1
2 1958 4 6
1958 1959 1 3 1959 1960 1960 1961 1963 3
4
5
6
7
8
1 1992 1993 2000 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 1 6 2000 2 2001 5 1992 10 21
2 1999 1999 1990 1999 290 317 1999 2
3 6 1989 8 1994 1999 1999 8 2000 1998 40 1958 1960 1949 1965 1949 1965 1958 1960 1992 3 1958 1960 1958 1960 1998 3 1958 1998 4 Kwong, julia. The educational experiment of the Great Leap Forward, 1958-59: Its inherent contradictions. Comparative Education Review, 3 (October 1979). []J. R. 1949 1965 1990 724 Barendsen, Robert D. The agricultural middle school in Communist China. China Quarterly, CQ, 8 ( October-December 1961 ), 1949 1965 661 679 [] 1958 1960 1989 163 [] R 1992 190 198
4 20 1958 1958 [] 1995 526 4 1995 244 6 1989 140 1995 78 20 1997 844 1949 1989 1994 192
5 8 1958 1958 1960 1958 1960 1958 8 2000 34 463 464 1996 68 70 2000 214 1999 301
6 3 1995 360 1959 3 1949 1975 1998 882 1949 1982 1984 229 7 1992 396
7 1958 4 6 1958 1959 1959 1960 1961 1963
8 1 1991 139
9 1923 1953 12 11 1955 3 1956 1 14 20 4 1995 773 774 1955 3 21
10 1957 1958 1 7 1 1958 3 4 1958 5 1958 6 3 1949 1976 1997 540 541 7 1999 350 351 11 304 305
11 [] J. R. 1949 1975 1998 836 4 1995 26
12 1952 1952 11 1953 1953 2 7 3 1991 1083 4 1991 1481 1949 10 8 1952 12 1953 2 8
13 1 1952 1953 10 1950 1957 18 50 3 1952 7 23 [] 1992 488 489 496 1986 46 47 6 1989 96
14 1949 1960 1327 653 1158 384 807 217 40 1952 9 26 6 1989 105 106 1952 11 9 6 1992 103 12 1996 449
15 1949 1950 1955 1956 1956 2 1949 []J. R. 1949 1965 1990 205 206 []J. R. 1949 1965 1990 98 1991 472 []J. R. 1949 1965 1990 65
16 1956 2 4 34 1956 4 25 1956 5 1956 6 8 1984 177 1991 484 6 1992 101 102 82 1992 520 1992 522 523 1987 83
17 1952 1956 8 30 1956 1960 6 1957 1957 2 28 1956 1987 97 1987 110 7 1999 91 9 1996 213 1987 122 123
18 1957 3 6 1958 1958 3 1950 1957 6 17 7 1999 245 247 1984 151 152 1957 10 9 6 1989 122 123 7 1999 365 368
19 1958 4 1949 1953 1954 1955 1956 8 16 7 1999 380 7 1992 341 342
20 1949 6 1955 10 1952 5.75 1580 42.5 7 269 40 16.4 12.6 12.1 1.5 8000 1 5 86 50 1952 7 10 28.93 1949 34.68 1950 38.36 1951 1984 10 1991 499 500 1998 53
21 50.11 1957 50 55 207 1953 181 1956 207 227 1626 1957 1952 1710 1957 1320 4266 1654 1956 2029 6715 1953 1954 1953 293.5 81.8 72.12% 39.8 16.1 59.54% 1954 62.82% 66.14% 1949 1981 1984 1021 2000 155 1998 305
22 1955 12 1956 1955 194 227 28.8 40.3 1027 1353 53.7 81.2 5120 6715 390.0 516.5 50.41 52.9 5312.6 6346.6 1957 1956 1957 1957 4 27 30 5 1991 485 1956 1 2000 171 1027 1353 1996 43
23 5 1957 5 8 22 10 5 5 4 30 13 1993 609 1996 44
24 5 15 6 8 1958 1957 1998 283 285
25 1956 9 1954 1956 6 10 11 1956 9 1957 3 1 1993 569 7 1999 226
26 1957 2 1957 6 7 1999 227 1984 155 156 [] 1950 44 [] 1957 23 1991 67 78
27 1958 1957 50% 12 22 162 160 12 13 83 1958 1 13 1958 2 27 1958 1 13 28 25 3 1958 1 105 2 28 1949 1998 1995 31 32 1996 55
28 2000 500 1958 5 1958 1957 3 6 1957 10 1956 1967 1957 3 1957 4 1997 224 225 1949 1981 1984 212 1949 1981 1984 198 10 1994 653
29 1957 3 2907 33 13210 1443 126000 1 59 6 755 8000 18 1957 42.6 1955 18 1000 1957 1955 420 15 1955 88.2 1957 161 1957 1955 82.5% 1956 50 1957 12 1956 2000 1954 4500 1957 20590 18% 81% 1996 51
30 1956 1957 10 1958 1 3 2 2 3 18 1958 3 24 4 8 1996 238 1958 2 11
31 4 15 24 6 10 28 100 4 15 200 1949 1982 1984 219 220
32 6 10 28 1949 1953 1954 1955 1956 6 10 1949 1975 1998 822 825 1949 1982 1984 221 222
33 1958 8 8 1958 7 1958 6 1949 1989 1994 197 198
34
35
36 7 1992 367 7 1992 428 1992 675
37 1958 8 15 23 9 19 1958 7 11 1995 489 498
38
39 1958 1957 8 2000 36 1949 1989 1994 194
40 1 1995 290 3 1995 316 35 1985 77 35 1985 421 422
41 1 1995 98 1 1921 1925 1989 6 7 1 1921 1925 1989 16 1 1921 1925 1989 116
42 1936 5 1938 1982 428 429 432 1994 8 11 2 1991 481 11 1939 1941 1988 616 617
43 1949 12 1952 80% 1953 71% 27.39% 2 1991 663 664 2 1991 669 1993 150 151 4 1991 1347 1949 1975 1998 8 1949 1981 1984 338
44 1949 10 1949 1950 2 80% 1952 10 1953 2 1953 1955 6 1956 3 1957 2 3 17 1 1992 11 1949 1982 1984 9 1949 1982 1984 14 1949 1982 1984 29 1949 1982 1984 132
45 3 18 28 1957 1957 8 8 27 1957 1957 1958 700 1958 6 1992 398 1957 10 9 1949 1982 1984 202 203
46 1950 8 8 1956 1 9 1957 2 3 1956 1979 40 1979 287 1984 26 1984 34 9 1994 79
47 1957 1 20% 3 5 15 5 25 1957 7 1958 1 47 6 1992 550 1993 1009 6 1992 550 7 1999 309 310 1957 10 13
48 1959 1 48 49 50 47 47 4 5 1957 1958 9 19 1957 3 7 1999 360 1949 1975 1998 870 1996 266 11 1995 286 304 305 11 1995 489
49 1956 1 8 30 7 1999 246 1985 289 290 1986 282
50 1957 3 1957 10 1957 7 9 1958 3 7 1999 95 7 1999 273 1957 10 13 1957 7 9 7 1992 118
51 1958 5 5 18 1996 227 1996 229 1958 6 1 7 1992 195 207 208
52 400 70 330 58% 5 23 41 41 25 8 7 1958 6 15 36 7 1992 236 7 1992 241 41 1958 6 10
53 1960 6 1958 1958 13 112 117 1957 11 29 8 1999 202
54 1956 1957 10 13 7 1999 309 1956 1956 3 17 2000 23 1957 10 13
55 10 1 1000 100 1/3 1957 10 21 1957 10 24 1957 10 7
56 1957 12 29
57 1958 1 1958 3 23 4 3 1957 10 24 1949 1989 1992 126 127 1957 10 7
58 1958 2 27 3 4 3 16 1958 4 1958 3 3 1986 846 847
59 3 23 11 1995 201 2000 11
60 1957 1958 7 24 1996 294
61 1958 3 10 1958 4 5 6 4 1958 6 8 1958 3 11 1999 119
62 1958 8 14 15 7 400 40 100 8 20 8 21 1958 8 29 8 30 1984 299 310 1999 314 315 11 1995 452
63 8 31 1958 10 1957 7 9
64 1958 7 90% 1958 8 14 1958 10 17 1987 484 1995 576
65 1958 3 4 8 9 30 78 63 5 4 1995 764 1949 1975 1998 810 822
66 30 95 16 60 12 532 1000 130 14 11 117 199 300 4000 80 1958 20 1949 1982 1984 230 1958 8 23 1958 9 10 1958 5 303 1658 289 1369
67 1958 9 5 26 290 10 4 2 3 1958 9 22 7 1992 383
68 4 5 204 84 196 136 170 131 6 7 8 600 1000 7000 8000 1958 12 11
69 1960 12 8581 1959 1963 1962 1 2400 1958 7 17 1949 1975 1998 1023 2000 78 79 7 1992 654 655 1949 1998 1995 33
70 256 169 44 38 100 267 51 278 1 190 2 76 3 600 4 120 5 110 6 7 8 9 11.7 10 370 1 2 3
71 4 1962 20 300 1 1958 12 12 1958 10 14
72 1950 1952 1952 1956 1950 1956 1956 1957 3000 83.7% 29.9% 1957 8 5 1958 1 1957 10 9 50 1999 18 10 1994 526
73 4 6 1958 6 10 9 1959 1 1600 5000 1996 269 1949 1975 1998 872
74 1951 10 1953 12 1957 60 1984 31 36 1984 90
75 1958 3 9 1949 1982 1984 193 1996 192 193 1949 1982 1984 233
76 1 1995 294 1 1995 240
77 1979 122 123 1979 122 1979 143
78 1979 126 127 3 1995 318 2 1995 212 1979 126 2 1984 461 3 1995 726
79 1988 257 258
80 1919 12 1919 12 1921 8 1942 12 3 1999 425 426 1893 1949 1993 48 1994 11
81 1943 1 7 1944 3 1919 2 1939 12 2 1993 465 3 1996 2 53 106 1 1994 85 3 1999 179 2 1993 256
82 1976 12 23 1984 68 1984 86 1954 4 8 212 1954 7
83 1957 3 16 4 8 5 5 6 5 1949 1982 1984 151
84 1958 1 20 1957 8 275 79% 280 20 220 61 7 5064 7 530 226 9 12 25 29 1957 606 80 325000 16000 549 324 3000 289 280 240 151 55 32 30 1 27 2 4 48 1993 345 1958 4
85 49 50 3 3 24 4 8 1958 9 8 7 1999 360 361 1996 193 1998 317 1994 37
86 1959 1960 80% 1950 6 9 12 1952 5 9 1953 2000 700 7 1992 396 1949 1975 1998 67
87 1954 130 850 36 290 2330 95% 70% 1500 2000 1955 1958 1949 1981 1984 577 6 1989 56 5 1991 509 510 1949 1990 1993 1830
88 1958 7 9 1958 8 9 12 8 7 840 918 11 1995 492 1958 9 23
89 80 1 30 1958 10 8 1958 9 12
90 8 1958 5 1958 12 11
91 9 89 730 14 75% 1958 11 1957 513 57 8 1958 1351 90 33 1 1958 12 29 1958 12 29 1958 11 1
92 1959 11 1958 3 4 5 1 11 1000 250 1949 1975 1998 929 1958 5 4
93 1579 28 87 336 1128 17 130 1958 6 1958 7 7 1958 6 20
94 17 30 2000 559 55.4% 40 32 104 1958 13 1958 6 13 1958 7 2 1958 7 2
95 104 15 2000 1500 1000 200 1958 7 8 17146 327.5 35 5996 1958 3 5 1958 9 1958 4 1949 1982 1984 225 226 1996 55 56
96 44 11.7 30 1/3 7 1 2 2 9 11 1958 8 19 9 5 448 46396 10 28 1959 4 6 80 100 1959 11 1 10 1 1 1958 8 12 1958 7 11 1958 5 7 1992 496
97 1958 1958 10 1 34.9 2000 8 24 28 9 4 9 7 1958 5 17 1958 11 1 1960 45
98 300 1.1 1958 1959 1959 1.153 1700 1960 1/3 1/2 1949 1975 1998 929 1949 1981 1984 576 6 1989 144
99 7 80 300 110 8 3 2000 300 20 1958 7 3 1958 9 6
100 1958 7 1 7 17 19 1958 8 9 12 1958 7 150 120 6 7 13 1958 10 11 7 1999 360 361 1958 7 11 1949 1982 1984 217 1949 1981 1984 688 1949 1982 1984 231
101 58 50 60 15 564 207 211 300 11 109 9 7 1 3 7 11 129 10 14 7 18 8 130 41 35 45 74 300 2000 4.5 3000 14 1958 7 23 1958 8 22
102 350 140 1600 4000 76 1958 8 14 1958 9 23
103 100 2000 400 450 150 1958 11 397 7240 1860 21504 18865 122864 151608 80% 8 3 66 100 1958 10 8 1958 11 1 1958 9 13
104 5000 1958 9 45% 290 150 10 136 4 1958 8 11 400 9 100 50% 1958 3 1958 1959 1958 10 6 1958 10 10 1958 11 15 1958 10 30
105 14 28 1958 6 3 10 3000 1000 1959 11 15 16 3000 1958 9 1 1070 19 9 25 1996 56 58 1958 7 14
106 9 6 13 6000 25 5000 10 6 16 9 10 104.52 12 1 202 18191 12 12.6 200 27.05 20 9 9 12.6 12 1958 9 21
107 350 3000 21 400 26 34000 9562 43 3400 76 6580 200 300 400 9 19 542 816400 6286500 154 627290 1000 3 1500 1958 9 19 1958 9 27
108 9 20 3000 80 6 18 4227 10 9 13 224 70 11 1000 1958 10 12 1994 63 1958 10 30
109 1958 10 5 10 10 35 200 30 747141 10000 3857 9 9 20 22100 86000 1958 10 12 2000 120 1998 27 1949 1981 1984 467 1949 1982 1984 225 6 1989 144
110 1958 8 17 2001 111 112 1958 8 27 1958 10 6 1958 4
111 1959 2 12 1958 8 27 1958 10 6 1960 10 1960 1
112 1958 12 9 11 1995 616 1986 2 1979 126
113 1958 1980 11 1958 10 20 2001 165 1992 700
114 1960 7 8 9 12 1 1995 231 1993 206 207 214 215
115 1991 12 353 1979 4 1949 1975 1998 871 1987 151 1987 187 189
116 1950 6 1951 1 7 1953 6 1953 12 1958 1958 5 2000 77 78 1990 67 6 1999 83 6 1999 277 1984 86 87
117 41 100 4.25 1958 4 1960 3 3 6 134 58 3 6 100 31.5 63 1958 7 24 1958 23 38 47 2000 11 1958 7 10 1958 10 6
118
119 9 1994 373
120 1949 1975 1998 809 824 1949 1975 1998 839
121 1949 1975 1998 1014 1949 1975 1998 872 1949 1984
122 1958 6 13 1958 5 12
123 1957 229 44.1 728 48.2 592 29.6 11096 537.7 90.4 / / 547306 6428.3 1958 791 66.0 2085 108.4 1028 38.6 28931 734.1 117.9 20023 200.0 776769 8640.3 1959 841 81.2 2341 95.5 1365 54.0 20835 774.3 143.5 22302 219.0 737445 9117.9 1960 1289 96.2 4261 137.7 1964 83.9 21805 858.5 167.5 22597 230.2 726484 9379.1 1961 845 94.7 1771 74.1 1072 46.2 18983 698.5 153.3 7260 61.2 645170 7578.6 1962 610 83.0 956 35.3 558 18.2 19521 618.9 133.9 3715 26.7 668318 6923.9 1963 407 75.0 865 32.1 490 13.1 19599 638.1 123.5 4303 30.8 707959 7157.5 1958 11 12 1994 1636 1639
124 1958 4 1958 6 1
125 1949 1981 1984 1037 1958 4
126 1958 5 6 1958 6 30 1958 11 2 1958 5 22 1958 6 25 1958 11 12 1958 6 9
127 1958 8 7 1958 10 1 1958 11 12 1996 312
128 1958 10 9 1998 247
129 1958 7 4 1958 10 20 1958 11 9
130 1840 1990 1994 263 1958 10 15 1958 8 5 1958 4 1996 52 53
131 1958 10 1 1958 11 1 1996 71 1997 97
132 5 1991 510 1958 7 11 1995 387 390
133 1958 12 19 1960 2 11 12 2000 226
134 1958 9 29 1958 12 25 1996 21
135 6 1989 159 1998 73 50 1999 68 69 1995 18 19 2000 282
136 50 1999 77 78 1999 124 1958 12 1 8 1993 73 1949 1975 1998 1021
137 1990 478 1993 15
138 3 1996 113 114 1994 1114 3 1991 1011 1012
139 1949 1990 1993 80 3 1989 471 1984 73 1984 85 86
140 1993 274 6 1989 144 145 1955 10 11 7 1999 245 246 1949 1975 1998 801 802
141 5 1991 485 1949 1975 1998 802 1985 239
142 1993 320 1985 323 1985 279 280 1985 310 311
143 1992 124 1985 9 7 1999 360 1980 5 17
144 1958 5 29 1998 991 1985 324
145 1985 324 325 1985 9 1980 5 17 1980 5 17
146 [] 1958 1960 1989 151 6 1992 90 1987 77 78
147 2000 32 1993 796 7 1992 152
148 1949 1982 1984 228 2 1995 213
149 1998 47 48 1987 209
150 1985 312 1985 330 331 6 1989 58 1949 1990 1993 1743
151
152 1958 3 19 1958 5 1985 325 1958 7
153 7 1992 174 175
154 1958 5 15 1958 5 1949 1984 1986 483 1958 9 4 1992 617
155 1958 1959 1958 11 1958 4 7 1958 1995 17 18
156 1958 1958 9 15 1958 10 11 1958 12 17 22 1995 18 20 1999 24 1997 12
157 1958 11 1958 11 12 6 1949 1982 1984 237 1958 12 11 1958 12 19 1958 12 2 7 1999 446
158 1958 12 24 1958 12 19 22 28 1993 19 20 1840 1990 1994 271 7 1992 654 655 1949 1976 1997 199
159 1959 1959 1959 1 12 3 1 1958 1959 1 13 1949 1982 1984 240
160 1959 1 8 1959 5 17 1959 1958 16 12 1996 323
161 1958 1958 700
162 6 27 3 22 4 1959 4 3 1959 5 12 16 5 18
163 100 1959 7 30 1959 5 28 1997 12 1987 133 134 1960 165 166
164 10 14 11 17 1959 1959 1959 3 21 1984 181 1959 4 1949 1989 1992 245 246
165 1959 5 12 1959 3 1958 5 5 24 1959 8 10 1998 888 1987 134 1949 1982 1984 250 1959 1960 2 24
166 1958 12 1959 1 1958 1959 3 4 18 1999 305 306
167 1959 2 3 26 500 1959 1959 12 1996 216 217 1949 1998 1995 35 36 1951 1996 1996 29 1992 619
168 1959 1958 1958 1959 1959 6 6 1959 1960 1959 7 8 1992 617 613 614 1987 144 154
169 1959 9 8 1960 9 19 10 1959 1959
170 1960 3 5 19 21 25
171 8 5 20% 30 1 6 80% 260 1960 43 46
172 60 80% 200 30 180 100 1700 560 1959 10 30 11 1959 11
173 200 360 400 1962 1960 1958 1959 1960 1959 1960 1959 1960 1960 1289 6225 21805 22597 1 1960 3 10 1949 1982 1984 258 [] 1958 1960 1989 441
174 1960 3 23 4 10 1956 1967 5 28 1960 1960 1958 1959 1960 28 28 25 35 1960 1958 1959 323000 6 1987 165 1960 1961 5 47 49
175 1960 3 31 4 11 1956 1967 13 9 30 1961 1960 1960 8 18 1960 10 8 1960 10 22 1960 11 17 4 7 33000 546000 1958
176 1960 1800 10 15 10 22 1102 215 887 10 23 11 11 1961 1 1960 9 19 5 1960 3 1961 5
177 12 10 12 10 12 3 25 1958 1960 4
178 4 9 6 1 1962 1960 9 27 92341 14.77% 3495 18.67% 9 1996 123 124 1960 4 10
179 1960 1000 1/5 160 4800 1960 1958 1957 22.7% 1959 9.49% 14 1959 11 1949 1982 1984 283 1960 16 1960 12 1999 38 [] 1958 1960 1989 441
180 1960 1 9 1 11 22 2 1960 56.32% 1959 1959 1960 9 30 1961 1961 1 1960 10 22 20 64 1960 11 24 12 12 11 30 50 1999 89 94 13 1996 609 1960 1959 16 4
181 1958 1960 83% 97% 100% 1949 1975 1998 1013 1018
182 1958 1960 12 17 12 21 1949 1975 1998 1021 1023 2000 265 1960 20
183 1960 12 24 1961 1 13 1961 1961 1963 1961 1 14 18 20 1961 1 26 2 4 2 7 1961 1958 10 1996 34
184 1961 2% 64 1961 25 9.4 50 11 335 55 99 4.62 1960 8 58% 1961 4 1961 8 9 14 1997 168 179 1949 1982 1984 294 295
185 9 15 1962 1 30 1950 1957 1958 1959 1961 1961 8 1999 303 304
186 1961 4 7 14 1961 5 7 1962 11 2000 58 59 1987 172 173
187 1958 1958 1953 1958 1953 1953 1958 1963 2 1992 662 663 1949 1982 1984 326
188 1961 1961 4 11 []J. R. 1949 1965 1990 457 458 1961 11 1961 4 12 1980 3
189 6 19 6 20 8 10 1987 176 177 1984 342 343
190 1961 7 19 1949 1975 1998 1056 1057 1949 1981 1984 697
191 1962 4 1962 3 1958 1959 6 1961 1 1958 1960 10 60 1963 5 14 1997 515 12 1995 424 1949 1981 1984 786
192 1961 6 8 9 1949 1981 1984 236 237 1987 178 179
193 1961 2 8 530 360 340 300 1961 4 224 297 126 171 1961 5 6 1996 80 1949 1982 1984 290 1987 173
194 1962 5 6 1960 5 15 12 21 1960 11 12 1961 3 17 1987 255
195 40% 67.8% 95.5% 60% 90% 129 115 76 66.1% 62 56 17 1958 1959 10 20 20 1958 1958 1959 1961 1961 9 30 1949 1975 1998 1030 1949 1981 1984 695
196 12 12 1959 1961 5 1962 1 1961 1962 9 3 10 1961 6 7
197 1959 1960 8 8 20 1987 192
198 1961 1 1961 1960 850 2.8% 2.35% 6.6% 1961 2% 1961 5 6 1960 1.29 2000 1000 5 25 1960 1961 1987 6 193 215 14 1997 100 14 1997 172 173 14 1997 412
199 90 51 130 80 5 31 7 3 15 5 1961 16.23 17.6 44.8 224 1216 1960 1276 60 4.7% 1251 800 652 150 100 160 9 1962 1963 12 774 1670 1960 400 1989 202 1985 335 336 1949 1981 1984 692 693
200 570 1962 1 1962 4 5 1961 1958 6 26 1962 1962 10 11 1962 1963 1960 1289 407 1960 96 75 1960 6225 1355 1960 222.6 45.2 45 43 1962 10.7 1961 16.9 6.2 1960 32.3 21.6 1949 1982 1984 301 302 1949 1982 1984 319
201 1958 1958 6 4 146 1959 7 8 1958 7 5 639 1959 7 1961 1958 348 30 28 1962 1958 9 473 7 1958 9 10 348 8 1957 1961 1 2 1961 1998 225 226
202 1961 1949 1984 1986 486 1990 201 204
203 1958 1958 2 1993 465 []J. R. 1949 1965 1990 442 1992 676 1992 27 28
204 1964 1965 80993 1992 616 617
205 18102 1265 61626 1431.8 933.8 498 34% 1959 1961 4 1958 1961 1962 5 10 11 1951 1949 1982 1984 391 1949 1975 1998 877 1961 4 12 1980 3 14 1997 168 179 1949 1982 1984 308 319
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226 WTO 2002 1 9
227 11 1995 450 7 1992 497
228
229
230
231 1949 12 1951
232
233
234
235 1999 26 3 1993 64 1987 211 212
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244 1999 523
245
246 16 1964 1985
247 1893 1949 1993 2001 2000 1 1992
248 12 1996 14 1997
249
250 1987 1995 2000
251 1991 1961 1962 9 1960
252 20 1995 [ ] 1999
253 1993 1998 1951 1996 1996 2000
254
255
256