2 001
( ) 063,, 1876 2000,,,,, ( CIP) /., 2001. 2 ISBN 7-113- 04028-4 : - - - F 532 9 CIP ( 2000) 84701 : : : ( 100054, 8 ) : : : : 850 1168 1/ 32 : 15 875 : : : 2001 3 1 2001 3 1 1 : ISBN 7-113- 04028-4/ U 1105 : 30 00,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2001 1
1 1 1910, ( ), 204,, 2500, 1903 11 2, 5, 9 1905 6, 1909 12,, 1912, 400, 500, 1913 3, 1915 5,, 276 8 29 6, 9 1921, 5000 1666, 1926,, 198 3,, 1934 12,, 27 8 1935,, 50, 1924 1925, 1000, 1927 11,, 25,, (, ) 1930, 200, 72 1931, 131 8, 1932 1 369, 1000, 1932 7 1, 1934, 1935 1 1936 2, 22, 151, 1937 3 1 1580, 486, 1939 4, 1
,,,,,,, (, 1950 1951, ) 1945 12,, 154, 1945 12,,,,,,,, 1950 4, 1952 12, ( ), 348 1954 8,, 49, 5, 1690 3 ( 1760 4),,,, 1913,, 1009 5,, 626 1,, 1908 6 ; 383 4,, 1909 1 1911 10 11, 1912 11,,,, 1933, ( ),,, 1915,,,,,, 2
, 1915 1921 1 1 1922 7 1 10, 1921,, 1923,, 817 9 1909 9,, ( ) 1909 10,,,,,,,,, 1927 1949, 1927,,, 55 8,, 1926,,, 6, 1936, ( ),, 1933,,,,, 1934,,,,,, 215,,,,,, 3
,,,,, 1937 7 1,,, 1944 188, 1938,,,,,,,,, 1946,, 4 1, 5 ( 4 24 ), ( 1945 8, ) 1947 1 1, 1954 12 1958 8 29, 1983 10 1, ( ), 1950,,,, 1951,,,,, 1952, 4
1953, 1952 9 4, 9 12 (, 3 2 ) 2 ( ),,,,, 1952 10, 5 5 12 4 12,,,,,,,, 1955 1 1956 1, 1958,, 1958 8 29,, 1963 4 1, 1965 6 1, 1984 10 1 1996 8 8,, :,,,,,,,, 2450 5
,, 1959, 1965 5 15,, 1984 10 1 :, 71 8, 1104 1961,,,,,, 1962,,,,, 1964 12 30,,,,,,, 1971, 1984,, 1990, 1993, :, 6
, 1 2 1987,, 12,,,,,, ; ; ;,,, 1984,,, 1997,,,, 20, 4,, 1 3 1912,,, ( ) 4 1,, 1956, 7
1984, 60,, 1981,,, 52 60 1 4 1956,,, 1963,, ( ) 1966 8 1965, ( 1905 ),,,,, 1955,, 1958,, 1975, 8, 1983 6 1993,, 1992 1992,, 1/ 16, 14, 8
1 5 1968,,,, 1967 28 000, 1966 8 000,, 18 000 ; 15 000,,,,,,, 18, 1969,,,,,,,,, 1978, 1 1,, 3 0058 1 5,, 1990,, 1989 11 27,,,, 11 27,, 1989 9
12 31 1991, 10,,,, ;,,, 1997, 212 6 8, 8, 900, 3600,, 8 200,, 1 10,, 200 1 6 1897,,,,,,,,, 1906 10
3,, 1964, ( ), ( 1) 1964 1965 : 1/ 2 ;,, ;,,,, ( 2),,, ( 3),, 2 8 1 7 1902, 1900 8,,, 1902 1 3, ( ) 1 7, 1966, ( ),, 1 24 1 8 1960,, 11
, 12,,, 1435 762,, 1993,, :,,,,,, 1997, 500 1996, 1 9 1984, 100 3 3 3, 1985,, 7, 27,,,, 3500, 12
5000, 1984, 4000 5000 7, 15%, 1/ 8 1993, 25B 59/ 60 1994 Z2, 1 10 25B 1949, 5 26,, 6 18 1949,, 1 10, ( 1904 1974), 1904 11 2, 1924, 1928 7,,, 12, 1930, 1935 7,, 1937, 1945 13
, 1946 6,, 5 16, 1949, 1954 1959, 1961,,, 1974 12 1,, 70 1963, 1961,,, 1963,, 1983, 50 120,, 2600 48, 4 1984,, 1986, 30600 1984 20000, 10000 14
1 11 1968,,,,,, 1997, 18, 18 15596, 33 17, 15596 18 1 12 1984,,, 277 6, 28 40 70 ; 8 50 25,, 1988, 4,,,, ( ) 8 : 1987, 1987, 4 B 15
, ( ) ( ) 1987 1 13 1908, ( H. Cordes) ( J. O. P. Bland), 500, 5, 30,,, 9 93 ;, ; ;, 20 1978,,,,,,,,,, 1 14 1980,, 16
1995,,,, 1 15 1958, 1956 10, 9, 6 1, 1986, ( ) ( ) 167,,,, 874 99,,,,,, 10 2,, 1983,,,,,,,,, 17
1 16 1938, 1937, ( 542 4 ) 1938,, ( ) ( ),, 125 8 1937 11 1,,,, 77, 1949,,,, 8 42 41,,,,,,,,, 3780, 1033, 6417, 1950, 1957, 1 17 1901,,,,, 9,, 30,, 18
1945,,, 1950, 1 22,,, 1953,, 1 27, 1975, 1916,, 1936 5,,,,,, 1966,, 1958,, 50 1975 1 17,, ; 1 27,, 1976 4, 1978, 19
, 1980,,, 1988 4, 1977,, 1982, 1987 1992 10,,, 1985, 3 C62 A, 84 2% 1984 5,,,, C6 2A 1985 3,,, 1 18 C62A 1915, 5, :, ; 99 ;, ; ( ) ( ) ; ;, 5 7,, 48 5 9,, 20
1 19 1950, 1949 5, 3200,,,,,,, :,,, 1983, 36 32,, 1984, :,,, ;, ;, ;, 1 20 1953, 1983, 309, 1958 9, 1960 12 36 1961, 1972 4 21
1 21 1946, 3 1, 10 1, 1949 7, 1958 1 1,, 1958 8 29, 1963 2 7,, 1953,,,,,,, 1960, 21,, 42, 78, 1989, 3000 5ESS, 80,,,, 780,, 1996,, 1993 1 19, 1995 12 7, 22
, 740, 102, 50, 21, 2, 10 20, 60, 90 7 19, 1998,, 480, ( ),, 1991, 1993 1998 1 18 21, 1 22 1904,, 1907 3,, 1670,,,,,,, 63 3 1911 5,,,,, 1912 12 6,, 1930,,,, ( 1907 ), 800 1913 23
8 20,, 1949, 1967,,,,,, 1979,, 1990, ( ) ( ) 124,, 400 1200, 1 23 1950,, 5 06 301 6, 16, 46 3 9, 1953,,,,, 1967, 308, 24
54, 29 17 81, 13 22, 9 15 1992, 1995,,,,,,,,,,, 1995 11, 1997, 2000 1 24 1988, 80,, 90, 66,,, 1 25 21 55 1994, 3841, 10,, 25
, 3841, 1992 3840 1997, 21 15 21/ 22 21, : 21, 21! 21 1 25 1950, 1 27 1952,,, 43, 28 1960,,, 1961 10, 1983,,, 300,, 1, 2, 382, 1400 1987, 1984 2 27, 26
( ) ( ), 1984 1 1,,, 15 3%, 2000, 2 32%,, 147 1996, 1993 12 19,, 2 2400,,, 1/ 3, 8 6 1 26 1897,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 1905, 1906,,, 1921, 1927,, 1961,, :,,,, ; 27
,,, 1983, : ; :,,, 3 1996, 945, 20 30,, 1979 1, 1991, 2000 5000, 69% 1999, ( 104 6 ) 1 27 1959,, 34, 65 1961,,, ( ) ( ) ;, ;,, ;, 28
, 1 28 1929,, : ; ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ( ),, 1949,,,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,, 2 7 1950,,, ;, 1956, 512, 1 000 29
,, 2 1 1998, ( ) 20 T F1998-01 ( 20) 10 500, 500, 10 000, 20, 20 98 ( ), 1 6, 198, 2 680 10, 3000, 198, 1 29 1877,,,,,,, 1898,,, 12,, 1967, 14, 30
1 30 1951, 2 5, 1956, 15 :, 1985,, :,,, 1996, 1992 11 81 8, 21, 3 48,,, 1 31 1954, 9050 215, 1983, 31
1994,,,,,, 2000,,,, 6 6, 12 1 1906 1, 1899 9, 208,,,,, 83 3,, 473 7 2,,, 1914 1, 77 9, 1910 6, 1914 6, 1929 1,,, : ( ) ( ) ; ; 1951 1,,,,, 32
,,,, 1953 1, 20,,,,,,,, 1956 1,,,, 12,, 1970 1, 15035, 1965 9 23, 9 15 1974 1,, 1983 2 17,, 1985 9 1, 1985 1,, 100, 33
,, ;,,,,,, 1981,, 3,, 1989 1,,, 6 11 9 : ( ),, 20 1,, 1995 1, 18 1993 18 13, :, : 2 1, 1961, 34
, ;,,, ( ), 1986,,, : ; ; ; 1988, 290, 10,,,,,, 2 2 1953, :,,,,,,, 1977, 2 15 35
, 2 22 ( 1977 6 ), :,,, 1975 9, 1994,,,,,,, 114,,,,,,,,, 12 ( ) 126, 114 2 3 1955, 203 26 1994, 36
,,,,,, :, 2 4 1961, 3 3,, 17,, 1965, :,,, 1975,, 7 3, 23,, 137 1991,, 1998,,,, 1876 121 37
2 5 1950, 10278 1963, 1958 : 1958 1960,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; ( ) 1988,, 1990, : 1990 2 4,, 2 6, 1929,,,, 38
,,,,, 1928, 1929,,,,,, 1932, ; 1935,,,, 1937 4, 90%,,, 1936, 5 1 1959, 6 20, 1961, 1983, 60 :,! :,,! :,,,! :, 39
! 2 7 1923, 1923 2 1,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 2 4, 3,, 2 7,, 50, 1924, 9 20,, :,, ;,,,, ;,,,, 1925, ( ) ( ) 12 45 10, 18, 40
1926, 18 58, 25, 28,, 13, 7,, 1950,, 273, 32, 72 2 12,, 30 1963,,,, 4 1,, ; ; 1987, 11, 3117 173, 1 18,,,, 40 2 8 1993, 1991 4, 31759 41
,, 116, 7 1 8 31,, 25, 16 6, 3674, ( ), ( ) ( ) 121 ( ),,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,, 1996, 13/ 14 13/ 14 174, 13/ 14, 2 9 1951,,, 42
2 10 1976,, 1975 9 1976 2, 262, 192 2 11 1983, 24 55,,,, 3500 5000,, 38 1987, 36 1986 3, 1002 9,, 918 3,,, 43
2 12 1987, (, ;, ;, ), :,,, 5% ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 10%,,,,,,,,,,,, 10%,,,,,, 44
2000, [ 2000] 11 ( ) 10 ;, ;, 2 13 1984, 4 4,,, 3000, 4, 5000 1987, C6 1 C61 D 35 1990,, 1997, 16,,, 45
2 28,, 1998, 13 14, 108 5 101 2, 2 14 1876, ( Pioneer, ),, 15, 24 32, 1950,, : 1952 1984,,,, ;, 750 800,, ; 2 15 1941,,,,,, ( ), 46
, 180 7, 1940 6,, 1941 2 15 1947,,,, 1950 3 6, 1985 1 1,, ; 5 1990 1 1,, 1949, 115 96 115 96,, 106 579,, 1979,, 1700, 250,, 1, 16 1985, 1985 12, 1985,, 47
2 16 1927, 15 50, 3,,, 5 1931, 1700 1 1,, 2 16,,, 3 1995,,,,, 2 17 1950,, 2 27 3 3 1958,,,,,, 2 18 1936,,,, ( ), 48
12 7, : ( 1) 2000, 1100, 900, ; ( 2) 2750 700, 3450, 7%, 15 ; ( 3) 1%, 34,, 10%, 70,, ( ), 1940 10,, 1996,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 2 19 1962, 1962 :,, ;, ;,, 1962 1961 1992, 49
2 20 1957, ( ), 1951, 1953,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,, ;, 1957,, 3 18 1983, 32 ( 65) 138,,,,, 2 21 1901,,,,, 50
,,,,, 10,, 1998,,, 20 2 22 1949, 5 6, 9 29 1953 1 1, 3 1956 1 1,, 1951, 5 2 23 1962, 10, 30 2, 90% 6, 128 05, 87 35 1995,,,, 2 24 1984,, 51
47, 3742 C6 2A,, C6 2A,,, 1995,,, 1992 5 4, 347, 3 13, 20,,, 5 31,, 11 55, 1998,,,, ( ),,, 1997,, 2 25 1950, 52
,,, 1983, :,,,,,,, 1994 8,,, 1987, 91/ 92 91/ 92 1983 3 5, 40,,, 1986 : 91/ 92,,,, 1989, 8 4, 4500, N D4 N D5 500, 4500, 80,, 1984 8 0001,, 8, 53
70, 8,, : 8 4,,,, 1998, 1500, 2 26 1979, 3 6,,,,, 1998,,, 8,, 4,,,,,,,,,, 2 28 54
2 27 1950, :, 3 7 1955, ( ) 20 1965, ( ), 2 28 1950, 9 16, 1953 1 1956 1 1955, ( ) 3 1, 1954 12 1957, 23 6 1983, 1997, 55
,,,,, 2 29 1984, 4231,,,,, 1992,,, 76, 36, 99, 83 1996, 5 2, 2 1894 2, ( ) ( ), 670,,,,,,, 7,,,, 56
1906 2, 1 435, 1880, 1909 2, 40, 1907 11, ( ) ( ),, 11 2,, 1936,, 3 2, ( ),, 1957 1922 2,, 1922 5 1,, 1937 2,,,, ( ),,, 1000 1936 11 9 3900,,,, 1937 2 ( 234 ) 1939 4, 19 148,,,, 1860,,, 1939 2,,,,, 1943, 254 3 ( 1 067 ) : 57
, 178 9 ; 3 6 ; ( ) 7 7 ; 11 8 ; 52 3, 1946 1947 1948,, 1962 2,,,, 161 7, 1965 10 1 1963 2, 1972 2,,, 160 1959 3, 7, 1972 2, 1973 7 1, 1974 10 1, 1992 2, ( ), ( ),,,,, 1994 2, 13,, 25 300, 9 1993 1997 2, ISO9001 1996 58
6000 4B,, 1998 2,,,,,, :,,,,, 5, 15,,,,,, 2, 1990, 36 9,, 59
2, ( ), : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,, 3 1 1953,, 3 1 8,, 1956, 4 2 1995,,, 3853 8 1958, 16, 1960,, 1961, 1966, 1958 60
, 525 5, 6 43 59, 1983,,, 1984,, 12 3 2 1953, 1990, 10, 24 3 3 1961, 17,, 1991, 55, 5,,,,,, 3 4 1966, 61
,, 644,,,, 1958 8 1962,, 15 6% 1966 7 1, 1970 12 3 5 1967, 383 020,, 1 8, 6 10,, 1968,,,, 5 8 5 12 5 15 1971, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 62
4 8 1975, ( 1975 9 ), :,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 3 6 1898,,, ( ),,,,,, 1950, ( ),,, 3 63
11, 1953, 1956, : ; ; ; ; ;, ; ; 1957, : ;, ; ; : ; ;,, ;,, 3 7 1951, :,,, 1988, 1985 11 64
, 140, 1990,,,, ;, 1992,, 24 1994,,,, 3 8 1950, 1999, 31 5, 65
, 5 83 3 9 1932, ( 1898 1972 ),,,,,, 1932 1,, 1935 12,, 1972 1984, : ; ; ; ; 3 10 1980, :,, 1987,,, :,,, 66
( ) ( ), ;, ;, 11, 1993,,,,, 1995,, ;,, : ; ; ; ;,, 1998, II, 30 I 18 46, II 18 456, II II 1995 1 18 3 11 1949,, 67
1949 2, 1948 10 17, 1958 8 29, 1100, 1971 2049 1983, 1984, 1985, 6000 3 12 1954, 12, 1954 6 9, 1955 3 7 1955 8 17,, 1346 1998,,, 3 18, 37 4, 400, 11 4 18, 56,, 3 3 13 1920,,,, 68
,,, 20 3 17, 1952, ( ),,, 1984,,,,,, 3 14 1951, 1950 7, 3,,,,, 1951 4 1, 1960,, 1954 10, 1986,,, 480, 20,, 69
,,,,, 1996 3, : ;, ; ; ; ; ; ;, ; 3 15, 1938,, 97 ( ) 1942 12 8,, 14, 16 ( 97 ) 1949,, ( 1948 11 25 ) 1950 5 1,,, 1956 1 1, 1958 8 29, 1960, 4 70
,,, 1 1962, 20,, ( ), 1963,,, 1979, 100, 600, 1986 150, 1984, 1991 1996,,,, 3 16 1979,, 5 11,, 11 15,, 71
1985, ( ),,,,, 6000, ( ) ( ),,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,, 1992, 312 ( 180 132 ) 30 19 0 025 ( 1462 ),, 3 17 1970,,, 1990, 72
, 1996, 2010 15, : 2000 6 8 ; 10,, ;, 3000, 3848, 2973,,, 18, 1995 16 5 1 5,,,,,,,,,,, 3 18 1951, 1991,,, 9 5 25 5 1998,,,, 73
,,, 1938 4 1955, 1961 7,, 1966 1 1981,, A EG 1984,, 1989 3, 1990 12,, 1997 7,,, ( ) 1997 9, 3 19 1986, 11,,,,,,, ;, ;,, 1991, :,, 74
6000 8000,,, 3 20 1956, 1291, 842, 118,,, 20 28 1985,, 24,,,, 3 21 1949, 9,, 1964, 1995,,, 10 75
3 22 1965,, 4 2 1990, 1995, ORA CLE ( ) ORA CLE ORACLE,,, O RA CLE 1997, 23, 4,, 10616, 6078, 2193 312 3 23 1935, 14000,,, ; 3000,,, 76
1961, :,, 1965,, 10 1983, 1980, : 1 ; 2 ; 3, 1995, 5 18, 1 9, 3 24 1988, 311 7 3, 208 25, 28, 47 3 24 311, 77
,,,, 3 25 208 1903,, ( ) (, ), 1902 11, 42 5,, 60,,,,, 1903,,,,,,,,, 1949, 1952,,,, 1980,, 1979,, 98 98% ;,,,,, 4 1 1991, 1990 78
3, 2, 6, 8 ; 2, 5, 15 ; 2, 1, 1 : ( ) ( ) 1989, 1998, 1997 12, 2000, 3 26 1913, : ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ;,,, : ; ;,, 1954, 830 30, 1962, 1992, 28,, 79
3 27 1938,,, 1978, ( ),, 1987, 1666, 36% 22 3%,,,,,,, 1990, 10, 4 6, 18, 1995,, 3 28 1975, 9, 1993, ( ) ( ) 80
50 2, 3 28, ( ) 7 1996, 1996 4 8 100, 3 28,,,, 1998,,,, :,,,, 2450, 5340, 2580, 4400, 1000 2000 6 8, 2002 7 349 450, 1286, 1210, 575, 980 3 29 3 29 1909,, 10, ( ) ( ) ( ), 1953, 652 36, 18, 1954, 81
,, 4 2 3 30 1961, 1961, : ;,,, ;,, ; ; ;,,, ; ; 1982,,, 5 : 3096 1982,, 1639 1983 1985 5, 1998, 5 :, ;, ;, ;, ;, 3 31 1978, 173, 22, 26, 1979, 82
,, 400 188 60, 70,,, 209 56, 88, 34 5, 1/ 6,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,, 1982, 17 1984, 37 20 501, 1056,, 105, 37/ 38 9 21 20 1985, 16,,,,, 8,,,,,,, 1986, 83
,,,,,,,,,,, : 7,, 1990,,, 1986,, 1986, 5,,,, 1988, 1987 7 25,,, ( ) ( ), 6 4, ( 99 ) 1641 99 1642 84
, 1988 2 1993,, 5, 1992, 611, 3 32 1905 3, ( ),,, 60, 1 067,,, 1925 3,,, 62, 1 524, 1924 3, 6,, 1938 1926 3,, 162 2, 1910 2,, 0 762, 1982 7 1 1 067 1935 3,,,,,, 1929 8 15 ( ), 85
, 170,,,,, 10 1931,,,,, 1935 3 1941 3,, ( ),, 279 1935,,,,, ( ) 174 9, 1941 3 1, 1945 4 7 1946 1947 3, 1946 11, 7, 5 10, 1 2, 1952 7, 1953 11 1970 6 1, 1970 9 25,, 1977 11 10, 1950 3,,, ; 1958 3,,,, 86
111 9, 1960 3, 1961 3,,, 172, 1958 10, 1961 4 1, 1965 12,,, 1966 1963 3,, 1970 3, 7,,,, 99 2,, 1956 4, 1959, 1969 10, 1971 11 1995 3,,,,,, 3,, 1994, 546 380, 158, 98, 49 12 22 4 1 1889, 87
, 5 5,,,,,,, 1896 1,,,, 1906,,,,,, 1905 8,, 1907 3,, 1908 7,,,,,, 1909 6,, 1906, 1 125, 5, 9, 30 ( 1905 8, 1250 ) 1898, 1905 9,,, 1064 8,, 3031, 341,,,,,,,,, 1900 12,,, 3 6, 17, 1907 8,, 1214 5 :, 15 2 ; 88
, 19 3 ;, 6 2 ;, 16 7 ; ( ) ( ),, 42 5,,,,, 200 1907,, 1908 2 2 7, 1909,, 1908, 1905 4 25,,,, 311,, 43 1903 7 9,, 325, 5, 9, 50 225,,,, 290,,,,,,,,, 1913, 1936, 1933 6,,,,, 1933 7 36, 1936 4,,,, 193 5, 89
700, ( ),, 1957, 12, 1963, 1993,,,, 1971 4 23 1964,, 1978,,,,,,, 1984,,,,,, 1985,,, 3,,,,,, 90
, 1982 4,,,,,,,,,, DSP Z, 1751,,,,,,, 1984,,,,, 1986, 13/ 14 22/ 23 19 16 59, 13/ 14, 22/ 23,,,,, 110,, 1987, GB7058 86,,,,,, 91
1990, 33 8,,,,,, 1992,,,,,, 1993, 5000 63, 4850, 1015, 70, 1994, RW 25, 209,,,, 9, 18,, 1995, 508, 60 1996,, 140, 1 11, 2 48 II 12 92
1997,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2200, 700 5 6,,,,,, 966 5 13624, 11 78 515, 100, 20,,, 4 2 1982,, 1932, 1937,,,,,, 93
,,,,, 1972,, 1975 1977, 1982 4, 1985 6, 1998 12 11,,, 80 4 3 1955,, 1982, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, 1993, 77,,,,,,, 2 27, 2 8,,,,, 94
4 4 1979,, 1991,,,,,, 4 5 1960,,, 1971, : 1970,, 25, 235,, 10,, 1985, 26, 1 4 2 2,, 2286 738, 7, 30 28, 14, 8 644/ 1 642/ 3 4 5, ; 1989, 95
6 80 6 4B 1985,, 4B,, 16V 240ZJD,, 94, 114, 6 2425, 4B 21% ; 80, 4B 33% ; 1 2%,, N D5 1995, ( ) 1995,, 6685,, 1992 5, 71, 100%, 99 35% 4 6 1953,,,, 1986, 45, 96 ENSCO
,,,,,,, 4 1991, 1992,, 24 100,,, 1993,, 3 1 275,,,,, 1997, 3000,, 1998, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, 169 442, 19, 3 3 38, 155 267, 70 3, 287, 8 5, 3, 13 013, 97
,,,, 4 7 1913,,, 11 1, 6,,,, 1914 5 1, 1980,,, 1996, 1997, 15 1997 15 98
4 8 1954, ( ),, 1992,,, 1995, 9 12, 20 24 1997, 10 26 4 1999,,, 4 9 1939,, ( ), ( ), 1938, 99
3, 1 5, 1 2, ( ) 0 3,,, 1944 5,,,,,, 8, 1945 4,,,,,, 1982,,,,, 1983 10,, 10 2 1 14 8 10 11 20, ; ;, 1992,, 100
, 1996,, 1994 3, 1995 12 14, ( ), :,, ;,, ( ),, 20, 1996 5 13, H, H, 6% 9% 7%, 36 4 10 1948,,,,,, 1959, I 1323, 140,, 1966 101
1974,,,, 182 5, 66, 26160 27,, 5 80,,,, 1978,, 1978 8 1, 1979 1 1, 1985, 8, 5000 8 4500, 1984 11,, 1985 4 9, 1028, 4438, 1238, 38 6% 4 10, 1027, 5046, 2546, 72 8%, 8 1994, 27, 1992, 102
27 27,, 1997, 16,,,,,,, 18 4 28, 1998, ABB 1 6,,, : 200, ;, 4 11 1990, 1991,,,, 1995, Q Q 30 Q, 103
60,,, 1978 Q 1996, 1995 7,,, 78,,,,, 4 12 1952,, 1988,,, 1929 12, 1945 9, 1949 4,,,,,,,,, 1955 1, 1957 7, 1958 1, 1960 1,, 1966 1,, 1972, 1977 3, 1980, 1982 4 104
, 1996 6 18,, 67 4 13 1984, ( ) 2 2, 1992, 1 13,,,, 4 14 1996,,, 4 15 1937, 66, ( ),, 1936 6, 1945 1946, 1950, 105
7 1, 1955,, 1989,,,,, 4, 4 19, 600 1993, 2 5, 1996,,,, 35 70 ( T EU ), 4 9 1998, ( ), 5 5, 43, 1 55,, 1999 106
4 16 1960,, ; ( ), 1986,,,, 1997, :,, ( ), 1998,, 1999,, 120, 107
4 17 1895,,,,,,, 1954, 1952 6 1955 8 1997, 1898, 4288, 1995 12 9,,,, 5 2,,,,,,,,, 4 18 1985, 5, 1995, 108
1997,,, 3000,, 1998, 1898, 60,,,, 1995 12,,, 4 19 1954, :, 1984, : ( ),,, 1991, 11, 135,, 80 1909,, 107, 30 1998, 109
, 4 20 1994,,, 1993 6, 147,,, 4 21 1950,,,, 1960,, 500, 1958 5 14, 2890,, 1988 1980, 5, 10 5, :,,, ; ; ;,, 1982, < 110
>,, : ; ;, 1984,,,,,,, 1989,,,,,,,,,, 1987 11, 1988 7,,,,, 1991,,, 6502 1997,,, 111
4 22 1932, 8000,,, 1996, 9392, 5099, 1993 12, 6 9, 4 23 1988, ( ) ( ), 30, 21, 1991, 6 1999,, 4 24 1954, 1989,,,,, 2, 15,, 134 2, 112
17 2, 6 5, 22, 2300, 3, 126 3, 27, 540,,, 8 1995, 1500, 4 25 1908,,,,,, 1932,,,, 170 22 1929 9,, 1932 3 1932 11 1933 11, 163, 1 1954,,, 1979,,,, 1988, 113
, 1994, : 265/ 266 3 114 1996,, 4 26 1899,,,,, 1953, 1955,,,, 1980, ( ), 114
1000, ; 1000,, 1000, 1992, 265/ 266 1995,,,, 118 1997,,,, 4 30, 4 27 1948, : 1959, 240,,, 1958 5 23, 1960 1 16 1965,,, 6 23, 115
,, 551 434 1970 7, 1968, 6Y1 I 1958,, 1968 8, 4200, 2800 1969, I 1984, 1978,, 2000,,, 1996, 4B, 8 ( II) 4B, 6400, 100,, 6000 10000 8 ( II), 19, 170 /, 4 28 1936, (, 455 7 ), 1095 6 40 1897 5, 1898 4 14,, 1900 7 1903 10 116
,,,,,, 1905 11,,,,, 1905 8, 9, 1916 6, ( ) 224, 1906 8, 1909 8, ( ), 1911 1, 1907,, 4,, 1911 8, 1919,,, 1933 7,,,, 1936 4,,,, 1971, 4302,, 9013, 26, 105, 14, 3, 80 34 1974,,,,,, 193 1973 1, 1975 1990, 117
168 4 30, 1991, 108, 1997, ( ) 19 4, 5, 106, 5 5,, 4 29 1970, 1988,, 1991, 36 15 1999,, 10, 3, 118
4 30 1939,,,,, ( ),,,, 4, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 1940 1106, 1955,,,,,, 1958, 800, 94 5 1984, 1978 5, 1980 12, 1995,,, T MIS 119
, 5 2,,, 1996, 93,,, 12, 27 24 15, 25, 55 4 1907 4,, 1906 2,,, 7 5, 1, 1907 4, 10, 1909 4,, 6 8,,,,,, 1923 8, 1911 4,, ( ), 17 3,, 1913,,,,, 1912 4, 120
1929 4,,, 18, 1930, 1925 6 30 1938 4, ( ),, ( ), ( ) 4, 242, 1,, 1 2 ( 1300 ), 3000 ( 300 ), 7, 12 1 5%, 5 5%,,,, 15% 1938 4,, 6 1,, 70%,,, 1939 10,, 64 5 11,,, 1940 11,,,,, ( ) 1940 4, 4, 1938 7, 1382 6, 35, L 20 1945 8 12 13,, 1947 5 1943 4,, 1937 121
4 100, 946 2, 12,, L 27,,, 1938 3, 79 94, 1943 4, 5, 44 4, 1939 4, 1945 6,,,,, 1945 7 1944 4,, 1943, 42 44,, 1944 4 1945 1972 4,, 49, 67 8, 6123, 35, 48 8, 5981, 1966 3 70 5, 1973 4, 3 1985 4, JW 200,,,,,,,,,, 122
,,,, 1995 4, 1995 17,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 120 ),, 1 1 C64 C63 120, 25,, 60 120, 80,, 800 14,,, 2, 14 6296 1, 5166 9 1997 4, 60,, 6 30 10 15,, 9 2,,, :, 1997 15 ( ) 123
5 1 1914, 1949, :, 5 1950,,,,,,,, 1958, ( ) ( ) 6, 3 6 16 CA I/ CAD 10, 1960,,, 98 1959 5, 1967 1 1 1965, 1973, 1958 124
1969,,,,,, 30 1979,, ( 1982 10 ),,, 1980,,, 804,,,, 1972 10, 1977 12 4 1982, ( ) (,, ) (,,, ) (,,,, ), ; 20 ; 62 1984,,, 834. 5,, 125
181 1975 653. 5, 1974, 249 1982 1 404. 5,, 2600 3000, 1984,,,, 1991, 5 1990 1994,,,,,,,,, 1997, 1200, 48 5 2 1895,,, 6,,,,, 1957, 1995,, 126
, 1995 23. 7%, 2000 50% 5 3 1933, : ( 1) 1 ; ( 2) 1 ; ( 3), 300 7 1, 1936 1 15, 1 1934 2 100, 2,, 1936 5, 1954, 1965, 1985,,, 500,,, 90%,,,, 1, 1 3,, 1991, ( ) ( ) 357,,,,,, 127
1996,, ABC, 3 4, A BC, 1997, 5 4 1985, 1983,,,,, 1991, 1990 6 19, ( ) ( ), 8, 30,,, 1994, ( ) ( ) 1990 6 22, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),, 4, 13,, 128
943, 18. 02 5 5 1923, ( ),, 71, 39,,,,, 5,,,,,,,,,,, 1923,, 1961,,, 1962, 1965 1976,, 5 5 5 6,,,, 1980,, 360,,,, 129
, 6000, 23, 230, 2600, 300 38,,, 1990, 1990 8 5 6 1987,,,, 14. 295,, 10,,, 1981, 94, 27, 9 51,, 2. 4, 8 4, 1988,,,, 130
1996,, 1999,,,, 1451 1984, 476,, 1996 9 6,,,, 975,,, 4, 1200, 3, 1000,,,,,,,,,,, :, 60,,,, 5 7 1959, ( 1978 5 ) 1973,, 7081 ( 8. 5% ), 5145, 1936, :,, 131
,, ;,,, 1974, 4316, 1970 12, 1989,,,, 80,, 8000,,,, 1991,, 5 8 1989, 5 9,,,, 1993,,,,,,,,,, 132
1997, 9 9 ( ) 5 9 1911,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1982,,,, 5 21 1996,, 10 2000, 421,, 22, 93%, 133
65 /, 5 10 1919,, 1919 1,,,,,, 1920 10 15,,, 5 71, 36, 19, 9, 7,, ; ; ; 1921, 3850, 600,, ; 1928,,, 6 : ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) 134
; ( ) 48, 1952, 12 31, 1984,,,,, 312, 1989,, 11,,, 5 11 1950,, 1979,,,, 5 10 : ; ;, ; ; ;,, 1990,, 350, 135
,,, 1998, A 1993 9538. 8, 9 2500,,, 25 5 12 1981, 3 17, 40, 16 :,,, 1975 :,,,, 1994,, 655. 11,, 29 3,,, 16, 136
, 1013 800 ; 25 22, 12% 17, : ( ) ( ) ( ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1995, 75 1000,,,,, 104,,, 1992 200, 365, 11 5 13 1932,,,,,, 137
,,,,, 30,, ; 30 ; 1957, 1949, 1951 10 1 1954, 1954 1 1 3, 5 25 1996,,,,, 1997,,,,, : 138
5 14 1959, 1984, 117 117, 6, 4 18, 2 1, 1 14,,, 1996,, 140 5 16,,,, 14 1997, 143, 1998, 14 1998 : 139
5 15 1958,,, 3 15 8, 12,, 1972 30, 15,, 12, 4 6 1978,, 5 15, 1981 9 29, : ;, ; 5 1990,,, 1996,, 17 5 16 1927, 140
4 18,,,,, 1949,,,, 5 26, ( ),, 1946 6, ( 11 25 ),, 7 1 1948 2,,,, 1948 7 5,,, ( ), 1949 5 26,,,,,,,,, 1978 7 5, 30 1966,,, 1995,, 100%, 91%,,, 118. 18, 288 V 141
, 80 V,, 90,,, 7,,, 1996,, GP 88, SKD3 5 17 1958, : ( ), ;,, 7 15 8 15, 1013, 1196 1994,,, 5 18 1949, ( ) 142
,,, 1981, 11, 11,, 1991, 18, 1991 8 1 1992, 7675,, 1. 55, 110,, 1994, 1990 10 68, 59, 3, 233, 1724, 18. 5% 3535, 43 12, 498. 19, 116, 96, 286, 1200, 1800, 2500,,,,, 143
1995,, 43, 5000, AT 1996,,,, 80, 97 1997, 97 5 18 7 30, 13 10, 29 40, 18 25K 5 19 1980,,,,, 1997, 99, 29 06, 25K 5 20 1911, 144
,, 600, 5, 40,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 100 1938,, ( ), 252. 7, 3 4 1937 11 1, 1938 1953, 1955, 1500 1963, 1962, 1963 1969, 145
,, 12 1972 12 1982, 1919 4 24, 1921 4 5, 1926 6 24,,,, 1995,, 808. 03, 74 95, 882. 98,,, 1993, 1994 12 10,,, 1997, 3 35 751 1962 5 20 5 21 1954, 1953,,, 68 1935, 1952, 146
1996, 100 ( 2 1 5 21 ) 5 22 1950, 1969,, 6000, 2000,, 13000,,, ;, ;, 1971,, 5 2,, :,, ;, 1982, 6,,,, 1984,,,,,, 100 1985, 147
,,, 1500 1000, 8 55000, 1996, 8 178 8,, 3600 1998, 1998 4 30,,, 30,, 749, 2000, 40 5 23 1963,, 1980, 1978 23, 1993, ( ) ( ) 3 22 256 148
,,,,, 2000, 23 10, 1000 676, 5 24 1957,, 1966, 1985, 8 12, 12 204, 1991,,, 48,, 1, 2, 3 18 1 3 5 25 1955, 8 1, 8 2 1957, 149
, 1953 1 1 1959 5,,, 5,,, 4700 1969, 1966 7 1996, 1996 5 26 1952, ( ) 1992, 1998, 15, 507 15, 8000,,,,,,,,, 5 27 1957, 150
10,,, ( ) 6 7 1986, 8 50 5, 11 1986 1990 1986 1990,,,, 1987 5 5 29, 5 30,,,,, 16 26 5 1995, 151
5 28 1982, 193, 3, 19, 124, 20,,,, 193, 1990,, 1998, 200,,, 139. 46, 20, 200, 30, 250 5 29 1950, 1956, ( ) 7 1962, 3, 13 ( 66. 8 ), 12 13, 1,, 11, 52 1969, 44 87, 152,
2, 10, 457, 2, 1, 4, 19 1993, B23, 1998,,,,,,,,,, 130, 540,, 6 18 5 30 1984, ( ) ( ), ( ),, 539, 132 1980 7 1 1981 12,,, 1984 6 1,,, 1991, 19 1992, 7 4130 153
1997,,, 2375,,,,, 5 6,, 5 31 1924,,,,, ; ;, 5,,, 5 ;, 1 1956,,, 1966, 1967, ( ) 154
( ), ( ),,,,,,, 1985,, 17. 42,, 30. 6, 210, 15,,,,,,,,,, 1993,, 56, 6900 1996, 3 118, 256, 35, 6148, 4, 13, 486, 90, 44 562, 11,, 160 140 130, 17, 159 1997,, 1948,, 1992 8 8, 10 155
,, 5 1893 5,,,,,,, 1896 5,,,, 60, 20,,, 6,, 3, 3,, 180, 1911 1910 5, 1905 9,,,, 28,, 37, 220, 1914 1923, 1930,,,,, 1914 5,,,, 1916 5,, 156
128. 4, 1906,,, 10, 1939 5, 1938 6,,, ( ), 1938 10 86. 2, 1939 5, 1947, 1946 5, 7 25, 1966 5, 6017, 1959 7, 1963, 1964 11 1972 5,,, 130. 6, 1970 7, 1980 4, 1970 4 18, 1959 4, 1979 4 1, 1961 7 1975 5, 1995 5,, 80, 20, 33% 209PK,,, 1997 5,,, 157
,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,, 1998 5,,, 158
6 1 1929,,, 1949,,, 1950, 1952, : 1949 8 18,,,,,,, 1952 5 1,, 6 5,, 1955,, ;, 1959,, 1960 5 24 1960,, 159
,, 1960 12,, 1965, 1966,, 1978, 1967,, ; ;, ;,,,, 1970, ( ), 1180 1966 7,, 1976, 18 1976 1977,, 1978,,,, 916, 405, 716, 45%,, 1968 4, 1975 9 160
1979, 1968 10,,,,, 1980, :,,, 1985 1 21,,,, 1981,,, 1984, 1984 2 13 4 12, 3937, 78740, 1986,,, 1987, 12 161
,, 1989,, 91/ 92,, 5 393, 91/ 92 1990, 1993,,, 1995, 15 6 2 1987,,,,,,, 162
1998, 1998, 16 119 16 6 3 1896, ( ),, ( :,,, ),, ( ),,, 1954,, 1364 1955, ( ) ( ),, ; 1955, ;, ;,,,,,, 1958, 1964 2 18 163
, 1986,, 50, 6000,,, 1990 ZD106 520, 2320 /, 4 410, 26%, 18% 1996, 9 : ; : ( ), 6 4 1928,, ( 1875 1928),,, 1924, 1926, 1928 6,,,,, 1937, ( ) 800 164
, 6 5 1925,, 1984, 500,,,, 1987, 3 20 46, 80, 1 3,,, 46,,,, 66, 96%,,,, 1991, 6,, 1992, 778, 11, 9,,, 165
, A 778, 5 8, 354, 4000, 1996, 5 16 360, 5 6 6 1984, 7 : ; ; ; ; ; 83 II ; 1991,, 6 1989 3,,, 4,,,, 100, 4800,, 4 166
,, 4,,,,,,,, 1995, 1996, 1995 2, 360 5, 182, 128, 100,,, 2 2000, 4 5, 6 7 3 1976,, 1958 7, 1964,,, 8,,,,,,, 1993, 167
22 250, 6 8 1985,,,,,, 1995,, 14,,,,,, 1995 5 18, 11 11, 7,, 16,,, 100275,, 2000 11000 168
,, 55 6 9 1885, ( ),,, 1898,,, ( ), 99,,, 1917, 8 20, 6 10 1907,, 1912 5,,, 1933,,,,,,,,, 169
,, 1930, 1933, 9, 113, 19,, 40 21, 12, 1, 25, 6, 17 6, 4, ( ),,, 1990, 120 C63 8, 1 7, 10698 1993, 117,,, 1997,, 200 A AR A AR A AR, 20 2500,, 28, 4357 95, 571, 8681 170
1998, 1997 21 3237 : 5 3237, 8%,, ; 16, 8 6%,,, ( ) ( ), AA A, 6 11 1952, 1987, 8, 5400, 8800 16, 21/ 22,,, ; 120 ;, 946 ( 18 ),,, 11 6000, 41, 6 12 1950,,, 1949 12 7 171
1950 3 1967, 1982,, 1991, C3 1 ( N ) 1991, 6 13 1952,, 505 1936,,,,, 1950 6 15, 3 10, 7 1, 1953 7 30, :, 6 14 1951, 172
1958,, 1951 8,,, 150 1984, 365,, 1995,, 1993 9 20,, 6 15 2 1934,, 1949,, :,, ;,,, 1950, 1955, ( 173
) 1985,,,,,,, 1984,,, 1985 1,, 5 51,,,,, 6 16 1959, 4270, 50,, 1965 8 1991, 513,, 72 8%, 40% 1992, 1998,, 1950 6, 40, 174
, 500, 1994,,, 6 17 1911,,, 1911 5 9 5 20,, 600,,,,,, 4,,, (, ),,,,,,,, 9 21,,,, 9 7 9,,, 175
,, 9 25,, 10 10 1958,, ) ( 1985, B16/ ZH,,,, 3 30,,,,, 6 18 1949, 1949 5 26,, 1953 1 1, 3, 1958 8 29, 1100 1963 4, 1971 1 1, 1983 1 1,, 1952,, 4636 1954,, 176
1958, ( 5 ) 19, ( 1 5 ),,, 1964,,,,,,, 1970,,,,,, 753,,,, 1969, 11, 7,,,, 5, 1975 7 1975,,,, 1978, 1985, 1972 5,, 1975 6,, 1983, 1984 8 11, 177
,, 1985, 210, 65, 270, 1984 4 20, 79 7 1985, 1929 9,, 1956 7, 1946 1951, 1951 8 1951 1958, 1958 1960 1960 1969 1969 1972 1972 1975 1975 1981 1981 1983 1983 1985 1985 1987 1987 1988 1988 1990, 1990 1992 1992, 1987,,,,, 780 6902 10,, 178
1995, 4678, 1877, 400 26 5, 24, 6 19 1950, 12, 1962, 1982, 690, 15,, 5 1996,, A C4000 4000, 120,,,,,,, 6 20 1895,,,,,,,,, 179
, 6 5, ( ),,,,,, 1972,,,,,, 106, 1985, 32,,, 1990, 18 1, 15 6, 83, 27000 1997, 1997 1999, 9 955, 6 21 1951, 1954, 1958, 180
, 1995 5, 60 1972, 1980, 1981 1995 5 1985, 83,,, 1996,, 800, ( INT ERNET ), 6 22 1964,, 1974,,, 195,, 1984, 1965, 20 1997,, A B 181
, A 97, 98 ; B 98, 97 1997, 3994 6 18, 1 97 1998,,, 206, 20% 1990, 1992 7, 1996 3, II, 4,, 611, 1853, 6 23 1956,,,, 1978,, 1998, 229, 6 15, 200 8 182 4
200, : 200, 6 24 1954, 219 1956, 7 1 1992, 40 :, 6 27, :, 6 25 1936, ( ) 341,, 1933 3,, 4 1982, < >, 1985, 78,,,, 27, 334,,,, 1988, 4 b 183
, 6000 50, 1150 80, 1992, 190 15,, 7 13, 13 1993,, C3 B,, 5000,, 7 1 10,,,, 1996, 24 20,, 1997, 184
6 26 1898,, 11250, 5, 9, 30,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1956, 1973,,, 1955, 684,,,,, 60,, 1964 1974, 1977 95% 12,, 1983 185
1976, ( 1976 12 ), 1978 1984, : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6.,, 1992, 1993, 24 32, 1/ 3, 3, 1280 1996, 1993, 1 65,,, 100, 20,, 2000, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 26, 145 186
515 1150 6 27 1949, ( ),, 884, 13 1983,, 532, 3 31 7 3 1 144,, 1991, 1987 7 1 4,,,, B V, 5000, 1400, 500, 4700, 20%, 2000, 187
1993, 8 3,, 6 28 1985, 2,,,,, 2 16,,,,,, 25%,, 1 25% 1993,, 1993 6, 8 5, 5 6, 17 2% 1997,, 4 1941 1996 1999, 9 15, 1100 2100, 6 29 1956,, 188
1963,, 7 1, 1976, 1984, 36 :, ; ; ; ;,, 10 1987, 10 45, 184,, 10, 12 5, 5, 10, 3, 62 274, 2125, 5 373, 1376, 10 5 12 1, 54 7%, 10,,,, 1991, 12 60kg / m,, 189
1993,,, 6 30 1891,,,, ( ) 1896 12,,, ( ), 1897 6,,, 1912,,,,,,,,,, 1/ 3, 6, 3, 1952, 1954, 1950 3 1956,, 1954 11, 3 53, 1959,, 1960 10 27, 190 1957 9
1962,,,, 1180, 1958 10, 5 8, 1981, 5698 3, 1960 5, 1962, 1972 6, 1986, 86 1991, B22 80 1995, 7 1000 C62B 14 8 14 65 14 79 ; 800 C6 4 17 95 ; 200 G60 13 9 7 6 1894 6,,, 1893 6 50,,,, ( ), 18,,, 10 191
1916 6,, 224 2, 1906 8, 1918 6, 1928 6, 1936 6,, 1096 1901,, 30,,, 1941 6, ( ) ( ) 1940 8, 67 6 1944 6, ( ), 44 5 1945 6,, 1943, 1945 6, 42 14 1955 6,,,,, ;, ;,, ;,,,, 60 1957 6,,,, 1965 6, 192
,, 117 1961, 1 1 1966 6, 6, 7 150, 6, 9 30, C1 6 1958 10 18, 1962 1, 1967 6, 100 1960 1 60, 1971 6, ( ),,, 332, 1935 261 1946 1958 5, 3, 1970 9, 1971 11 1972 6,,,,,, 158, 1970 3, 1973 4,, 1977 4 1 1978 6,, 40,,, 193
1995 6,,, 52 45 44 4 12, 7600 1996 6, 26 1998 6, 66, 164 7 31, 60, 12 7 1 1931,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 194
, 1934, 1 20,,, ; 21 40,,, ; 41 70,,, ; 101 200, ; 301 400, ; 401 500, 1937, ( - ) 580,,,,, 1933,, 4, 1949, ( ),,,, 53 7 9,,,,,, 195
,, 50, 1949 2 27 156 40 3 24,,, 5 17,, 5 1, 6 30, 7 1, 1951,, 1953, 9, 20 1955,, 317 1954 9, 1956,, 1954 4 278 4 1956,,,,, 1957, 196
1958, ( 1953 8 6, ),,,,,,,,,, 12 8 15, 1970,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1091,,,,,, 1958 7,, 1964 9,,, 30, 197
, 1969, 1970 7 1, ( ), 41 6%, 122, 41,, 1000, 6, 1974,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 162 1970 4,, 1980 12 21 1975,, 1958 6, 1961 8 1968 12, 670 1979,,, 1974 7, 198
, 1979,, 60, 350, 5 7 35,,, 1984, 1983,,,,, 1984 6, 35 46 150,,, 30%, 220, 50, 40,, 1973, 1985,,, 199
, 21 1986,,,,,, :,,, 1 1 1987, :,,, ;,, :,,,, ;,,,, 200
,,,,, 1982,,,,,,,,,, 1993, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 59 6, 45, ( ), 27 1995,,, 51660 1989 9 25, 1992 7 1,, 347, 20, 1050, 4 ; 1700, 6 1996, ( - ) 140, 201
7 2 1953, 1958, 4 ( 1/ 6) 2,, 8 18,, 1984, 1986 7 8,, 1985, 23/ 24 23 1997, 7 3 1905, ( ) ( G Jamieson) 1901, ( ), 1902 7 20, 1905 1, (, ), ( ), (, ) 5,, 30, 145, 61 4,,,,,,,, 2, 202
,,, 10, 5, 1906 8, 1, 43,, 2 1990,, 26 1991, 4 C,, 80 1995, ISO9000, 7 4 1949, ( ) 12 1950, 1961,, 1990, 60 7 5 1943,, 203
, 76 64, 1942 3 20 1945 1976, 8, 1986,, 30,, 1976 7 28,,,, 1977, 1979,, 7, 184825000, 131000 32, 22, 1287,, 1998, 7 6 1981, 1984,, 10 1991, B6 B19, 204
4000 1992, 1992 7 1, 17 79 121 7 7 1937,,,,, 27 432 953, 5 429 255,,, 12000, 92 1% ;,,, 8400 ( 18, 900 ) 1958,,, 1000 1978,,, 1979, 1995, : 205
, 7 8 216 1949,,, 1985,, 1996,,,,,,,, 7 9 1981, 442 2 1 1, 79, 147, 15 7 24 1984, 1983, 7 17 1986, 8K 1985 3, 206
150 8K 8K, 6400, 100,, 150 1987 11, 1991,, 6, 18,, 1996,,, W indows95 38,,, 50, 100 7 10 1935,, 1933 207
, ; 10 10 30, ; 1934 5 20 6,,,,,,,,,,,, 1949,,, 1984, 5, 1986,,,, 400 433 454 6 4, 1993, ( ), ;, ;, ; ;, 208
1995,,,,, 7 11 1929, 1896,,,,, 1917,, 1919 7,,, 1922 8,,, 1924 5,, :,,, ;, 5,, 1927 1929 5,,,,,,,, 59 1929 7 13,,, 3,, 18 10,,, 1929 12,,, ; 1930 10, 1931 209
4 3,,,,,, 1935 2,,, 1 4,,, 1992, 29,,, 119 40, 7 7 13,, 157 50, 9,, 1600, 7 12 1956,,,,, 1952 7,, 17%,, 1958 1976, 1976 7,,,,,, 62,,, 12 80 1982, 210
1983, 113, 1403 53, 2 11, 1984,, 1983,, 1995, < ( ) > : :,,,, 7 13 1904, 1898 3 6,, 99, 15, 1899 9,,, ( ) ( ), 394 1, 39 2, 7 2 2559,,, 211
,,, 13,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1983, 473,, 13 5, 2 4, 3523, 8 7 20 1991,, 90%, 1 1994, 92, 1993, 18 2100, 1995,, : ;, ; 212
7 14 1903, 1896 6 3,, 1898 3 27,, 25, 1897 8,, 1901 10,,, 1481 2 1898 6,, 1901 7, ( ) ( ), 944 3 9,, 50 8 ;, 21 4 ;, 52 9 1 524, 33 24,,,,,, 1040,, 15,,, 1929,,, 1976, 1860 5,, 5 8, 6 4 5, 69,, 213
, 1982, 502 577, 13 7 26 1995,, 3300 :, 1998, ( ) ( ), 7 15 1954,, 1955,, 11 1,, 106, 1952 9, 1961,,,, 1964,,,, 1986,,,, 120, 214
10000 ( ),,, 17,,,, 15 000 000, 1995,,, 25, 1991,,, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, 1992, : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6.,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ) ( ),, 280 20, ( ), 215
,, 65 200 1996, 28, 16 1000 35,, 1997 1 23 845, 29, 58, 203 27,,,,, 14, 489 19 1991, 1995 5 31 1995 6 1 1996 7 13 15,, :,, 1996 7 16, 30 4 7 16 1951, 28 ( ), 1961, 216
,,,, 42, 5, 57 1979, < > : ;, 1981, 1982,,,,,,,,,,, 1984, 20 3,, 1991,,, 217
,,, 1993, B23 60, 80 1995,,, 943, 52 5% 47 5% 1985, 1990, 1994 350 700 1700 7 17 1958, 11,, 8 2, 1978,, 18,,, 20,,, 28, 1984, : ; ;, 7 23 1990,,, 635 6, 218
1980 7,,, 1982 1984,, 1050, 2000, 20 47, 690, 1000 1991, 4 22,,, 10, 8 YW ZZB 1, 7 1992, : 1, ; 2, ; 3, ; 4,, ; 5, ; 6, 1996,, 7 18 7 18 1955,, 219
, 1958,, 1990,, ST C,,, 5% 10% 1991, GK 1C,,, 80,, 340 400, 1995,, 2 6,, 7 19 1895,,,,,,,,,,, 220
,,,,, 1952, 1984,, 1985 9 1, 1990,, 1994, SS3B, SS3B SS3,,,,, ;,, ;,,, 19,, 96,,,,,, 221
,, :,, ; ; ), (,, :,,, 1995,,,, 1996,,,,,,,, 12 57 70 7 20 1928,,, ; 1952, 8 1949 222
,, 45, 100,, 1952 5 15, 1964, 7,, 7 20, 34 1984,, 948 4, 29, 42 85, 1983 3, 1 4 1991,, 1993, 1995,,,, 12,, 480, 213,, 1991 5, 1992 7 1995 12 28, 1996, 7 223
20, 7 21, 8 7 21 1932,,, ;, ;,,,,,, ;,,, ; ;,, ;, ; 30,, ;, :,,,, 1951, ( ) 8 2, 6 1973, 664 7, 130 224
1983,, :, ;,, 30, 10 80 1984,,,,,,,,,, 1978 1 5 6,,,,,,,, 334,, 1800, 3000 1961 1, 15 7, 1978 10, 1988,, 60 6, 1920 PCM 225
,,,,,,, 7 22 1959, 15, 4,, 3, 7 12,, 9 7, 1974, 1270,, 7, 1084, 7 1981, ;, 1980 11 7, :,, ; ; ;, ; 1989,, 7 15, 7 18 226
, :,,, 7 25 1991, 6 13 17, 384,,, ; ; ;, 6 15, 8 7,, 7 23 1953,, 1950 6 25,,, 15 1976,,,,,, 1958,,,, 227
1988,,,,,,,, 1985,,, 38, 7,,, 1987 10 1988 1 28, 36 7, 1 2 70%, 81%, 1992,, 7 24 1937,, 1936 12,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 228
,, 1938 6 1, 6 23 1939 8 1,, 1940 9 1, 1943 2 1, 1944,,, 1952, 1974, 1991, B22 2, B2 2 7 25 1946,,,, 8 15,, 1948 9 24,,,, 1949 5 14, 1949, :,,, :, 5 ;, 6 229
1980, :,,,, 1982,,,,, 8 31, 9 5 1985, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 80, 1984 9,,,, 230
1991, 96, 700 96, 94%, 32 5 1994, 500, 53,,,,,, 40, 82, 5000, 7000, 16912,,,,,,,, 1994 500 7 26 1951,, 1952,, 2102, 1995, 231
,,,,, 1997, 251 5,,, 135, 930, 96, 1/ 5 1994 10, 30,, 45% 30% 25% 1998 6 11, 7 27 1949, 5300 7 31 1982, ( ) ( ) 3447 5 1984,,, 2000, 25, 25,,, :, ;, 1995, :,, 232
7 28 1976, 7 8, 11,,, 7 30,, 8 7,, 3 2900, 1996,, 4 1997, I,, 252 6, 252 8, 1989, 1997 3 31 1999, ( ) ( ), 13 2000,,, 180,,,, 233
,, 7 29 1978,, 1979, 160, 8 1996, 10 240 40 7 31 1999,,, 16 243,,, 7 30 1937, : 300, 5, 30 ; 100 ; 200,, 8 18, 384 ( ) ( 120 ),, 234
,, 1963, :, 1964,, ;, ;,,,,, 1981,, 1984,, 864 7, 181, 1975 ; 683 7 ( 30 ), 1979,, 1984 5 1, 1984 7 30,,,,,,,, 1988,, 105,,, 22%, 47, 24, 14,,, 1986 8, 235
, 55, 1991, 25,, 1991, 9,, 1996, 1200 7 31 1951, 8, 1962,,, 4008 1983,,,,, 8 26,, 1989, 355, 1980 1 8,, ( ) 1988 6 16, ( 236
) 1988 7 30 1989 7 31 ( ), 2 5 3 1991,,,, 1990, 5 50 160, 2 5, 80 1993,,, 2918 5, 1822 4, 53 96 6, ( 3675 ) 100%, 96 4% 1994,, ( ) ( ),, 334,, 1991 12,,,, 7 1905 7, 237
, 1906 12,,,, 34, 6, 1912 6, 1927 7,, 220 1,, 6, 1925 5, 1927 7,,, 4,,, 10,, 1936 7, ( ) 1932,,,, 1935 2, 74, 280,, 1940 7, ( ) 52 4, 1938 5 7, ( ), 41 57, 1939 6 1951 7,, 1952 7,, 1953 11 1958 7, ( ), 1959 4, 238
, 1961 7, 1956 3 234 1962 7, 16 26 5 1979 7, ( ) 37,,, 1922 1979 5,,, 7 6,,, 12,, 1994 7,, 1947, 1949,, 1950,,,,,,,,,,, 1993,, 1952 1957 1961,,, 1988,, 239
1983,,,,, 1995 7, ( R SMIS), 1100,, 11, 10 1996 7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 240
8 1 1936,, 1100, 1949,,,, 1949 8 1,, 1958 8 29, 1959 6 1, 3 ( 1961 3 1, 2,, ) 1963 2 7, 4 1, 1965 6, 1984 10 1, 8000 1951, 1971 2, 1975 4 1, 1980 3,, : 1958,,, 990 1954 10 1955 10 1958 7 30 10, 1961,, 241
1966,,,, 1958,,,, 1975, 1979 10 1,,,, ( ) ( ) 1973 1, 1978,,, 1984,, 20%, 37%, 45%, 3,,,,, 3000, 2500, 1 1992, ( ) ( ) 60 5000,,,,, 242
1993, 20, 1994,,,,,,,, 1996, V,, 530 18, 12, 115 69, 288 V, ; 80 30 V,,, 100%, 96% 1997,, 48 35 40, 8 2 1898, 1,,,,, 2, ( ) 1901 7,, 1902 1, 243
1903 9, 1957,, 1965,,, 1968, 1995, 8 8 8 3 1987, 60,, 350, 11 95, 4 114, 5 37, 2 057,,,, 290, 61 168, 640,,,, 30, 5,, 7 20,, 7,, 141, 700, 500, 1260 1989, 43, ( ) 8 15, 5 31 244
8 4 1937, : 400,, 5, 30 1913,,,,, 736, 1954,, 191 289, 32 1960, ( ), 75 108 ; ( ) 5, 73 ; ( ), 14 1987, GE 75 2A F GTA 24A 3 GY 27,, GE, 1983,,, 4, 1987 10 31, 10 3, 1987 6,, 7 26 GE, 245
80, 1995, 400 :, 8 5 1898,,,, ( ),, 102 1908,,,, 1903,, 100,, 1876,,, 1 6, 0 762, 1946,, 2450, 40, 50,, 22, H 20 ; 1977,, 4, 4, 10 1984,,, 1988, 246
14,,, 397, 4 58 56, 1992, 64 5142, 9 8 6 8, 10 10 5000, 1500, 8 6 1984,, 1981, 20, 4,,,,, 1984,, : 15, 13, ;, 8 7 1941,, 1939 3 ( 85 97 247
),,, 1941 8 7 1944, 1946, 8 51, 1951,, 1958, 8, 3 2 47 28 13 1983,, 1989, ND5,,,,, 8 8 1945, 9,,, ( 302 9 ) ( 284 ) ( ) ( 203 ) 248
( 307 ),, 1500,,,, 150, 1949,,,, 6 21,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 8 14,,, 14, 28 1975, 120 40, 18, 46 1982,,,, 1989, 1978 3, 70, 249
6,, 30 1993, ( ) ( ), 12, 3958 1996, 25/ 26 ( ),,,,,,, :,,,, ( ) ;,, ;, ( ) ;,,, ;, ;, ;, 2400, 200, 28, 1984, :, ;,,, 1998,, 11695, 34 9,,, 695 250
90 2406, 3 16 8 500, 86 ( ),,,, 8 9 1945,, 10 11,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 1982,, 1985, 1 2 75, 43 50, 1982 60, 1984 1654 251
1990, 160, 160,,,,,,, 1996,, 1996 2 19,, 4, 6400 1997, 1300, 18, 48 8 10 1967, 8 15 ;, ; 1984,,,, ;, 1996, 252
4 5, 1118 66, 18 5, 121, 187 5 900 290, 1999,,,,,, ;, 2000, 17,, 678 55, 15, 110, 8 11 1947, ( ),, 11, 120, 20 1960,,, 9 1979, 10 253
30 1984,,, : ; 8 12 1949, 10 1953 1 1, 2 1950, 1976, 1998, 13,,,,, 8 13 1937,,, 264, 13 14 91 33 14 30 10 13 14 22,,, 254
,, 1346, 50, 5,, 1973,, 1970 701,, 1976 1983, 4,, 947, 1984,,, :,,,, 1984 7 1, 1984, 8 14 1945,,,, 4 : ( ),, 30,,, 255
, 5, ;, 3,, 1, 1, 1, 1,,,, 9 9,, 7 12,, ; 22,, 27,,, 9 22 11,,,, 12 30, ( 1 435 ) ( 1 524 ),,, 1951, 419 40 1980, 17 11 22 8 1990,, 11, 256
,,,, :, ;,,, 1992,, 1998,,,,,,, 100, 162 8 8 15 1945,,, 11,,,,,,, ;,,, ;, ;, 3888 1, 280 257
1961, 91,,,,, 1956, 1958 6, 1960 6, 1981, 21/ 22 1984,,, 42 5, 948 4 1991, 80, 1992,, 1992 20,, 9 5%,, 1994, B15B 80 B6, B15B,,,, 1995,, 258
,,,,, 33,, 5 ; 8, 8 ; 50, 50 8 16 1948, 5, 1951,, 1957,,,,,,,, 14 1962,, ;,,, ;, 1984, 1980 1 1986 3 27, 1990, 259
, 460, 1985 5 1,, 9 12 30,,, 1999,,,, 404 64,, 100, 160 150, 8 17 2003 8 1932,,,, 3 1,,, 9 15,, 1949, 42,, 1959,,,,, 260
1984,,,, 15%,, ; 25%, 650, 81000, 673 1987,,,,,,,, 8 18 1949, 5751 105,,,, 1966,, 20 50,,,, 1976, 2500 261
,, 11 1975 8,, 24,, 16, 1984, 4,,,, 5000 1994,, 116 07,,,,,,,,,, 8 19 1935, 191,, 10, 1935,, 53 262
, 20 1963,,,, 1983,,, 1349,,, 1985, 84, 54, 20 9 32, 24 8,,,,,,,,, 1991, 118, 2021,,, 1992, 1994,,, 263
,, 1995, 8 :, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, 1996, 1991 5,, 13 1993 5 8 20 1933,,,,,, 3, 3, 1940,,,, 1940 8 20 12 5, 100,, 2993, 474, 1502, 260,,, 1958,, : 264
, ;,,,,, 1961,, 1978, 1979, 3000 20,,, 3000, 8 21 1956,, 1956 1967, 1956 1967 14 8 29 1979, 1971,,, 1600,,,, 6 4 28, 5, 4000 12,, 37, 3000 34 1991, 265
453 206 8 22 1953,, : 6, 1967,,,,,, 1974,, 1974 7,,, 53%,,,,, 1975, 25 1973 4000,,,, V 20 000, 23 217,, 266
50, 4, 13 1980,,,, 1988,, 296, 35 34, 24 49,,, ( ) ( ) 12 15 17 1996, 217, 1 3825 ( 11 7 ) 22,, 25 8 23 1949, 4, 1958, 1949 8 31,, 1958 8 1961 3, 1978 3 23 267
1965, ( ),,,,,, 1982,,,,,,,,, 1984, 8 30,, 10 100%, 82 4% ; ;,, 1985, FT 4,,,,,,, FT 4 268
,, 1983 4,, 500, 20,,,, 1995,, 20, 192 3 1997,, 3761, 80%,,,,,, 8 24 1950, 8 26 1971,, 6190, 70 1983, 1982 64 1982, 1990,,, ; ; ;,, 269
1998, :,,, ; ;, ; ;, 17 12, 8 25 6 4 1927,,, 443 78 1936, 1932,, 4 3, 6%,,, 1983, 8 30 1984, 1958 8, 1961, 1971 12, 1984 5 1987, 1987 85, 83%, 9%, 8%, 28 8 6,, 50%,, 18 20,,,,, 270
, 1989, 25 5 25 5, 80 1987, 1988 20, 3 900, 3 5 30 C,, 22 C, 2, 6,, 100 1 ( 12 ),, 15 25, 1/ 3,,,, 75/ 76, 1995,, ; ; ; 8 26 1954, 96 1983, 8 22, 1983 700 271
, 3200, 1992,, 20,,,, 1996, SDH,, 383,,, 11 1993, ( ), 1997,,,,,, 8 27 1929,, : ; 6 272
1950, 46,, 9 16, 1951, 9 1957,, 9, 1984, 94 9 1 12, 5 8,, 22, ;,, 12 18 12 1988, 9, 23 34 27 7, 25 60%,, ;, 273
,,,, 8460, 1985 1, 3000, 49%,, 1994, 6 1987 2 9, 12, ; 1990 4,, 200 ; 1991 1994,, 600 ; 1993 10,,,, 200,, 165, 45 1997, 307, 110, 38, 2, 1200,,, 274
,, 8 28 1955, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1984, 1984 6 14, 365,, 7 19, 400,,, 9 7, 1988,, 20,,,, 1991,, 1991, 700 275
28 28,,,, 1992, 10,, OK,, 1998,,,, 8 29 1905,, 1898 4 1900 7,,, 4000,, 5, 9, 50,, 5,,, 276
,,,, 1905, 23 8, 10,,,, 1905 8 29,, 675 300,,, 375, 11,,,,,,,, 1905 8,, 1906 9, ( ), 1911 8,, 106,, 1906 8,, 1909 8,, 1911 1, 50 7,, 1907,, 1910 1, 4,,,,,,,,, 1938,,,, 277
, 1938 8 11 27,,,,,,,, 8 14,,, 15, 29, 200 1950, 1958, ( ), ;, ( ),,,,, 1974,,, 1977,, 4 1986 1983,, 22 1985, JD J JD J,,,,, 1991, 278
1946 45, 1977 1977 4,, 4B 1992, 12 1991 4,,, ASME CIMA, 1995,,,,,,, ( ), 4819, 8 30 8 30 1979, 9 8, 1984,, 1974 4, 1981 10 20, 1984 8 7 279
,, 10,,, 100%, 82 4% ; ;,,,, 1983,, 1984 8 3,, 1989,, 25 5 1985 3,,,,,, 400,, 10, 1970, 60% 1990,, 1990 6 17,,,, 1984,,, 1987,,, 10,,, 280
1991, 210 98, 1 88, 15 1993, 93 4,, 314, 1994,,,,, 4, 800 9 1,,,, 26, 27, ( ) 1993 5,, 11 5800,, 281
1995,,,, 609 ; 99 1998, 139, 182,, 45,,, 8 31 1949,,,,,,,, 1970, 1978,, 9 12,,,,, 9 29,, 1984, D 35 30, 4000, 500 282
,, D3 5, 48, 280,,,, 1984,, 13 15, 35,, 1984 8, 13000, 3, 35% 5%,,, 109 3% ; 15, 3, 1991, 1946 10 31 45, 455, 36 45, 1977 4B, 1886, 1996, 42, 6, 99 99% 0001 1, 283
12, 29 0001 5 1, 3900,, 42 27 75 1998, 540 5, 23 1161, 542 1,,,, 8 1886 8,,,,,,,,, 1887 4, 1896, 1905 8,,, 1909 2,, 7 5,, 35, 1913 1906 8, ( ),,, 1910 8, ( ),,,,,, 284
1912 8, ( ), 1913 8, ( ) ( ), 104 4, 1906 5,, 1909,, 1913 8 36,, 1917, 1920 2, 28 6 1939 1916 8,,, ;, ; 1919 8,, 10,,, 10 1952 8,, 3 1 1955 8,,,,, 7 285
1956 8,, :,,, ;, ;,, ;, 8, ( ),, 11, 25 1960 8, 1958 6, 1069 9, 1963 8,, 430, 700, 8 3, 8 6, 8 26, 8 15, 8 31, 9 7, 9 23 1969 8, 1970 7, 9 1, ( ), 30 1972 8,,,, 680, 286
, 1958 7,, 1964 1 1974,,,, 8, 60, 30, 1979 8, 381 2, 20 80, 1976 6 1987 8,, 4,, 1983,,,,,,,,, 9 1 1933,,, 190,,,,, 1932 5,, 8,, 16 11 90, 9 27 287
; 9 30, 12 20 1934,, 3, 271 1932 6, 2,, 1936,, 82 5 1935 3, ( ) 1948, ( 1949 3 9, 12, 26 ) 1958 8 2 1983 10 1, 1951,, 1955, :, 1961 11, 1969 12, 1975 1958, 1984 10 1,, 8 3,,, 288
,, 1963 9 1,,,, 1966 8 1, 1970 12 21,,,,, 2038 1963,,,,,, ;,, 1961, 11, 28 17 ; 1960 75% 1980,,, 1981, 96, 398, 500 1977 11 1984, 1984 5,,,,,,, 289
, ( ) ( ) 1992, 1982,,,,, 13/ 14 21/ 22 15/ 16 47/ 48 37/ 38 41/ 42 57/ 58 7 50% 1992 7 25 1994, 9 16, 1987 9 27, 236, 1990 8 16 1992 9 16 1995 9 14,, 1622,, 1996,, :, 15 ; :, 20 ; :, 50 ; :, 100,, 98,, 2553 1992 11, 1995 11 16,, 290
,,, : ( ), ;,, ;,,, 105 105, ; 106,, 9 28 43, 32 36 1997 18 5 1997 1997, 240, 3 18, 9 1, 8 29, 8 30 615 291
9 2 1935,,,,, ;, 1952,, 1960,, 10, ( ) ( ), 1966,, ; ;, 9 21,,,, ;, ;, 1989, 3 160V 24 0ZDA,,, 292
15,, 10, ; 45,,, 1986 6 3 9 3 1948, 7 7,, 100 7 1950, 24 1958,,, 6 2700 3200 10 3600,,, 1961 6 3200, 1963 3000,,, 1969, 20, 275,, 10 2 1975,,, 1984, 30 30, 4455, 21 293
9 4 1950,,, 1958,, 1991,, 1992, 1932 2,, 1950 4, 1946 4,,, 1946 1950,,,, 1950 1958, 1958 1975, 1975 1978, 1983 1990 1992 1994, 1994 1997 1997 1998 ( ),, 1998 1993,,,, 294
1995, 16,, 9 5 1905,,,,, ( ),,, ( 500,, ), 1954,, 4 5, 3 8 1967,,,,, 1860 5 1968 5, ; 1970,,, 1958 12 28, 1961, 1963 11 1, 1965 295
, 1975, 6,,, 9 20,, 1984, 60, 160,,,, 1989,, 2 4, 112% : 100 60% ; 101 120%,,,,,,, :,, 9 6 1899,,,,,,, 296
1958,, 411 1984, 1985 1992,,, 1994, 8 29,, ;, ; 1995, 6 8,, 1996,,, 1450 4, 475 4 1984 975,,, 9 7 1901, 11,, 12 ( 297
),,,,,, 1963, 3 8,,,, 16,, 1970, 23 23,, 6, 3, 37, 133 1983,,, 1990, 15 32, 1991 5 1 1979, 1982 9 1983,, 1986 1990 2, ( ), 1990 9 7 1994, 4000, 57,,,,,,,, 60, 4000 298
4000, 3486 ; 7186, 5535, 9 8 1941,,,,, 1000, 4 ( ) 1938 6, 22,,, 1941 9 8, 69 56, 1943, 19,, 1946, 11 7, ( ),,, 1998,, 1998 7 5,,, 9 9 1912,,,,,,,,, 299
1912 10 14,, 10 20 1913 7 23, 1922, ( ) ( ) 3000,, 7, 11,, 200,, 28,, 1953,,, 1958,, 1984, 9 10 1909, 11 13,, 1921 3, 1927 7, 1949 7,, (, ) 1950 8 27,, (, ) 9 16, 1952 5 15,, 300
, 1970 6 1,, 1937, ( ) 976, 1929 9, 170, 22, 1932 4 25 163, 1932 11, 1934 1,,, 290 800, 800 1934 7, 1936 1, ( ) ( 259 65 ) 1936 1 5, 1937 9 10 ( 83 ) 1906,,,, 1949, 1964,,,, 30, 1966, 50%, 1968 7 1 1981,, 1910 1926 301
, 1981 4 13, 9 10, 1982,,, 82,, 1978 3 1983,, 1998, ( ) ( ), 185, 260 331, 1 10 25 7 244, 22 6, 721 ( ) ( ), 7 9 11 1984, 35, 90%,,, 2000, 62, 400, 302
,, 39 7 9 12 1909, 1898 10, (, ),, 20,, 1905 8 1906 5, 1906 10, 1907 3, ( 484, 388 ),,,,,,, 1908 3, 150,,,,,,, 1908 11, 1909 5, 9 12,,, 186 2,,, 37, 3 8,, 5 9 ( 1944 ),, 1910 6 8, 303
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1913 6 1914 3, 1964,,,, 10, 10, 18 1, 1958, 1984, 1985, ;,,, 1985, Y Z2 2,,,, 304
1983 8,, 1984 2,, 200, 16, 9 6, 10,, 1990, 11 1300 1/ 46 9 13 1906,, ( ),, ( ) ( ) 1904 8 10, 1905 12 15, 1907 4 1, 303 7, 0 762, 12 5,,,,,,,,, 383 7 1909 1,,, 7 4, 1911,, 927 11,,,,, 305
,,,,,, ( ),,, 1936 10,,,,,,,, 1937 12,, ( ),,, 1945 8, 9, 1973,,,,,,, 1966 7, 1968 10, 11, 1984, 1979,, 9 19 9 14 1922, 13, 18, 306
1983,, 12, 9,,, 1994, : ; ; 6 ( ),,,, 547,,,,,, T VM300, 1996, ; 1984 9,, 214, 52 50 50 9 12 1 8 9 15 1912,, 307
10 20,, 1949,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 1951, 9 25 1959, 10 46700, 4 1, 10, 13 14 1960,, 700, 5, 2 2, 14 1700, 7000 40, 3 1972, 2223 284 414, 6, 21 308
1983,,,,, 30 3600, 42,, 1983 9 15,, 27 9 29 1984, 1 1,,,,,, 338, 9 15,,,, 1988,, 309
8 68, 1882 0,, 1990,, 1954 1990 9, 5000,, 1988, 1994,, 1976,, 3 59, 1979 3, 166 43, 61 42,,, 1986, 100, 150 4 1995, 46, 12 ( ) 42,,, 310
9 16 1918,, 365, ( ) ( ),, 1911 8 1953,, 1955 2 21, 1981,,, 1984, 1991, 1993,,, 1994,, 1622, 40, 1995, 4 39, 273 1996,,,,,,, 311
,,, 9 18,, 9 21,,,,,,,, 1998,, 638, 62 4,,,, 9 17 1940,,, 24, 177, 1943 7 31,,,, 1960, 1984,,, 312
, 1983, 40, 2000 1997, 1200, 9 18 1931,,,,,,,,, 1937, 1956, 1 5 1 ( ),, 41%, 74%, 42 2%, 28 5%, 9 33% ( 7 25% ) 11 6 1956 1961, 1964, 1959, 1973, 2 1966 6, 10, 1400, 1976 4, 2, 5, 1975, 313
1983, 40,,,,,, 1996,, 3,,,, 9 19 1989,,,, 1 35, C61 117 3, I, 1 5,,,,,,, 1992 9 10,, 120, 10 180, 1524 6, 14 15 314
1992,,,, 1994,,,,,,, 85%,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 1995, 50,,,,,, 9 20 1951, 9 29 1954,, : 315
1955,, 1969, ( ), BJ- 2 (,, ) 1970 3,,, 1984 1988 1984,,, 24, 30,, 6, 24, 6 ; 24,,,,,,, 1989,, 1987 6, 1080,,,, 316
, 1995, :,, 1996, ISO9001 ISO 9001 ( 94 ), 1993, 9 21 1949,, 1969,, 5511 9 62, 1977,, 71 9 1981, 9 29 1990, 5,, 160 / 1992, 317
,, 1992 12 1 1995,, 9 22 1955,, 1958, 441 1959,,, 188, 1958 5, 1960 2, : 1984, 5 1907 1958 8 1987,, 10% 25%,,, 1984, 2, 1990, 11 34 6, 3, 24, 1 318
9 23 1949, :,,, 9 25,, 1958,,,,, 10 6, 1971, 1965 11, 1742 3, 1744 8 9 24 1977,, 1983, 1985, ( ) ( ), 50 8, 18 4, 69 2, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 214, 319
19,, 1983 10, 1987,,, SU S304, 30,,, 1991, 1993,,, 1996, CMIS, CMIS T MIS, T B2435-93, 6 7 CMIS T MIS, X 25, 138 23 13 ( ) 1995 5, 13 ( ) CIMS 320
, 9 24 25 : 40 ;, : ( ) (, ) 4,,, 9 18,,, 12 31 120, 9 27, 9 29 : 9 25 1958,,, 4000, 90000, 35000 40000, 45000 50000 4200 130000 ; 7800 ), 5 ( 25000, 1959 300 200 40 321
1974,,,,,,, 1983, 1000,, 1985, 4 4C, 300,,,,,, 4 C 4 B 3350 3500, 60 70,, 1986, ( ) ( ), 1973, 1974,,, 1985 5 1 93,,,, 1995, DK 100 322
1996, 5 1,, 5 10, 22635, 11, 30, 1998,, 9 26 1937,,, 1453, 1072, 16, 67, 288, 93 E- 50,, 6 1, 15, 1 52,, 1934 5, 1935 4 6, 500,,,,,,,, 47 8,,, 1937,, 9 26,,,,,,,, 1937 12, 323
,, 23 24,,,,,, 1958,,,,, 1323 ; 1964, 1969, 4 2426,,,, 1974,,, 1975 1323, 4 1984, 5 8 4C, B, 3300 3800, ; 5 4, 1650,,,,, 20, 15 ; 15, 2000 1983 7 1989, 20 80 8K, 8K, 324
,, 6400, 100 1985 5,,, 8K 8K, 100, 8K 525,,, 8K,, 1992, 1995, ( A PPT ' 95) 120, 9 27 1998,,,, 9 27 1950, 325
1989,,,, 8 7 5,, 60,,,, 12 20, 1990,,, 6 6 40% 1991,,,, 9 28, 1938, ( ), 326
( ),,, 1034, 4 ( ) ( ) 361, 1937 9, 4 10,,, 1938 9 28,,, 13, ( ), 174, 69,, 64 5 1948 16, 3005 ( 36, 8, 22 ),,,, 10 2,,, 9 12 10 20, 631 ( 19561 ), 586 830 1954,,, 1958, 52132, 1 8 25000, : ( ), 35000 10 40000 327
10, 28459, 15 22 35521 12, 32000 1979,,, 107, 1977 12, 1980 12, 6,,,,, ; 8 :,,,, 607,,, 1984, 544 4, 10 4894, 19 8 1800 3, 11 2,,,,,,,, 7, 21, 33 7, 280, 12 100, 328 45,
800 1996,,, 1992, 1999, 75, 10,,,,, 9 29 13 5 1931,,,,, 1000, 1982, :, ( ), ;,, 1982,,, ( ) ( ),,, 329
, ( ) ( ),,,,,, 235, 60, 1975 1980, 1980 1982, 1983,, 1984,, 1982 5, 14774, 7000, 3000,,, 1996, 18, 1400, 4664 38 1999,,, 9 30 1961, ( ) ( ) ( 70 ),,, 10, 70, 1962 1, 45 330
, 59 70 1962 1 30, ( ),, 70,,,, 1968, ( ) 26, 1 5, 1966 4 27, 1967,,,, 80, 16MN, 12 29,, 6672 1970, 5400 ( 3969 ) 1976,,,, 27,,,,,, 26% 1969 1, 1972 10, 1973 9,, 1977 6 25,, 1984,, 5500 74% 331
55%, 1985,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1987, 860 52,,,,,,, 1996, 300, 10 30 2000,, 10624,,,, 30 20,,,, 332
9 1901 9, (, ), ( ), ( ) 1908,, 1903 9,,,,,,,,,,, 1906 10,, 1908 9, ( ),, 1907 3, 1908 9,,, 26,,,, 1909 9,, 29, 32,, 1907 4, 1909 9,, 28, 1, 1914, 1, 1918 1935 9,, 1911 9,,,, 333
1899 3, ( J O P Blan d) 1907 3 7, 150, 5, 30,, 94,,,, 3 5 8, 1911 3, 142 8,,, 43,, 360,, 1907 8, 1911 9 35 8,,,,,, 9 6, 0 762 1911 9,, 178 6, 20%, 35%,,, 1913 9, ( ) 1911,,, 9 7,,, 1988 2, 1927 9, ( ), 8,, 251 1925 7,, 334
2000,,, 900, 3000, 90, 110,,, 1928 9,,, 5, 1929 9, 1933 9,,,,,, 1932 5,, 11 1932 9,, 1935,,,,,,,,,,, 1934 9,,,, 1039 6, 15 1932 9,, 11, 1933 11,, 1934 9,,, 350,,, 335
,,,,, 1939 9,,,,,, ( ),, 615, 161, 1939 9, 1940, 1941 2, 227 1, 1941, 1943 5 1944 2, 73 6, 6 4 9, 1944, 11,,, 1948 9,,, 9, 1950 1952 9,, 3662, 167,, 6700 2100 19 1958 9, 9,, 1948 10, 1959 9,, 1961 7 9, 31 7, 336 1961 2
1962 9,, 751, 52 4 5, 7 8,, 1963 9,, 1964, 1968 1964 9,, 1966 9,, 9, 11, 309 7,, 1966 1971 9, 1975 9, ( ), 1957 9,,,, 397 1979 4 1975 9, 6 1970 1977 9,, 337
1979 2,, 7,,, 1982,, 1982 2 1994 9,, 321,,,,, 338
10 1 1927,,, ( ), 102,, 1926 5 1939 10,, 1937, ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ), 131 5, 1935 6, ( 62 8 ) 1936 11 1, 1937 10 1,, ( ), 84 4, 71 84, ( ),,,,, ( ), 337 ( ), 1937 10 1 1942,, 39 5 1945 7 1942,,,, ( ) ( ) 60 6, 1938 8 2, 1940 10 10, 1942 10 1 1947, 339
, 10 8 1949,, ( ) 1952, 348,, 1946 5,, 1950 4 15 1954 8 1956,, 1962 1958, 1893 1903,, 1983,,, 1963 4,,, 1957 1, 1961 1, 1962 3 1961,,, 1962, 1970,,,, 145, 1965 12,, 1971 11 340
, 1972,, 54, 12, 350, 3000 1966, 1970, 1974, 1975 1985 10616, 4919 1979,,,, 1981, 1971,,, 1983, ( ), 1984,,,, 15, 90 20 341
,, 1985, 308,, 1982, 1984,,,,, 3700,, ( ) 12 12,, 20 30, 1,,, 1988, 1888, 100,,,,,,, 1985,, :,,, ( ) ( ) 1988 9 20,, 9 29, 1989, 342
,,,, 173 5,,,,,, 1994, ( T MIS), 12 ( ) 17 6 20 T MIS, 7, 1000, 21 1995,,,, ; ; ; ;,,,,, 10 1,, 3 861 5 861,, 1 1 75 1 8 3 85 343
1 2 0 2 2 3 85 54%,, 50%, 30%,, 10% 1998, 160,, 200,, 55 16 / 10 2 1909,,, 1905,,,, ( 1861 1919 ),, (, ), 1872,,,, 1888, 6, 1902 1903,,,, 600,,,,,, : ( ) 22, 4, 1645, 1091, 344
,,,, 6, ( ),, 33%,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1909 9,,,, 201 2,, 693, 29, 10 2,,,,,,, ( ),, 1911 10,, 125 4,,,,, 1916, 1918,,,,,,,,, 1919 2,,, 345
,,,,, 4 24,, 1936, 1905, 1907,,, 1 86, 218, 20, 1932,,, 1935, 7 8, 240, 1500 1936,,,, 12 1937 1, 2 8 42, 2 1, 1500,,,, 500 1952, 1500, 3, 10 7 1978, 1964 10, 1978 10 2,, 1979 11 14,, 29 346
: ;, ; ; 5 1985 9 28, 1982,,,,, 10 3 1947,, 80%, 80% 160% 10 4 1933, 1982, D 35 450 350 450, 350 1984,, 10 14 10 15, 10 5 1962, 347
,,,, ;, 1977,,,, 149 6 1958 8, 10 10 1978 7 1 1978, 5 22 4501 1982 1, 1984 1984, 1988 8, 31,, ;, 1986,,,,,,, ; ; 1993,, 348
10 6 1933, ( ) 1949, ( ) : ( 1),,,, ; ( 2),,,, ; ( 3),,, 1958,, 110, : ( ) 2-6- 2 ( 2 75 2 0, 10 4 6, 3 2 2 ),,,, 10% 30%, 3000,,, 2, ;,,,, 349
1982, 1983, 324 1983 9,, 10 6, 324 323/ 324, 10 7 1996, 1995, 1996 4 1996, 1 2 2 T Z ZP ( ), 17 1, 10 8 1902, ( ),,, 1901 9,, 1902 4 9,,,, 350
1934,, 1908 ;,,,,, 1961,, 1964 9, 1966 1985,,,,,,, 87 5,, 200 1980,,,, 1991,, 14,,,,,, 70 80 1993, 23,, 351
;, 1995, 4990, 26, 1085 ; 3 2 ; 8, 10 9 1888, 1888, 10 9,,, 120, 3,, ( 1823 1901 ),,,,, 19 70,,, 1876,,,,,, 1881, 1 435 ( ),,,,,,,, 1887 1888,,,,,,,, 352
( ),, 1880,, :,, ;, ;, 1897,, 107 6, 75, 1897,,,,,,,, : 1885,, 1895,,,,, 1896,, 1898,,,,,, 1901, 11, 12 1973,,, 353
, 897, 57,, 1960 840, ( ), 1968, 1968 1969, 1978 6 1,, : 10946, 230 ; 405, 287 ( 3 12 ) ; 716, 113 ( 1685 ), 70 5 ) 400, 44 2%,, 90 36 1979,,,, ;, 1989,, ( ) ( ),,, 171, 3 8, 1000, 2000, 1991, 354
8,, 1995,, 1019 53, 420, 11 9 7 5 1996, 83/ 84 140, 1132, 11 58, 5 10 10 1928,,,, 210 5, 1926 6 1800,, 2400,, 1500,,,,,, 1930,,,, 1918 1920,,,,,,, ;, 1925, 355
,,, 1930,,,, 1930 10,,, 1951,,, 10 16 1984, 290, 216, 27, 146 216 ; 290 10 13,,,, 14 1992, 5000 1993, 2000,, 356
10 11 1950, 1986,,,,, 2, 30,, 30,,,, 1991, 10 12 1955,,,,,,,, 1982, 1984, 9%, 6000 1991, 1910 357
, 13, 98932, 20,,, 628 40 ; 202 ;, 48 1992, 65 1995,, 104,, 10 13 1885,, ( ), ( ),, 1886 5,,,,, 1895 2,, 3,, 358
( ) 1958,,,, 1972, ( ),,, 820,,,, 1937 12 1939 4,, 1953 6, 1962, 1959,, 1970 9, 1975 1 I : 10122 ; 297, 112 6 ; 309, 44 ; 19% ; 870 16, 377, 1996, 1000, 1000, 2100, 47 10 24, 1000 10 14 1923,, 101, 1922 8, 359
1981, 1984, 1956, 1966 1967 18, 10 24 1991,, 160,, 1994,,, 30, 50 10 26, 11 6, 12 6,, 1995,, : 1996, 21,, 360
10 15 1949,,,,,, 10 15 1956, 2, 3 1, 10 10,, 5 10 1957,,, 24,, 1670,, 83 59 1955 9 1,, 1957 10, 15, 11 11 1958,, 1984, 56,, QGH 1 361
, 1995, 1997, 40 10 16 1950,,,,,, 1953,, 1954 9,, 1958,,, 1959 11 15,,, 1976, 92 41, 24 59, 18, 160, 7 1978, ( 1912 1995 ), ( ) 1932 1934,, 1942, 1945, 362
,,, 1949, 1952,,,,,,, 1978 10 16,,, 12 26, 1955, 1981, :,,,, 10, : 1986 1984,, : ; ; ;,,,, 1995, X 3T Eu,,, 50%,,,,, 363
10 17 1949, 4,, 1950, 1950, 10 26,, 1977, 1978 1985, :, 11 4 1986, 4B, A, 1996, 10 10 20 13 ( ) 100, 56 ( ) 1000,,, 10 18 1911,, 1911 10 18,,,,, 364
,,,, 27,,,,, 1927, 18 11 11 1949, 18 8 ( ) 8 8 1950 9, 1952 5,,, 8 1984, 7, 2000 1982 8,,,, 1985,, 2220 2395, 7400, 1994, 36,, 140 365
1958,,,,,, 50%, 2 4, 1995, 1 3, 38439 1993 7 20 10 10 19 1949,, 1989, HBS,, 20 1, 95%, 1992, 100,, 100, :, :, 366