2 0 1 2 1 1 Nov. 2 0 1 2 4 1 6 Journal of Shanghai Normal University Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition Vol. 41 No. 6 K126 A 1004-8634 2012 06-0102- 11 200234 从社会性别的视角探讨了古罗马维斯塔贞女的性别角色, 并从宗教 政治 法律 经济 社会生活 服饰和性道德等方面考察了其社会地位维斯塔贞女因其宗教职责在古 罗马人的宗教和社会生活中起到了重要的作用, 她们在侍奉维斯塔期间由于国家的宗教和政治需要而摆脱了父家长权的控制, 取得了类似于男性的法律和经济地位, 并在一定程度上参与 了公共政治活动, 扮演了某些类似于男性的性别角色从服饰和性道德等方面来看, 维斯塔贞 女的性别角色依然是女性罗马男权社会强调维斯塔贞女至少要保持 30 年时间的贞洁来侍 奉维斯塔, 这种要求由于国家的政治和宗教需要而被强化和制度化一旦失去贞操, 她们会受 到严厉惩罚维斯塔贞女的双重性别角色反映了古罗马人虔诚信神的特征, 古罗马的男性家 长为了国家的最高利益而让渡了自己的权力, 也为自己的家庭带来了荣誉在古罗马社会文 化背景下, 维斯塔贞女虽然具有较高的地位, 但这并不能改变古罗马男权社会的本质 古罗马 ; 维斯塔贞女 ; 性别角色 ; 社会地位 Vestal Virgins 18 19 Edward L. White 1 19 20 20 Ariadne Staples 2 2012-06-20 12JJD750017 1953-102 1984-
维斯塔看作是处女, 火是不可侵犯的元 Sarolta A. Takács 素 ; 没有火, 任何事物都无法产生, 因为 3 它会毁灭了一切 9 T. Cato Worsfold 4 10 Robin Lorsch Wildfang 5 瑏瑢 瑏瑣 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 6 7 瑏瑦 M. Beard 瑏瑧 8 瑏瑨 瑏瑩 Vesta Lactantius 出于对被称之为天 ( sky) 的元素的 尊敬, 斯多葛派 ( Stoics) 一如既往地试图 赋予它一个物理的解释西塞罗在他的 文章 论神性 中将他们的理论陈述出 来他认为, 苍穹中 ( aether) 最为出众 的特征, 也就是火的特性, 火可以产生所 有一切东西, 是不依赖身体中包含生殖器官的那个部分 这个逻辑可能适合维斯塔, 如果她 已被称为男性在这种情况下, 他们将 瑏瑡 瑐瑠 103
6 2012 2 6 394 30 瑐瑢 6 papian law 20 瑐瑣 Aulus Gellius 瑐瑤 瑐瑥 那些记录关于贞女选择的人中, 最 为勤勉的是拉贝奥 安第斯第 ( Labeo Antistius), 他认为选择一名小于 6 岁或 大于 10 岁的女孩, 或父母任何一方不在 世的女孩, 或是听说能力缺失或有其他 身体缺陷的女孩都是不合法的候选人 不得从他的父亲的监护下解放出来, 甚 至是她的父亲还活着而她处于她祖父的 监护下都是不符合条件 ; 再者她的父母 任何一方曾经是奴隶或从事卑贱的工作 也是不符合条件的 另外, 阿泰乌 斯 卡皮托 ( Ateius Capito) 记载, 一个在 意大利没有家庭的男人的女儿是不能被 选拔的, 同时育有三个孩子的男人的女 儿也不能被选入 瑐瑡 20 3 1 6 瑐瑦 瑐瑧 瑐瑨 104
瑐瑩 维斯塔即使被新叶子遮盖也会光芒 四溢, 瑑瑠 白色的桂冠从特洛伊的壁炉上脱落 此外, 新火种在神秘的圣坛重新点燃, 瑑瑡 火焰重新获得力量 瑑瑧 Aeneas 瑑瑢 瑑瑣 瑑瑨 4 15 Tellus Fordicidia mola salsa 4 21 Pales Parilia 瑑瑩 5 7 14 3 当助手们将小牛犊从母牛的肚子里 拉出来, 然后将拉出的肠子丢入烟雾弥 漫的炉灶里时 / 最年长的维斯塔贞女在 火中焚烧掉小牛犊 / 其灰烬将在帕勒斯 节净化人们 瑒瑠 5 14 15 Argei 瑑瑤 Pons Sublicius 27 27 24 瑒瑡 瑑瑥 瑒瑢 6 7 15 Vestalia 瑑瑦 3 1 105
6 2012 8 25 Opsconsiva Ops Consiva Regia 瑒瑣 J. A. North Tiberius Caligula Claudius 瑒瑤 tutelage 瑒瑦 瑒瑥 386 瑒瑧 2 6 10 1 106 60
瑒瑨 瑓瑤 Labeo stipendium 瑒瑩 瑓瑥 200 瑓瑠 瑓瑦 200 Cornelia 瑓瑧 Tarquinia 100 瑓瑨 瑓瑡 5 Hadrian 瑓瑩 192 瑓瑢 Septimius Severus Julia Domna 瑔瑠 Flamen Dialis 瑓瑣 107
6 2012 瑔瑨 瑔瑩 Festus 瑔瑡 瑔瑢 stola 瑖瑠 infula suffibulum 瑔瑣 toga 瑔瑤 30 瑔瑥 瑔瑦 瑔瑧 108
Opimia Floronia 瑖瑤 114 3 C. Porcius Cato 472 Orbinia 瑖瑡 114 瑖瑢 3 破坏自己保持童真誓言的处女, 则 要被活埋在科林 ( Colline) 门附近的地 方那儿一道小土丘沿着城墙的内侧延对女祭司们的惩罚将整个城市置于伸一段距离, 土丘的拉丁字是 agger 困惑中人们不仅惩罚被正式指控的维 斯塔贞女, 也包括所有被怀疑的所有 这些似乎是缘由神的愤怒而不是由于女 祭司的不道德行为三位女祭司被卷入 其中, 一个是玛西娅, 她只结交了一个骑 士 ; 但是艾米莉娅和李其妮娅有许多情 人, 她们互相配合, 有时单独行动, 有时 结伴而出 李其妮娅与艾米莉娅的兄 弟, 艾米莉娅与李其妮娅的兄弟她们也将她们的宠爱扩展至那些可能告发她 们的人长时间以来, 这都是秘密, 尽管有许多人是知情的但是一个叫马尼乌 斯 ( Manius) 的奴隶背叛了她们, 因为他 没有得到曾承诺给他的东西他非常善 于将妇女引入堕落深渊, 并且使她们互 相争吵不休 瑖瑣 216 丘下筑了一座小屋, 有木梯从上面通到 这里屋内有一张带铺盖的卧榻, 一盏 点着的灯和少得可怜的一点生活必需 品, 比如一点面包 一碗水 牛奶和油, 仿 佛要一次洗刷施刑者的责任 : 即用饥饿 摧毁一个曾奉献给最崇高的宗教仪式的 生命然后, 罪犯被安置在担架上, 上面 覆盖着被褥并用绳索栓牢所以外界听 不见一丁点的喊叫声担架被抬着穿过 广场, 那儿所有的人都默默地给它让道, 一言不发地尾随着它, 心情极度沮丧 再也没有别的景象更令人震惊了, 再也 不会有别的日子比这一天给罗马城带来 更多的阴郁了担架抵达目的地后, 随 从揭开覆盖物的绳索, 高级祭司双臂伸 向苍天, 口吐某些神秘的悼辞, 随后这个 悲惨的一幕开始了他将头部蒙的紧紧 的罪犯带到通向下面的梯子上然后, 他转过脸去, 其他祭司也都同样如此 109
6 2012 罪犯走下去之后, 梯子抽了上来, 接着向 小屋的入口置大量泥土, 把它埋没, 使那 地方同土冈其他地方一样平整这就是对那些破坏自己童贞誓言的人的 惩罚 瑖瑥 瑖瑦 瑖瑧 Classical Weekly Vol. 12 1919 Rider&Co 1934. Routledge 2006. 瑖瑨 6 30 30 瑖瑩 1Edward L. White The Vestal Virgins of Ancient Rome The pp. 153-155. 2Ariadne Staples From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins Sex and Category in Roman Religion Routledge 1998. 3Sarolta A. Takács Vestal Virgins Sibyls and Matrons Women in Roman Religion University of Texas Press 2008. 4T. Cato Worsfold History of the Vestal Virgins of Rome London 5Robin Wildfang Rome s Vestal Virgins a Study of Rome s Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire 2001 2009 2000 1 2000 4 110
7 103 8 2003 p. 604 1997 2000 4 9Lactantius Divine Institutes Translated by Historians Liverpool University Press 2003 p. 88. 10Ovid Fasti 3. 291. 瑏瑡 Ovid Fasti 6. 267-268. 瑏瑢 Dionysius Halicarnassus Roman Antiquities 2. 66. 瑏瑣 瑒瑣 Varro On the Latin Language 6. 21. 1999 142 瑒瑤 F. W. Walbank and others eds. The Cambridge Ancient History 2nd ed. Vol. 2 Pt. 2 Cambridge University 瑏瑤 Servius neid 3. 134. Press 1989 瑏瑥 Vergil Aeneid 4. 259. 瑏瑦 Ariadne Staples From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins Sex and Category in Roman Religion p. 149 K. R. Prowse The Vestal Circle Greece & Rome Second Series Vol. 14 1967 pp. 181-183. 瑏瑧 Mary Beard The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 70 1980 p. 24. 瑏瑨 Robin Wildfang Rome s Vestal Virgins a Study of Rome s Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire Routledge 2006 p. 6. 瑏瑩 Cicero Catilinam 4. 18. 瑐瑠 69 瑐瑡 Aulus Gellius Attic Nights 1. 12. 瑐瑢 J. R. V. D. Balsdon Romans Women Their History and Habits Barnes & Noble Books 1990 p. 237. 瑐瑣 140 瑐瑤 140 瑐瑥 287 瑐瑦 617 瑐瑧 Festus A Poem by Philip James Bailey William Pickering p. 94 L Robin Wildfang Rome s Vestal Virgins a Study of Rome s Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire p. 9. 瑐瑨 Dionysius Halicarnassus Roman Antiquities 2. 66. 瑐瑩 Livy History of Rome 26. 27. 14. 瑑瑠 140 瑑瑡 140 瑑瑢 288 瑑瑣 Livy History of Rome 5. 52. 瑑瑤 Pliny Natural History 31. 41. 瑑瑥 Ariadne Staples From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins Sex and Category in Roman Religion p. 154. 瑑瑦 Robin Wildfang Rome s Vestal Virgins a Study of Rome s Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire Routledge 2006 pp. 22-36. 瑑瑧 Ovid Fasti 3. 141-144. 瑑瑨 Robin Wildfang Rome s Vestal Virgins a Study of Rome s Vestal 2004 2 Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire p. 23. 2007 4 瑑瑩 Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth eds. The Oxford Classcical Dictionary Third Edition revised Oxford University Press 123 3 瑒瑠 Ovid Fasti 4. 637-640. 瑒瑡 2007 15 瑒瑢 Festus A Poem by Philip James Bailey William Pickering p. 14 L. Robin Wildfang Rome s Vestal Virgins a Study of Rome s Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire p. 27. p. 607. 瑒瑥 J. R. V. D. Balsdon Romans Women Their History and Habits p. 238. 瑒瑦 Aulus Gellius Attic Nights 10. 23. 瑒瑧 141 瑒瑨 Cicero On the Republic 2. 26. 瑒瑩 Aulus Gellius Attic Nights 1. 12. 瑓瑠 Tacitus Annals 7. 19. 瑓瑡 212 瑓瑢 Robin Wildfang Rome s Vestal Virgins a Study of Rome s Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire p. 69. 瑓瑣 Aulus Gellius Attic Nights 10. 15. 瑓瑤 212 瑓瑥 Livy History of Rome 1. 20. 3. 瑓瑦 J. R. V. D. Balsdon Romans Women Their History and Habits p. 236. 瑓瑧 Tacitus Annals 4. 16. 瑓瑨 Tacitus Annals 2. 86. 瑓瑩 Robin Wildfang Rome s Vestal Virgins a Study of Rome s Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire p. 72. 瑔瑠 T. Cato Worsfold History of the Vestal Virgins of Rome Rider & Co 1934 p. 141. 瑔瑡 Festus A Poem by Philip James Bailey William Pickering 1852 p. 454 L Laetitia La Follette The Costume of the Roman Bride in Judith Lynn Sebesta and Larissa Bonfante eds. The World of Roman Costume The University of Wisconsin Press 2001 p. 56. 瑔瑢 Ariadne Staples From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins Sex and Category in Roman Religion p. 146. 瑔瑣 Laetitia La Follette The Costume of the Roman Bride in Judith Lynn Sebesta and Larissa Bonfante eds. The World of Roman Costume p. 57. 瑔瑤 Mary Beard The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 70 1980 p. 16. 111
6 2012 瑔瑥 Martial Epigrams 1. 36. 8. 瑔瑦 William Smith A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities John Murray Press 1875 p. 1073. 瑔瑧 Robin Wildfang Rome s Vestal Virgins a Study of Rome s Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire Routledge 2006 p. 14. 瑔瑨 Seneca Epistles 14. 11. 瑔瑩 Festus A Poem by Philip James Bailey William Pickering 1852 p. 74 L. 瑖瑠 Cicero Legibus 2. 29. 瑖瑡 Dionysius Halicarnassus Roman Antiquities 9. 40. 瑖瑢 Cicero Brutus 122. 瑖瑣 Dio Cassius Roman History 26. 27. 瑖瑤 Dio Cassius Roman History 26. 88. 瑖瑥 141-142 瑖瑦 Ariadne Staples From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins Sex and Category in Roman Religion p. 131. 瑖瑧 T. J. Cornell Some observations on the crimen incesti Robin Wildfang Rome s Vestal Virgins a Study of Rome s Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire Routledge 2006 p. 58. 瑖瑨 Ariadne Staples From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins Sex and Category in Roman Religion p. 152. 瑖瑩 Ibid. p. 147. The Gender Roles and Social Status of Vestal Virgins in Ancient Rome YI Zhaoyin FENG Fang Metropolitan Culture Research Centre Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China Abstract From the perspective of social gender this paper discusses the gender roles of Vestal virgins in ancient Rome and explores their social status in terms of religion politics law economy social life clothing and sexual morality and so on. Vestal virgins in ancient Roman played very significant roles in religion and social life owing to their religious duties. While serving Vesta Vestal virgins broke away from the control of patriarchy and acquired the legal and economic status similar to that of men. Participating in public political activities Vestal virgins played an assumed men s role. From the aspects of clothing and sexual morality their gender role still fell into the female category. In the male dominated Roman society Vestal virgins were expected to commit to the priesthood and remain virginity for at least 30 years which was strengthened and institutionalized to meet the political and religious needs of the state. Therefore once they were found guilty of not remaining virginity they would be punished severely. The dual gender roles of Vestal virgins reflected the ancient Romans devout belief in god. Roman male parents gave up their rights to Vestal virgins for the well - being of the nation which was regarded as a family honor. Although Vestal virgins enjoyed a higher social status it could not change the nature of the patriarchal society of ancient Rome. Key words ancient Rome Vestal virgin gender role social status ( 责任编辑 : 申浩 ) 112