2 001
( ) 063,, 1876 2000,,,,, ( CIP) /., 2001. 2 ISBN 7-113- 04028-4 : - - - F 532 9 CIP ( 2000) 84701 : : : ( 100054, 8 ) : : : : 850 1168 1/ 32 : 15 875 : : : 2001 3 1 2001 3 1 1 : ISBN 7-113- 04028-4/ U 1105 : 30 00,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2001 1
1 1 1910, ( ), 204,, 2500, 1903 11 2, 5, 9 1905 6, 1909 12,, 1912, 400, 500, 1913 3, 1915 5,, 276 8 29 6, 9 1921, 5000 1666, 1926,, 198 3,, 1934 12,, 27 8 1935,, 50, 1924 1925, 1000, 1927 11,, 25,, (, ) 1930, 200, 72 1931, 131 8, 1932 1 369, 1000, 1932 7 1, 1934, 1935 1 1936 2, 22, 151, 1937 3 1 1580, 486, 1939 4, 1
,,,,,,, (, 1950 1951, ) 1945 12,, 154, 1945 12,,,,,,,, 1950 4, 1952 12, ( ), 348 1954 8,, 49, 5, 1690 3 ( 1760 4),,,, 1913,, 1009 5,, 626 1,, 1908 6 ; 383 4,, 1909 1 1911 10 11, 1912 11,,,, 1933, ( ),,, 1915,,,,,, 2
, 1915 1921 1 1 1922 7 1 10, 1921,, 1923,, 817 9 1909 9,, ( ) 1909 10,,,,,,,,, 1927 1949, 1927,,, 55 8,, 1926,,, 6, 1936, ( ),, 1933,,,,, 1934,,,,,, 215,,,,,, 3
,,,,, 1937 7 1,,, 1944 188, 1938,,,,,,,,, 1946,, 4 1, 5 ( 4 24 ), ( 1945 8, ) 1947 1 1, 1954 12 1958 8 29, 1983 10 1, ( ), 1950,,,, 1951,,,,, 1952, 4
1953, 1952 9 4, 9 12 (, 3 2 ) 2 ( ),,,,, 1952 10, 5 5 12 4 12,,,,,,,, 1955 1 1956 1, 1958,, 1958 8 29,, 1963 4 1, 1965 6 1, 1984 10 1 1996 8 8,, :,,,,,,,, 2450 5
,, 1959, 1965 5 15,, 1984 10 1 :, 71 8, 1104 1961,,,,,, 1962,,,,, 1964 12 30,,,,,,, 1971, 1984,, 1990, 1993, :, 6
, 1 2 1987,, 12,,,,,, ; ; ;,,, 1984,,, 1997,,,, 20, 4,, 1 3 1912,,, ( ) 4 1,, 1956, 7
1984, 60,, 1981,,, 52 60 1 4 1956,,, 1963,, ( ) 1966 8 1965, ( 1905 ),,,,, 1955,, 1958,, 1975, 8, 1983 6 1993,, 1992 1992,, 1/ 16, 14, 8
1 5 1968,,,, 1967 28 000, 1966 8 000,, 18 000 ; 15 000,,,,,,, 18, 1969,,,,,,,,, 1978, 1 1,, 3 0058 1 5,, 1990,, 1989 11 27,,,, 11 27,, 1989 9
12 31 1991, 10,,,, ;,,, 1997, 212 6 8, 8, 900, 3600,, 8 200,, 1 10,, 200 1 6 1897,,,,,,,,, 1906 10
3,, 1964, ( ), ( 1) 1964 1965 : 1/ 2 ;,, ;,,,, ( 2),,, ( 3),, 2 8 1 7 1902, 1900 8,,, 1902 1 3, ( ) 1 7, 1966, ( ),, 1 24 1 8 1960,, 11
, 12,,, 1435 762,, 1993,, :,,,,,, 1997, 500 1996, 1 9 1984, 100 3 3 3, 1985,, 7, 27,,,, 3500, 12
5000, 1984, 4000 5000 7, 15%, 1/ 8 1993, 25B 59/ 60 1994 Z2, 1 10 25B 1949, 5 26,, 6 18 1949,, 1 10, ( 1904 1974), 1904 11 2, 1924, 1928 7,,, 12, 1930, 1935 7,, 1937, 1945 13
, 1946 6,, 5 16, 1949, 1954 1959, 1961,,, 1974 12 1,, 70 1963, 1961,,, 1963,, 1983, 50 120,, 2600 48, 4 1984,, 1986, 30600 1984 20000, 10000 14
1 11 1968,,,,,, 1997, 18, 18 15596, 33 17, 15596 18 1 12 1984,,, 277 6, 28 40 70 ; 8 50 25,, 1988, 4,,,, ( ) 8 : 1987, 1987, 4 B 15
, ( ) ( ) 1987 1 13 1908, ( H. Cordes) ( J. O. P. Bland), 500, 5, 30,,, 9 93 ;, ; ;, 20 1978,,,,,,,,,, 1 14 1980,, 16
1995,,,, 1 15 1958, 1956 10, 9, 6 1, 1986, ( ) ( ) 167,,,, 874 99,,,,,, 10 2,, 1983,,,,,,,,, 17
1 16 1938, 1937, ( 542 4 ) 1938,, ( ) ( ),, 125 8 1937 11 1,,,, 77, 1949,,,, 8 42 41,,,,,,,,, 3780, 1033, 6417, 1950, 1957, 1 17 1901,,,,, 9,, 30,, 18
1945,,, 1950, 1 22,,, 1953,, 1 27, 1975, 1916,, 1936 5,,,,,, 1966,, 1958,, 50 1975 1 17,, ; 1 27,, 1976 4, 1978, 19
, 1980,,, 1988 4, 1977,, 1982, 1987 1992 10,,, 1985, 3 C62 A, 84 2% 1984 5,,,, C6 2A 1985 3,,, 1 18 C62A 1915, 5, :, ; 99 ;, ; ( ) ( ) ; ;, 5 7,, 48 5 9,, 20
1 19 1950, 1949 5, 3200,,,,,,, :,,, 1983, 36 32,, 1984, :,,, ;, ;, ;, 1 20 1953, 1983, 309, 1958 9, 1960 12 36 1961, 1972 4 21
1 21 1946, 3 1, 10 1, 1949 7, 1958 1 1,, 1958 8 29, 1963 2 7,, 1953,,,,,,, 1960, 21,, 42, 78, 1989, 3000 5ESS, 80,,,, 780,, 1996,, 1993 1 19, 1995 12 7, 22
, 740, 102, 50, 21, 2, 10 20, 60, 90 7 19, 1998,, 480, ( ),, 1991, 1993 1998 1 18 21, 1 22 1904,, 1907 3,, 1670,,,,,,, 63 3 1911 5,,,,, 1912 12 6,, 1930,,,, ( 1907 ), 800 1913 23
8 20,, 1949, 1967,,,,,, 1979,, 1990, ( ) ( ) 124,, 400 1200, 1 23 1950,, 5 06 301 6, 16, 46 3 9, 1953,,,,, 1967, 308, 24
54, 29 17 81, 13 22, 9 15 1992, 1995,,,,,,,,,,, 1995 11, 1997, 2000 1 24 1988, 80,, 90, 66,,, 1 25 21 55 1994, 3841, 10,, 25
, 3841, 1992 3840 1997, 21 15 21/ 22 21, : 21, 21! 21 1 25 1950, 1 27 1952,,, 43, 28 1960,,, 1961 10, 1983,,, 300,, 1, 2, 382, 1400 1987, 1984 2 27, 26
( ) ( ), 1984 1 1,,, 15 3%, 2000, 2 32%,, 147 1996, 1993 12 19,, 2 2400,,, 1/ 3, 8 6 1 26 1897,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 1905, 1906,,, 1921, 1927,, 1961,, :,,,, ; 27
,,, 1983, : ; :,,, 3 1996, 945, 20 30,, 1979 1, 1991, 2000 5000, 69% 1999, ( 104 6 ) 1 27 1959,, 34, 65 1961,,, ( ) ( ) ;, ;,, ;, 28
, 1 28 1929,, : ; ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ( ),, 1949,,,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,, 2 7 1950,,, ;, 1956, 512, 1 000 29
,, 2 1 1998, ( ) 20 T F1998-01 ( 20) 10 500, 500, 10 000, 20, 20 98 ( ), 1 6, 198, 2 680 10, 3000, 198, 1 29 1877,,,,,,, 1898,,, 12,, 1967, 14, 30
1 30 1951, 2 5, 1956, 15 :, 1985,, :,,, 1996, 1992 11 81 8, 21, 3 48,,, 1 31 1954, 9050 215, 1983, 31
1994,,,,,, 2000,,,, 6 6, 12 1 1906 1, 1899 9, 208,,,,, 83 3,, 473 7 2,,, 1914 1, 77 9, 1910 6, 1914 6, 1929 1,,, : ( ) ( ) ; ; 1951 1,,,,, 32
,,,, 1953 1, 20,,,,,,,, 1956 1,,,, 12,, 1970 1, 15035, 1965 9 23, 9 15 1974 1,, 1983 2 17,, 1985 9 1, 1985 1,, 100, 33
,, ;,,,,,, 1981,, 3,, 1989 1,,, 6 11 9 : ( ),, 20 1,, 1995 1, 18 1993 18 13, :, : 2 1, 1961, 34
, ;,,, ( ), 1986,,, : ; ; ; 1988, 290, 10,,,,,, 2 2 1953, :,,,,,,, 1977, 2 15 35
, 2 22 ( 1977 6 ), :,,, 1975 9, 1994,,,,,,, 114,,,,,,,,, 12 ( ) 126, 114 2 3 1955, 203 26 1994, 36
,,,,,, :, 2 4 1961, 3 3,, 17,, 1965, :,,, 1975,, 7 3, 23,, 137 1991,, 1998,,,, 1876 121 37
2 5 1950, 10278 1963, 1958 : 1958 1960,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; ( ) 1988,, 1990, : 1990 2 4,, 2 6, 1929,,,, 38
,,,,, 1928, 1929,,,,,, 1932, ; 1935,,,, 1937 4, 90%,,, 1936, 5 1 1959, 6 20, 1961, 1983, 60 :,! :,,! :,,,! :, 39
! 2 7 1923, 1923 2 1,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 2 4, 3,, 2 7,, 50, 1924, 9 20,, :,, ;,,,, ;,,,, 1925, ( ) ( ) 12 45 10, 18, 40
1926, 18 58, 25, 28,, 13, 7,, 1950,, 273, 32, 72 2 12,, 30 1963,,,, 4 1,, ; ; 1987, 11, 3117 173, 1 18,,,, 40 2 8 1993, 1991 4, 31759 41
,, 116, 7 1 8 31,, 25, 16 6, 3674, ( ), ( ) ( ) 121 ( ),,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,, 1996, 13/ 14 13/ 14 174, 13/ 14, 2 9 1951,,, 42
2 10 1976,, 1975 9 1976 2, 262, 192 2 11 1983, 24 55,,,, 3500 5000,, 38 1987, 36 1986 3, 1002 9,, 918 3,,, 43
2 12 1987, (, ;, ;, ), :,,, 5% ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 10%,,,,,,,,,,,, 10%,,,,,, 44
2000, [ 2000] 11 ( ) 10 ;, ;, 2 13 1984, 4 4,,, 3000, 4, 5000 1987, C6 1 C61 D 35 1990,, 1997, 16,,, 45
2 28,, 1998, 13 14, 108 5 101 2, 2 14 1876, ( Pioneer, ),, 15, 24 32, 1950,, : 1952 1984,,,, ;, 750 800,, ; 2 15 1941,,,,,, ( ), 46
, 180 7, 1940 6,, 1941 2 15 1947,,,, 1950 3 6, 1985 1 1,, ; 5 1990 1 1,, 1949, 115 96 115 96,, 106 579,, 1979,, 1700, 250,, 1, 16 1985, 1985 12, 1985,, 47
2 16 1927, 15 50, 3,,, 5 1931, 1700 1 1,, 2 16,,, 3 1995,,,,, 2 17 1950,, 2 27 3 3 1958,,,,,, 2 18 1936,,,, ( ), 48
12 7, : ( 1) 2000, 1100, 900, ; ( 2) 2750 700, 3450, 7%, 15 ; ( 3) 1%, 34,, 10%, 70,, ( ), 1940 10,, 1996,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 2 19 1962, 1962 :,, ;, ;,, 1962 1961 1992, 49
2 20 1957, ( ), 1951, 1953,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,, ;, 1957,, 3 18 1983, 32 ( 65) 138,,,,, 2 21 1901,,,,, 50
,,,,, 10,, 1998,,, 20 2 22 1949, 5 6, 9 29 1953 1 1, 3 1956 1 1,, 1951, 5 2 23 1962, 10, 30 2, 90% 6, 128 05, 87 35 1995,,,, 2 24 1984,, 51
47, 3742 C6 2A,, C6 2A,,, 1995,,, 1992 5 4, 347, 3 13, 20,,, 5 31,, 11 55, 1998,,,, ( ),,, 1997,, 2 25 1950, 52
,,, 1983, :,,,,,,, 1994 8,,, 1987, 91/ 92 91/ 92 1983 3 5, 40,,, 1986 : 91/ 92,,,, 1989, 8 4, 4500, N D4 N D5 500, 4500, 80,, 1984 8 0001,, 8, 53
70, 8,, : 8 4,,,, 1998, 1500, 2 26 1979, 3 6,,,,, 1998,,, 8,, 4,,,,,,,,,, 2 28 54
2 27 1950, :, 3 7 1955, ( ) 20 1965, ( ), 2 28 1950, 9 16, 1953 1 1956 1 1955, ( ) 3 1, 1954 12 1957, 23 6 1983, 1997, 55
,,,,, 2 29 1984, 4231,,,,, 1992,,, 76, 36, 99, 83 1996, 5 2, 2 1894 2, ( ) ( ), 670,,,,,,, 7,,,, 56
1906 2, 1 435, 1880, 1909 2, 40, 1907 11, ( ) ( ),, 11 2,, 1936,, 3 2, ( ),, 1957 1922 2,, 1922 5 1,, 1937 2,,,, ( ),,, 1000 1936 11 9 3900,,,, 1937 2 ( 234 ) 1939 4, 19 148,,,, 1860,,, 1939 2,,,,, 1943, 254 3 ( 1 067 ) : 57
, 178 9 ; 3 6 ; ( ) 7 7 ; 11 8 ; 52 3, 1946 1947 1948,, 1962 2,,,, 161 7, 1965 10 1 1963 2, 1972 2,,, 160 1959 3, 7, 1972 2, 1973 7 1, 1974 10 1, 1992 2, ( ), ( ),,,,, 1994 2, 13,, 25 300, 9 1993 1997 2, ISO9001 1996 58
6000 4B,, 1998 2,,,,,, :,,,,, 5, 15,,,,,, 2, 1990, 36 9,, 59
2, ( ), : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,, 3 1 1953,, 3 1 8,, 1956, 4 2 1995,,, 3853 8 1958, 16, 1960,, 1961, 1966, 1958 60
, 525 5, 6 43 59, 1983,,, 1984,, 12 3 2 1953, 1990, 10, 24 3 3 1961, 17,, 1991, 55, 5,,,,,, 3 4 1966, 61
,, 644,,,, 1958 8 1962,, 15 6% 1966 7 1, 1970 12 3 5 1967, 383 020,, 1 8, 6 10,, 1968,,,, 5 8 5 12 5 15 1971, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 62
4 8 1975, ( 1975 9 ), :,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 3 6 1898,,, ( ),,,,,, 1950, ( ),,, 3 63
11, 1953, 1956, : ; ; ; ; ;, ; ; 1957, : ;, ; ; : ; ;,, ;,, 3 7 1951, :,,, 1988, 1985 11 64
, 140, 1990,,,, ;, 1992,, 24 1994,,,, 3 8 1950, 1999, 31 5, 65
, 5 83 3 9 1932, ( 1898 1972 ),,,,,, 1932 1,, 1935 12,, 1972 1984, : ; ; ; ; 3 10 1980, :,, 1987,,, :,,, 66
( ) ( ), ;, ;, 11, 1993,,,,, 1995,, ;,, : ; ; ; ;,, 1998, II, 30 I 18 46, II 18 456, II II 1995 1 18 3 11 1949,, 67
1949 2, 1948 10 17, 1958 8 29, 1100, 1971 2049 1983, 1984, 1985, 6000 3 12 1954, 12, 1954 6 9, 1955 3 7 1955 8 17,, 1346 1998,,, 3 18, 37 4, 400, 11 4 18, 56,, 3 3 13 1920,,,, 68
,,, 20 3 17, 1952, ( ),,, 1984,,,,,, 3 14 1951, 1950 7, 3,,,,, 1951 4 1, 1960,, 1954 10, 1986,,, 480, 20,, 69
,,,,, 1996 3, : ;, ; ; ; ; ; ;, ; 3 15, 1938,, 97 ( ) 1942 12 8,, 14, 16 ( 97 ) 1949,, ( 1948 11 25 ) 1950 5 1,,, 1956 1 1, 1958 8 29, 1960, 4 70
,,, 1 1962, 20,, ( ), 1963,,, 1979, 100, 600, 1986 150, 1984, 1991 1996,,,, 3 16 1979,, 5 11,, 11 15,, 71
1985, ( ),,,,, 6000, ( ) ( ),,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,, 1992, 312 ( 180 132 ) 30 19 0 025 ( 1462 ),, 3 17 1970,,, 1990, 72
, 1996, 2010 15, : 2000 6 8 ; 10,, ;, 3000, 3848, 2973,,, 18, 1995 16 5 1 5,,,,,,,,,,, 3 18 1951, 1991,,, 9 5 25 5 1998,,,, 73
,,, 1938 4 1955, 1961 7,, 1966 1 1981,, A EG 1984,, 1989 3, 1990 12,, 1997 7,,, ( ) 1997 9, 3 19 1986, 11,,,,,,, ;, ;,, 1991, :,, 74
6000 8000,,, 3 20 1956, 1291, 842, 118,,, 20 28 1985,, 24,,,, 3 21 1949, 9,, 1964, 1995,,, 10 75
3 22 1965,, 4 2 1990, 1995, ORA CLE ( ) ORA CLE ORACLE,,, O RA CLE 1997, 23, 4,, 10616, 6078, 2193 312 3 23 1935, 14000,,, ; 3000,,, 76
1961, :,, 1965,, 10 1983, 1980, : 1 ; 2 ; 3, 1995, 5 18, 1 9, 3 24 1988, 311 7 3, 208 25, 28, 47 3 24 311, 77
,,,, 3 25 208 1903,, ( ) (, ), 1902 11, 42 5,, 60,,,,, 1903,,,,,,,,, 1949, 1952,,,, 1980,, 1979,, 98 98% ;,,,,, 4 1 1991, 1990 78
3, 2, 6, 8 ; 2, 5, 15 ; 2, 1, 1 : ( ) ( ) 1989, 1998, 1997 12, 2000, 3 26 1913, : ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ;,,, : ; ;,, 1954, 830 30, 1962, 1992, 28,, 79
3 27 1938,,, 1978, ( ),, 1987, 1666, 36% 22 3%,,,,,,, 1990, 10, 4 6, 18, 1995,, 3 28 1975, 9, 1993, ( ) ( ) 80
50 2, 3 28, ( ) 7 1996, 1996 4 8 100, 3 28,,,, 1998,,,, :,,,, 2450, 5340, 2580, 4400, 1000 2000 6 8, 2002 7 349 450, 1286, 1210, 575, 980 3 29 3 29 1909,, 10, ( ) ( ) ( ), 1953, 652 36, 18, 1954, 81
,, 4 2 3 30 1961, 1961, : ;,,, ;,, ; ; ;,,, ; ; 1982,,, 5 : 3096 1982,, 1639 1983 1985 5, 1998, 5 :, ;, ;, ;, ;, 3 31 1978, 173, 22, 26, 1979, 82
,, 400 188 60, 70,,, 209 56, 88, 34 5, 1/ 6,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,, 1982, 17 1984, 37 20 501, 1056,, 105, 37/ 38 9 21 20 1985, 16,,,,, 8,,,,,,, 1986, 83
,,,,,,,,,,, : 7,, 1990,,, 1986,, 1986, 5,,,, 1988, 1987 7 25,,, ( ) ( ), 6 4, ( 99 ) 1641 99 1642 84
, 1988 2 1993,, 5, 1992, 611, 3 32 1905 3, ( ),,, 60, 1 067,,, 1925 3,,, 62, 1 524, 1924 3, 6,, 1938 1926 3,, 162 2, 1910 2,, 0 762, 1982 7 1 1 067 1935 3,,,,,, 1929 8 15 ( ), 85
, 170,,,,, 10 1931,,,,, 1935 3 1941 3,, ( ),, 279 1935,,,,, ( ) 174 9, 1941 3 1, 1945 4 7 1946 1947 3, 1946 11, 7, 5 10, 1 2, 1952 7, 1953 11 1970 6 1, 1970 9 25,, 1977 11 10, 1950 3,,, ; 1958 3,,,, 86
111 9, 1960 3, 1961 3,,, 172, 1958 10, 1961 4 1, 1965 12,,, 1966 1963 3,, 1970 3, 7,,,, 99 2,, 1956 4, 1959, 1969 10, 1971 11 1995 3,,,,,, 3,, 1994, 546 380, 158, 98, 49 12 22 4 1 1889, 87
, 5 5,,,,,,, 1896 1,,,, 1906,,,,,, 1905 8,, 1907 3,, 1908 7,,,,,, 1909 6,, 1906, 1 125, 5, 9, 30 ( 1905 8, 1250 ) 1898, 1905 9,,, 1064 8,, 3031, 341,,,,,,,,, 1900 12,,, 3 6, 17, 1907 8,, 1214 5 :, 15 2 ; 88
, 19 3 ;, 6 2 ;, 16 7 ; ( ) ( ),, 42 5,,,,, 200 1907,, 1908 2 2 7, 1909,, 1908, 1905 4 25,,,, 311,, 43 1903 7 9,, 325, 5, 9, 50 225,,,, 290,,,,,,,,, 1913, 1936, 1933 6,,,,, 1933 7 36, 1936 4,,,, 193 5, 89
700, ( ),, 1957, 12, 1963, 1993,,,, 1971 4 23 1964,, 1978,,,,,,, 1984,,,,,, 1985,,, 3,,,,,, 90
, 1982 4,,,,,,,,,, DSP Z, 1751,,,,,,, 1984,,,,, 1986, 13/ 14 22/ 23 19 16 59, 13/ 14, 22/ 23,,,,, 110,, 1987, GB7058 86,,,,,, 91
1990, 33 8,,,,,, 1992,,,,,, 1993, 5000 63, 4850, 1015, 70, 1994, RW 25, 209,,,, 9, 18,, 1995, 508, 60 1996,, 140, 1 11, 2 48 II 12 92
1997,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2200, 700 5 6,,,,,, 966 5 13624, 11 78 515, 100, 20,,, 4 2 1982,, 1932, 1937,,,,,, 93
,,,,, 1972,, 1975 1977, 1982 4, 1985 6, 1998 12 11,,, 80 4 3 1955,, 1982, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, 1993, 77,,,,,,, 2 27, 2 8,,,,, 94
4 4 1979,, 1991,,,,,, 4 5 1960,,, 1971, : 1970,, 25, 235,, 10,, 1985, 26, 1 4 2 2,, 2286 738, 7, 30 28, 14, 8 644/ 1 642/ 3 4 5, ; 1989, 95
6 80 6 4B 1985,, 4B,, 16V 240ZJD,, 94, 114, 6 2425, 4B 21% ; 80, 4B 33% ; 1 2%,, N D5 1995, ( ) 1995,, 6685,, 1992 5, 71, 100%, 99 35% 4 6 1953,,,, 1986, 45, 96 ENSCO
,,,,,,, 4 1991, 1992,, 24 100,,, 1993,, 3 1 275,,,,, 1997, 3000,, 1998, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, 169 442, 19, 3 3 38, 155 267, 70 3, 287, 8 5, 3, 13 013, 97
,,,, 4 7 1913,,, 11 1, 6,,,, 1914 5 1, 1980,,, 1996, 1997, 15 1997 15 98
4 8 1954, ( ),, 1992,,, 1995, 9 12, 20 24 1997, 10 26 4 1999,,, 4 9 1939,, ( ), ( ), 1938, 99
3, 1 5, 1 2, ( ) 0 3,,, 1944 5,,,,,, 8, 1945 4,,,,,, 1982,,,,, 1983 10,, 10 2 1 14 8 10 11 20, ; ;, 1992,, 100
, 1996,, 1994 3, 1995 12 14, ( ), :,, ;,, ( ),, 20, 1996 5 13, H, H, 6% 9% 7%, 36 4 10 1948,,,,,, 1959, I 1323, 140,, 1966 101
1974,,,, 182 5, 66, 26160 27,, 5 80,,,, 1978,, 1978 8 1, 1979 1 1, 1985, 8, 5000 8 4500, 1984 11,, 1985 4 9, 1028, 4438, 1238, 38 6% 4 10, 1027, 5046, 2546, 72 8%, 8 1994, 27, 1992, 102
27 27,, 1997, 16,,,,,,, 18 4 28, 1998, ABB 1 6,,, : 200, ;, 4 11 1990, 1991,,,, 1995, Q Q 30 Q, 103
60,,, 1978 Q 1996, 1995 7,,, 78,,,,, 4 12 1952,, 1988,,, 1929 12, 1945 9, 1949 4,,,,,,,,, 1955 1, 1957 7, 1958 1, 1960 1,, 1966 1,, 1972, 1977 3, 1980, 1982 4 104
, 1996 6 18,, 67 4 13 1984, ( ) 2 2, 1992, 1 13,,,, 4 14 1996,,, 4 15 1937, 66, ( ),, 1936 6, 1945 1946, 1950, 105
7 1, 1955,, 1989,,,,, 4, 4 19, 600 1993, 2 5, 1996,,,, 35 70 ( T EU ), 4 9 1998, ( ), 5 5, 43, 1 55,, 1999 106
4 16 1960,, ; ( ), 1986,,,, 1997, :,, ( ), 1998,, 1999,, 120, 107
4 17 1895,,,,,,, 1954, 1952 6 1955 8 1997, 1898, 4288, 1995 12 9,,,, 5 2,,,,,,,,, 4 18 1985, 5, 1995, 108
1997,,, 3000,, 1998, 1898, 60,,,, 1995 12,,, 4 19 1954, :, 1984, : ( ),,, 1991, 11, 135,, 80 1909,, 107, 30 1998, 109
, 4 20 1994,,, 1993 6, 147,,, 4 21 1950,,,, 1960,, 500, 1958 5 14, 2890,, 1988 1980, 5, 10 5, :,,, ; ; ;,, 1982, < 110
>,, : ; ;, 1984,,,,,,, 1989,,,,,,,,,, 1987 11, 1988 7,,,,, 1991,,, 6502 1997,,, 111
4 22 1932, 8000,,, 1996, 9392, 5099, 1993 12, 6 9, 4 23 1988, ( ) ( ), 30, 21, 1991, 6 1999,, 4 24 1954, 1989,,,,, 2, 15,, 134 2, 112
17 2, 6 5, 22, 2300, 3, 126 3, 27, 540,,, 8 1995, 1500, 4 25 1908,,,,,, 1932,,,, 170 22 1929 9,, 1932 3 1932 11 1933 11, 163, 1 1954,,, 1979,,,, 1988, 113
, 1994, : 265/ 266 3 114 1996,, 4 26 1899,,,,, 1953, 1955,,,, 1980, ( ), 114
1000, ; 1000,, 1000, 1992, 265/ 266 1995,,,, 118 1997,,,, 4 30, 4 27 1948, : 1959, 240,,, 1958 5 23, 1960 1 16 1965,,, 6 23, 115
,, 551 434 1970 7, 1968, 6Y1 I 1958,, 1968 8, 4200, 2800 1969, I 1984, 1978,, 2000,,, 1996, 4B, 8 ( II) 4B, 6400, 100,, 6000 10000 8 ( II), 19, 170 /, 4 28 1936, (, 455 7 ), 1095 6 40 1897 5, 1898 4 14,, 1900 7 1903 10 116
,,,,,, 1905 11,,,,, 1905 8, 9, 1916 6, ( ) 224, 1906 8, 1909 8, ( ), 1911 1, 1907,, 4,, 1911 8, 1919,,, 1933 7,,,, 1936 4,,,, 1971, 4302,, 9013, 26, 105, 14, 3, 80 34 1974,,,,,, 193 1973 1, 1975 1990, 117
168 4 30, 1991, 108, 1997, ( ) 19 4, 5, 106, 5 5,, 4 29 1970, 1988,, 1991, 36 15 1999,, 10, 3, 118
4 30 1939,,,,, ( ),,,, 4, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 1940 1106, 1955,,,,,, 1958, 800, 94 5 1984, 1978 5, 1980 12, 1995,,, T MIS 119
, 5 2,,, 1996, 93,,, 12, 27 24 15, 25, 55 4 1907 4,, 1906 2,,, 7 5, 1, 1907 4, 10, 1909 4,, 6 8,,,,,, 1923 8, 1911 4,, ( ), 17 3,, 1913,,,,, 1912 4, 120
1929 4,,, 18, 1930, 1925 6 30 1938 4, ( ),, ( ), ( ) 4, 242, 1,, 1 2 ( 1300 ), 3000 ( 300 ), 7, 12 1 5%, 5 5%,,,, 15% 1938 4,, 6 1,, 70%,,, 1939 10,, 64 5 11,,, 1940 11,,,,, ( ) 1940 4, 4, 1938 7, 1382 6, 35, L 20 1945 8 12 13,, 1947 5 1943 4,, 1937 121
4 100, 946 2, 12,, L 27,,, 1938 3, 79 94, 1943 4, 5, 44 4, 1939 4, 1945 6,,,,, 1945 7 1944 4,, 1943, 42 44,, 1944 4 1945 1972 4,, 49, 67 8, 6123, 35, 48 8, 5981, 1966 3 70 5, 1973 4, 3 1985 4, JW 200,,,,,,,,,, 122
,,,, 1995 4, 1995 17,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 120 ),, 1 1 C64 C63 120, 25,, 60 120, 80,, 800 14,,, 2, 14 6296 1, 5166 9 1997 4, 60,, 6 30 10 15,, 9 2,,, :, 1997 15 ( ) 123
5 1 1914, 1949, :, 5 1950,,,,,,,, 1958, ( ) ( ) 6, 3 6 16 CA I/ CAD 10, 1960,,, 98 1959 5, 1967 1 1 1965, 1973, 1958 124
1969,,,,,, 30 1979,, ( 1982 10 ),,, 1980,,, 804,,,, 1972 10, 1977 12 4 1982, ( ) (,, ) (,,, ) (,,,, ), ; 20 ; 62 1984,,, 834. 5,, 125
181 1975 653. 5, 1974, 249 1982 1 404. 5,, 2600 3000, 1984,,,, 1991, 5 1990 1994,,,,,,,,, 1997, 1200, 48 5 2 1895,,, 6,,,,, 1957, 1995,, 126
, 1995 23. 7%, 2000 50% 5 3 1933, : ( 1) 1 ; ( 2) 1 ; ( 3), 300 7 1, 1936 1 15, 1 1934 2 100, 2,, 1936 5, 1954, 1965, 1985,,, 500,,, 90%,,,, 1, 1 3,, 1991, ( ) ( ) 357,,,,,, 127
1996,, ABC, 3 4, A BC, 1997, 5 4 1985, 1983,,,,, 1991, 1990 6 19, ( ) ( ), 8, 30,,, 1994, ( ) ( ) 1990 6 22, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),, 4, 13,, 128
943, 18. 02 5 5 1923, ( ),, 71, 39,,,,, 5,,,,,,,,,,, 1923,, 1961,,, 1962, 1965 1976,, 5 5 5 6,,,, 1980,, 360,,,, 129
, 6000, 23, 230, 2600, 300 38,,, 1990, 1990 8 5 6 1987,,,, 14. 295,, 10,,, 1981, 94, 27, 9 51,, 2. 4, 8 4, 1988,,,, 130
1996,, 1999,,,, 1451 1984, 476,, 1996 9 6,,,, 975,,, 4, 1200, 3, 1000,,,,,,,,,,, :, 60,,,, 5 7 1959, ( 1978 5 ) 1973,, 7081 ( 8. 5% ), 5145, 1936, :,, 131
,, ;,,, 1974, 4316, 1970 12, 1989,,,, 80,, 8000,,,, 1991,, 5 8 1989, 5 9,,,, 1993,,,,,,,,,, 132
1997, 9 9 ( ) 5 9 1911,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1982,,,, 5 21 1996,, 10 2000, 421,, 22, 93%, 133
65 /, 5 10 1919,, 1919 1,,,,,, 1920 10 15,,, 5 71, 36, 19, 9, 7,, ; ; ; 1921, 3850, 600,, ; 1928,,, 6 : ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) 134
; ( ) 48, 1952, 12 31, 1984,,,,, 312, 1989,, 11,,, 5 11 1950,, 1979,,,, 5 10 : ; ;, ; ; ;,, 1990,, 350, 135
,,, 1998, A 1993 9538. 8, 9 2500,,, 25 5 12 1981, 3 17, 40, 16 :,,, 1975 :,,,, 1994,, 655. 11,, 29 3,,, 16, 136
, 1013 800 ; 25 22, 12% 17, : ( ) ( ) ( ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1995, 75 1000,,,,, 104,,, 1992 200, 365, 11 5 13 1932,,,,,, 137
,,,,, 30,, ; 30 ; 1957, 1949, 1951 10 1 1954, 1954 1 1 3, 5 25 1996,,,,, 1997,,,,, : 138
5 14 1959, 1984, 117 117, 6, 4 18, 2 1, 1 14,,, 1996,, 140 5 16,,,, 14 1997, 143, 1998, 14 1998 : 139
5 15 1958,,, 3 15 8, 12,, 1972 30, 15,, 12, 4 6 1978,, 5 15, 1981 9 29, : ;, ; 5 1990,,, 1996,, 17 5 16 1927, 140
4 18,,,,, 1949,,,, 5 26, ( ),, 1946 6, ( 11 25 ),, 7 1 1948 2,,,, 1948 7 5,,, ( ), 1949 5 26,,,,,,,,, 1978 7 5, 30 1966,,, 1995,, 100%, 91%,,, 118. 18, 288 V 141
, 80 V,, 90,,, 7,,, 1996,, GP 88, SKD3 5 17 1958, : ( ), ;,, 7 15 8 15, 1013, 1196 1994,,, 5 18 1949, ( ) 142
,,, 1981, 11, 11,, 1991, 18, 1991 8 1 1992, 7675,, 1. 55, 110,, 1994, 1990 10 68, 59, 3, 233, 1724, 18. 5% 3535, 43 12, 498. 19, 116, 96, 286, 1200, 1800, 2500,,,,, 143
1995,, 43, 5000, AT 1996,,,, 80, 97 1997, 97 5 18 7 30, 13 10, 29 40, 18 25K 5 19 1980,,,,, 1997, 99, 29 06, 25K 5 20 1911, 144
,, 600, 5, 40,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 100 1938,, ( ), 252. 7, 3 4 1937 11 1, 1938 1953, 1955, 1500 1963, 1962, 1963 1969, 145
,, 12 1972 12 1982, 1919 4 24, 1921 4 5, 1926 6 24,,,, 1995,, 808. 03, 74 95, 882. 98,,, 1993, 1994 12 10,,, 1997, 3 35 751 1962 5 20 5 21 1954, 1953,,, 68 1935, 1952, 146
1996, 100 ( 2 1 5 21 ) 5 22 1950, 1969,, 6000, 2000,, 13000,,, ;, ;, 1971,, 5 2,, :,, ;, 1982, 6,,,, 1984,,,,,, 100 1985, 147
,,, 1500 1000, 8 55000, 1996, 8 178 8,, 3600 1998, 1998 4 30,,, 30,, 749, 2000, 40 5 23 1963,, 1980, 1978 23, 1993, ( ) ( ) 3 22 256 148
,,,,, 2000, 23 10, 1000 676, 5 24 1957,, 1966, 1985, 8 12, 12 204, 1991,,, 48,, 1, 2, 3 18 1 3 5 25 1955, 8 1, 8 2 1957, 149
, 1953 1 1 1959 5,,, 5,,, 4700 1969, 1966 7 1996, 1996 5 26 1952, ( ) 1992, 1998, 15, 507 15, 8000,,,,,,,,, 5 27 1957, 150
10,,, ( ) 6 7 1986, 8 50 5, 11 1986 1990 1986 1990,,,, 1987 5 5 29, 5 30,,,,, 16 26 5 1995, 151
5 28 1982, 193, 3, 19, 124, 20,,,, 193, 1990,, 1998, 200,,, 139. 46, 20, 200, 30, 250 5 29 1950, 1956, ( ) 7 1962, 3, 13 ( 66. 8 ), 12 13, 1,, 11, 52 1969, 44 87, 152,
2, 10, 457, 2, 1, 4, 19 1993, B23, 1998,,,,,,,,,, 130, 540,, 6 18 5 30 1984, ( ) ( ), ( ),, 539, 132 1980 7 1 1981 12,,, 1984 6 1,,, 1991, 19 1992, 7 4130 153
1997,,, 2375,,,,, 5 6,, 5 31 1924,,,,, ; ;, 5,,, 5 ;, 1 1956,,, 1966, 1967, ( ) 154
( ), ( ),,,,,,, 1985,, 17. 42,, 30. 6, 210, 15,,,,,,,,,, 1993,, 56, 6900 1996, 3 118, 256, 35, 6148, 4, 13, 486, 90, 44 562, 11,, 160 140 130, 17, 159 1997,, 1948,, 1992 8 8, 10 155
,, 5 1893 5,,,,,,, 1896 5,,,, 60, 20,,, 6,, 3, 3,, 180, 1911 1910 5, 1905 9,,,, 28,, 37, 220, 1914 1923, 1930,,,,, 1914 5,,,, 1916 5,, 156
128. 4, 1906,,, 10, 1939 5, 1938 6,,, ( ), 1938 10 86. 2, 1939 5, 1947, 1946 5, 7 25, 1966 5, 6017, 1959 7, 1963, 1964 11 1972 5,,, 130. 6, 1970 7, 1980 4, 1970 4 18, 1959 4, 1979 4 1, 1961 7 1975 5, 1995 5,, 80, 20, 33% 209PK,,, 1997 5,,, 157
,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,, 1998 5,,, 158
6 1 1929,,, 1949,,, 1950, 1952, : 1949 8 18,,,,,,, 1952 5 1,, 6 5,, 1955,, ;, 1959,, 1960 5 24 1960,, 159
,, 1960 12,, 1965, 1966,, 1978, 1967,, ; ;, ;,,,, 1970, ( ), 1180 1966 7,, 1976, 18 1976 1977,, 1978,,,, 916, 405, 716, 45%,, 1968 4, 1975 9 160
1979, 1968 10,,,,, 1980, :,,, 1985 1 21,,,, 1981,,, 1984, 1984 2 13 4 12, 3937, 78740, 1986,,, 1987, 12 161
,, 1989,, 91/ 92,, 5 393, 91/ 92 1990, 1993,,, 1995, 15 6 2 1987,,,,,,, 162
1998, 1998, 16 119 16 6 3 1896, ( ),, ( :,,, ),, ( ),,, 1954,, 1364 1955, ( ) ( ),, ; 1955, ;, ;,,,,,, 1958, 1964 2 18 163
, 1986,, 50, 6000,,, 1990 ZD106 520, 2320 /, 4 410, 26%, 18% 1996, 9 : ; : ( ), 6 4 1928,, ( 1875 1928),,, 1924, 1926, 1928 6,,,,, 1937, ( ) 800 164
, 6 5 1925,, 1984, 500,,,, 1987, 3 20 46, 80, 1 3,,, 46,,,, 66, 96%,,,, 1991, 6,, 1992, 778, 11, 9,,, 165
, A 778, 5 8, 354, 4000, 1996, 5 16 360, 5 6 6 1984, 7 : ; ; ; ; ; 83 II ; 1991,, 6 1989 3,,, 4,,,, 100, 4800,, 4 166
,, 4,,,,,,,, 1995, 1996, 1995 2, 360 5, 182, 128, 100,,, 2 2000, 4 5, 6 7 3 1976,, 1958 7, 1964,,, 8,,,,,,, 1993, 167
22 250, 6 8 1985,,,,,, 1995,, 14,,,,,, 1995 5 18, 11 11, 7,, 16,,, 100275,, 2000 11000 168
,, 55 6 9 1885, ( ),,, 1898,,, ( ), 99,,, 1917, 8 20, 6 10 1907,, 1912 5,,, 1933,,,,,,,,, 169
,, 1930, 1933, 9, 113, 19,, 40 21, 12, 1, 25, 6, 17 6, 4, ( ),,, 1990, 120 C63 8, 1 7, 10698 1993, 117,,, 1997,, 200 A AR A AR A AR, 20 2500,, 28, 4357 95, 571, 8681 170
1998, 1997 21 3237 : 5 3237, 8%,, ; 16, 8 6%,,, ( ) ( ), AA A, 6 11 1952, 1987, 8, 5400, 8800 16, 21/ 22,,, ; 120 ;, 946 ( 18 ),,, 11 6000, 41, 6 12 1950,,, 1949 12 7 171
1950 3 1967, 1982,, 1991, C3 1 ( N ) 1991, 6 13 1952,, 505 1936,,,,, 1950 6 15, 3 10, 7 1, 1953 7 30, :, 6 14 1951, 172
1958,, 1951 8,,, 150 1984, 365,, 1995,, 1993 9 20,, 6 15 2 1934,, 1949,, :,, ;,,, 1950, 1955, ( 173
) 1985,,,,,,, 1984,,, 1985 1,, 5 51,,,,, 6 16 1959, 4270, 50,, 1965 8 1991, 513,, 72 8%, 40% 1992, 1998,, 1950 6, 40, 174
, 500, 1994,,, 6 17 1911,,, 1911 5 9 5 20,, 600,,,,,, 4,,, (, ),,,,,,,, 9 21,,,, 9 7 9,,, 175
,, 9 25,, 10 10 1958,, ) ( 1985, B16/ ZH,,,, 3 30,,,,, 6 18 1949, 1949 5 26,, 1953 1 1, 3, 1958 8 29, 1100 1963 4, 1971 1 1, 1983 1 1,, 1952,, 4636 1954,, 176
1958, ( 5 ) 19, ( 1 5 ),,, 1964,,,,,,, 1970,,,,,, 753,,,, 1969, 11, 7,,,, 5, 1975 7 1975,,,, 1978, 1985, 1972 5,, 1975 6,, 1983, 1984 8 11, 177
,, 1985, 210, 65, 270, 1984 4 20, 79 7 1985, 1929 9,, 1956 7, 1946 1951, 1951 8 1951 1958, 1958 1960 1960 1969 1969 1972 1972 1975 1975 1981 1981 1983 1983 1985 1985 1987 1987 1988 1988 1990, 1990 1992 1992, 1987,,,,, 780 6902 10,, 178
1995, 4678, 1877, 400 26 5, 24, 6 19 1950, 12, 1962, 1982, 690, 15,, 5 1996,, A C4000 4000, 120,,,,,,, 6 20 1895,,,,,,,,, 179
, 6 5, ( ),,,,,, 1972,,,,,, 106, 1985, 32,,, 1990, 18 1, 15 6, 83, 27000 1997, 1997 1999, 9 955, 6 21 1951, 1954, 1958, 180
, 1995 5, 60 1972, 1980, 1981 1995 5 1985, 83,,, 1996,, 800, ( INT ERNET ), 6 22 1964,, 1974,,, 195,, 1984, 1965, 20 1997,, A B 181
, A 97, 98 ; B 98, 97 1997, 3994 6 18, 1 97 1998,,, 206, 20% 1990, 1992 7, 1996 3, II, 4,, 611, 1853, 6 23 1956,,,, 1978,, 1998, 229, 6 15, 200 8 182 4
200, : 200, 6 24 1954, 219 1956, 7 1 1992, 40 :, 6 27, :, 6 25 1936, ( ) 341,, 1933 3,, 4 1982, < >, 1985, 78,,,, 27, 334,,,, 1988, 4 b 183
, 6000 50, 1150 80, 1992, 190 15,, 7 13, 13 1993,, C3 B,, 5000,, 7 1 10,,,, 1996, 24 20,, 1997, 184
6 26 1898,, 11250, 5, 9, 30,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1956, 1973,,, 1955, 684,,,,, 60,, 1964 1974, 1977 95% 12,, 1983 185
1976, ( 1976 12 ), 1978 1984, : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6.,, 1992, 1993, 24 32, 1/ 3, 3, 1280 1996, 1993, 1 65,,, 100, 20,, 2000, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 26, 145 186
515 1150 6 27 1949, ( ),, 884, 13 1983,, 532, 3 31 7 3 1 144,, 1991, 1987 7 1 4,,,, B V, 5000, 1400, 500, 4700, 20%, 2000, 187
1993, 8 3,, 6 28 1985, 2,,,,, 2 16,,,,,, 25%,, 1 25% 1993,, 1993 6, 8 5, 5 6, 17 2% 1997,, 4 1941 1996 1999, 9 15, 1100 2100, 6 29 1956,, 188
1963,, 7 1, 1976, 1984, 36 :, ; ; ; ;,, 10 1987, 10 45, 184,, 10, 12 5, 5, 10, 3, 62 274, 2125, 5 373, 1376, 10 5 12 1, 54 7%, 10,,,, 1991, 12 60kg / m,, 189
1993,,, 6 30 1891,,,, ( ) 1896 12,,, ( ), 1897 6,,, 1912,,,,,,,,,, 1/ 3, 6, 3, 1952, 1954, 1950 3 1956,, 1954 11, 3 53, 1959,, 1960 10 27, 190 1957 9
1962,,,, 1180, 1958 10, 5 8, 1981, 5698 3, 1960 5, 1962, 1972 6, 1986, 86 1991, B22 80 1995, 7 1000 C62B 14 8 14 65 14 79 ; 800 C6 4 17 95 ; 200 G60 13 9 7 6 1894 6,,, 1893 6 50,,,, ( ), 18,,, 10 191
1916 6,, 224 2, 1906 8, 1918 6, 1928 6, 1936 6,, 1096 1901,, 30,,, 1941 6, ( ) ( ) 1940 8, 67 6 1944 6, ( ), 44 5 1945 6,, 1943, 1945 6, 42 14 1955 6,,,,, ;, ;,, ;,,,, 60 1957 6,,,, 1965 6, 192
,, 117 1961, 1 1 1966 6, 6, 7 150, 6, 9 30, C1 6 1958 10 18, 1962 1, 1967 6, 100 1960 1 60, 1971 6, ( ),,, 332, 1935 261 1946 1958 5, 3, 1970 9, 1971 11 1972 6,,,,,, 158, 1970 3, 1973 4,, 1977 4 1 1978 6,, 40,,, 193
1995 6,,, 52 45 44 4 12, 7600 1996 6, 26 1998 6, 66, 164 7 31, 60, 12 7 1 1931,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 194
, 1934, 1 20,,, ; 21 40,,, ; 41 70,,, ; 101 200, ; 301 400, ; 401 500, 1937, ( - ) 580,,,,, 1933,, 4, 1949, ( ),,,, 53 7 9,,,,,, 195
,, 50, 1949 2 27 156 40 3 24,,, 5 17,, 5 1, 6 30, 7 1, 1951,, 1953, 9, 20 1955,, 317 1954 9, 1956,, 1954 4 278 4 1956,,,,, 1957, 196
1958, ( 1953 8 6, ),,,,,,,,,, 12 8 15, 1970,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1091,,,,,, 1958 7,, 1964 9,,, 30, 197
, 1969, 1970 7 1, ( ), 41 6%, 122, 41,, 1000, 6, 1974,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 162 1970 4,, 1980 12 21 1975,, 1958 6, 1961 8 1968 12, 670 1979,,, 1974 7, 198
, 1979,, 60, 350, 5 7 35,,, 1984, 1983,,,,, 1984 6, 35 46 150,,, 30%, 220, 50, 40,, 1973, 1985,,, 199
, 21 1986,,,,,, :,,, 1 1 1987, :,,, ;,, :,,,, ;,,,, 200
,,,,, 1982,,,,,,,,,, 1993, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 59 6, 45, ( ), 27 1995,,, 51660 1989 9 25, 1992 7 1,, 347, 20, 1050, 4 ; 1700, 6 1996, ( - ) 140, 201
7 2 1953, 1958, 4 ( 1/ 6) 2,, 8 18,, 1984, 1986 7 8,, 1985, 23/ 24 23 1997, 7 3 1905, ( ) ( G Jamieson) 1901, ( ), 1902 7 20, 1905 1, (, ), ( ), (, ) 5,, 30, 145, 61 4,,,,,,,, 2, 202
,,, 10, 5, 1906 8, 1, 43,, 2 1990,, 26 1991, 4 C,, 80 1995, ISO9000, 7 4 1949, ( ) 12 1950, 1961,, 1990, 60 7 5 1943,, 203
, 76 64, 1942 3 20 1945 1976, 8, 1986,, 30,, 1976 7 28,,,, 1977, 1979,, 7, 184825000, 131000 32, 22, 1287,, 1998, 7 6 1981, 1984,, 10 1991, B6 B19, 204
4000 1992, 1992 7 1, 17 79 121 7 7 1937,,,,, 27 432 953, 5 429 255,,, 12000, 92 1% ;,,, 8400 ( 18, 900 ) 1958,,, 1000 1978,,, 1979, 1995, : 205
, 7 8 216 1949,,, 1985,, 1996,,,,,,,, 7 9 1981, 442 2 1 1, 79, 147, 15 7 24 1984, 1983, 7 17 1986, 8K 1985 3, 206
150 8K 8K, 6400, 100,, 150 1987 11, 1991,, 6, 18,, 1996,,, W indows95 38,,, 50, 100 7 10 1935,, 1933 207
, ; 10 10 30, ; 1934 5 20 6,,,,,,,,,,,, 1949,,, 1984, 5, 1986,,,, 400 433 454 6 4, 1993, ( ), ;, ;, ; ;, 208
1995,,,,, 7 11 1929, 1896,,,,, 1917,, 1919 7,,, 1922 8,,, 1924 5,, :,,, ;, 5,, 1927 1929 5,,,,,,,, 59 1929 7 13,,, 3,, 18 10,,, 1929 12,,, ; 1930 10, 1931 209
4 3,,,,,, 1935 2,,, 1 4,,, 1992, 29,,, 119 40, 7 7 13,, 157 50, 9,, 1600, 7 12 1956,,,,, 1952 7,, 17%,, 1958 1976, 1976 7,,,,,, 62,,, 12 80 1982, 210
1983, 113, 1403 53, 2 11, 1984,, 1983,, 1995, < ( ) > : :,,,, 7 13 1904, 1898 3 6,, 99, 15, 1899 9,,, ( ) ( ), 394 1, 39 2, 7 2 2559,,, 211
,,, 13,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1983, 473,, 13 5, 2 4, 3523, 8 7 20 1991,, 90%, 1 1994, 92, 1993, 18 2100, 1995,, : ;, ; 212
7 14 1903, 1896 6 3,, 1898 3 27,, 25, 1897 8,, 1901 10,,, 1481 2 1898 6,, 1901 7, ( ) ( ), 944 3 9,, 50 8 ;, 21 4 ;, 52 9 1 524, 33 24,,,,,, 1040,, 15,,, 1929,,, 1976, 1860 5,, 5 8, 6 4 5, 69,, 213
, 1982, 502 577, 13 7 26 1995,, 3300 :, 1998, ( ) ( ), 7 15 1954,, 1955,, 11 1,, 106, 1952 9, 1961,,,, 1964,,,, 1986,,,, 120, 214
10000 ( ),,, 17,,,, 15 000 000, 1995,,, 25, 1991,,, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, 1992, : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6.,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ) ( ),, 280 20, ( ), 215
,, 65 200 1996, 28, 16 1000 35,, 1997 1 23 845, 29, 58, 203 27,,,,, 14, 489 19 1991, 1995 5 31 1995 6 1 1996 7 13 15,, :,, 1996 7 16, 30 4 7 16 1951, 28 ( ), 1961, 216
,,,, 42, 5, 57 1979, < > : ;, 1981, 1982,,,,,,,,,,, 1984, 20 3,, 1991,,, 217
,,, 1993, B23 60, 80 1995,,, 943, 52 5% 47 5% 1985, 1990, 1994 350 700 1700 7 17 1958, 11,, 8 2, 1978,, 18,,, 20,,, 28, 1984, : ; ;, 7 23 1990,,, 635 6, 218
1980 7,,, 1982 1984,, 1050, 2000, 20 47, 690, 1000 1991, 4 22,,, 10, 8 YW ZZB 1, 7 1992, : 1, ; 2, ; 3, ; 4,, ; 5, ; 6, 1996,, 7 18 7 18 1955,, 219
, 1958,, 1990,, ST C,,, 5% 10% 1991, GK 1C,,, 80,, 340 400, 1995,, 2 6,, 7 19 1895,,,,,,,,,,, 220
,,,,, 1952, 1984,, 1985 9 1, 1990,, 1994, SS3B, SS3B SS3,,,,, ;,, ;,,, 19,, 96,,,,,, 221
,, :,, ; ; ), (,, :,,, 1995,,,, 1996,,,,,,,, 12 57 70 7 20 1928,,, ; 1952, 8 1949 222
,, 45, 100,, 1952 5 15, 1964, 7,, 7 20, 34 1984,, 948 4, 29, 42 85, 1983 3, 1 4 1991,, 1993, 1995,,,, 12,, 480, 213,, 1991 5, 1992 7 1995 12 28, 1996, 7 223
20, 7 21, 8 7 21 1932,,, ;, ;,,,,,, ;,,, ; ;,, ;, ; 30,, ;, :,,,, 1951, ( ) 8 2, 6 1973, 664 7, 130 224
1983,, :, ;,, 30, 10 80 1984,,,,,,,,,, 1978 1 5 6,,,,,,,, 334,, 1800, 3000 1961 1, 15 7, 1978 10, 1988,, 60 6, 1920 PCM 225
,,,,,,, 7 22 1959, 15, 4,, 3, 7 12,, 9 7, 1974, 1270,, 7, 1084, 7 1981, ;, 1980 11 7, :,, ; ; ;, ; 1989,, 7 15, 7 18 226
, :,,, 7 25 1991, 6 13 17, 384,,, ; ; ;, 6 15, 8 7,, 7 23 1953,, 1950 6 25,,, 15 1976,,,,,, 1958,,,, 227
1988,,,,,,,, 1985,,, 38, 7,,, 1987 10 1988 1 28, 36 7, 1 2 70%, 81%, 1992,, 7 24 1937,, 1936 12,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 228
,, 1938 6 1, 6 23 1939 8 1,, 1940 9 1, 1943 2 1, 1944,,, 1952, 1974, 1991, B22 2, B2 2 7 25 1946,,,, 8 15,, 1948 9 24,,,, 1949 5 14, 1949, :,,, :, 5 ;, 6 229
1980, :,,,, 1982,,,,, 8 31, 9 5 1985, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 80, 1984 9,,,, 230
1991, 96, 700 96, 94%, 32 5 1994, 500, 53,,,,,, 40, 82, 5000, 7000, 16912,,,,,,,, 1994 500 7 26 1951,, 1952,, 2102, 1995, 231
,,,,, 1997, 251 5,,, 135, 930, 96, 1/ 5 1994 10, 30,, 45% 30% 25% 1998 6 11, 7 27 1949, 5300 7 31 1982, ( ) ( ) 3447 5 1984,,, 2000, 25, 25,,, :, ;, 1995, :,, 232
7 28 1976, 7 8, 11,,, 7 30,, 8 7,, 3 2900, 1996,, 4 1997, I,, 252 6, 252 8, 1989, 1997 3 31 1999, ( ) ( ), 13 2000,,, 180,,,, 233
,, 7 29 1978,, 1979, 160, 8 1996, 10 240 40 7 31 1999,,, 16 243,,, 7 30 1937, : 300, 5, 30 ; 100 ; 200,, 8 18, 384 ( ) ( 120 ),, 234
,, 1963, :, 1964,, ;, ;,,,,, 1981,, 1984,, 864 7, 181, 1975 ; 683 7 ( 30 ), 1979,, 1984 5 1, 1984 7 30,,,,,,,, 1988,, 105,,, 22%, 47, 24, 14,,, 1986 8, 235
, 55, 1991, 25,, 1991, 9,, 1996, 1200 7 31 1951, 8, 1962,,, 4008 1983,,,,, 8 26,, 1989, 355, 1980 1 8,, ( ) 1988 6 16, ( 236
) 1988 7 30 1989 7 31 ( ), 2 5 3 1991,,,, 1990, 5 50 160, 2 5, 80 1993,,, 2918 5, 1822 4, 53 96 6, ( 3675 ) 100%, 96 4% 1994,, ( ) ( ),, 334,, 1991 12,,,, 7 1905 7, 237
, 1906 12,,,, 34, 6, 1912 6, 1927 7,, 220 1,, 6, 1925 5, 1927 7,,, 4,,, 10,, 1936 7, ( ) 1932,,,, 1935 2, 74, 280,, 1940 7, ( ) 52 4, 1938 5 7, ( ), 41 57, 1939 6 1951 7,, 1952 7,, 1953 11 1958 7, ( ), 1959 4, 238
, 1961 7, 1956 3 234 1962 7, 16 26 5 1979 7, ( ) 37,,, 1922 1979 5,,, 7 6,,, 12,, 1994 7,, 1947, 1949,, 1950,,,,,,,,,,, 1993,, 1952 1957 1961,,, 1988,, 239
1983,,,,, 1995 7, ( R SMIS), 1100,, 11, 10 1996 7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 240
8 1 1936,, 1100, 1949,,,, 1949 8 1,, 1958 8 29, 1959 6 1, 3 ( 1961 3 1, 2,, ) 1963 2 7, 4 1, 1965 6, 1984 10 1, 8000 1951, 1971 2, 1975 4 1, 1980 3,, : 1958,,, 990 1954 10 1955 10 1958 7 30 10, 1961,, 241
1966,,,, 1958,,,, 1975, 1979 10 1,,,, ( ) ( ) 1973 1, 1978,,, 1984,, 20%, 37%, 45%, 3,,,,, 3000, 2500, 1 1992, ( ) ( ) 60 5000,,,,, 242
1993, 20, 1994,,,,,,,, 1996, V,, 530 18, 12, 115 69, 288 V, ; 80 30 V,,, 100%, 96% 1997,, 48 35 40, 8 2 1898, 1,,,,, 2, ( ) 1901 7,, 1902 1, 243
1903 9, 1957,, 1965,,, 1968, 1995, 8 8 8 3 1987, 60,, 350, 11 95, 4 114, 5 37, 2 057,,,, 290, 61 168, 640,,,, 30, 5,, 7 20,, 7,, 141, 700, 500, 1260 1989, 43, ( ) 8 15, 5 31 244
8 4 1937, : 400,, 5, 30 1913,,,,, 736, 1954,, 191 289, 32 1960, ( ), 75 108 ; ( ) 5, 73 ; ( ), 14 1987, GE 75 2A F GTA 24A 3 GY 27,, GE, 1983,,, 4, 1987 10 31, 10 3, 1987 6,, 7 26 GE, 245
80, 1995, 400 :, 8 5 1898,,,, ( ),, 102 1908,,,, 1903,, 100,, 1876,,, 1 6, 0 762, 1946,, 2450, 40, 50,, 22, H 20 ; 1977,, 4, 4, 10 1984,,, 1988, 246
14,,, 397, 4 58 56, 1992, 64 5142, 9 8 6 8, 10 10 5000, 1500, 8 6 1984,, 1981, 20, 4,,,,, 1984,, : 15, 13, ;, 8 7 1941,, 1939 3 ( 85 97 247
),,, 1941 8 7 1944, 1946, 8 51, 1951,, 1958, 8, 3 2 47 28 13 1983,, 1989, ND5,,,,, 8 8 1945, 9,,, ( 302 9 ) ( 284 ) ( ) ( 203 ) 248
( 307 ),, 1500,,,, 150, 1949,,,, 6 21,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 8 14,,, 14, 28 1975, 120 40, 18, 46 1982,,,, 1989, 1978 3, 70, 249
6,, 30 1993, ( ) ( ), 12, 3958 1996, 25/ 26 ( ),,,,,,, :,,,, ( ) ;,, ;, ( ) ;,,, ;, ;, ;, 2400, 200, 28, 1984, :, ;,,, 1998,, 11695, 34 9,,, 695 250
90 2406, 3 16 8 500, 86 ( ),,,, 8 9 1945,, 10 11,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 1982,, 1985, 1 2 75, 43 50, 1982 60, 1984 1654 251
1990, 160, 160,,,,,,, 1996,, 1996 2 19,, 4, 6400 1997, 1300, 18, 48 8 10 1967, 8 15 ;, ; 1984,,,, ;, 1996, 252
4 5, 1118 66, 18 5, 121, 187 5 900 290, 1999,,,,,, ;, 2000, 17,, 678 55, 15, 110, 8 11 1947, ( ),, 11, 120, 20 1960,,, 9 1979, 10 253
30 1984,,, : ; 8 12 1949, 10 1953 1 1, 2 1950, 1976, 1998, 13,,,,, 8 13 1937,,, 264, 13 14 91 33 14 30 10 13 14 22,,, 254
,, 1346, 50, 5,, 1973,, 1970 701,, 1976 1983, 4,, 947, 1984,,, :,,,, 1984 7 1, 1984, 8 14 1945,,,, 4 : ( ),, 30,,, 255
, 5, ;, 3,, 1, 1, 1, 1,,,, 9 9,, 7 12,, ; 22,, 27,,, 9 22 11,,,, 12 30, ( 1 435 ) ( 1 524 ),,, 1951, 419 40 1980, 17 11 22 8 1990,, 11, 256
,,,, :, ;,,, 1992,, 1998,,,,,,, 100, 162 8 8 15 1945,,, 11,,,,,,, ;,,, ;, ;, 3888 1, 280 257
1961, 91,,,,, 1956, 1958 6, 1960 6, 1981, 21/ 22 1984,,, 42 5, 948 4 1991, 80, 1992,, 1992 20,, 9 5%,, 1994, B15B 80 B6, B15B,,,, 1995,, 258
,,,,, 33,, 5 ; 8, 8 ; 50, 50 8 16 1948, 5, 1951,, 1957,,,,,,,, 14 1962,, ;,,, ;, 1984, 1980 1 1986 3 27, 1990, 259
, 460, 1985 5 1,, 9 12 30,,, 1999,,,, 404 64,, 100, 160 150, 8 17 2003 8 1932,,,, 3 1,,, 9 15,, 1949, 42,, 1959,,,,, 260
1984,,,, 15%,, ; 25%, 650, 81000, 673 1987,,,,,,,, 8 18 1949, 5751 105,,,, 1966,, 20 50,,,, 1976, 2500 261
,, 11 1975 8,, 24,, 16, 1984, 4,,,, 5000 1994,, 116 07,,,,,,,,,, 8 19 1935, 191,, 10, 1935,, 53 262
, 20 1963,,,, 1983,,, 1349,,, 1985, 84, 54, 20 9 32, 24 8,,,,,,,,, 1991, 118, 2021,,, 1992, 1994,,, 263
,, 1995, 8 :, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, 1996, 1991 5,, 13 1993 5 8 20 1933,,,,,, 3, 3, 1940,,,, 1940 8 20 12 5, 100,, 2993, 474, 1502, 260,,, 1958,, : 264
, ;,,,,, 1961,, 1978, 1979, 3000 20,,, 3000, 8 21 1956,, 1956 1967, 1956 1967 14 8 29 1979, 1971,,, 1600,,,, 6 4 28, 5, 4000 12,, 37, 3000 34 1991, 265
453 206 8 22 1953,, : 6, 1967,,,,,, 1974,, 1974 7,,, 53%,,,,, 1975, 25 1973 4000,,,, V 20 000, 23 217,, 266
50, 4, 13 1980,,,, 1988,, 296, 35 34, 24 49,,, ( ) ( ) 12 15 17 1996, 217, 1 3825 ( 11 7 ) 22,, 25 8 23 1949, 4, 1958, 1949 8 31,, 1958 8 1961 3, 1978 3 23 267
1965, ( ),,,,,, 1982,,,,,,,,, 1984, 8 30,, 10 100%, 82 4% ; ;,, 1985, FT 4,,,,,,, FT 4 268
,, 1983 4,, 500, 20,,,, 1995,, 20, 192 3 1997,, 3761, 80%,,,,,, 8 24 1950, 8 26 1971,, 6190, 70 1983, 1982 64 1982, 1990,,, ; ; ;,, 269
1998, :,,, ; ;, ; ;, 17 12, 8 25 6 4 1927,,, 443 78 1936, 1932,, 4 3, 6%,,, 1983, 8 30 1984, 1958 8, 1961, 1971 12, 1984 5 1987, 1987 85, 83%, 9%, 8%, 28 8 6,, 50%,, 18 20,,,,, 270
, 1989, 25 5 25 5, 80 1987, 1988 20, 3 900, 3 5 30 C,, 22 C, 2, 6,, 100 1 ( 12 ),, 15 25, 1/ 3,,,, 75/ 76, 1995,, ; ; ; 8 26 1954, 96 1983, 8 22, 1983 700 271
, 3200, 1992,, 20,,,, 1996, SDH,, 383,,, 11 1993, ( ), 1997,,,,,, 8 27 1929,, : ; 6 272
1950, 46,, 9 16, 1951, 9 1957,, 9, 1984, 94 9 1 12, 5 8,, 22, ;,, 12 18 12 1988, 9, 23 34 27 7, 25 60%,, ;, 273
,,,, 8460, 1985 1, 3000, 49%,, 1994, 6 1987 2 9, 12, ; 1990 4,, 200 ; 1991 1994,, 600 ; 1993 10,,,, 200,, 165, 45 1997, 307, 110, 38, 2, 1200,,, 274
,, 8 28 1955, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1984, 1984 6 14, 365,, 7 19, 400,,, 9 7, 1988,, 20,,,, 1991,, 1991, 700 275
28 28,,,, 1992, 10,, OK,, 1998,,,, 8 29 1905,, 1898 4 1900 7,,, 4000,, 5, 9, 50,, 5,,, 276
,,,, 1905, 23 8, 10,,,, 1905 8 29,, 675 300,,, 375, 11,,,,,,,, 1905 8,, 1906 9, ( ), 1911 8,, 106,, 1906 8,, 1909 8,, 1911 1, 50 7,, 1907,, 1910 1, 4,,,,,,,,, 1938,,,, 277
, 1938 8 11 27,,,,,,,, 8 14,,, 15, 29, 200 1950, 1958, ( ), ;, ( ),,,,, 1974,,, 1977,, 4 1986 1983,, 22 1985, JD J JD J,,,,, 1991, 278
1946 45, 1977 1977 4,, 4B 1992, 12 1991 4,,, ASME CIMA, 1995,,,,,,, ( ), 4819, 8 30 8 30 1979, 9 8, 1984,, 1974 4, 1981 10 20, 1984 8 7 279
,, 10,,, 100%, 82 4% ; ;,,,, 1983,, 1984 8 3,, 1989,, 25 5 1985 3,,,,,, 400,, 10, 1970, 60% 1990,, 1990 6 17,,,, 1984,,, 1987,,, 10,,, 280
1991, 210 98, 1 88, 15 1993, 93 4,, 314, 1994,,,,, 4, 800 9 1,,,, 26, 27, ( ) 1993 5,, 11 5800,, 281
1995,,,, 609 ; 99 1998, 139, 182,, 45,,, 8 31 1949,,,,,,,, 1970, 1978,, 9 12,,,,, 9 29,, 1984, D 35 30, 4000, 500 282
,, D3 5, 48, 280,,,, 1984,, 13 15, 35,, 1984 8, 13000, 3, 35% 5%,,, 109 3% ; 15, 3, 1991, 1946 10 31 45, 455, 36 45, 1977 4B, 1886, 1996, 42, 6, 99 99% 0001 1, 283
12, 29 0001 5 1, 3900,, 42 27 75 1998, 540 5, 23 1161, 542 1,,,, 8 1886 8,,,,,,,,, 1887 4, 1896, 1905 8,,, 1909 2,, 7 5,, 35, 1913 1906 8, ( ),,, 1910 8, ( ),,,,,, 284
1912 8, ( ), 1913 8, ( ) ( ), 104 4, 1906 5,, 1909,, 1913 8 36,, 1917, 1920 2, 28 6 1939 1916 8,,, ;, ; 1919 8,, 10,,, 10 1952 8,, 3 1 1955 8,,,,, 7 285
1956 8,, :,,, ;, ;,, ;, 8, ( ),, 11, 25 1960 8, 1958 6, 1069 9, 1963 8,, 430, 700, 8 3, 8 6, 8 26, 8 15, 8 31, 9 7, 9 23 1969 8, 1970 7, 9 1, ( ), 30 1972 8,,,, 680, 286
, 1958 7,, 1964 1 1974,,,, 8, 60, 30, 1979 8, 381 2, 20 80, 1976 6 1987 8,, 4,, 1983,,,,,,,,, 9 1 1933,,, 190,,,,, 1932 5,, 8,, 16 11 90, 9 27 287
; 9 30, 12 20 1934,, 3, 271 1932 6, 2,, 1936,, 82 5 1935 3, ( ) 1948, ( 1949 3 9, 12, 26 ) 1958 8 2 1983 10 1, 1951,, 1955, :, 1961 11, 1969 12, 1975 1958, 1984 10 1,, 8 3,,, 288
,, 1963 9 1,,,, 1966 8 1, 1970 12 21,,,,, 2038 1963,,,,,, ;,, 1961, 11, 28 17 ; 1960 75% 1980,,, 1981, 96, 398, 500 1977 11 1984, 1984 5,,,,,,, 289
, ( ) ( ) 1992, 1982,,,,, 13/ 14 21/ 22 15/ 16 47/ 48 37/ 38 41/ 42 57/ 58 7 50% 1992 7 25 1994, 9 16, 1987 9 27, 236, 1990 8 16 1992 9 16 1995 9 14,, 1622,, 1996,, :, 15 ; :, 20 ; :, 50 ; :, 100,, 98,, 2553 1992 11, 1995 11 16,, 290
,,, : ( ), ;,, ;,,, 105 105, ; 106,, 9 28 43, 32 36 1997 18 5 1997 1997, 240, 3 18, 9 1, 8 29, 8 30 615 291
9 2 1935,,,,, ;, 1952,, 1960,, 10, ( ) ( ), 1966,, ; ;, 9 21,,,, ;, ;, 1989, 3 160V 24 0ZDA,,, 292
15,, 10, ; 45,,, 1986 6 3 9 3 1948, 7 7,, 100 7 1950, 24 1958,,, 6 2700 3200 10 3600,,, 1961 6 3200, 1963 3000,,, 1969, 20, 275,, 10 2 1975,,, 1984, 30 30, 4455, 21 293
9 4 1950,,, 1958,, 1991,, 1992, 1932 2,, 1950 4, 1946 4,,, 1946 1950,,,, 1950 1958, 1958 1975, 1975 1978, 1983 1990 1992 1994, 1994 1997 1997 1998 ( ),, 1998 1993,,,, 294
1995, 16,, 9 5 1905,,,,, ( ),,, ( 500,, ), 1954,, 4 5, 3 8 1967,,,,, 1860 5 1968 5, ; 1970,,, 1958 12 28, 1961, 1963 11 1, 1965 295
, 1975, 6,,, 9 20,, 1984, 60, 160,,,, 1989,, 2 4, 112% : 100 60% ; 101 120%,,,,,,, :,, 9 6 1899,,,,,,, 296
1958,, 411 1984, 1985 1992,,, 1994, 8 29,, ;, ; 1995, 6 8,, 1996,,, 1450 4, 475 4 1984 975,,, 9 7 1901, 11,, 12 ( 297
),,,,,, 1963, 3 8,,,, 16,, 1970, 23 23,, 6, 3, 37, 133 1983,,, 1990, 15 32, 1991 5 1 1979, 1982 9 1983,, 1986 1990 2, ( ), 1990 9 7 1994, 4000, 57,,,,,,,, 60, 4000 298
4000, 3486 ; 7186, 5535, 9 8 1941,,,,, 1000, 4 ( ) 1938 6, 22,,, 1941 9 8, 69 56, 1943, 19,, 1946, 11 7, ( ),,, 1998,, 1998 7 5,,, 9 9 1912,,,,,,,,, 299
1912 10 14,, 10 20 1913 7 23, 1922, ( ) ( ) 3000,, 7, 11,, 200,, 28,, 1953,,, 1958,, 1984, 9 10 1909, 11 13,, 1921 3, 1927 7, 1949 7,, (, ) 1950 8 27,, (, ) 9 16, 1952 5 15,, 300
, 1970 6 1,, 1937, ( ) 976, 1929 9, 170, 22, 1932 4 25 163, 1932 11, 1934 1,,, 290 800, 800 1934 7, 1936 1, ( ) ( 259 65 ) 1936 1 5, 1937 9 10 ( 83 ) 1906,,,, 1949, 1964,,,, 30, 1966, 50%, 1968 7 1 1981,, 1910 1926 301
, 1981 4 13, 9 10, 1982,,, 82,, 1978 3 1983,, 1998, ( ) ( ), 185, 260 331, 1 10 25 7 244, 22 6, 721 ( ) ( ), 7 9 11 1984, 35, 90%,,, 2000, 62, 400, 302
,, 39 7 9 12 1909, 1898 10, (, ),, 20,, 1905 8 1906 5, 1906 10, 1907 3, ( 484, 388 ),,,,,,, 1908 3, 150,,,,,,, 1908 11, 1909 5, 9 12,,, 186 2,,, 37, 3 8,, 5 9 ( 1944 ),, 1910 6 8, 303
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1913 6 1914 3, 1964,,,, 10, 10, 18 1, 1958, 1984, 1985, ;,,, 1985, Y Z2 2,,,, 304
1983 8,, 1984 2,, 200, 16, 9 6, 10,, 1990, 11 1300 1/ 46 9 13 1906,, ( ),, ( ) ( ) 1904 8 10, 1905 12 15, 1907 4 1, 303 7, 0 762, 12 5,,,,,,,,, 383 7 1909 1,,, 7 4, 1911,, 927 11,,,,, 305
,,,,,, ( ),,, 1936 10,,,,,,,, 1937 12,, ( ),,, 1945 8, 9, 1973,,,,,,, 1966 7, 1968 10, 11, 1984, 1979,, 9 19 9 14 1922, 13, 18, 306
1983,, 12, 9,,, 1994, : ; ; 6 ( ),,,, 547,,,,,, T VM300, 1996, ; 1984 9,, 214, 52 50 50 9 12 1 8 9 15 1912,, 307
10 20,, 1949,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 1951, 9 25 1959, 10 46700, 4 1, 10, 13 14 1960,, 700, 5, 2 2, 14 1700, 7000 40, 3 1972, 2223 284 414, 6, 21 308
1983,,,,, 30 3600, 42,, 1983 9 15,, 27 9 29 1984, 1 1,,,,,, 338, 9 15,,,, 1988,, 309
8 68, 1882 0,, 1990,, 1954 1990 9, 5000,, 1988, 1994,, 1976,, 3 59, 1979 3, 166 43, 61 42,,, 1986, 100, 150 4 1995, 46, 12 ( ) 42,,, 310
9 16 1918,, 365, ( ) ( ),, 1911 8 1953,, 1955 2 21, 1981,,, 1984, 1991, 1993,,, 1994,, 1622, 40, 1995, 4 39, 273 1996,,,,,,, 311
,,, 9 18,, 9 21,,,,,,,, 1998,, 638, 62 4,,,, 9 17 1940,,, 24, 177, 1943 7 31,,,, 1960, 1984,,, 312
, 1983, 40, 2000 1997, 1200, 9 18 1931,,,,,,,,, 1937, 1956, 1 5 1 ( ),, 41%, 74%, 42 2%, 28 5%, 9 33% ( 7 25% ) 11 6 1956 1961, 1964, 1959, 1973, 2 1966 6, 10, 1400, 1976 4, 2, 5, 1975, 313
1983, 40,,,,,, 1996,, 3,,,, 9 19 1989,,,, 1 35, C61 117 3, I, 1 5,,,,,,, 1992 9 10,, 120, 10 180, 1524 6, 14 15 314
1992,,,, 1994,,,,,,, 85%,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 1995, 50,,,,,, 9 20 1951, 9 29 1954,, : 315
1955,, 1969, ( ), BJ- 2 (,, ) 1970 3,,, 1984 1988 1984,,, 24, 30,, 6, 24, 6 ; 24,,,,,,, 1989,, 1987 6, 1080,,,, 316
, 1995, :,, 1996, ISO9001 ISO 9001 ( 94 ), 1993, 9 21 1949,, 1969,, 5511 9 62, 1977,, 71 9 1981, 9 29 1990, 5,, 160 / 1992, 317
,, 1992 12 1 1995,, 9 22 1955,, 1958, 441 1959,,, 188, 1958 5, 1960 2, : 1984, 5 1907 1958 8 1987,, 10% 25%,,, 1984, 2, 1990, 11 34 6, 3, 24, 1 318
9 23 1949, :,,, 9 25,, 1958,,,,, 10 6, 1971, 1965 11, 1742 3, 1744 8 9 24 1977,, 1983, 1985, ( ) ( ), 50 8, 18 4, 69 2, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 214, 319
19,, 1983 10, 1987,,, SU S304, 30,,, 1991, 1993,,, 1996, CMIS, CMIS T MIS, T B2435-93, 6 7 CMIS T MIS, X 25, 138 23 13 ( ) 1995 5, 13 ( ) CIMS 320
, 9 24 25 : 40 ;, : ( ) (, ) 4,,, 9 18,,, 12 31 120, 9 27, 9 29 : 9 25 1958,,, 4000, 90000, 35000 40000, 45000 50000 4200 130000 ; 7800 ), 5 ( 25000, 1959 300 200 40 321
1974,,,,,,, 1983, 1000,, 1985, 4 4C, 300,,,,,, 4 C 4 B 3350 3500, 60 70,, 1986, ( ) ( ), 1973, 1974,,, 1985 5 1 93,,,, 1995, DK 100 322
1996, 5 1,, 5 10, 22635, 11, 30, 1998,, 9 26 1937,,, 1453, 1072, 16, 67, 288, 93 E- 50,, 6 1, 15, 1 52,, 1934 5, 1935 4 6, 500,,,,,,,, 47 8,,, 1937,, 9 26,,,,,,,, 1937 12, 323
,, 23 24,,,,,, 1958,,,,, 1323 ; 1964, 1969, 4 2426,,,, 1974,,, 1975 1323, 4 1984, 5 8 4C, B, 3300 3800, ; 5 4, 1650,,,,, 20, 15 ; 15, 2000 1983 7 1989, 20 80 8K, 8K, 324
,, 6400, 100 1985 5,,, 8K 8K, 100, 8K 525,,, 8K,, 1992, 1995, ( A PPT ' 95) 120, 9 27 1998,,,, 9 27 1950, 325
1989,,,, 8 7 5,, 60,,,, 12 20, 1990,,, 6 6 40% 1991,,,, 9 28, 1938, ( ), 326
( ),,, 1034, 4 ( ) ( ) 361, 1937 9, 4 10,,, 1938 9 28,,, 13, ( ), 174, 69,, 64 5 1948 16, 3005 ( 36, 8, 22 ),,,, 10 2,,, 9 12 10 20, 631 ( 19561 ), 586 830 1954,,, 1958, 52132, 1 8 25000, : ( ), 35000 10 40000 327
10, 28459, 15 22 35521 12, 32000 1979,,, 107, 1977 12, 1980 12, 6,,,,, ; 8 :,,,, 607,,, 1984, 544 4, 10 4894, 19 8 1800 3, 11 2,,,,,,,, 7, 21, 33 7, 280, 12 100, 328 45,
800 1996,,, 1992, 1999, 75, 10,,,,, 9 29 13 5 1931,,,,, 1000, 1982, :, ( ), ;,, 1982,,, ( ) ( ),,, 329
, ( ) ( ),,,,,, 235, 60, 1975 1980, 1980 1982, 1983,, 1984,, 1982 5, 14774, 7000, 3000,,, 1996, 18, 1400, 4664 38 1999,,, 9 30 1961, ( ) ( ) ( 70 ),,, 10, 70, 1962 1, 45 330
, 59 70 1962 1 30, ( ),, 70,,,, 1968, ( ) 26, 1 5, 1966 4 27, 1967,,,, 80, 16MN, 12 29,, 6672 1970, 5400 ( 3969 ) 1976,,,, 27,,,,,, 26% 1969 1, 1972 10, 1973 9,, 1977 6 25,, 1984,, 5500 74% 331
55%, 1985,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1987, 860 52,,,,,,, 1996, 300, 10 30 2000,, 10624,,,, 30 20,,,, 332
9 1901 9, (, ), ( ), ( ) 1908,, 1903 9,,,,,,,,,,, 1906 10,, 1908 9, ( ),, 1907 3, 1908 9,,, 26,,,, 1909 9,, 29, 32,, 1907 4, 1909 9,, 28, 1, 1914, 1, 1918 1935 9,, 1911 9,,,, 333
1899 3, ( J O P Blan d) 1907 3 7, 150, 5, 30,, 94,,,, 3 5 8, 1911 3, 142 8,,, 43,, 360,, 1907 8, 1911 9 35 8,,,,,, 9 6, 0 762 1911 9,, 178 6, 20%, 35%,,, 1913 9, ( ) 1911,,, 9 7,,, 1988 2, 1927 9, ( ), 8,, 251 1925 7,, 334
2000,,, 900, 3000, 90, 110,,, 1928 9,,, 5, 1929 9, 1933 9,,,,,, 1932 5,, 11 1932 9,, 1935,,,,,,,,,,, 1934 9,,,, 1039 6, 15 1932 9,, 11, 1933 11,, 1934 9,,, 350,,, 335
,,,,, 1939 9,,,,,, ( ),, 615, 161, 1939 9, 1940, 1941 2, 227 1, 1941, 1943 5 1944 2, 73 6, 6 4 9, 1944, 11,,, 1948 9,,, 9, 1950 1952 9,, 3662, 167,, 6700 2100 19 1958 9, 9,, 1948 10, 1959 9,, 1961 7 9, 31 7, 336 1961 2
1962 9,, 751, 52 4 5, 7 8,, 1963 9,, 1964, 1968 1964 9,, 1966 9,, 9, 11, 309 7,, 1966 1971 9, 1975 9, ( ), 1957 9,,,, 397 1979 4 1975 9, 6 1970 1977 9,, 337
1979 2,, 7,,, 1982,, 1982 2 1994 9,, 321,,,,, 338
10 1 1927,,, ( ), 102,, 1926 5 1939 10,, 1937, ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ), 131 5, 1935 6, ( 62 8 ) 1936 11 1, 1937 10 1,, ( ), 84 4, 71 84, ( ),,,,, ( ), 337 ( ), 1937 10 1 1942,, 39 5 1945 7 1942,,,, ( ) ( ) 60 6, 1938 8 2, 1940 10 10, 1942 10 1 1947, 339
, 10 8 1949,, ( ) 1952, 348,, 1946 5,, 1950 4 15 1954 8 1956,, 1962 1958, 1893 1903,, 1983,,, 1963 4,,, 1957 1, 1961 1, 1962 3 1961,,, 1962, 1970,,,, 145, 1965 12,, 1971 11 340
, 1972,, 54, 12, 350, 3000 1966, 1970, 1974, 1975 1985 10616, 4919 1979,,,, 1981, 1971,,, 1983, ( ), 1984,,,, 15, 90 20 341
,, 1985, 308,, 1982, 1984,,,,, 3700,, ( ) 12 12,, 20 30, 1,,, 1988, 1888, 100,,,,,,, 1985,, :,,, ( ) ( ) 1988 9 20,, 9 29, 1989, 342
,,,, 173 5,,,,,, 1994, ( T MIS), 12 ( ) 17 6 20 T MIS, 7, 1000, 21 1995,,,, ; ; ; ;,,,,, 10 1,, 3 861 5 861,, 1 1 75 1 8 3 85 343
1 2 0 2 2 3 85 54%,, 50%, 30%,, 10% 1998, 160,, 200,, 55 16 / 10 2 1909,,, 1905,,,, ( 1861 1919 ),, (, ), 1872,,,, 1888, 6, 1902 1903,,,, 600,,,,,, : ( ) 22, 4, 1645, 1091, 344
,,,, 6, ( ),, 33%,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1909 9,,,, 201 2,, 693, 29, 10 2,,,,,,, ( ),, 1911 10,, 125 4,,,,, 1916, 1918,,,,,,,,, 1919 2,,, 345
,,,,, 4 24,, 1936, 1905, 1907,,, 1 86, 218, 20, 1932,,, 1935, 7 8, 240, 1500 1936,,,, 12 1937 1, 2 8 42, 2 1, 1500,,,, 500 1952, 1500, 3, 10 7 1978, 1964 10, 1978 10 2,, 1979 11 14,, 29 346
: ;, ; ; 5 1985 9 28, 1982,,,,, 10 3 1947,, 80%, 80% 160% 10 4 1933, 1982, D 35 450 350 450, 350 1984,, 10 14 10 15, 10 5 1962, 347
,,,, ;, 1977,,,, 149 6 1958 8, 10 10 1978 7 1 1978, 5 22 4501 1982 1, 1984 1984, 1988 8, 31,, ;, 1986,,,,,,, ; ; 1993,, 348
10 6 1933, ( ) 1949, ( ) : ( 1),,,, ; ( 2),,,, ; ( 3),,, 1958,, 110, : ( ) 2-6- 2 ( 2 75 2 0, 10 4 6, 3 2 2 ),,,, 10% 30%, 3000,,, 2, ;,,,, 349
1982, 1983, 324 1983 9,, 10 6, 324 323/ 324, 10 7 1996, 1995, 1996 4 1996, 1 2 2 T Z ZP ( ), 17 1, 10 8 1902, ( ),,, 1901 9,, 1902 4 9,,,, 350
1934,, 1908 ;,,,,, 1961,, 1964 9, 1966 1985,,,,,,, 87 5,, 200 1980,,,, 1991,, 14,,,,,, 70 80 1993, 23,, 351
;, 1995, 4990, 26, 1085 ; 3 2 ; 8, 10 9 1888, 1888, 10 9,,, 120, 3,, ( 1823 1901 ),,,,, 19 70,,, 1876,,,,,, 1881, 1 435 ( ),,,,,,,, 1887 1888,,,,,,,, 352
( ),, 1880,, :,, ;, ;, 1897,, 107 6, 75, 1897,,,,,,,, : 1885,, 1895,,,,, 1896,, 1898,,,,,, 1901, 11, 12 1973,,, 353
, 897, 57,, 1960 840, ( ), 1968, 1968 1969, 1978 6 1,, : 10946, 230 ; 405, 287 ( 3 12 ) ; 716, 113 ( 1685 ), 70 5 ) 400, 44 2%,, 90 36 1979,,,, ;, 1989,, ( ) ( ),,, 171, 3 8, 1000, 2000, 1991, 354
8,, 1995,, 1019 53, 420, 11 9 7 5 1996, 83/ 84 140, 1132, 11 58, 5 10 10 1928,,,, 210 5, 1926 6 1800,, 2400,, 1500,,,,,, 1930,,,, 1918 1920,,,,,,, ;, 1925, 355
,,, 1930,,,, 1930 10,,, 1951,,, 10 16 1984, 290, 216, 27, 146 216 ; 290 10 13,,,, 14 1992, 5000 1993, 2000,, 356
10 11 1950, 1986,,,,, 2, 30,, 30,,,, 1991, 10 12 1955,,,,,,,, 1982, 1984, 9%, 6000 1991, 1910 357
, 13, 98932, 20,,, 628 40 ; 202 ;, 48 1992, 65 1995,, 104,, 10 13 1885,, ( ), ( ),, 1886 5,,,,, 1895 2,, 3,, 358
( ) 1958,,,, 1972, ( ),,, 820,,,, 1937 12 1939 4,, 1953 6, 1962, 1959,, 1970 9, 1975 1 I : 10122 ; 297, 112 6 ; 309, 44 ; 19% ; 870 16, 377, 1996, 1000, 1000, 2100, 47 10 24, 1000 10 14 1923,, 101, 1922 8, 359
1981, 1984, 1956, 1966 1967 18, 10 24 1991,, 160,, 1994,,, 30, 50 10 26, 11 6, 12 6,, 1995,, : 1996, 21,, 360
10 15 1949,,,,,, 10 15 1956, 2, 3 1, 10 10,, 5 10 1957,,, 24,, 1670,, 83 59 1955 9 1,, 1957 10, 15, 11 11 1958,, 1984, 56,, QGH 1 361
, 1995, 1997, 40 10 16 1950,,,,,, 1953,, 1954 9,, 1958,,, 1959 11 15,,, 1976, 92 41, 24 59, 18, 160, 7 1978, ( 1912 1995 ), ( ) 1932 1934,, 1942, 1945, 362
,,, 1949, 1952,,,,,,, 1978 10 16,,, 12 26, 1955, 1981, :,,,, 10, : 1986 1984,, : ; ; ;,,,, 1995, X 3T Eu,,, 50%,,,,, 363
10 17 1949, 4,, 1950, 1950, 10 26,, 1977, 1978 1985, :, 11 4 1986, 4B, A, 1996, 10 10 20 13 ( ) 100, 56 ( ) 1000,,, 10 18 1911,, 1911 10 18,,,,, 364
,,,, 27,,,,, 1927, 18 11 11 1949, 18 8 ( ) 8 8 1950 9, 1952 5,,, 8 1984, 7, 2000 1982 8,,,, 1985,, 2220 2395, 7400, 1994, 36,, 140 365
1958,,,,,, 50%, 2 4, 1995, 1 3, 38439 1993 7 20 10 10 19 1949,, 1989, HBS,, 20 1, 95%, 1992, 100,, 100, :, :, 366
10 20 1896, ( 1844 1916 ),,,,,,,, 20,,,,, 1906 2,,,, 1910, ( ),,,,, 10, 1912,,,,, 215, 5, 93, 75 1909 12, 1911 1,,,,, 80 3,, 1912 10 20,, ( ), 127 7,, 147,,,, 1918, 27,, 1920, 488,,,,,,, 367
1932,,,,,,,,, 1932 7,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, 1 ; 32, 8 5, 55, 14 ;,, 1933 5,, 351 8, 1936, ;,, 351,,,, 1600,,,,, 1949, 5,,,,,,,,,,,, 368
, 10 29, 1951, 1961, 1965,,,, 412,, 1958 10, 1960 1962, 1966 1 1963 1 1965 3,, 1967 1 1 1970, 1958 5,,, 1976,, ; 23, 1984, 100,,, :, 4 ;,, ;, 369
1984 5, 8 24, 143 000,, ( ) ( ),,,,, 1997, 5, 12 10 21 1963, 18,, 10,, ;,,,,, 1984, 8 3310, 4500, 80, 370
1989 2 1991, ( ) ( ), 116 ( ) ( ) 106, 106, 20 24, 338 1995,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 24 2000, 3,,, 1,,,, 3 : T ; K ; 4 10 22 1959, 371
, 820 3, 1958 9, 14, 1978, 1960, 1996,,,, 1997, 172, 34 1, I,,,, 3,, 22 119, 10 23 1928, :,,,,, 24, 25,, 11 1,,,,,, 1948,, 987, 28, 9 3, 3 1948 8 1, 372
, 5, 3, 10 23 :, 1948 12 9, 1977,,, 1984, 2000, 545, 26, 700, 24, 10, 80 240 1986,, 1985 9 13 131,, 9 10 14, 10000,,, 1993, 40 1996, 2 2,, 373
10 24 1950, 10 1978, 1985, 9 15, 40, 10, 11000 10 15, 6 100 1986, 3373,,, 7, 10, 10 9 1987, 540 5 1978 1984 1,,, 1 2,, 12 28,,, 1990, 521,, 2 5, 15000 P CM 1988 374
,, 10000 1990 9, 1990 10 10 1992,,, 6000 9700, 1995,, 38, 6 8, 16,, 900 340 10 25 1920, 400, 1932,, 1902 10 18,,, 30 1903 1, 3 1,, 1980, :,,, ( ),, 375
1985, 1981 DK,, 1984 10 Q J291,,,,, 1991, 80,, 100% 10 26, 1898, 1907,, 1929, 1961, ( ) 1975,, 28, 1196 6 5, 40,,,,, 376
1,, 1984, : ; ;, ( 1984 ), 1578 1989, 25,,,,, 25 5 140 /, 160 /, 1994, 7 ( ),, 28 1997, 80 ICC, 10 27 1984,, 125, 377
,,,,,,,,,,, 1995,, 10 28 33 1903, 1898 4,,,,,, 1904, 1910,, ( ) ( ), 469 8, 1, 25, 155, 170 8, 36%,,,, 1 65, 5370,,,, 378
, 1 2, 1905,, 1908 4,,,,,,,,,,,, 1940 6,, 1943, 1946 2 28,, 1903 4 1, 1975,, 10 28,,,, 11 19, 1997, 10 12 24, 46, 6, 8,, 13 8 41 379
10 28 11 1 15 11 2 3,,, 1999, 107 35,,, 2000 10 29 1958,, 10,, 31,, 25 1984,,,,, 1988, 380
( ) ( ),,, 1981, 1984 8 1992,,, T PI 515 1996,,, ( ) 26 1998, 8B, 5000, 90,, 381
10 30 1931, 1946, 1 304, 1 304,, 1949, 1949 3 27,,,,,,, 1950 5 1951 2 22, 1964 7 15,,,, 1976 10 30, 30, 300 11 2,, 30 1982 10 30, 400 1984 10 30,, 38, 1985, 1994 10 30, 48 600 1996 11 4, 50 382
1956, 3,,,, 2700, 3500, 60,, 1972, 1973 4 1,,, 248 1970 11, 1973 11 1979, ( ) ( ), 10 27 ( ) 120 ( ) 545 ( ) 1984, T 200 T 200,,, 130, 30% 45%,, 1988,, 4200 6000 383
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 31 1966, 5, ;,, 1971,,, 419, 1958 10, 1961 7, 1965 11 1972 12 31, : 3137 ; 120, 97 ; 216, 19 7, 1/ 4 7032, 20 1985 1590 / 1978,, 11 8 1983, 800 773, 177 000, 10% 257, 185, 384
56 800, 57 5%, 220 10 1984,,,, 1958, 1984 10, 500, 1988, 8 24, 19, 14 11 3 1989,, 1600, 2 1988 4,,, 134 6, 17 2, 6086, 127 5 3, 3, 20 385
1992, 457 6,,, 1985, 1990 9 12, 4000, 171 5 1992 9, 682 197, 15466,,, 1992, 20,, 140 312, 2200 1996,,, :, 1997, ( ) ( ),, 158, I,, 3,, 1500 386
, 10 1900 10,, 1904 10, ( ),, 7 100 (, ) 1907 1,, 1911 7,,,, 750, 6 5, 95, 1916 5, 126 5,, 1929,,,,, 1913 10, ( 32 ), 1914 4 1, 1917,,, 1917,,, 1921 1, 1929 7 1919, 6, 1920, 1921 10, 387
1927 10, 251,,,,, 1905, 10,,,,,,,,,, 1931, 10, 1913,,,, 1927 10,, :,,,,, 1939 10, 1948 10, ;, ; 1958 10, 61 8,, 1956 3,, 1958 1, 388
1959 3 11 10, ( ) ( ) 1959 1960,, 45, 1959 10,,,,, 1953, 1955 139, 8, 1959 11 1985 38, ;, 185 1960 10, 1958 10,,, 753 5 1962 10, 1963 1972, 1965 10, ( ), 303 1963 5,, 1964 8, 1989,, 1966 10, 54 1968 10, 1053 5, 1965 9 23,, 389
1 8 1969 10, 192, 10, 159 8, 1963 ; 1961 12,, 10, 7032, 1972 10,,, 1959 1, 1972 10 1985 10, C6 1 PD 5 C6 1,,,,, 61,, 1985 P D5,, 1987 10, 12 1978,, 390
,,,, ( ) 1988 1 20,, 1995 10, :, 11 1 1935, ( ), 1913, 1918,,,, 1934, 1935 10, 11 1, 332 6, 5 5, 1942 1938,, ( ) ( ), ( 113, 1927 12 ),, 40, ( ) 94 7,,, ( ),, 447 7 542 4 391
,, 1942, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 69 3 31 97 1945, 1948, 1949 1, 1949 4 25,,,, 1958 8 29,, 1949,, 1952 12 18 1950,, 11 13 1958,, 1963 4 1993 3 1961,, 1984, 1983 12 21 1991 0 1992 5 30,,, 392
11 2 1948,, 11 25,, 1956, 1986,, 1166,,, 1993, : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5), ( ), 1995, ( SDH ),,,, ;,,, ;,,, 197 89, 393
2000, 4 D 10 1946 10 30, ; 1978 3 10,, 4 0002 ;,, 4D 11 3 1978, 7,, ",,, ( ),,, 1965, 13,, : ; ; 9,, 10 1980, 1980, 394
1981, 1984, 1960, 1979, 1983 3 17,,,, 99 4% 10%,,,, 1993,,,,, 1997, 1800 39 11 4 1984, ( ) ( ),, 1170 395
,,,, 2000,, 1991,, 1993, 1992 825, 42, 15, 27 1994,,, :,, ;,, ;,,,,, 1998, 175 3, DF 11 175 7 2 20 1 18, 60,, 11 12, 396
11 5 1956, 28, 1 5 700, 1964, 1982, 11 1, 448 355,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1993, ( ) ( ) 63 25, 56, 1993 15,, 11 6 1950,, 42 10 24 1952, 8 1977,,, 397
, 21 1978, 1983 9 27, 5, 1980, 1981, 6 36 113 783, 20,,, 8 21 10 20, 60 1983,, 1,, 1984, 1985-1987 1985 6,, 1984 10 30 11 6 1985, C62A, C62 A 398
, 1985 4, C62 A 1987,, 41 5 4,,,, :,,,, 1699, 5, 200 100 10, 300 1996,,,,,, 1998,,,,, 11 7 1948, 440, 9 3 2, 1948 9 7, 11 7 399
1949, 1951, 402, 1950 10, 1952 1 1952, 1949 10,,, 5 10 1984,,, 308,, 1981 4 1, 1986 1 1 1988, : (, ) 5 25, ; 10 50, ; 20 100,,,,, : 2000, ; 4 4000, ; 7 7000,,,,,,, 400
, 1991,,, 120 ; 17, 103 1995,, 11 8 2 1881, 1880, 1881 11 8, ( ), 9 2, 15, 1 435,, ( C W K indev),,,,,,,, 1886 11, 1887 5, 32 2,,, 1887, 1888, 75, 1889,, 4 5 1889 1990,, 15, 9 2,, 1891 9, 1894 3, ( ), 193 3, 401
,, 1896 1, 1897 6, 156 7,, 43, 11 5,, 414, 154,,, ( ),, 1897 7,, 1898 10 10,,, 230 ( 1600 ), 5, 9, 45,,,,,, 1900 6, 92,,,,,,,,, 12, 22 8, 1902 10,, 1903, 182 3, 112 4, 1 067 1907 6, 166,,,,, 1908 7, 57 1,, 1908 11,, 32, 1909 9, 402
,, 1911 9,,,,, 2 4, 1911,, 3 9,, 1818,, 30,, 843 ( ) 1911,, 11 9,,,, 500, 1928, ( ) ( ), 1983, ( ) ( ) 1959 1961,, 1 7 1979 1986,,, 10 11,,,,,,,, 1995, 4 2, 9000 1992 7 1 1994 12, 403
11 9 1949,, 1964,,,, 1995, 1986,, 1994 2 3 11 10 1947, 1949 8 15, 1949 5 26,, 1949 6 18, 1957, 1982, 125,,, 1976 5, 51 1987 1 1 1984, 404
,, 5,, 11 11 1904,,,, 1908 8 1981, 5, 2 70 1983,, ; 595/ 596 515/ 516 515/ 516 502/ 503 519/ 520,, 1980,, 89/ 90,, 89/ 90, 1983, 405
,, 1994, ( ) ( ) 50 40, 10, 500,, 45 / 1995, 10, 100 1997,,,, 975,,,, 3, 261, 100%, 87 6% 11 12 1915,,, 1914 3 31 1955,,, 1962,, 406
1979, 1995, :,, : 64 ; 612 11 13, :,,,,, 100 ; 10 1996, 6 7 6 : 15 ; 7 ; ; ; ; 7, 407
, ( ),,, 11 13 1966, 421,,, 1964 7,, 1966 12 1 1984, 48, 1984 200 1987, 4 4,, 30,,, 8,, 25 40,, 6400, 64, 100, 7000, 90 4, 1996, 408
GB/ T 19002 ISO 9002,, 1995 2 27,,, 7 A AA 11 14 1991,, 1991 8 18,,,, 242 2, 42 1992, 11 15 1905,,,, 3031, 102, 1903 8,,,,,, 10 15,,,, 15, 1958, 1983,, 409
,,, 418, 1978 5 401 7, 1980 9, 18, 1982,, 1987 1 1 40 1984, 21 4000 1984 10 15 60 51 C60, 4,, 3,,,,,,,, 1984 7 1 1991, 7C C 4,, 1996, 9000 ISO9002 1999,, 410
, 8A,, 115 11 16 1899,, 99, (, ),, 1958, 1953 1, 1953 1956, 1958 1 10 1961 3 1963 4, 1958 11 1961 2, 1963 5 1959,, 1960,,,,,,,, ;, 28 1983, 1995, 1991 9 5, 1992 11 18,, 2536, 10 411
, : 3485, 1081, 8040, 11, 11 1993, 40%, ; 1994, ; 1995,, 100%, 900 90%, 46, ;,,,, 18 :, :, ; ; 1995 11 16,, 11 17 1982, 11 25 1987,,, 412
,,,,,,, 99 9%,,,, 11 18 1982,,,,,,,, 1983, 1984, 69/ 70 69/ 70,, 1983, 1984 11 18 69 1996,, 172,, 3 5 1995 3 8 4 413
,, 1080 2000, 4 4, 11 19 1898,,,,,,,, 40% 12 13,,,,, 1948, 1958 8 29, 1983 10 1,, 1952,, 1980, 10,,,, 1991, ( ) ( ) 414
( YPI),, 1997, 29,,, 11 20 1921,, 2000,, 7, 1922,, 32, 11 1951, 1966, 9,,, 10,,, 36,, 30 1978, 2627 19322 415
1984,,,,, 3308 8 1990, 9 9, ( 4266 ) ( 140 ) 1995,, 560, 11,,, 39, 15,, 1997, 11 30, 1998, 1997 11 27,,, 1998 11 17,, 416
, 11 20 11 21 1984, 1996, 900 11 22 1894, 6 ( ) 1950, 1991, 1989 1991, 100,,,,,, 1993, 40 133 4 1998,,,, 588, ( ) ( ), 421, 1997 11 25, 2000 10 1 417
11 23 1953,, 1981, ZTL 1 1991, 10,,,,,, 1993,,,,, 11 24 1964,,, 1200 65 1981, 1997, 22 563, 418
1993 10, 2856 4 3 4 381 05, 2 2 1 6,, 6 5, 52 506,, 1999, 24,, 11 25 1906, 1903 11, ( ),,, 1904 3, 1906 11 25,, 39,, 38, 1908, 3, 188 5 43%,,,, 1923 1938 10,,, 1929, 5000,,,, 1930, : ; ; ; 1931 1932 419
1968, 26, 1960, 280 ( 17 ),,, 1990,, 1990 11 10,, 1990 12 10, 1993, T SG 8K,, 224 1996, 185 11 11 20,, 8 25G 11 20,, 395 185 / 11 26 1935, 1958,,, 1956 3, 1959 1959 12 1971 10 21, 420 214
1984,,,,, 7000 ;, 1500 1985 4, 70, 7,,,, 11 30 1990, 12 1 1991, 1994, 16 3, 3, 1992 3 8, 1993 5, 1994 8 25 33 4, 6 38 13, 22 66,, 33%, 300,, 25 60 250,, 250,, 12 12, 421
, 80, 100, 6 7 1995, ( ),,,,,, 10 4,, 4 1996, 11 80%, 20,, 11 27 1984,, 1924,, 29,,,, 950, 200, 1983 10 1987, 1987 12,, 422
1576, 1625 9, ;, 3 1978,, 1985 6 1987 4, 100% 1996, 1996, 11 28 1929, 18 : ; ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 1948,, 8740 1972, B19 200 500 100, 60 500 100 300, 1980 1984, ( ), 1372,, 08-32, DGS- 62N 423
SSP - 103 RM- 80 1 400,,,, 1991,,, 1993, ( ) ( ) 190, 1995,,,,,, :, ;, ;, ; ; ;, ;, ; ; ; 2000, ; 140 / - 160 /,,, 25 ; 424
; ( T MIS) ; 80 2010, ; 300 ; 25, ( OIS) ; 20 90 1996, GPT, GPT,, GPT GPT SDH, P- MU X, GP T, 11 29 1962, :,,,,,,, 1984, ( ) ( ), 7, 425
1991, 160 IV, 32, 40 ;, ; ;, 1998, 20 1978, 11 50 4699, 24 140 8 9 11 30 1946, 60 1950,,, 1956, 13 1953 11, 4104, 4084 20 1000, 13% 30,,,,, 9 1960, ( ) :,,,, 426
1982, 172 9 ; 2067, 2511, 1689 1985 12, 1980 10 5%, 2% ; 6600, 1980 15 6%, 2 9%,, 5, 2350, 300, 900, 6380, 72000,,,,,, 1983, 7,, ;, 1984, BB 1995, 11 30, 11 29 22 04,,,, 427
11 1896 11,,,, 1900 9, 1905 5,,, 1906, 1908 1,, 1921 3, 1927 7, 1930 9, 1946 4, 1949 7, 1950 8,, 1952 5,,, 1971,, 3 1, 1988 3,, 11,, 43 1906 11,,,, 1907 12,,,,, 1909 11,,,, 1912 11, ( ) ( ) 31 5, 428 1911 10
1921 11,, 72 2 1913 1915 5, 1,,, 60 1921 11 1923 11, ( ) ( ), 312, 1915 12 17,,,, 1917 4, 11, 88,, ( ) ( ) 1921 4, 11, 114 5, ( ) ( ) 1922 10, 1923 11, 224, 1926 11,, 63 7,, 1925, 1927 1945 1928 11, ( 1891 1973),,,, 1931 5, 1929 1 :, ;, 6 4, 4000,,,,, 429
1937 11,,,,, 1936 5 8,, 110 ( 1880 ),, 10 21,, 1937 8, 11, 68,,,,,, 1938, 1948 11,,,,, 1958 11,,, 133, 1956 3 1959 11,,,, 1938 1955 9 1960 10 31 254 1960 11, 1961 1970 5, 1963 11,, 430
1957 1964 11, 35 / 16Mn 40B, 1966 11,,, 257 104 1940, 1952 5, 11, 1966 12 106, 1966 5, 1978 11,, 735, 144, 591 1955 6, 1966 12 20 1978 11, ( ) 1964 10 1991 11,,,, :,,, 1998 1996 11, ( ) ( ) 1993 2, 1996 6 431
:,,, ( ), 1997 1997 11, 10, 12 1 1876, ( ), 1872,,,, 7,,,,,,,,,, 1876 10 24,, 28 5,,, 12 1,, ( ),,, 14 5, 0 762, 13, 1877 10 21,,,, 145 432
,,, 1921,,,,,,,, 15 3,, 1922 2 4, 12 5,, 1923 1 1, 1923 3 29,, 1935, ( ) 1934 3 28, 147,,,, 1937,, 335 7 1934 5,,, 164 8,, 1941 12 4, 1939, 25,,, 91 8 1938 3 19, 12 1,,,, 433
1914, 1937 8, 9, ( ),, 86 9 1941,,, 381 8,,, 1937 3 4, 1938 12 1941 11, 1941 12 1, 1940, 104 3, 1945 3 1946, 1946 12 1947 2 35 1947 3 1, 1952, 23 20, 1961,, 1963,, 192, 1972, ; ; ; 434
;, 1978,,,, ;,,,,,, 1983,, ; ;, 1981, 21 58%, 1988 12 2, 40 1993, 45 1948,,,,,, 435
1984,,,,,,,,, 1984 5 1,,, 6 12 12 15, 1986,,,,,,, 1988,,,,,,, 500 10830, ( ),,, 0 5 1/ 3, 96% 0 5 436
, 3000 9,, 3,,,,, 1992,, 28,, 1995,, 943,,,,,,,, 1990 6, 1995 11 1996, 18, 65, 1996 7 1997,, 36 77,,,, 251, 185 6, 14, 1400 437
1992 12, 1998 12,, 12 2 1944,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1000 1949,, 12 16 1967, ; 1976, 13, 1995, 70, 438
1997,,,,,, 19,, 899 68 I,, 1000,,, 31%, 258, 476 1990 12,, 1 1997 3 18,, 1997 8 30, 11 29, 644 777, 11 30 18, 1998 12 25, 12 3 1880,,,, : ( ) ( ),,,,,,, 439
1927, 1925 9 5,,,,,,, 500, 40%, 35%, 25% 1928,, 1958,,, 1980, ZTL 1 1992, 14,, 1993, 6 23 1996,,,, 440
120 12 4 1916,, 16 6,, 1917 1 1918 9, 38600,,,, : 1, 1917 10, 650 2, 1918 9, 2000 3 1918 6, 1000,,,, 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1918 9, 2000,,,, 1958,, 3, 32 1962, 13,,,,, 1956 7 1977,,, 804,, 441
, 1972 10, 1981 6 1 1981, 540,,,, 1958 9, 1959 1961, 1970 1 1934, 132 1980 7 1 1984 6 1 1993,,,,, 1996, ; ;,,, 149 ( ) 12 5 1951 1950 3 1954 7 1983, 1984 2 15 442
1984, 30, 8390,, 1985, ( CA SCO),,,,, 1987, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),, 129,, 1982 5,,, 1986,, 893, 1256, 4650, 17368,,, 368,,, 1991,,, 1996, 1997 C64 203000 / N 17A 173000 / C1 7 181000 / U 60 W 277500 / 3% 10% 15986 443
, 1997 67% 9880, 6106, 34 11 18 12 5, 27, 12 6 25 17 1949,, 12 7 1972, 451, ; 839,, 451,, 14, 22, 1 40 1979,,, 1300, ( ) 12 8 1967,, 18 6 9 13 17 18, 9 1956 1 1980,, :, 444
;, ; ; 12 17 1986, ( ) ( ), 176,, 17, 1997,, 7 12 9 1956,,,, 694 1955, 1958 1 1,, 5 19, 1978, 10,,,,,,,, 1992, 445
1989 8,, 1992, 69, 410, 128 186, 2246 3306, 0 57 2 0 64 2 102 123 1995,,, 12 10 1929,,,, 1949, 1949 5 8,, 28, 1949 5, 12, 1984,, 7 1987, 10000 10001 36558 51161 1959, 58 1, 45%, 110 446
1991, 6340,,,,,,,, 22, 6142 1992, 4,, 1992 500 1997, 1 1961, 36, 11637 7, 1 12 11, 1971,, 1970 5 3 1978, 1978 1985 ( ), 224 218, 700 1982, ( ) ( ),,, 173, 32 1980 447
9, 1985, ; 1986, :,,,, I,,,, 281,, 1982 3, 1 9, 1984 7 1, 1985 12 1987, ( ) ( ) ( ) 336,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ) ( ) ( 10282 ) ; ; 29 4 ( ) ( ), 1983 1984 1986, : 1700, 2200, 1700, 1000,,, 448
1991, 6 29 1986 9 1990 9 27, 18988, 23% 1992 1 1, 100%, 97%, 1993,,, 80,, 653,, 410, 1988 12 28 1988 12 28, 1992 12 21, 1995, BIO 12 12 1921, 9000,,, 18 1935, ( 1889 1979),, ( ), 1913 12,, 1938,,, 1943 1, 449
1949,,, 1937,, 12 1964, 1,, 1995, : ( ), ( ) ( ),,,,, 9 1998, 1000, 1000, 10, 209,,, 245 9, 62 1, 4, 5909 ; 3,, 12 13 1949, 450
1982, ( ) ( ) 226,, 1984,,,,,,,,,, 1985 1 12 ( ) ( ), 308,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 1982 1,, 1984, 1985 1982, 11 14 19 3, 18, 54,,, 12 14 1951,, 1957, : ( 1) 1958 1 1 451
,,,,, ;,, ; ; ( 2), 1958 1 1,, ( 2), 50% 30%, 12 15 1922,,, 8, 12,, 27 1940, ( ),, ( ), 216 1,,, 1958, 1961 9 1983,,, 2 32%,,,,, 452
, 1984, 10, 5 28 31 1985,,,, 281 155, 126 ( ) ( ) ( ),,, 341, 89,,,, A T,, BT,, ;, ;,, 1987,, 1986 8 15, 1987 12 28, 1703, 453
,,, 1000,,,, 80 1988,, 2 6,,,,, 80,,,,,, 3 4 1993,, 12 1994, 42 84 ( T EU ) 791, 1804, 71,,,, 12 16 1934, 454
92, 11, 1953, 1954 1 25, 4 1 1966, 9 ( ),, 1978,, 106, 47, 9, 368,, 87,, 12 16 1988,,,, 526, 32 1, 1978 1936,,, 1982 1100, 26 4, 155, 5000 /, 53, 5 6 10 75, 279, 57%, 61, 100 ; 139, 34 ; 6000 1990, 455
12 17 1951, 1957,,, ( ), 1958,,,, 1959 1, 241, 233 1979, 1984,,, 1985, 30% ; 50% ; 21, 1,,,, 30, 1974 1985, ( ) ( ), 247, 800 1750 456
, 1983 4,,, 12 18 1957, ( ) 177 5, 1956 8, 1958 7 1 1995,, 63 38,,, ( ) ( ),, 1995 11 3,,,, 12 19 1990, 6000,, 29709, 360, 17 1991,, 1996, 5 457
120 ; 3, QQ S 300 D18A T MD ;,,,, 12 20 1949, 1949 1 4, ; 5 10, 10 1,, 12 20, 12 30, 1950, 12 27 1955, 73 11 73, 1982, :,, 458
,,,,,,,, 40 160 78 1 160, 130 30 ; 130 4,,,, 1983, 290,,, ;, 1981 9, 1984 6 30 1983 3, 1985 12 15 1986 12 11 1988, ( 351 ) 1982,, 7 37, 21 5, 273, 5,, 39 5, 50, 700, 1 5 1989, ( ) ( ), 459
193, 114, 57%,, 7 6,,, 650, 1995, 4, 1996,,,,,, 12 21 1971, 1977,,, 1982,,, 460
, 886 5, 396, 476 1970 1987, 5 4 : 18000, 16 80 1992,, 1985 1 1, 8, 653, 66 5,,,,,,,, 1993,, 12 22 1905, 9,,,,,,,, 1949, 118 1949 11 4 1949 12 25, 461
1975, ( ) 1982, ( ) ( ), 318 7, 1300 2500,, 10 19,,,,, 12 17, 1990, 1545, 15 1, 3, 70, 14 1986 11 6, 1993, ( ) ( ) 55, ( ) ( ),,, 320, 1994,, 14 20, 160 15 27,, 1 7, 1 1875, 462
24, 160, 119 ; 1964 10 1, 30 1994 6 6,, 180 9 30, 160, 35% kw 1 0,, 1 0 12V240ZJD, ; GE,,,,,, 10, 3590k W,,, 5000,, 40% 70%, 1991 7,, 1995,,, 1991 12 17,,, 2500, 50 3, 24 2, 452,,,,,, 463
12 23 1976, 1910, ( ) 1935,,,,,,,, 1976 12 23,, 1978 3, 1978 10,, 1987, 1982, : ;, ;, ; ; ;, ;,, ; ;,, ; 1988, 653 02,,,, 464
,,,, ; 410 788, 1985 1, 1988, 242 232,,, 1988 1, 91, 4 AT 1992, 553 7, 1986,,,,, 3700 6500, 36 26 1995,,, 15 3, 1000,, 15%,, 12 24 1946, 465
,, 1951, 1975,,, 800,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1969 11, 1970 7, 5, 1975 7 10 75 1983, 4 4, 1982 7, 4, 1, 4 1989, 28,,,,,,, 466
, 15% 1991, 1990 5 1,,,,, 140 180, 1994, 8 6B 8, 170, 6B, 1997,,,,,,,,,,, 12 25 1938,,,,, 467
880, 184, 1064, 1, 35,,,,, 35 4 1941 2, 5 1500 467,, 1942 1941 12, 1942 3,,,,,,,,, 850, 1, 160 1940 9,,,,, 1941 4 1, 100, 171, 19,, 1943,, 177 1939 12, 4 8, 3000, 9000 1940 3, 6, 9,, 1966,,,, 468
, 29, 83,, 177, 33, ; 290 1978, 1979 1 16,,,,, 2400 11176, 1605 1980, 155,,,,, 150, 1978 5 1983, 276, 1979 10 373, 1975 9, 1980 10, 249 1993 1984, 130, 1997,,, 469
, 386, 351, I, 1992 7, 1993, 1996 12, 21 1996, 1997 11 18,,, 10 12 26 1955,,,,,,, 15 12 27 1962, 1964 2, 1970 1978,, ( ), 5000,,,,,, 885,,, 470
,,,,,,, 1970 10, ( ) 1978 12 1 1982 12 21, 1983 1 1 1985 1 6 1987,, 43, 8460, 1985,,, 600, 70,, 7, 5, 13000,,,,, 1986 4, 241 ; 3 6 1991, 4 1920, PCM,,,, 471
315 1996, 1997 22 13 500, 3 225,,, 12 27 1984,,, 1976,, 1981 3,,,,,,,,, 1991, 202 3,, 42, 42 ( ), 1978 43 6 1991 84 7, 102 472
1996,,,,,, : 6 7 ; 1996 120 4 24 ; 1996 6 ; 1996 11 117 816, 24 ; 4 3 ; 3 1997 1 7, 12 28 1949, 1956, 1944 461,,,, 473
, 300, 1955 9, 1958, ( ) ( 17 ), 10 1957, ( ) 1958, 6Y 1 H 6 0, 6,, 3900 1967,, 21 2, 2 1982,, 542 08, 192,, 305 1, 75, 1978 7 1985,, 154, 93, 61 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, 1983 9,,, 217, 50, 35 20, 128,, 424 ( ) ( ), 474
8 25,, 1500,,,,, 12 1987, 5 5, 1650 1984, 16 3,,,,,,,,, 1, 72, 2200 6, 1 4 1984 4,, 9 20, 1988,,, 475
1987 12 28, 2,,, Y IS,, 1986, 3 H P 1000, 25 25 13, 30 28,,, 5,, 1989, 1958,, 3, 500, 134 6, 17 2, 6 5, 127 5 3, 2400,,, 8,, ( ), 1990, ( ) 49, 383, 1904,,,, 13, 476
1984 1991, 415 1993, 705, 14, 1986 5 26 1994, DF4E DF 4E, 4860, 5000, 90 1995,, 52, 1 6 1996, 9, 120, 25 12 29 1982, 6 1983 7 1 4 17 9,,,,,,,,, 477
, 7000, 1985, 493, 1980, 250, 3, 69, 38500, 830, 10, 43, 18,, 1300 900 1990,,,, 1991, ( ) ( ),, 35, 1,, 1992, 1 1 1996, ( ) 480, 17,, 43 1991 5, 1995 7, 9, 12 28, 478
12 30 1952,,, 1958,,, 607 1956 6, 146, 1959 3 1961, 232,, 35, 31 1978, 3 1983 1, 1984,, 390,,,,, 5000 6000, 1981 4 1985, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, 75,,,,, 479
1987,,, 60 6 6, 140Mbit/ s,,,, 1991,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1992, 7, 4800 4000,, 12 31 1952, 18,, 18, 1955, 2 8 5 1996,, 480
12 1893 12, 1877,,,,, 1885 10,, 1887 5, 6,, 1893 12,, 107, 1 067 ( ), 18, 129, 261,, 460,,, 1899 5,,, 1902,, 1908 4,, 301 5, ( ), 408 5 1907 4,,,,,, 65,, 1941 1907,, 176, 0 762,,,, 1938 1917 12, 1924 12,, 1919,,,, 1922 10, 91 2, ( ),, :, 1912 4, 1919 4, 28 6 ;, 97 1 ; 46 5 481
, 1927, 1935 ;, 9 2, 1942 ;, 11 4, 1943,, 13 7, 1942, 21 2, 1900 6, 1901 8 (, 1 2, 1916 4, ), 12 9, 1919 1, 1921 7 1903 12,, 24 1898 11,,,,,,,,,,,, 1911 1907 12,,,, 500, 1000,,,,,,,,,, 12, ( ) 1898 5, 482
, (,, ), 1902 10 18, ( ),, 4000 ( 1300 ), 5, 9, 30,,,,,,, 1903 1,, 1904 5,, 1, 28, 18, 34, 1907 12, 243,, 532, 1932 3 1, 1939, 1951 1953,, 1912 12,, 1908 11,,, 41 5,,, (, ) 1915 12, ( ) 15 05 1914 6,, 1915 6,, 1916 12, 483
, 10, 1914,, 1944 1918 12,, 8 65, 1918 10 1919 1 1,, 1922 1939 12, ( ), 4, 180, 1938 8, 10,,, 1939 12, 2444 5 44 9,, 1940 12, ( ) ( ) ( 21 ),, 114, 1938 3, 1940 12 4,, 23 5, 1942 12 1941 12, ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ), 456, 5, 40 7,,, 1932 6, 1933 12 1 1936 4, 1937 7 1 1938 1, 1939 11 1 1939 3, 1941 12 484
,, 1944,, 75, 1945,,,, 1947 ( ) ( ) 12,,, ( ), 135 1 1938 6,,,,,,,, 1939 5, 1941 12, 1944 12, ( ) 40 6, 1939 4 1946 12, 1949 11,, 12,, 12, ( ), 1947 3 1950 5 1, 1953 1,, 1956 1, 1958 8 29, 1947 12, 485
1948 12,, ( ) 1950 12,, 1957 1951 12,, 1957 12, 1958 9 8 1955 12 12, 1958 1 1 1949 5 1, 1048 1958 12, 1959 12, 12, 1956 10 1961 12, 1962 12, 1903 1952 10 1, 1956 3, 1958 7 1966 1 12, 354, 1954 10 12, 1959 4 15 8,, 486
9 10, 1965 7,, 1964 12,,, 96, 1958,, 1967 1 1965 12, 1956 5 12, 1954 7 24, 1955 10 7 1957 7 1959 9 18, 1960, 1961 12, 1955 10, 1958 8 1,, 1959, 12, 1958 6, 11 27, 1964, 12, 1954 9 3, 1957 8, 1959 12,, 1966 12, 130 1960 5 1, 1967 1 1 1969 12, 1965 3 23, 1966 3 11 4 1 1971 12, 1954 4 1961 9 1169, 497 487
1972 12, 5333, 2013, 39 4%, 1970 3,, 12, ( ),,, 109 1960 4, 1972 1, 1973 1 1,,, 1976 2 1 1973 12, 1971 5592,, 1974 12,,,,, 316 1955 8, 1957 9 ; 1974 12, 1969, 46, 7 1, 2000, 12, 1969 11 53, 10 6 1976 12, 1969, 1977 12, 4010, 3690, 1958 8, 1961, 1974, 1977 12 1978 12,, 488 226 7
, 1974 5, 1982 1014, 1958 6, 1962 7 542, 1984 12 1979 12, 701, 1970 6 13, 1973 8 13 1975,,, 1980 2 1,, 79 1, 1973 12 25 1979 2 1, 1067,, 15, 31 1 ; 23, 5395 1985 12, 51 6%,,,, 1980 2775 1985 3056,,,,,, : 6500 3 8700 4 ; 4500 8 7 1650 5, 2000, 4,, ;, 8 4% 9 2% 489
,,, C61, C6 2A ; P 6 2 ; K 1 7, B1 9 ; 280 350 10 1986 12, ( ) ( ) 1983,,,, 173, 100 1997 12, 1865, ( T rent), 1881, ( ),,,, 1884,, 1899,,,,,,, 1886,, 1 5,,,,,, 490
,,,, 1888,, 20, 1892 12, 1893, 1896 6, 1897, 1900 7,,, 1885 1897, 1900,,, 1901,, ( ) 1898, ( ) ( ),,, 30, 1899 2, 1900 7,,,, 1901, ( ),,, ) 1895 ( 1899, ( ),, ( ) ( ) 12, 491
1900,, 1904,, 1909 ( 1913 ) 1913, 1922,,,, 1924,,, 300, 1907,, 1901, 1905, ( ) 1932, 1937,,,,,, 1914, 1906, ( ), 80,, 40 1911, ( ), 1910, 62 492
1907, ( ), 1911, 70, ( ),, 1911, 40,, 1908, 1930,,, 1944, ( 61 ),,, ( ),,,, 22, 1964,, 1960 34399 523 0 19, 1977, 1986, 1990 6 24,, 493
,,,,,,,,,,, 365,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1876 1911), ( 1912 1927), ( 1928 1937 6), ( 1937 7 1945 8), ( 1945 9 1949), 494
( 1950 1954), ( 1955 1959), ( 1960 1964), ( 1965 1969), ( 1970 1974 ), ( 1975 1979), ( 1980 1984), ( 1985 1989), ( 1990 1994), ( 1995 1998), ( 1999 2000),,, 495