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The Definition and Application of Ling-tzu in Tzu Style Wang Wei-Yung Professor, Department of Chinese Literature, National Cheng Kung University Chao Fu-Yung Instructor, Center for General Education, Tung Fang Institute of Technology Abstract Tzu is the typical representative in Sung Dynasty literatures. The Tzu style is different from poetry and Chu (a type of verse for singing, which emerged in Southern Sung and Jin dynasties and became popular in Yuan Dynasty). The application of Ling-tzu is characteristic. The book Tzu Yuan written by Chang Yen in Sung Dynasty indicated that empty words are suitable to be used in the sentence structure of Tzu. Shen Yi-fu s Yueh Fu Chih Mi also approved that empty words could be used in Tzu-tiao. That is to say, both of them insisted using the empty words properly. Therefore, later generations called the empty words in the beginning of the sentences Ling-tzu, Ling-tiao or Ling-tiao-tzu to emphasize its function of being the leading word. In this thesis, first, the researchers made a thorough inquiry of Ling-tzu, including differentiating and analyzing some terms such as Chen-tzu, full words, and empty words appearing in the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence. Also, the researchers expounded the definition of Ling-tzu and traced to the source of the Ling-tzu in the sentence structure of poetry. Second, by mainly checking Tang Kuei-chang s Chuan Sung Tzu, Tzu Pu, which was edited by the order of Emperor Kang-Hsi in Ching Dynasty, and Wan Shu s Tzu Lu, the researchers enumerated and 106
analyzed the real application of Ling-tzu in Sung Tzu and covered different dimensions: the number of words, examples and tones of Ling-tzu ; the number of sentences, the number of words, sentence structures, the skills of arranging words; the different application cases in different Tzu styles; some Tzu-tiao using Ling-tzu in special place; the fluency, coherence and transition of Ling-tzu. Keywords: Sung Tzu, empty word, Ling-chu, Ling-tzu, Ling-tiao-tzu 107
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1 1 1976 109
2 3 4 2 1988 259 3 281-282 4 1994 68 1994 4 2005 110
5 6 5 343 6 1987 74 111
7 8 9 3 1689 3 1990 5 3611 2 1192 2 771 4 2908 7 4052 8 3 2176 ヽ 9 1986 842 112
113 10 4 3028 3 1927 11 12 10 74 11 1645-1646 12 1 2862
13 14 15 16 1 53 17 13 叶 841 14 1987 169-199 15 1980 22 1546 2 944 16 22 1546 2 3238 17 1 3753 38 2743-2747 114
115 18 19 162 1682 20 159 1630 854 9668 18 1994 369 19 1999 70 998
116 199 2053 453 5124 216 2254-2255 277 3151 199 2053 185 1888 827 9322-9323 426 4693 21 20 1960 21 70 997
22 23 2 848 1 77 5 3379 22 70 998 71 1014 23 341-342 117
118 1 559 3 1589 5 3521 4 2919 2 599 1 565 1 490 5 3361 1 447 3 2179 5 3167 5 3529 3 2188 1 43 2 928 4 2978 3 1910 3 1845 2 595 2 836 3 1501 4 2939 1 330 1 36 3 1993 1 76 4 2326 3 2178
119 1 26 1 204 4 2911 5 3287 5 3354 2 612 5 3275 5 3338 3 1459 3 2181 2 605 2 1098 3 2173 2 606 3 1501 4 2912 4 2330 4 2505 1 296 3 1692
120 2 629 4 2343 1 183 2 596 1 457 1 31 2 606 1 45 1 512 3 1996 2 1131 3 2079 5 3105 5 3479 2 653
121 5 3359 2 1130 2 1212 3 1880 5 3117 1 569 3 1539 3 1867 5 3306 5 3504 3 1459 1 413 4 2939 1 49 1 107 3 1914 3 1794 4 2609
1 439 2 692 1 440 1 105 1 297 24 25 26 24 1 2862 4940 1972 96 25 1968 11 8 47 26 122
123 27 1 37 5 3437 1 184 2 1193 1 282 1 98 5 3129 1 456 叶 2 1263 27 403
124 1 539 2 597 1 29 2 613 5 3101 28 4 2919 1 555 3 1498 1 456 2 618 4 2404 4 2490 2 1080-1081 1 42-43 28 280
125 1 272 3 1799 5 3472-3473 1 1 565 2 611 4 2499 1 39 1 423 2 609 2 1 246 2 1027 5 3125 1 456
126 3 1 303 1 296 1 490 3 2144 1 2 1210 4 2491 2 2 595 4 2463 3
127 4 2709 1 593 4 1 512 5 2 614 2 604 6 3 2124 4 2790 5 3130 1 17
2 1124 29 牥 30 31 29 30 2088 4 2491 30 20 1389 4 2950 31 20 1372-1373 4 2411 128
32 33 34 35 36 32 96 33 31 2191-2201 34 36 2588-2599 35 36 129
130 112 37 608 603 750 1 256 3 1719 1 83 2 847 1 91 4 2737 3 1780 1 94 1 531 1 340 2 616 5 3123 37
131 38 39 40 41 42 1999 38 1 488 3 1969 3 2151 4 2309 4 2311 4 2485 4 2970 5 3255 5 3292 5 3417 5 3486 5 3288-3289 5 3828 39 40 2 1316 1989 8 146 41 1 515 1 502 42 1 125 1 254 1 515 1 515 2 607 2 626 2 713
132 43 44 3 2093 3 2094 4 2500 4 3011 4 311 2 709 3 1586 5 3120 5 3402 43 1 854 5 3339 44 259
1 43 1 21 1 511 133
1 35 1 554 134
135 45 1 460 46 47 3 1969 5 3399 1 142 1 264 45 1985 184 5 3737 46 1989 260 47 4245
48 1 297 1 45 2 609 48 136
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