( 1 EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION IN FLOATING AQUICULTURE FEED AND PET FOOD Extrusion Dziezak 1989 1797 Joseph Bramah (Janssen 1978 Fol1ows Bates 1869 (Janssen 1978 1873 Phoenix Gummiwerke A.G. Linko 1981 Harper 1981 Robert Colombo Carlo Pasquetti Martelli 1983 Hauck and Huber 1989 Harper 1981 Hauck and Huber 1989 Creusot Loire 1 1998 9 167
Hauck and Huber 1989 7.5% Fondon 1998 2550 1800 1 1988 1100 64% 1995 1996 22% 1984 11% Fondon 1998 9% 14% 1 1970 32 1994 147 Fondon 1998 168
75% 2 2 2010 40% 50 crawfish 30 Fondon 1998 169
25% 45% Hayes 1996 30 70% 1 Loveall 1985 eutropication 2 Loveall 1985 3 Li and Robinson 1994 Robinson and Li 1996 7 2 4 14 16 4 170
a 1 b c (%) (%) (%) 8 35 10 5 48% 48.2 20 40 31.2 33 10 32 7.5 1.5 3.5 10 1 1 e f 0.05 0.05 g 0.05 0.05 h 2 1 a a Channe1 catfish National Research Council 1983rainbow trout C201 Guelph reference diet C.Y.Cho University of Guelph Gue1ph Ont. Canada personal communicationgolden shiners Felts 1979 b 32% c 37.5% d 32% e 150% 300% C f C 3000mg/kg( / g mg/kg 25 5 3 80 44 5 h mg/kg 89 4.3 28 8.2 1.2 0.8 2000 4500 171
a 2 cm 1.2 2.5 No.1 2.5 3.8 No.2 3.8 6.3 No.3 6.3 10 No.4 10 15 No.5 >15 0.5cm (mm) 0.42 0.59 0.59 0.84 0.84 1.19 1.19 1.68 1.68 2.38 2.38 3.36 40 30 30 20 20 16 16 12 12 8 8 6 a NRC(1981) 15 18% 70 85 5a 5b 172
3 10 12% 90% 173
6 7 16 3 5 25% 135 175 174
5a 5b 8 100 chokepoint 175
6 7 176
8 5 back pressure 9 12% / 60 95 150 / 433 560kg/m 3 / 27 35 1b/ft 3 / 320 480kg m 3 20 30 1b ft 3 Smith 1985 1.5 / 177
Kazemzadeh, 1986 2% 20% 2 2.5% Loveall 1980 9 Oscillating pe11ets 178
9 320 352kg/m 3 20 22 1b ft 3 179
10 12% 5 12.5% 8 12% / 18 25% 30 36% Rokey 1985 44% 17% 17% 16% / 5% 1% Rokey 1993 Dziezak, J. D. 1989. Single-and twin screw extruders in food processing. Food Technol.,43(4):164-174. Fondon, L. 1998. This fish farming business. Feed Management,49(1):6-9. Harper, J. M. 1981. Extrusion of foods, Vol. I & II, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Hauck, B.W and Huber, G. R. 1989. Single screw vs twin screw extrusion. Cereal Foods World, 34(11):930. Hayes, K. 1996. Aquaculture gets hooked on oilmeals. Online edition of Soya Bluebook. Http://www.soyatech.com/Aquacultrue.html.soyatech, Inc. Janssen, L. P. B. M. Twin screw extrusion. Elsevier Sci. Pub., New York, NY. Kazemzadeh, M.N. 1986. Mechanical and structural evaluation of texturized soy proteins of varying protein content. Cereal Chem. 63:304. Li, M. H. and Robinson, E. H. 1994. Catfish feed manufacture. Bulletin 1012. Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS. 180
Linko, P., Colonna, P. and Mercier, C. 1981. High-temperature, short-time extrusion cooking. In Y. Pomeranz, ed., Advances in Cereal Science and Technology, Vol. IV, AACC, St. Paul, MN. Loveall, R. T. 1980. Practical fish diets. In: Fish Feed Technology. T. V. R. Pillay,Ed., FAO, Rome. Loveall, R.T. 1985. Fish food formulation and processing. In:Feed Manufacturing Technology III. R. R. McEllhiney, Ed., American Feed Industry Association, Arlington, VA. Martelli, F. G. 1983. Twin-screw extruders. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York,NY. Rokey, G. J. 1993. Petfood and fishfood extrusion. In : The Technology of Extrusion Cooking. N. D. Frame, Ed., Blackie Academic & Professional,New York. Rokey, G. J., Krehbiel, J. R., MatSon, K. E. and Huber, G. R. 1985. Production of pet food.in: Feed Manufacturing Technology III.R.R. McEllhiney, Ed., American Feed industry Association, Arlington, VA. RobinSon, E.H.and Li, M. H. 1996. A practical guide to nutrition, feeds,and feeding of catfish.. Bulletin 1041. Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS. Smith, O. B. 1985. Extrusion cooking system. In: Feed Manufacturing Technology III. R. R. McEllhiney, Ed., American Feed Industry Association, Arlington, VA. 181