- 2 - ( ) ( ) ( ( ) --- ( ) ( ) )

- 1 -

- 2 - ( ) ( ) ( ( ) --- ( ) ( ) ) 100 1970 1.

1/2mv 2 2. ( ) ( ) 3 4. 5 6 ( ) E=mc 2 E ( ) m ( ) c ( ) - 3 -

( ) 3 1 3 1 1-1 - 4 -

- 5 -

1-1 - 6 -

(Fahrenht) 1715 180 ( ) 32 212 F 1742 (Celsius) 0 100 (Centigrade) C Centigr- ade Celsius 1851 0-273 ( ) ) 273.16K 273K 1 2-7 -

1 ( ) 1 1 ( 14.5 15.5 ) 1 1 1 (B.Th.U) 252 (Therm) 1 100000 l 1 l 1 1 1 0.21 0.09 0.58-8 -

0.50 0.11 0.50 1.00 1.3.1 ( ) K 1 3 1-3 (1) (2) (3) - 9 -

- 10 -

1.3.2 ) ( ) ( ) 1.3.3 ( ) - 11 -

1000 40 (12 ) 170 (51 ) 1 1 4 1.3 4 ( ) l 4-12 -

1 4 1000 (300 ) ( -10 40 C) 0 55 (0 17 ) - 13 -

) --- 1-5 100 C 100 1 =4.546 4 20 C 0.2*10-3 100-14 -

C 0.77*10-3 4 0 0 1.3.5 100 ( ) ( 45 0 760 ) (374 ) ( (LPG) ( ) l 6 1 7-15 -

760 ( Robert Boyle[1627 1691] ) 2 1 2 3 1 3-16 -

( J A C Charles[ 1823] ) 1K 0 1/273 0K 0K 7 567 280K 840K 3 ) 3 ( ) 7 567 3 ( ) ( ) ( Count Amadeo Avogadro di Quaregna [1776 1856] ) ( ) ( ) (0 760 1 ) 2 28 32 44 46 74 154 22 4 78 21-17 -

1 1.2932 (22 4 ) 29 2 ( Thomas Graham[? 1869] ) -- ( -- ( 21 ) ( ) ( ) l--8 1 8 % 2.55-12.8 2.5-80.0-18 -

1.41-7.45 1.25-50.0 12.4-74.2 5.3-31.0 1.71-48.0 3.56-18.0 4.0-75.0 4.3-45.5 5.0-15.0 6.7-36.5 1.4-6.0 1 2-19 -

3 600 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. 1.1-20 -

[Petroleum(Consolidation)Act 1928] 73 F ( ) ( ) 2-1 (1928) F (Factories Act) Cellulose Solutions Regulations 1934) (1928) 90 F 73 F inflammable ( ) flammable ( ) non flamnlable ( ) 73 F ( ) 68 74 F(20 23 3 ) 73 F(22 8 ) ( ) 2.1.2-21 -

1 2 3 ( ) 2 1 3 ( ) 2 2 2 2-22 -

/ 30 120 175 190 240 252 240-290 255-290 275 280-500 290 / 320 330 350-380 392 440 442 460 572 520 645 680 ( ) 1961 Factories Act1961) 1960 (Memor-andum On explosson and gassing risks in the cleaning examining and repair Of stills tanks etc ) - 23 -

( ) 1 ( 2 3 4 ) 1-24 -

2 3 4 5 ( ) ( ) ( ) ) 75 (Lord Ellenborough C.J.) - 25 -

- 26 - ( ) ( ) 66 ( ) ( ) A B

540 740 ( ) ( ) ( ) - 27 -

(DC) (AC) 100 (Volt)-- (Alessandro Volta(1745 1827 ) Ampere -- Andro Marie Ampere 1775 1836 ) (Ohm)-- Georg Simon Ohm 1789 1854 Watt James Watt(1736 1819 ) ( ( ) ( 1 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) 500 1 1 100-28 -

200 100 ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 240 12 100 ( ) ( 100 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 l ) (1000 ) 1 746 20 12 240 100-29 -

P=V* I P V I R ( ) I=V/R V=I*R I *R V P=(I*R)I P=I 2 R P 3 9 ( ) ( ) P=I 2 R( W=I 2 Rt W t 1 1 ( ) ( ) 1 3 6 W R I t (Joule s Law) James Prescott Joule(1818 1889) - 30 -

( ) IEE ( ) ( ) ( ) W=I 2 Rt ( ) (1EE) 5 10 15. 1 ( ) 2-31 -

13 ) ( ) ( ) 13 ( ) 13 (2 3 5 10 13 ) 3 13 13 ( ) - 32 -

- 33 - ( ) ( ) ) ( 60% 40 ) (3870 ) ( ) 2300 5 ( ) (1EE)

- 34 - R=V/I C C=I/V ( ) ( William Siemens [1823 1883] ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) IEE

( ) Pyrotenax ) IEE - 35 -

( ) ( ) ( ) - 36 -

IEE IEE 4607 ( ) ( ) ( ) 115 ) 60 3-37 -

IEE (Buxton) FLP ( ) I - 38 -

( ) ( ) ( ) 90 F(32 ) ( ) ( ) - 39 -

- 40 - ( ß) ( 100 ) ( ) : 1 :(1) ;(2) ;(3) ; (4) ;(5) : 2 ( ) : 1 : (1) (2)

(3) (4) : (5) (6) " " (7) (8) 2 4-1 4-1 - 41 -

- 42-4-1 : ( ) (LIFO) (FIFO) ( ) :

( ) 1 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) - 43 -

100 10 10% 5 5% 200 4-2 4-2 10 2 000 000 200 000 1 800 000 5 2 000 000 100 000 1 900 000 o 2 000 000 0 2 000 000 50 20 60% ( ) 5 10 5 5 : ( ) ( ) - 44 -

( ) (FOB) ( ) ( ) ( ) (Rental Value) 8 10000 =10000+10000*4.564 =55640( ) 4.564 7 1 12% (Leasehold Interest) - 45 -

5 10 40% 4 12 12 3 6 12 1/4 1/2 3 6-46 -

" " " : 1 : (1) (2) 2 3 : 1 2 3 : (1) (2) - 47 -

: (3) 4 : (1) (2) (3) 5 6-48 -

: ; :(1) ;(2) ( ) :(1) ( ) (2) (3) - 49 -

( ) 1 ( ) (1) (2) 2 : ; (1) : - 50 -

45 100 (2) (3) ; 4-51 -

- 52 -

3 20% ; 1 (1)??? (2) (3) - 53 -

2 (1) (2) (3) 3 (1) - 54 -

(2) 4 ( ) - 55 -

5 ; 6-56 -

( 21 ) 1. (1) (2) 3) (4) ) - 57 -

(5) 2 (1) (2) 3) ( ) ( ) A ( ) B C B C - 58 -

( ) B C (CTC) (CBM) (MB) (BCF) (BTM) B C - 59 -

B ( ) 1000 ( 2 0.6 ) - 60 -

( ) 1 100 (0 7 ) 100 (0.45 ) 49 (4 4 ) 2 2 (50 ) 7/4 (44 ) 1 20 (6 ) 5 23 1/4 6.3 1 120 36 75 (23 ) 2 (9 ) 10 (5.7 ) - 61 -

250 (210 ) 2 (9 ) 4 (18 ) 250 (210 ) 250 3 2 9 ) 6 2 (9 ) 3 (14 ) 250 (210 ) 2 (9 ) 4 (18 ) ( 6 1) 6 1 1 2 3 1 2 20 (9 ) ( ) 2 10 (4.5 ) 3. 7 (3.2 ) 4 2 (9 ) 5 1 (4 5 ) 3 (1.4 ) 1 (1.1 ) 1 ( ) - 62 -

29 1969 7 1 28 4-63 -

( ) ( ) ( ) I (1) ( ) (2) ( ) ( ) 2000 ( ) 200 { 1 (2) (3) ( ) (1) - 64 -

(2) 20 (900 ) (3) (4) 7 23 ( ) (1) (2) ( ) (3) (4) (5) ( ) 6 < ) (7) (8) - 65 -

( ) (9) ( ) 70 100 130 (9.3 12 1 ) - 66 -

(1) ( ) 2) ( ) (3) (1) (4) (5) I ( 1 ) (6) ( ) (7) Mulsifyre Oilfyre 50 (0 34 ) - 67 -

- 68 - ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 72 ) ( ) ( ) ( )

- 69 - ( 5839 1 ) ( 65 ) 30 40 65 (18 ) 30 F 60

( ) ( ) ( ) 5 A B C A (1) 5-70 -

(2) B 10 ( 5 ) C (1) 10 (2) 600 (550 ) ( ) (1) - 71 -

(2) (3) (4) {5) ( ) : 1 2 3 ( ) ( ) - 72 -

( ) 1 2 : ; - 73 -

; ( ) ( ) ( ) - 74 -

800 30 20 NOAA 73 300 3000~4000 2004 8892 1829 770 1998 2001 500 1 2.044 7.471 5 27760-75 -

20% 1 3 l l 1.5 0.5% 8 GB50057-94 GB50057-94 - 76 -

1/2 (1.27 ) 3/4 *l 8 1.91 X 0 32 ) 1 2 1.27 ) 8 (2 44 ) (storm) (storm and tempest) 16 12 30 24 50 28.3 / 11 8 17.2 / - 77 -

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) - 78 -

- 79 -

- 80 - ( ) ( ) : 1. ; 70 ( ) 1/3 1994 1600 ;1995 2200 ;1998 2484 4-3 2. 1998 1954 1998 1954 1 ( 10 50-100 150 ) " " ; 50 0.1 ; 1.5 1 2 1-2.2 1659 43% 4-3

( ) ( (%) ( ) (%) ) 1954 240.00 200. 00 83.3 40.00 16.7 1960 2.33 1.38 59.0 0.95 41.0 1963 59.30 47.90 80.8 11.40 19.2 1991 84.25 37.41 44.0 46.84 56.0 ( ) ( ) : : : 1. 1980 " 1954 " 1998 2. - 81 -

; 3. 4. 5. : " " " " 6. ( ) : ( ) - 82 -

- 83 - : 1 1000 1000 3 3 5 (1.3 ) (3.5 ) (5.7 ) (7 ) 8.9 ( 1960 5 22 ) 8.9 ( 1920 1950 1968 ) 2 ; ( ) VI VI 4-4 4-4 [1980 )

- 84 - --- -- -- -- --- ( ) : 1 :

2000 2 : -- ( ) 3 : ( ) : 1 2 3 4 5 2 3-85 -

1679 1730 ( ) " " (1) (2) (3) (4) ( ) : 1 (1) - 86 -

(2) (3) 2 " " " " " 3 4 ( ) : 1-87 -

2 3 :(1) (2) ( ) ; 4-1 " " 1-88 -

4-1 2. ( ) : " : 1 (2) (3) (4) - 89 -

:(1) (2) (3) : ( ) 1 (1) (2) - 90 -

(3) : : (a) (b) (C) (d) (4) 2-91 -

: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ( ) 1 : (1) (2) - 92 -

- 93 -

2000 1-94 -

- 95 -

- 96 -

- 97 -

- 98 -

- 99 -

- 100 -

1. 2. 3. - 101 -

- 102 -

- 103 -

- 104 -

1-105 -

4 1-106 -

-- 1200 1600.1 1 1000 1400 600 500 3-107 -

. 1-108 -

1 1-109 -

1-110 -

2-111 -

4 c C - 112 -

- 113 -

2 4-114 -

- 115-1 1. -- / 3 c 3 13.7 14.7

3 1 70-116 -

1 1 ; -J 2) - 117 -

1 2 1 6-118 -

(2) 1` 3-119 -

1 2 100-120 -

1 2-121 -

1-122 -

1 400 -- -- -- -- -- -- - 123 -

.. 944-124 -

1 11 12.78-125 -

- 126 -

- - 1 -- 1-127 -

-- - 128 -

1-129 -

500-130 -

- 131 -

- 132 -

- 133 -

- 134 -

21 5000 200-135 -

- 136 -

1 1-137 -

- 138 -

- 139 -

506--607-140 -

- 141 -

- 142 -

- 143 -

.1 5-144 -

11 12 647 2 2 00 2 2 2 105 2-145 -

2 8 1-146 -

0-147 -

60 137 180 20 200 60-- 00 0 0 95. - 148 -

1 5.2-149 -

1 1.5 2 1000 2 1000 2 2000 2-150 -

- 151 -

.15 00-152 -

- 153 -

- 154 -

1 1-155 -

1 1-156 -

- 157 -

. - 158 -

1-159 -

- 160 -

65 1-161 -

- 162 -

0.15-163 -

- 164 -

1-165 -

- 166 -

11 12-167 -

1211 1-168 -

2--4 300--500-169 -

1 3%--7% 90 5 000-170 -

--90 1 1-171 -

1-172 -

3 1-173 -

1-174 -

11 12 0.01 0 13 000 14-175 -

15 1-176 -

3-177 -

1-178 -

1-179 -

1 1-180 -

0045 70098--97 1 1-181 -

1 A B1 2 B 1 1-182 -

- 183 -

- 184 -

1-185 -

90 60 6 1-186 -

1 00 000 3-187 -

3-188 -

10 2 1.. - 189 -

- 190 -

1-191 -

200 3 00 11 0 000 3 5 000 3 5 000-192 -

3 5 1-193 -

1 5 000 2 2-194 -

000 2 2 1 000 2 2 000 2 500 2 600 2 2 000-195 -

1 1.00-196 -

3 1.00 5 12 000 2-197 -

1 000 2 2 10.8 10.10-198 -

- 199 -

00 2 200 2 00 2 3-200 -

1 000 2 000 2 000 2-201 -

- 202 -

1 1 1 1-203 -

1-204 -

1 1-205 -

11-206 -

12 ( ) - 207 -

( ) ( ) ( ) - 208 -

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) - 209 -

(1) (2) 3) (4) (5) (6) 7) 8) - 210 -

) ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) - 211 -

(1) ) (2) (3) 4) (5) 6) - 212 -

(7) ( ) - 213 -