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) A ( IU ) 450 6. 06 11.07 34. 73 293 244 27 20 48 19 000 500 6. 56 11.97 37. 57 317 264 30 22 53 21 000 550 7. 04 12.88 40. 38 341 284 33 25 58 23 000 600 7. 52 13.73 43. 10 364 303 36 27 64 26 000 650 7. 98 14.59 45. 77 386 322 39 30 69 28 000 700 8. 44 15.43 48. 41 408 340 42 32 74 30 000 : 20 %, 10 %,,,
, 1 8NND 325 ; 1 6.56NND 250 () 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, 44
(1) 1987,, 5%10%,,,, 2000, ( NND) ; ; A (2) NRC NRC 7 2001, 45
,,,,,, : ;, ;, ;, 46
( ) ( ) ( NND) 3 ( ) A ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) 350 5. 02 9.17 28.79 243 202 21 16 37 15 000 400 5. 55 10.13 31.8 268 224 24 18 42 17 000 450 6. 06 11.07 34.73 293 244 28 20 48 19 000 500 6. 56 11.97 37.57 317 264 30 22 53 21 000 550 7. 04 12.88 40.38 341 284 33 25 58 23 000 600 7. 52 13.73 43.1 364 303 36 27 64 26 000 650 7. 98 14.59 45.77 386 322 39 30 69 28 000 700 8. 44 15.43 48.41 408 340 42 32 74 30 000 750 9. 89 16.24 50.96 430 358 45 34 79 32 000 : ( 1 ) 1 20 %, 2 10 % ( 2 ) 1, ( 3 ),, ( 4 ),,, ( 5 ), 2 8 N N D 325, 1 6. 56 N N D 250
4 1 ( % ) ( ) ( NND ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2.5 0.31 0. 35 0.80 2. 51 49 42 3. 6 2. 4 3.0 0.34 0. 38 0.87 2. 72 51 44 3. 9 2. 6 3.5 0.37 0. 41 0.93 2. 93 53 46 4. 2 2. 8 4.0 0.4 0. 45 1.00 3. 14 55 47 4. 5 3 4.5 0.43 0. 49 1.06 3. 35 57 49 4. 8 3. 2 5.0 0.46 0. 52 1.13 3. 52 59 51 5. 1 3. 4 5.5 0.49 0. 55 1.19 3. 72 61 53 5. 4 3. 6
( ) 350 400 450 5 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( N ND ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) A ( ) 6 5.78 10. 51 32. 97 293 245 27 18 67 27 7 6.28 11. 44 35. 9 327 275 31 20 8 7.23 13. 17 41. 34 375 317 37 22 9 8.7 15. 84 49. 54 437 370 45 25 6 6.3 11. 47 35. 99 318 267 30 20 76 30 7 6.81 12. 4 38. 92 352 297 34 22 8 7.76 14. 13 44. 36 400 339 40 24 9 9.22 16. 8 52. 72 462 392 48 27 6 6.81 12. 4 38. 92 343 287 33 22 86 34 7 7.32 13. 33 41. 84 377 317 37 24 8 8.27 15. 07 47. 28 425 359 43 26 9 9.73 17. 73 55. 65 487 412 51 29
6 ( = 680 ) Milk ( ) Fat T rue P rotein DMI LW ch ang e N EL RDP RU P RD P RU P CP ( % ) ( % ) ( ) ( ) ( Mcal) ( ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 20 3 2. 5 12 0 23 1 360 500 11. 3 4.2 15.5 20 3 3 12-0.2 23. 6 1 360 670 11. 3 5.6 16.9 20 3 3. 5 12-0.3 24. 2 1 360 850 11. 3 7.1 18.4 20 3. 5 2. 5 12.4-0.1 23. 9 1 400 480 11. 3 3.9 15.2 20 3. 5 3 12.4-0.2 24. 5 1 400 660 11. 3 5.3 16.6 20 3. 5 3. 5 12.4-0.4 25. 1 1 400 840 11. 3 6.8 18.1 20 4 2. 5 12. - 0.2 24. 9 1 440 470 11. 3 3.7 15 20 4 3 12.7-0.3 25. 4 1 440 650 11. 3 5.1 16.5 20 4 3. 5 12.7-0.4 26 1 440 820 11. 3 6.5 17.8
Milk ( ) Fat T rue DMI LW N EL RDP RU P RD P RU P CP P rotein ch ang e ( % ) ( % ) ( ) ( ) ( Mcal) ( ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 30 3 2. 5 14-0.6 29. 2 1 570 860 11. 2 6.1 17.4 30 3 3 14-0.8 30. 1 1 570 1 130 11. 2 8.1 19.3 30 3 3. 5 14-1 30. 9 1 570 1 390 11. 2 9.9 21.1 30 3. 5 2. 5 14.5-0.7 30. 6 1 620 850 11. 2 5.9 17 30 3. 5 3 14.5-0.9 31. 4 1 620 1 110 11. 2 7.7 18.8 30 3. 5 3. 5 14.5-1.1 32. 3 1 620 1 370 11. 2 9.4 20.6 30 4 2. 5 15.1-0.9 32 1 670 830 11. 1 5.5 16.6 30 4 3 15.1-1 32. 8 1 670 1 090 11. 1 7.2 18.3 30 4 3. 5 15.1-1.2 33. 7 1 670 1 350 11. 1 8.9 20
Milk ( ) Fat T rue DMI LW N EL RDP RU P RD P RU P CP P rotein ch ang e ( % ) ( % ) ( ) ( ) ( Mcal) ( ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 40 3 2. 5 16-1.2 35. 3 1 760 1 330 11 7.7 18.7 40 3 3 16-1.5 36. 5 1 760 1 580 11 9.9 20.9 40 3 3. 5 16-1.7 37. 7 1 760 1 930 11 12.1 23.1 40 3. 5 2. 5 16.7-1.4 37. 2 1 830 1 210 11 7.2 18.2 40 3. 5 3 16.7-1.6 38. 4 1 830 1 560 11 9.3 20.3 40 3. 5 3. 5 16.7-1.9 39. 6 1 830 1 910 11 11.4 22.4 40 4 2. 5 17.4-1.6 39. 1 1 900 1 190 10. 9 6.8 17.8 40 4 3 17.4-1.8 40. 2 1 900 1540 10. 9 8.9 19.8 40 4 3. 5 17.4-2 41. 4 1 900 1 890 10. 9 10.9 21.8
; A D E 2. 3 4 5 6 55
() 1. (1),,, 56 ( ),
,,, (2), : ( ) ( ) 57
; (3),, : ; ; ( ) ; ;,, 1216, 2.,,,, ; ( ),,,, (1), 58
,,,,,, (2),,,,, ( ),, 59
,,,, (NDF) (3), ; ; ; ; :,, (), 60
NDF,,,, (4),,,,,, 30,, ( ),,,, 61
,, 6,,,,,,,, 7%,, (5),,, 62
,,, 3. (1),,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;,,,, 63
,,,,,, ( 2030 ), 3.3% 3.6% ; ( 1520 ) 2.8% 3.3% ; ( 1015 ) 2.5% 2.8% 15% 24%, 60%,, 3 1 : 25%, 64
75%, 25%, 8%, 25%, 1.5% 2.0%,,, (2),,,,, 1) : 1: 600, 3.5% 20,,, 7,, 8 65
7 ( N ND) (DCP ) ( ) ( ) 600 13. 73 364 36 27 3. 5 % 20 18. 6 1 040 84 56 32. 33 1 404 120 83 8 () ( N ND) (DCP ) ( ) ( ) 1.54 68 14.3 2.4 0.25 3 1.0 0.2 0.31 28 0.5 0.3 2.35 59 0.2 2.1 1.88 97 1.3 5.4 2.34 153 2.7 8.1 2.64 366 3.2 5, 25 3 66
10, ( 9) 9 ( ) ( NND ) ( DCP ) ( ) ( ) 3 1. 54 = 4. 62 68 = 204 14. 3 = 42. 9 2.4 = 7.2 25 0. 25 = 6. 25 3 = 75 1. 0 = 25 0.2 = 5 10 0. 31 = 3.1 28 = 280 0.5 = 5 0.3 = 3 13.97 559 72. 9 15. 2-18. 36-845 - 47. 1-67. 8, 2.4 (NND), : 18. 36/ 2.4 = 7.65 4 2 2, 67
10 10 ( ) ( NND ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 2. 35 = 9.4 59 = 236 0. 2 = 0. 8 2.1 = 8.4 2 1. 88 = 3. 76 97 = 194 1. 3 = 2. 6 5.4 = 10. 8 2 2. 34 = 4. 68 153 = 306 2. 7 = 5. 4 8.1 = 16. 2 17.84 736 8. 8 35. 4 13.97 559 72. 9 15. 2 31.81 1 295 81. 7 50. 6-0.52-109 - 38. 3-32. 4, 0.3 ( NND = 0.32.64 = 0. 729, 68
DCP = 0.3366 = 109.8, = 0.35 = 1.5 ), 32.6, 1 404.8, 82.66, 52.1, 37.34 3.9, 0.20, (1112) 11 600 3.5 % 20 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) 3 4. 62 204 42. 9 7. 2 6. 4 25 6. 25 75 25. 0 5. 0 53. 7 10 3.1 280 5. 0 3. 0 21. 5 4 9.4 236 0. 8 8. 4 8. 6 48. 2 2 3. 76 194 2. 6 10. 8 4. 3 24. 1 2 4. 68 306 5. 4 16. 2 4. 3 24. 1 0.3 0. 79 109.8 0. 96 1. 5 0. 6 3. 5 0.2 55. 82 28. 76 0. 4 46. 5 32.6 1404.8 138.48 80. 86 99. 8 99. 9 69
12 ( ) 3 6. 25 1 4 2 2 0.3 0. 2 18. 75 0. 87 1.9 0.191 0. 052 0.184 0.214 0.017 3. 428 2) : 1: 8% 44%, 14%,? : 8% 44% 14%,, ( ), 44-14 = 30, 14-8 = 6 70
36 (30 + 6 ), 30/ 36, 83. 3%, 6/ 36, 16.7% 4 000, 83.3% 4 000 = 3 332, 16.7%4 000 = 668, :,, A, A,, 3 6 A,, 1 2, 2,,, 3,, 36 71
: 13 14 15 16 13 600 25 ( ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) 1. 6 4.5 16. 2 1. 0 2.8 10. 1 4. 8 13.5 48. 5 2. 5 7.1 25. 2 2. 0 5.6 2. 0 5.6 18. 0 50.8 3. 0 8.5 0. 1 0.28 0. 3 0.85 35. 3 100 14 600 20 ( ) ( % ) ( % ) 1. 4 4. 18 17. 5 1. 0 3. 0 12. 5 72
( ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) 4. 0 12.0 50. 0 1. 6 4.8 20. 0 4. 0 12.0 18. 0 53.95 3. 0 9.0 0. 1 0.29 0. 26 0.78 33. 36 100 15 600 15 ( ) ( % ) ( % ) 1. 0 3. 09 12. 3 1. 0 3. 9 12. 3 4. 5 13. 9 55. 6 1. 6 4. 9 19. 8 5. 0 15. 5 16. 0 49. 5 3. 0 9. 3 0. 1 0. 3 0. 15 32. 35 100 73
16 ( ) ( % ) ( % ) 0. 5 1.6 9.09 0. 5 1.6 9.09 4. 0 12.6 72.70 0. 5 1.6 9.09 5. 0 15.8 18. 0 56.87 3. 0 9.5 0. 1 0.3 0. 05 0.16 31. 65 100 2: 600 (, ) 25 ( 3.5% 3% ),, 600 25 : 74 0. 75 270 N/ W
6.25600 0. 75 = 205 25 3% = 750 205 + 750 = 955 13.73 + 25 0.93 = 36.98NND 37NND, = NND40 = 3740 = 1 480 () 1 480 = MCP/ 0.9 = 1 644.4 () 10%, 1 809 () = 1 4800.8 0.70.7 = 580 () 955-580 = 375 () 375(0.70.7 ) = 765.3 () 75
10%, 842 () 600 25 37NND, 1 809, 842 600 25 25 2 : ( ) ( NND) ( ) ( ) ( ) 25.00 8. 62 460 276 184 2.00 6. 20 120 60 60 37 2 651. 1 809. 842 26. 8 2 071. 1 473. 598 76, 7.52 + 25
0.4 = 17.5 ( ) 250.23 + 20.9 = 7.55 ( ) 17.5-7.55 = 9.95 ( ), 9.95/ 0.9 = 11 ( ) 11 26.8NND, 2 071, 1 473, 598 2.44NND, 188. 3, 134, 54.4 : NND ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. 50 430 179 151 65 % 2. 50 80 40 40 50 % 1. 90 150 112. 5 37.5 75 % 77
: ( ) NND ( NND) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0. 30 0. 75 129 83. 7 45. 1 0. 45 1. 125 36 18 18 0. 15 0. 285 22. 5 16. 9 5. 6 0. 90 2. 16 187. 5 118. 6 68. 7 2.44-2.16 = 0.28 (NND) ( 99% ) ( 84% ), 67NND (7NND), 0.28/ 7 = 0.04 ( ) 1 : 45%, 30%, 15%, 4%, 6%,, 78
() 1. ( total mixed ration, TMR) 20 60,,,, (mixing wagon), ( complete ration, CR) 2. (1) 1),, ; 79
,, 2),,,, 3), (60% ),,,,,,, 4) 50, 1213,,,,, 80
, 5),,, 6),,,,,,,,, ( ) (2) 81
1) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 82 2) :
, :,, ; ph,,,, ph,,, ph,, ph, ph ;,, ;,,,,,,, 83
, ;,,, ;,, ;, 3) :,,, 84
(),,, 35% 45%,, 50%, 1%, 0.02%,,,,,,, 85
,,,,,, : ( ); : 56, 15 23, ( 20 / ),, 2, 3%5%,,,,, 86
,,,,, 3. (1),,,,,,,, ; ph ; ( ), 87
,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,,, () ( ),,,, 88
,,,,,, ph,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 89
,,, (2), ;,,,, ;,,,,, 90
,,,,, 100, (5% ),, 200,,,, 4.,, 70, ; 91
70140, ; 140 ;,,,,,,,,,, 23 1, ;,, 1, 2 92 5.
(1),,, ( ), (2) (),,,, (), (3) 93
,, (4), 4, (5), 24, ; (6),,, (DDGS ), 94
, (7),, 1%, 0.5%,,,,,,, (8) 95
,,,,,,,, ADE NRC A, D E (9),, ph 6.26.8,,, 96
,,, ( ),,, 1%,,, 70% 30%, 0.8% 97
() 1. (1), ( RND) : (NEmf, / ) = DE[ (KmKf1.5) / (Kf + Km0.5) ] : DE,, Kf Km ( RND) 1 8.08 98
, : RND = NEmf ( ) / 8.08 ( ) (2) (2000) : NEm ( ) = 322 W 0.75 : W ( ), 12, 1, 1% 2., (van Es, 1978 ) : (kj): [W(2 092 + 25.1W) ]/ (1-0.3W) : W ( ); W ( ) : NEmf ( kj) = {322W 0. 75 + [W( 2 092 + 25.1W) ] / (1-0.3W) 1k : k 99
, (2000, ), 10% 3., : NEm ( ) = 0.197 69t - 11.761 22 : t ( ) = ( 0.008 79t - 0.854 54) (0.143 9 + 3.55810E - 4W), ( ) (0.332W 0.75 ), 0.82 (NEmf) 100 4.
4% 3.138 ; ( ) = 0.322W 0. 75 5. 0. 75 () = 5.5W ( g ) = W (168.07-0.168 69W + 1.63310E - 4W 2 ) (1.12-0.123 3W) / 0.34 : W ( ) 6. () = 4.6W 0.75 69,, 6 77, 7 145, 8 255, 9 403 7. () = 4.6W 0.75 4% 85 101
8. (1) ( / ) = [0.015 4W + 0.071 () + 1.23( ) + 0. 013 7 () ] / 0.5 (2) ( / ) = [0.028 0W + 0.039 () + 0.95( ) + 0. 007 6 () / 0.85 9. 0.3%, ; ; 10. (1) A () A ( / ) : 2 200 (5.5 ) ; 2 800 ( 7.0 102
); 3 800 (9.75 ) (2) D D 275 100 660 D (3) E E25, 1516 11., : ( ) = 0.062W 0.75 + (1.529 6 + 0.003 71W) W : W ( ) ( ) = 0.062W 0.75 + (0.790 + 0.005 587t) : t 103
() 1.,,, :,,, 40% 60%,, 2. (1),,, 0. 80.9, 180 104
200, 1.2, 12 450, (1998) 6 182 150250 0.5, 3.13.7 ( 65.3%, 16%, 16%, 1.2%, 1%, 0.5% )250400 0.8, 45 ( 70%, 9%, 18%, 1.5%, 1%, 0.5% ) (2) 18 7 150 18, 500, 1 : 710 0.84, 201.3, 7.5, 5.6 ; 1114 0. 88RND, 171.9, 7. 2, 4.6 ; 15 18 105
0.92RND, 149, 3.2, 4 3. (1), 70%, 0.8, 110, 7, 4.5, (2),,, 75%, 0.85, 110, 7, 4.5, 106
(),,,,,, 1. 8 000 107
, 15,,,, 20 70, (),,, (1),, 108
12 0 3.5%7%,, 3.5%,,,, ( ( ERA) (DlIA) ),,,,,, 109
0.9% 1.0%0.2%0.3%,,, B1 (2),,,,,,,,, (),,, 0.5 5%, 8%,,,, 110
,, 300 / DM 5%7%,,, DM 17% 21%,,, 2.,,,,, 111
,,,, ( ), ;,, (1),, ( MHA) ; : ( ) 112
(2),,, ;,, : ph 5.4 94%, (ph = 2.9) 94% (3) 1) :,, 50 0.5, 113
,, (3 300 / ) 2) :,, 50% 50%,, 15 40,,, 114
,,,,, 3) :,, 2%,,,, 15 40,,, 7.5%,, 115
3., 75%,,, ( VFA), ( ) ( ) 715, 690 720, 420 490,,, (1),,, VFA, 116
,,,, 4, 87% ;, 74% ;, 68% 49% (2) VFA,,,,,, 117
,,,,, (3),,,,,,,,, 118
, ph,, (),, 1.,,,,,,,,, :, ; ; ;, 2., 119
(1),,,, 1 3%, ( 1 1.2%),, (17% ), 4, 4.4 ; 20%, 25% (2) (3),, ( 34.4, 28.5C),, 12,, ; 3 4, 120
1, (4),, : 1.5 1.252.5 58 (5), 121
[1].. :, 2003 [2].. :, 2000 [3].. :, 2003 [4].. :, 2002 122