Ps22Pdf

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1989, ( CI P) / 2 :, 1997 12 ISBN 7-5021 - 2158-7 - - TE2 CIP ( 97 ) 22538 (100011 ) 7871092 16 21 528 1 2000 1997 12 2 1997 12 1 ISBN 7-5021 - 2158-7/ T E1807 ( ) : 23 00

1994 ( ) 1989,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1996

( ) 1986 11 :,,,,,,,,, 1987 4,,,,,,, 1987 10

( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 7) (13) (34) (46) (46) (60) (62) (69) (72) (78) (78) (92) (99) ( 108) ( 113) ( 113) ( 124) ( 140) ( 140) ( 141) ( 144) ( 153) ( 153) ( 157) ( 163) ( 173) ( 183) ( 190) ( 192) ( 192) ( 193) ( 195)

( 206) ( 206) ( 215) ( 223) ( 228) ( 254) ( 259) ( 259) ( 261) ( 275) ( 278) ( 282) ( 290) ( 294) ( 301) ( 309) ( 309) ( 311) ( 324) ( 330)

,,,, ; ;, ; ; ;,,, 1521 1859,,, 1978,,,, :,,,,,, ; ; ; : ;,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 1

,,, ; vm = H t (11) vm, m/ h; H, m; t, h,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,, :, ( ), 0 160M Pa, 130MPa 480MPa; 0 150MPa, 68MPa 320MPa,, ;, ; 2

, ( ),,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,, py ( M Pa) py = P S (12) P, kn ; S, mm 2,,,,,,,,,, 520 117225MPa, 34306076MPa, ( 1-1 ) 1-1 3 5 6 9 1 2 4 7 8 10 100 > 100200 > 200500 > 500700 > 7001500 > 15002100 > 21002500 > 25003400 > 34003500 > 35003700 MPa, 12 ;, 34 ; 36 ; 48 ; 9,, 3

,, 3, :,,,,,,, 11 1-1 (a) ; ( b) ; (c) P ( kn), ( mm) 1-1 ( a), D,, ( ), h, So S 1-1 ( b),,, OA, A, B,, h, So S 4

1-1 (c),,, h =, S = So A F A E Kp K p = A F A E (13) AF 1-1 (a) ODE, ODE, Kp = 1; A F 1-1 ( b) OABC( SO ABC ), A E ODE( SO DE ) (,, ), : Kp = A F AE = S O A BC SO D E > 1,,,,, 6, Kp > 6,, 1-2 1-2 K p 1 > 1 2 > 2 3 > 34 > 45 > 6,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,, 1-2 5

, ( ),,,, 1-2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, ;, 2,,,,,, 3,,,,, 6

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1-3 1-3 2 0 < 2 01 0 < 1 00 5 < 0 50 3 < 0 30 1 < 0 10 06 < 0 060 03 < 0 030 01 < 0 010 008 < 0 0080 004 m/ h MPa 100 > 100200 > 200500 > 500700 > 7001500 > 15002100 > 21002500 > 25003400 > 34003500 > 35003700,,,,,, ;, ;, 7

,,,, 1-3 1-3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,, 35CrMo 35CrMo, ( 1-3 ), 2/ 3, 1218 ( 1-3 ),,, 2038mm,, 70100mm, 120 35CrMo 35SiMnMoV, W T,,, ( 1-4), W T R, R F N, 1-4 F, 8

1,, W, T,, 1-5 W T, W 1-4 ; 1-5 2,, W T, ( 6 14 ),,, 1-6 1) W, T,,,,, 1-6 (a) 2),,,,,,, 1-6 ( b) 3),, T,, 1-6 (c),,, T,,, ; ;,,, 1-7, 1-6 9

, ;,,,,,, 1 (1 ) ( ), 1-8,,,, 1-7 1-8,,,,,,,,,,, 10 ;,, 12 15;,, (2 ) ( ) (1-8 ),,,,,,,,, 70; 7080 ; 8085,,, 1-9 1-9 ( a) 75, 82,,, 1-9 ( b ), 75,,,, 85, 10

1-9 ( a) ; ( b) (3 ) () () = - (1-8),,,,,,, = 90-2, 1-10,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 1-10 (a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; ( d) 3,,,,,,, 5070mm, 200240mm b (1-8 ), ;,,,,,,,,, 11

,,, ;,,,,, YG8,, 12 YG8,,,,, 1 (1 ),,,,, 198 201mm 218 222mm 170kN,,,, (2 ),,,, 200r/ min,, (3 ),,, 2,,, ( 2030 kn) 0 5m,,,,,,,, 12

,, ;,, ; ( ),,,,,,, 1/ 3,, ( ),, 1-11 295mm,,, ( ), 1-12 ;, 311 1-11 1 ; 2 ; 3 1-12 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, ( ),,,,,,,, 20CrMo 13

,, ( 1-13 ) ;,,,,,, 1-14,,, 1-13 1 ; 2 ; 3 1-14,,,,,,, 1,,,,, :, ; ;, ; (1 ),, (2 ),, 14

, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,, 2,, 1-15, O, O1,,,,,, 1-15,,,,,, Pi FRo to Z 2 (14) Pi ; F ; Ro ; to, ; Z ( 14 ), : 1) to, ;,, 2),,, 3), Z,,,, 15

, ; ;,,, 1-16 1 ; 2 3,,,,, 1-16,, 1-17 (1 ), 1-17 b o, ob = c, c vb vc, o vb vb = R b (15) o vb vb = Cb b (16) 16

b ; Ro o ; Cb o o (15) (16) vb, 1-17 vc v c = r c (17) r ; c vc 1-17, vb vc, vb vc, 1-17, o1 vb + v c = 0, vb v c, o1, ao1, bo1 o1,, o1, C, C, (2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ), 1-18 o, (),,,, vb, vc vs 1-18, 1-18, o1 vb = vc,,, v /,, 22 (3 ), 1-19 o, o, oo, oo= s,,, A, vb a, vba oa, v1 v2, A v1, v2, v2 A vba vb a = R b = Rn b 30 (18) 17

1-18 1-19 RA o, R = oa; b ; nb 1-19 v2 s = vb asin= R b R = n b 30 s (19) ( 19 ), s nb,,, v1 = vb acos= Rnb R2 - s 2 30 R = n b 30 R 2 - s 2 ( 110) R 2 1-19 - s 2 oa, A, v1 o A,, s nb 18

,,, ;,,,, ; (, ), ( ),,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, s C 1 ( s ),, 1-20 1-20 s, ; ;,,,,, s D, = s D ( 111) = 0 025 0 04 ; = 0 01 0 021; 19

= 0 0 012 = 0 03, 190, s = D = 0 03 190 = 5 7mm, s,, 1-20 ( b) e, 1-20 (c), e s 1-21 2 () 1-21, 1-21, W1 W2 W 3,, W2 W3,,, 2,, 51 59,, 5659 ;, 5155 3,, : (1 ),,, 1-22 ( a) 1-22 (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) (2 ),, 1-22 ( b ),,, 20

,, (3 ),, 1-22 ( c),,,,, 1,,,, ;,,, Li ( ) L, = Li L ( 112), ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,, 1-23 1),,,,,, = 38 40, = 40 21

42, = 42 45 2),,,,,,,, L T,,, 1-24 1-23 k 1-24 (a) L ; ( b) T ; (c) ; ( d) 1 ; 2,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,, : 1) 1-25 ( a), ( h) (), 22

6090 ; 1-25 2),, 1-25 ( b)(c) ; 6070 90 12080,, 3), 1-25 ( d),, 4) 1-25 (e),,,, 2 4mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, YG8, YG8C, YG11 YG11C 1 :,,,,, 23

,,,, 60% 70%, 45,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 1-26,,,, 1-26, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;, 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ;, 14 O ; 15,,,, ; 24

,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1-26,, O O, 1-27,,,,,,, O,, 1-27 O O,,,,,, O 3,,,, : ( ),,,, 1/ 3 ( 130150 ) 200mm, 1290mm 2, 20 22mm 45,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 25

,,,,, 1-28, O,, 1,,, 1-4 1-28 8, 1O ; 2, 1234 ; 3 7, 1-5 1-4 mm 95 2 104 8 107 9 120 6 142 9 149 2 152 4 158 7 165 1 171 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 mm 190 5 200 0 212 7 215 9 222 2 241 3 244 5 250 8 269 9 298 4 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 11 mm 311 1 342 9 374 6 393 7 444 5 508 0 609 6 660 4 12 13 14 15 17 20 24 26,,, 637, : C; D; E; 26

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 G; J; R; S ; X; Y; 27

Z, 637E : 215 9mm ( 8 1 2 ), 637E, 8 1 2 637E : 1), 2), 3),,, 2,, ( IADC ), IADC, : : 1, (; ) ; 2, () ; 3, () ; 4, ( ) ; 5, () ; 6, () ; 7, () ; 8, ( ) 1234 : 1 () ; 2 () ; 3( T ) ; 4( ) ; 5() ; 6; 7() ; 28

8 ; 9 : 321 3, ; 2 ; 1 : 517 5, ; 1, ; 7 1,,,,,,,,,, : 1),,, 2),, ;,,, 3) 3000m,,,,, ;, ;,, 4),,,,, 5),, 2 (1 ) 1) :, ( ), ( 35m ),,, 2) : 410,,,,,, 29

:,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3560r/ min,,, ( ),,, (2 ), ;,,,, : 1), 3555r/ min, 2), (cm) 5 3510 63kN, 5 048 94kN 3),,, 35 65r/ min ( 30

) 4),,, 5),,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, (3 ), : ; 1),,,,,,,, 2),,,, (4 ) 1),, 2mm,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, 2),,, 31

,,,,,,,,, ;, ; ;, 3),,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,, 4),,,,,,,,,,, 5), ; ; ;, ;,, 3 (1 ), : 1) ; 2) ; 3), ; 4), (2 ) 8,,,, T, 1-6 32

(3 ) ( ) 8,, B, 1-7 16 T1 1 8 T2 2 8 T3 3 8 T4 4 8 T5 5 8 T6 6 8 T7 7 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 T8 1-7 B1 1 8 B2 2 8 ( ) B3 3 8 B4 4 8 ( ) B5 5 8 B6 6 8 ( ) B7 7 8 B8 ( ) (4 ), 1, 0, 0, 01/ 2in,, : T2B41 2/ 8 2/ 8, ), 4 ( T6B60, 6/ 8 6/ 8, ( 6 ), 1/ 2in 33

,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, 10 8600M Pa, 1 5, 9,, 9000,,,,,, 1/ 4,,,, 455 860, 50 % 90 %,,, CO2 CO,, (carat ), 1 0 2g, / /, 0 5 / 400 / 1 (1 ), 1-29, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, 1-29 1) :,,,,,, 34

, 2) :,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 3) :,,, 0 5 / 15 /, 0 20 14 /, 1/ 31/ 6,,,,,, 212mm,,,, 60400 /,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,, (2 ) 1), B ( ) B,,, 1-30 ( a),, 1-30 ( b) ; B, 1-30 ( c) ; B B,, 1-30 ( d) 2),,,,,,,, 35

1-30 (a) ; ( b ) ; (c) B ; ( d) B, : 1-31 (a) ; 1-31 ( b) ; 1-31 (c) (3 ),, 1-31 : 1), 1-32,,,,, 2), 1-33,, 1 2,, 3), 1-34 4), 1-35,, 36

1-32 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 1-33 1-34 1-35 (4 ) 1),, 0 2 / 1 /, 1 /, 12 / 20 / 200 /, 1/ 3, 1/ 31/ 5, 1/ 51/ 6, 1/ 61/ 10,, 2) :,,, ;,,,,,, 37

, ;, 3),, 63 5mm,, 5070mm,,, 1 52mm ( 0 81 6mm) 2, ( ),, 1-36, W 1, T,,,,, ab,, abc,,,,,, ( ),, ( 39005900MPa),, ( ),, 1-37, 1-37 (a),,, 1-37 ( b),,,,,, 24 25, 1-37 (c)( d) ( ),,,,,,,, py = 2200MPa ;, pk = 0 4 py, ;pk = (0 4 0 6) py, ; pk = 38

1-36 1-37 (0 6 0 9 ) py, 3, (1 ), ;, ;,,, ;,,, ;, (2 ),, 1-38 (3 ) 1) 380460kN/ mm, 1-39 9kN,, 9kN,,,,,,,,,,, 250mm, 6 2MPa, 27 kn, 2), 150r/ min, 200300r/ min 600900r/ min, 39

1-38 A ; B 1-39 A ; B ; C ; D ; E,,, 4090r/ min, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,, (6 ),,, (7 ),,,,,,, ;, 0 20 5m,,,, 0 2m,,, (8 ),, 40

, 929kN, 4060r/ min,, (9 ),,, 1),,,,,,,, 2), ( 10 30min 0 983M Pa),, O,, 3),,,, 70, PDC ( Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bit), 1-40,,,, PDC,,,, PDC, PDC,, 1 PDC (1 ) PDC ( ) 5000M Pa 1500, 510min,,, 0 5mm, 1-40 PDC 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9, PDC, 41

,, PDC, PDC,, PDC ( ),, ;,,,, PDC, 700, PDC,, 1-41 (2 ),, : 1), 1-42 ( a),, 40%,, 1-41 1-42 PDC ( a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; ( d ) 2), 1-42 ( b),,,, 20% 25% 42

3), 1-42 ( c),,,,, 4), 1-42 ( d),,,,, (3 ),,, ; 1), 1-43 1-43 1 ; 2 ; A ; B,,,,,,, 2), 1-44 ( a),,, = 45 1-44 ( b),,, 025,, 2 PDC PDC,,, (1 ) ;,,, (2 ) PDC, PDC,, PDC (3 ) 43

1-44,,,, PDC,,,, 60/ min 17kN, 4050r/ min,,,, 0 30 6m, 5min,, 12m,, (4 ) 1) PDC,,,,,, 1-45 PDC 2) PDC, 30%, 1-45 PDC, A ; B :, ( 80 kn100r/ min), 1m, 1m ( : min), 1-8, ( 80kN 100kN ), 1m, 44

, ( 60kN), 1m, ( 60 kn) ( 100r/ min120r/ min80r/ min ), 1m, ( 120r/ min), 1-8 100r/ min 60kN kn min/ m m/ h r/ min min/ m m/ h 1 80 8 7 5 100 7 8 57 2 100 9 6 67 120 5 12 3 60 7 8 75 80 8 7 5 PDC,,,, 100150r/ min,,,,,,, (5 ),,, ;,,,, 45

,, :,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; : 1,,, ;,, 2,,, D55D75 AP I D E ; 46

, 23m 11 4m 14 5m, API 12 2m 16 5m, ( ), ( ), ( ) 4 1 / 2 REG 6 5 / 8 REG, ( ) 88 9mm 3 1 / 2 IF, 108mm 4I F 4 1 / 2 IF, 133 4mm 5 1 / 2 FH 88 9mm ( 3 1 / 2 in )108 0mm ( 4 1 / 4 in )133 4mm (5 1 / 4 in) 2-1 1,,,, 2-1, L, mm ; L 1, mm ; D 1,, mm ; d, mm ; D 2, mm, :, 2-2 2060mm, 120130mm API 2-2 DEX ( 95 )G ( 105 )S (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) ( 135 ), XG S 36CrNiMo4,, ( ) : 88 9mm (3 1 / 2 in) 114 3mm ( 4 1 / 2 in) 127 0mm ( 5in) 8 239 14m API ( AP I Spec 5D) 2-1 2-2 2 :,, ;, ( ) (1 ),,,, 2-3,, 47

,, API AISI4137H, 36CrNiMo4, 35CrMo 2-3 2-1 AP I ( GXS ) : mm mm (in), kg/ m 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) 9 19 54 6 73 0 33 3 88 9 14 48 15 51 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 9 35 70 2 88 9 49 2 88 9 18 34 19 84 101 6 ( 4) 8 38 84 8 101 6 66 8 88 9 19 26 20 88 127 0 ( 5) 7 52 112 0 127 0 90 5 88 9 22 15 24 23 60 3 ( 2 3 / 8 ) 7 11 46 1 67 5 39 7 108 76 2 9 32 9 92 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) 9 19 54 6 82 6 49 2 108 76 2 14 48 15 51 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 9 35 70 2 101 6 63 5 108 76 2 18 34 19 84 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 11 40 66 1 101 6 63 5 108 76 2 21 79 23 12 101 6 ( 4) 8 38 84 8 117 5 77 8 108 76 2 19 26 20 88 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 8 56 97 2 131 8 90 5 108 76 2 22 31 24 76 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 10 92 92 5 131 8 87 3 108 76 2 27 84 29 82 127 0 ( 5) 9 19 108 6 146 1 100 0 108 76 2 26 71 29 08 127 0 ( 5) 12 70 101 6 149 2 96 9 108 76 2 35 79 38 18 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 11 4 66 1 96 0 49 2 108 76 2 21 79 23 12 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 8 56 97 2 118 3 73 0 63 5 38 1 22 31 24 76 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 10 92 92 5 121 4 71 5 108 76 2 27 84 29 82 127 0 ( 5) 9 19 108 6 131 8 90 5 108 76 2 26 71 29 08 127 0 ( 5) 12 70 101 6 131 8 84 2 108 76 2 35 79 38 18 139 7 ( 5 1 / 2 ) 9 17 121 4 141 3 96 9 108 76 2 29 51 32 66 139 7 ( 5 1 / 2 ) 10 54 118 6 141 3 96 9 108 76 2 33 57 36 84 (2 ) : (A ) (B ) ( C )2-3 48

2-2 API ( DE ) : mm mm (in), kg/ m 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) 9 19 54 6 73 0 33 3 44 4 38 1 14 48 15 51 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 6 45 76 0 88 9 57 2 44 4 13 12 14 17 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 9 35 70 2 88 9 49 2 44 4 38 1 18 34 19 84 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 11 40 66 1 88 9 49 2 44 4 38 1 21 79 23 11 101 6 ( 4) 6 65 88 3 101 6 74 6 44 4 15 58 17 67 101 6 ( 4) 8 38 84 8 101 6 69 8 44 4 50 8 19 26 20 88 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 6 88 100 5 114 3 85 7 44 4 18 23 20 51 127 0 ( 5) 7 52 112 0 127 0 95 2 44 4 22 15 24 23 60 3 ( 2 3 / 8 ) 7 11 46 1 67 5 46 1 38 1 38 1 9 32 9 92 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) 9 19 54 6 81 8 54 6 38 1 38 1 14 48 15 51 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 6 45 76 0 97 1 76 0 38 1 38 1 13 12 14 71 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 9 35 70 2 97 1 66 1 57 2 50 8 38 1 38 1 18 34 19 84 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 11 40 66 1 97 1 66 1 38 1 38 1 21 79 23 11 101 6 ( 4) 6 65 88 3 114 3 88 3 38 1 38 1 15 58 17 67 101 6 ( 4) 8 38 84 8 114 3 84 8 38 1 38 1 19 26 20 88 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 6 88 100 5 127 0 100 5 38 1 38 1 18 23 20 51 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 8 56 97 2 127 0 97 2 38 1 38 1 22 31 24 76 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 10 92 92 5 127 0 92 5 38 1 38 1 27 84 29 83 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 8 56 97 2 118 3 80 2 63 5 38 1 25 4 22 31 24 76 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 10 92 92 5 121 4 76 2 57 2 50 8 38 1 25 4 27 84 29 83 127 0 ( 5) 9 19 108 6 131 8 93 7 57 2 50 8 38 1 25 4 26 71 29 08 127 0 ( 5) 12 70 101 6 131 8 87 3 57 2 50 8 38 1 25 4 35 79 38 18 139 7 ( 5 1 / 2 ) 9 17 121 4 141 3 101 6 57 2 50 8 38 1 25 4 29 51 32 66 139 7 ( 5 1 / 2 ) 10 54 118 6 141 3 101 6 57 2 50 8 38 1 25 4 33 57 36 84 2-3 1 ( ) A B 2 A B 3 A B 4 A B 5 A B 6 C 7 C C 49

(3 ),, ( IF ),,,,, ( FH),, ;, ( REG),,,,, ( NC), AP I, AP I 13, 5 1 / 2 FH (4 ) API API,, API API API 2-4, :, ( in ) 4 1 / 2 REG, 4 1 / 2 in ( 114 3mm), 5 1 / 2 FH 5 1 / 2 in (139 7mm), NC, NC in 1/ 10in NC46 4 6in, 2-5; 17, 2-6; 16, 2-6; EXGS, SY 509091, G M NC50G4 1 / 2 REGG, NC50M, 4 1 / 2 REGM, 6 5 / 8 REGG NC50G5 1 / 2 FHM,, (5 ),, 10mm, 11 5mm;,, 5mm, 11 5mm,, 50

2-4 API : mm NC23 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 58 817 65 100 52 400 76 2 92 1 66 7 79 4 NC26 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 67 767 73 050 60 350 76 2 92 1 74 6 79 4 NC31 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 80 848 86 131 71 323 88 9 104 8 87 7 92 1 NC35 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 94 971 94 971 79 096 95 2 111 1 96 8 98 4 NC38 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 102 006 102 006 85 065 101 6 117 5 103 6 104 8 NC40 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 108 712 108 712 89 662 114 3 130 2 110 3 117 5 NC44 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 117 475 117 475 98 425 114 3 130 2 119 1 117 5 NC46 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 122 784 122 784 103 734 114 3 130 2 124 6 117 5 NC50 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 133 350 133 350 114 300 114 3 130 2 134 9 117 5 NC56 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 14 149 250 149 250 117 500 127 0 142 9 150 8 130 2 NC61 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 14 163 525 163 525 128 600 139 7 155 6 165 1 142 9 NC70 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 14 179 146 185 750 147 650 152 4 168 3 187 3 155 6 NC77 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 14 196 621 203 200 161 950 165 1 181 0 204 8 168 3 5 1 / 2 FH V - 0 050 6 350 4 16 142 011 147 955 126 797 127 0 142 9 150 0 130 2 2 3 / 8 R EG V - 0 040 5 080 5 14 60 080 66 675 47 625 76 2 92 1 68 3 79 4 2 7 / 8 R EG V - 0 040 5 080 5 14 69 605 76 200 53 975 88 9 104 8 77 8 92 1 3 1 / 2 R EG V - 0 040 5 080 5 14 82 293 88 900 65 075 95 2 111 1 90 5 98 4 4 1 / 2 R EG V - 0 040 5 080 5 14 110 868 117 475 90 475 108 0 123 8 119 1 111 1 5 1 / 2 R EG V - 0 050 6 350 4 14 132 944 140 208 110 058 120 7 136 5 141 7 123 8 6 5 / 8 R EG V - 0 050 6 350 4 16 146 248 152 197 131 039 127 0 142 9 154 0 130 2 7 5 / 8 R EG V - 0 050 6 350 4 14 170 549 177 800 144 475 133 4 149 2 180 2 136 5 8 5 / 8 R EG V - 0 050 6 350 4 14 194 731 201 981 167 843 136 5 152 4 204 4 139 7 3 1 / 2 FH V - 0 040 5 080 5 4 94 844 101 448 77 622 95 2 111 1 102 8 98 4 4 FH V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 103 429 108 712 89 662 114 3 130 2 110 3 117 5 4 1 / 2 FH V - 0 040 5 080 5 14 115 113 121 717 96 317 101 6 117 5 123 8 109 8 6 5 / 8 FH V - 0 050 6 350 4 16 165 598 171 526 150 368 127 0 142 9 173 8 130 2 2 3 / 8 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 67 767 73 050 60 350 76 2 92 1 74 6 79 4 2 7 / 8 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 80 848 86 131 71 323 88 9 104 8 87 7 92 1 3 1 / 2 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 96 723 102 006 85 065 101 6 117 5 103 6 104 8 4 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 117 500 122 784 103 734 114 3 130 2 124 6 117 5 4 1 / 2 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 128 059 133 350 114 300 114 3 130 2 134 9 117 5 5 1 / 2 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 157 201 162 484 141 326 127 0 142 9 163 9 130 2 ; 51

2-5 23 NC 23 26 NC26 2 3 / 8 2 3 / 8 IF 31 NC31 2 7 / 8 2 7 / 8 IF 35 NC 35 38 NC38 3 1 / 2 3 1 / 2 IF 40 NC40 4 4 FH 44 NC 44 46 NC46 4 4 IF 50 NC50 4 1 / 2 4 1 / 2 IF 56 NC 56 61 NC 61 70 NC 70 77 NC 77 5 1 / 2 5 1 / 2 FH 2 3 / 8 2 3 / 8 R EG 2 7 / 8 2 7 / 8 R EG 3 1 / 2 3 1 / 2 R EG 4 1 / 2 4 1 / 2 R EG 5 1 / 2 5 1 / 2 R EG 6 5 / 8 6 5 / 8 R EG 7 5 / 8 7 5 / 8 R EG 8 5 / 8 8 5 / 8 R EG 2-6 mm kg/ m mm 60 3 1 7 2 9 9 4 83 7 11 1 2 73 0 2 10 2 15 5 5 51 9 19 1 2 14 1 6 45 1 88 9 3 19 8 9 35 2 23 1 11 40 3 17 6 6 65 1 101 6 4 20 8 8 38 2 23 4 9 65 3 52

mm kg/ m mm 20 5 6 88 1 24 7 8 56 2 114 3 5 29 8 10 92 3 34 0 12 70 4 36 7 38 0 13 97 14 61 5 6 24 2 7 52 1 127 0 6 29 0 9 19 2 38 1 12 70 3 28 6 7 72 1 139 7 7 32 6 9 17 2 36 8 10 54 3,,, 23,, 1 1),,, 1521, 30 2),, 3),,, 4),,,, 2 9 3m 13 5m,, 2-4 127 0mm, 25 4mm, 139 7mm, 165 1mm, NC50 (4 1 / 2 IF ), 700kg, 945kg 53

2-5 1,,,,, 2,, 46, 2-4,, ;, SY 514486 AP I, 2-72 - 5 2-7 ( SY 514486 ) D d mm in mm in L mm D F mm kg/ m 1 ZT NC 23-31 ( ) 79 4 3 1 / 8 31 8 1 1 / 4 9150 76 2 2 571 32 8 2 ZT NC26-35 ( 2 3 / 8 I F ) 88 9 3 1 / 2 38 1 1 1 / 2 9150 82 9 2 421 40 2 3 ZT NC31-41 ( 2 7 / 8 I F ) 104 8 4 1 / 8 50 8 2 9150 100 4 2 431 52 1 4 ZT NC35-47 120 7 4 3 / 4 50 8 2 9150 114 7 2 581 74 5 5 ZT NC38-50 ( 3 1 / 2 I F ) 127 0 5 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 121 0 2 381 79 0 6 ZT NC44-60 152 4 6 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 9450 144 5 2 491 123 7 7 ZT NC44-60 152 4 6 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 144 5 2 841 111 8 8 ZT NC44-62 158 8 6 1 / 4 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 9450 149 2 2 911 135 6 9 ZT NC46-62 ( 4I F ) 158 8 6 1 / 4 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 150 0 2 631 111 8 10 ZT NC46-65 ( 4I F ) 165 1 6 1 / 2 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 9450 154 8 2 761 147 5 11 ZT NC46-65 ( 4I F ) 165 1 6 1 / 2 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 154 8 3 051 135 6 12 ZT NC46-67 ( 4I F ) 171 4 6 3 / 4 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 9450 159 5 3 181 160 9 13 ZT NC50-70 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) 177 8 7 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 9450 164 7 2 541 174 3 14 ZT NC50-70 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) 177 8 7 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 164 7 2 731 163 15 ZT NC50-72 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) 184 2 7 1 / 4 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 169 5 3 121 177 3 54

D d mm in mm in L mm D F mm kg/ m 16 ZT NC56-77 196 8 7 3 / 4 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 185 3 2 701 207 1 17 ZT NC56-80 203 2 8 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 190 1 3 021 223 5 18 ZT6 5 / 8 R EG - 82 209 6 8 1 / 4 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 195 7 2 931 238 4 19 ZT NC61-90 228 6 9 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 212 7 3 171 290 6 20 ZT7 5 / 8 RE G - 95 241 3 9 1 / 2 76 2 3 9150 9450 223 8 2 811 321 8 21 ZT NC70-97 247 6 9 3 / 4 76 2 3 9150 9450 232 6 2 571 341 2 22 ZT NC70-100 254 0 10 76 2 3 9150 9450 237 3 2 811 362 0 23 ZT NC77-110 ( ) 279 4 11 76 2 3 9150 9450 260 7 2 781 445 5 : NCXX, I F, R EG, :,,,, 1,, 2-6,,, 2 (1 ), ( WL ) ( WZ) ( WH) ( WG) (, D)( A),, 2-8,, 2-9 55

2-6 2-8 ( SY 505191 ) mm L20 D 1 L 2 5 D 2 d L 3 = 150 L 1 = 350 L 3 = 300 L 1 = 700 mm ( in) 152 4 152 152 4 ( 6) 151 158 7 158 157 400, 500 121 51 950, 1050 1100, 1200 1450, 1550 1650, 1750 158 7 ( 6 1 / 4 ) 165 1 164 165 1 ( 6 1 / 2 ) 163 190 5 190 190 5 ( 7 1 / 2 ) 189 400, 159, 57, 950, 1100, 1450, 1650, 200 0 500 178 71 1050 1200 1550 1750 199 200 0 ( 7 7 / 8 ) 198 212 7 212 212 7 ( 8 3 / 8 ) 211 215 9 215 214 400, 500, 600 159, 178 57, 71 950, 1050, 1150 1100, 1200, 1300 1450, 1550, 1650 1650, 1750, 1850 215 9 ( 8 1 / 2 ) 222 2 221 222 2 ( 8 3 / 4 ) 220 241 3 240 241 3 ( 9 1 / 2 ) 239 244 5 400, 950, 1100, 1450, 1650, 244 500, 178 71 1050, 1200, 1550, 1750, 244 5 ( 9 5 / 8 ) 243 600 1150 1300 1650 1850 250 8 250 250 8 ( 9 7 / 8 ) 249 311 1 500, 1150, 1300, 1750, 1950, 310 600, 1250, 1400, 1850, 2050, 311 1 ( 12 1 / 4 ) 309 700 203, 1350 1500 1950 2150 444 5 500, 229 1350, 1500, 1950, 2150, 443 600, 76 1450, 1600, 2050, 2250, 444 5 ( 17 1 / 2 ) 441 700 1550 1700 2150 2350 660 4 700, 1950, 2100, 2550, 2750, 658 800, 229 2050, 2200, 2650, 2850, 660 4 ( 26 ) 655 900 2150 2300 2750 2950 56

2-9 ( SY 505191) mm ( in ) 121 (4 3 / 4 ) NC35 NC35 NC35 3 1 / 2 RE G NC44 NC44 NC44 159 (6 1 / 4 ) NC46 NC46 NC46 4 1 / 2 RE G 178 ( 7) NC50 NC50 NC50 4 1 / 2 RE G 203 ( 8) NC56 NC56 NC56 6 5 / 8 RE G 229 ( 9) NC61 NC61 NC61 7 5 / 8 RE G (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),, (5 ),,,, 1,,, ( ) 2,,,, 2 57

: ( ),, 2-7 3,,, ;, ;,, 1,,,,, 2,,,, :,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 3 1) 2),, 34, 2-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 3), 13, 25 13

4),,, 5), 1,,,,, 2,, : 1),, 2), ;,,,,,,,, 3), 241 3mm,,,, 2-10 2-10 mm 149 2155 6 104 8 50 8 73 0 76 2 120 6 50 8 88 9 73 0 88 9 215 9222 2 158 8, 165 1 71 4 171 4, 177 8 57 2 114 3 127 0 108 0 133 4 311 1 203 2, 228 2, 254 0 71 4 76 2 127 0 139 7 168 3 133 4 152 4 444 5660 4 203 2, 228 6, 254 0, 279 4 71 4 76 2 127 0 139 7 168 3 133 4 152 4,, :,,, 59

311 1 0 30m + 310 2 01m + 203 2 8 85m + 310 1 88m + 203 2 8 68m + 310 1 88m + 203 2 105 63m + 197 5 45m + 197 5 13m + 203 2 26 52m + 6 5 / 8 REGG NC50M 0 37m + 127 0 54 41m + 127 0 + NC50 G5 1 / 2 FHM 0 38m + 133 4,, 311 1mm 2-8 : + + + + + + + + + + + +,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, 2-8 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13,,,, 1,, 60

, 2,, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2,,,, 3 61

,, 4,,,, ( ),, 5,,,,, ( ),, 6,,,,, 7,,,,,, : 1),,, 2),,, 3),, 1,, ( ), = 2 - (21) 62

, 241 3mm,, 25 4mm 2,, Wc Wc = W m St Kcos (22) W c, kn ; W m, kn ; St, 1 151 25 ;, ( ) ; K, d, g/ cm 3 ; K = 1 - d ; s s, 7 85g/ cm 3,, Lc Lc = W c W uc (23) Lc = W m St W uc Kcos (24) Lc, m; W uc, kn/ m, Lc2 Lc 2 = W c - Lc1 W u c1 W uc 2 (25) Lc1, m; W uc 1, kn/ m; 63

Lc 2, m; W uc 2, kn/ m Lc1,,,,,, 1 1) ( ) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) (API ), 2-11 2 (1 ),, Ft Fa (26) Ft, kn ; Fa, kn (2 ) Ft, Ft = ( L p W up + Lc W u c ) K (27) Lp, m; W up, kn/ m (3 ) Fa 1) Fy, Fy 2-11 2-11 API,,,,, Fy 64

2-11 API, kn m m in mm N/ m D E X G S 60 3 2 3 / 8 7 11 97 12 451 02 615 04 779 06 861 02 1107 00 73 0 2 7 / 8 9 19 151 86 699 45 953 75 1208 10 1335 27 1716 79 6 45 138 71 864 40 88 9 3 1 / 2 9 35 194 14 886 02 1208 41 1530 66 1691 73 2175 11 11 40 226 22 1053 38 1436 28 1819 27 2010 78 2585 29 101 6 4 6 65 8 38 172 95 204 34 931 24 1026 77 1269 77 1605 45 1777 66 2285 60 6 88 200 71 1201 56 114 3 4 1 / 2 8 56 242 30 1078 52 1470 90 1863 09 2059 24 2647 58 10 92 291 95 1345 55 1834 89 2324 18 2568 82 3302 76 127 0 5 9 19 12 70 284 78 372 40 1290 86 1729 92 1760 31 2358 97 2229 71 2980 08 2464 39 3302 58 3168 51 4246 19Z 139 7 5 1 / 2 9 17 10 54 319 71 360 52 1426 36 1622 50 1945 06 2212 49 2463 72 2802 48 2723 05 3097 49 3501 08 3982 30 2) Fw, Fy 90% Fw = 0 9 Fy (28) 3) Fa,,, Fw Fw, Stp = F w Fa Fw = 0 9 Fy Fa = 0 9 F y Stp (29) Stp, 1 301 60 Fa Fw,,,, Fa 65

= Fw - Fa = 0 9 Fy - Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy - ( 210),, 4) Fa,,? 2-1, 88 9mm 9 35mm D, 127 0mm 9 19mm S, 1 35, 450kN? : 88 9mm 2-12 Fy = 886 02kN, Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy S tp = 0 9 886 02 1 35 = 590 68( kn) = 0 9 Fy - Fa = 0 9 886 02-590 68 = 206 74 ( kn) < 450( kn), Fa 127 0mm, 2-12 Fy = 3168 51kN Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy - = 0 9 3168 51-450 = 2401 66 ( kn) Stp = 0 9 F y Fa = 0 9 3168 51 2401 66 = 1 187 < 1 35, Fa,,,,,, 88 9mm Fa, 347 42kN ; 127 0mm Fa, 2112 34kN,, ; 66

2,, (1 ), Fa, Lp Lp = ( F a K - L c W uc ) 1 Wup ( 211) Lp, m; W up, kn/ m; Lc, m; W uc, kn/ m; Fa, kn (2 ), ( )( ) ( ) 1), L p1 = ( F a 1 K - L c W uc ) 1 W up1 ( 212) Lp2 = ( F a2 K - L c W uc - L p1 W up1 ) 1 W up2 ( 213) L p3 = ( F a3 K - L c W uc - Lp1 W up1 - Lp2 Wup2 ) 1 W up3 ( 214) Lp1 Lp2 Lp3, m; W up1 W up2 W up3, kn/ m; Fa1 Fa 2 Fa3, kn,, Lp1 (213 ) Lp2, Lp1 L p2 ( 214) Lp3 2) 2-2 : H = 7500m, d = 1 65g/ cm 3, 177 8mm Lc = 135m, W uc = 1600 4N/ m, 114 3mmE, 8 56mm, 127 0mmG 9 19mm 12 70mm 67

: 450kN, 114 3mm 1 35, 127 0mm 1 40 : K = 1 - d = 1-1 65 s 7 8 = 0 788, 114 3mm, 8 56mmE 2-12, W up1 = 242 3N/ m, Fy1 = 1470 90kN Fa1 Fa1 = 0 9 F y1 S tp1 = 0 9 1470 90 1 35 = 980 6( kn) Fa1 Fa1 = 0 9 Fy1 - = 0 9 1470 90-450 = 873 81( kn) Fa1 = 873 81 ( kn), Lp1 L p1 = ( F a1 K - L c W uc ) 1 W up1 = ( 873 81 0 788-1 6004 135) 1 0 2423 = 3684( m) 127 0mm, 9 19mmG 2-12, W up2 = 284 78N/ m, Fy2 = 2464 39kN Fa2 Fa2 = 0 9 2464 39 1 40 = 1584 25 ( kn ) Fa2 Fa2 = 0 9 2464 39-450 = 1767 95 ( kn ) Fa2 = 1584 25kN, Lp2 68

L p2 = ( 1584 25 0 788-1 6004 135-0 2423 3684 ) 1 0 28478 = 3166m Lp3 Lp3= H - Lc - L p1 - Lp2 = 7500-135 - 3684-3166 = 515m 127 0mm, 12 70mmG, 2-12, W up3 = 372 40N/ m, Fy3 = 3302 58kN Fa3 Fa3 = 0 9 3302 40 1 40 = 2122 97 ( kn ) Fa3 Fa3 = 0 9 3302 40-450 = 2522 16 ( kn ) Fa3 = 2122 97kN, Lp3 Lp3 = ( 2122 97 0 788-1 6004 135-0 2423 3684-0 28478 3166 ) 1 0 3724 = 1836( m) > L p3 Lp3 = 515m : 127 0mm12 70mmG 127 0mm9 19mmG 114 3mm8 56mmE 178mm 515m 3166m 3684m 135m 7500m,,,,, :, 69

,, ; 1 2m ; ;, ;, 1,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, 1 2m,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ;, 0 5m, ;,, (3 ),,,, 1),,,,,,,,,,, 70

, 2),,,,,,,,, ph ph, ; ph, ;, ph 9 5,,, ;, ;, ; ;, ;,, ;,, ;,, 2,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,, 1,, 71

,,,, 2,,, 315, 3,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),, ph ph,, ph 9 0, 4 1) C75C95 2),, ; ; ph 10 3), ph 1011 ; ; ; ;,,,, 1 : ; ; ; 72

(1 ),, 80 %, 62 5%, 62 5% ;, 80 %, 65 %, 55%, 55% 2000m, 812m,, 6mm, 3m 3mm, 2mm (2 ) 2-12 ( SY 536989 ) 2-12 mm ( in) kg/ m mm, mm mm mm, mm mm E 120 7 7 1 6 4 11 1 110 3 4 0 3 4 5 9 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 19 81 NC38 ( 3 1 / 8 I F ) X G 127 0 127 0 7 1 7 1 6 4 6 4 14 3 14 3 112 7 113 5 5 3 5 7 4 6 5 0 7 1 7 5 S E 127 0 161 9 7 1 8 5 6 4 7 7 14 3 17 5 116 7 143 7 7 3 5 1 6 6 4 3 9 1 8 4 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 29 79 NC50 ( 4 1 / 8 I F ) X G 161 9 161 9 8 5 8 5 7 7 7 7 17 5 17 5 146 1 146 8 6 7 6 7 5 9 5 9 9 6 9 6 S 168 3 8 5 7 7 20 7 150 8 8 7 7 9 11 9 E 161 9 8 5 7 7 15 9 144 5 56 4 8 7 2 127 ( 5 ) 29 05 NC50 X G 161 9 165 1 8 5 8 5 7 7 7 7 15 9 17 5 147 6 148 4 7 1 7 5 6 3 6 7 8 7 9 1 S 168 3 8 5 7 7 19 1 152 4 9 5 8 7 11 1 E 177 8 11 4 10 3 16 7 159 5 5 8 4 7 7 5 139 7 ( 5 1 / 2 ) 32 62 5 1 / 2 FH X G 177 8 184 2 11 4 11 4 10 3 10 3 16 7 19 9 162 7 164 3 7 4 8 2 6 3 7 1 9 1 9 9 S 190 5 16 1 15 1 23 0 168 3 10 2 9 1 11 9 :, 1/ 2, 2/ 3, 3 5 150mm, : ( ) 114 3mm 160mm, ( ) 127 0mm 180mm (3 ) 2-13 2-14,, 89m, 73

5mm, 2m 2 5mm, 2mm 2-13 mm ( in ) mm mm mm 158 7 ( 6 1 / 4 ) 158 7 57 1 71 4 148 6 139 7 165 1 ( 6 1 / 2 ) 165 1 57 1 71 4 153 0 148 6 171 4 ( 6 3 / 4 ) 171 4 57 1 153 0 177 8 (7 ) 177 8 57 1 71 4 167 6 165 1 203 2 (8 ) 203 2 71 4 181 6 228 6 (9 ) 228 6 71 4 200 0 241 3 ( 9 1 / 2 ) 241 3 76 2 219 7 247 6 ( 9 3 / 4 ) 247 6 76 2 231 1 254 ( 10 ) 254 76 2 231 1 2-14 mm ( in) ( 10 % ) mmmm mm 158 7 ( 6 1 / 4 ) 165 1 ( 6 1 / 2 ) 171 4 ( 6 3 / 4 ) 177 8 ( 7) 203 2 ( 8) 228 6 ( 9) 241 3 ( 9 1 / 2 ) 247 6 ( 9 3 / 4 ) 254 ( 10) 650 652 654 6 5 56 764 772 776 778 880 6 65 7 8 (4 ) 1) : 3mm, 1mm; 8mm, 1 5mm 2) : 3) 4),, 74

5), 2,, 14 7MPa, 0 51min; 19 6MPa, 5min,, 3,, A MKCIV,,,,,,,,, 1 1), 2),,,,,, 3),,, 4) 5),,,, 6), 7), 8),, ( ), 9) 10 ), 11 ),, 75

12 ), ( ) 13 ) 14 ),,, ( ) 15 ) 16 ),, 2 (1 ) 1), 2m, 1m, 2) ( ),, 3), 4) 60% 40 % ; ( ) 60% 40 % 5),,,,,, 6),,,,,, (2 ) 1), ;,, 2),,, 3), 4),,, 5),, 6),,,, 7),,, 8), ;, 76

9),, 10 ),,,,, ;,,,,,,, 11 ),,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ) 1) 2),,, 3),, 4), (5 ),, (6 ),,, 77

,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 3-1, 78

,,,,,,,,,,,,,, A, A, Jo, Jo = d n/ ( 2tg 2 ) dn,, mm; ( ) 2tg ( / 2) = a, a Jo = dn/ a (31),,, 2 vj,, 3-1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6,,,,, 3-2,, : 1),,,,, 2), vj, Lo, 3) vj,, v v/ vj = ( Jo + Lo )/ ( Jo + L ) 79

Jo = dn/ a, v = vj dn/ a + Lo dn/ a + L = v j dn + alo dn + al ( dn + al o )/ ( dn + al ) = b, b v = bvj (32) 3-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,,,,,, 3,,,, pk = v2 2000 g (33) pk, MPa; v, m/ s;, kn/ m 3 ; g, 9 8m/ s 2 ( 3-3 ), : 1), po, po = v2 j 2000 g 2),,,,,, 80

3), 3-3 3-3, pk/ po = v 2 / v 2 j = ( bvj) 2 / v 2 j = b 2, b 2 =, b = ( dn + alo )/ ( dn + al ) = [ ( dn + al o)/ ( dn + al ) ] 2 (34) 3-3,,,, 1,,,,? : 1),,, 3-4,,,,,, 2),,,, 3-5 3-4 1 ; 2 ; 3,,, 81

,,,, x ( d p x d x ) m a x = - 2 b pmo e ( - 1/ 2 ) dn (35) 3-5 1 ; 2 pmo, x, m, x = dn/ 2 b (36) px x, pmo = po, MPa; MPa; 3-6 ( 3-5 ),,, b; 2, 20%, 18 %, 60 %,,, 3-6 3-7, 0 4mm,,,,,,,,,,,, 3-8,,,,,, ( vcr ) ( vj ) ( Q) : 82

3-8 vcr Qvj (37),, : 3-7 1) ; 2) ; 3) Q vj,,,,,,,,,,, 1( vj ) : vj = Q/ Ant, vj = 1000 Q/ Ant (38) vj, m/ s; Q( ), L/ s; A nt, mm 2, A nt = 3 4 d2 n dn, mm, dn e 83

: dn e = ndn (39) n : dn e = d 2 1 + d 2 2 + + d 2 n ( 310) d1 d2 dn, mm 2 ( Fj ), Fj t = m vj, Fj = m vj/ t m/ t = Q/ g Fj = Q g v j ( 311) vj = Q, m = ( 311), A nt g Fj Fj = m Q2 Ant = 4 m Q 2 d 2 ne ( 312) ( 313) Fj, kn ;, kn/ m 3 ; g, 9 8m/ s 2 ; vj, m/ s; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, 3( Nj ) mm,,,,, 84

, Nj = 1/ 2 m v2 j t = 1 2 m t v2 j = 1 2 m Qv 2 j vj N j = m Q3 2 A 2 nt ( 314), Nj = 500 m Q 3 A 2 nt ( 315) N j = 8000 m Q 3 2 d 4 ne ( 316) Nj, kw ; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, mm,,,,, 1,, 3-9 11, 22, p1 v1 p2 v2, H, 3-9 H + p 1 + v2 1 2 g = p 2 + v2 2 2 g + h 85

H, v1, v2, vj, v1 v2, v 2 1 v 2 2, p1 = p 2 + v2 j 2 g + h h, h, h = v2 j 2 g p1 - p2 = (1 + ) v 2 j 2 g p1 - p2 = ( 1 1 1 + )2 v2 j 2 g 1 1 + = C, C, p 1 p2,, pb, pb = v2 j 2 C 2 g pb = Q 2 2 gc 2 A 2 nt m = / g pb = m Q 2 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 317), pb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 318) pb = 8000 m Q2 C 2 2 d 4 ne ( 319) pb, 86 MPa;

m, g/ cm 3 ; vj, m/ s; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, mm; C 2,, Nb = pb Q = m Q 3 2 C 2 A 2 nt, Nb = 500 m Q 3 C 2 A 2 nt N b = 8000 m Q 3 C 2 2 d 4 ne ( 320) ( 321) Nb, kw; 3,,, ( 315) (320 ), Nj = C 2 Nb ( 322) C 2 C 2 b b = Nj/ N b = C 2 ( 323), ( 318) Q = CAn t 500 m pb 87

( 38 ) vj = 20 C 5 pb m ( 324) ( 318) Q ( 312), Fj = 5 m CQ pb ( 325) 50 ( 324) (325 ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1 ( 317 ), 1 = C, C 1 +??, 3-10, m, A nt, H, 3-10 1 ; 2, (, ), vi H = v2 i 2 g 88

Qi, vi vi = Qi/ A nt, H = Q 2 i 2 ga 2 nt Qi = Ant 2 gh ( 326) Qi,,, Qi h vj Q, H = v2 j 2 g + h h, h = v2 j, 2 g H = v2 j 2 g + j v2 2 g = ( 1 + ) v 2 j 2 g vj = Q/ Ant, H = (1 + ) Q 2 2 ga 2 nt Q = 1 1 + A n t 2 gh ( 327) 1 1 + = C, ( 326) Q i = Ant 2 gh Q = CQi ( 328) Q/ Qi = C ( 328),, C,,,, C 1 C, C 2,, 89

2,,, 3-11 5 9 dn (1 ), 3-11, C = 0 663, b = C 2 = 0 44,, 44%, (2 ) 3-12,, 56% Ho = 0 5 dn,,, d v/ d Y =,, C = 0 98, = 8, Lo = 5 9 dn (3 ) 3-13, 0 972, 8, 3-12 3-13, 3-1 3 3-1,, (1 ) ( 3-1 ),, 0 96, 90

3-1, 3-1 0 663 0 985 12 5 4 d n 0 978 15 4 8 d n 0 96 0 98 5 8 d n 0 963 8 4 8 d n 0 972 8 5 9 d n 0 98 8 5 9 d n (2 ), ;,,,, 3-1,,,,, 678910111213 14mm 1/ 32in, : 7/ 32in ( 5 56mm )1/ 4in ( 6 35mm ) 9/ 32in ( 7 14mm )5/ 16in ( 7 98mm )11/ 32in ( 8 73mm )3/ 8in (9 53mm)13/ 32in (10 32mm),, 1( ),,, Lo,,,, 3 dn,, ( ), 91

,,,,, 2,,,,,,,, 3,,,,, ( ),,, :,,,,, : 1) (, ), 2),,,,, 3),, 4) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 92

, 1), ( ), 2),, 3),, 4),, ; ps = pg + pi + pb + pa ( 329) Ns = Ng + Ni + Nb + Na ( 330) psns; pgn g ; pini ; pa Na ; pbnb 1)2)4),, ( 329) (330 ) ps = pcs + pb ( 331) Ns = Ncs + Nb ( 332) psms ; pcsncs; pbnb,,,, 93

,,, pb Nb, pcs Ncs, ( ), 1 ppi = 8186 67 0 8 m 0 2 L p Q 1 8 d 4 8 pi ( 333) ppi 0 8 = 9113 8 m 0 2 d 4 8 pi Lp Q 1 8 ( 334) 0 8 0 2 Lp Q 1 8 ppa = 9113 8 m ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ( 335) ppi ppa, M Pa ; m, g/ cm 3 ;, Lp, m; Q, L/ s; dpi, dh, mm; dp, mm; mm 2 mpas;,, 3-14 (1 ) 94

pg 0 8 0 2 = 8186 67 m L1 d 4 8 1 + L 2 d 4 8 2 + L 3 d 4 8 3 + L 4 d 4 8 4 Q 1 8 ( 336) pg, MPa; m, g/ cm 3 ;, Q, L/ s; mpas; L1 L2 L3 L4 d1 d2 d3 d4 (2 ), mm m, ppi 0 8 = B m 0 2 d 4 8 pi Lp Q 1 8 ( 337) ppi, MPa ; dpi, mm; B, B = 8186 67, B = 9113 8; Lp, m (3 ) 0 8 0 2 Lp Q 1 8 ppa = 9113 8 m ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ( 338) ppa, MPa; dp dh, mm (4 ) 3-14 pci = 8186 67 0 8 m 0 2 L c Q 1 8 d 4 8 c i ( 339) pc i, MPa; dci, mm; Lc, m (5 ) 95

pca = 9113 8 0 8 m 0 2 Lc Q 1 8 ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ( 340) pca, M Pa ; dc, mm, ( 3-37) (3-38 ), ( 3-39) (3-40 ), pp = [ B d 4 8 pi + 9113 8 ] 0 8 ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 m 0 2 Lp Q 1 8 ( 341) pc = [ 8186 67 d 4 8 ci + 9113 8 ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ] m 0 8 0 2 Lc Q 1 8 ( 342) 3 ( 336) ( 341 ) ( 342 ), Kg K p Kc, Kg = 8186 67 0 8 m 0 2 ( L1 d 4 8 1 + L 2 d 4 8 2 + L 3 d 4 8 3 + L 4 ) ( 343) d 4 8 4 Kg K g 0 8 0 2 = 3 77 10-4 m ( 344) Kp = 0 8 m 0 2 Lp [ B d 4 8 pi + 9113 8 ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ] ( 345) Kc = 0 8 m 0 2 Lc [ 8186 67 d 4 8 ci + 9113 8 ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ] ( 346) Kcs Kcs = Kg + Kp + Kc pcs pcs = pg + pc + pp = ( Kg + Kc + Kp ) Q 1 8 = Kcs Q 1 8 96

, Kg Kc Kp, Kcs, 4,,, 0 8 m 0 2 [ B d 4 8 pi + 9113 8 ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ] = m ( 347) Kp = m L p Kg + Kc = n Kp + Kg + Kc = m Lp + n= m( L - Lc ) + n= m L - m Lc + n n= Kg + Kc n- m Lc = Kg + Kc - m Lc n = Kg + Kc - m Lc ( 348) K g + Kc + Kp = m L + n = Kcs ( 349) L, m; Kcs pcs = Kcs Q 1 8 = ( Kg + Kc + Kp ) Q 1 8 = ( ml + n) Q 1 8 ( 350) mn,, : 1), Q, p1 pg, Kg = p1/ Q 1 8 2), Q, p2 pb = p2 - p1 3) 2 ),, p3, pci = p3 - p2, Kc = p 3 - p2 Q 1 8 4) L1,, p4 Lp = L1 - Lc, ppi = p4 - p3, Kp = p 4 - p3 Q 1 8 97

mn m = p4 - p3 L p Q 1 8 ( 351) n = p3 - p2 + p1 Q 1 8 - ( p4 - p3 ) Lp L p Q 1 8 ( 352),, ( 350), (318 ) pb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt = Kb Q 2 ( 353) Kb Kb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 354) ( 350) (353 ) ( 331) (332 ) ps = pb + pcs = Kb Q 2 + Kcs Q 1 8 ( 355) Ns = N b + Ncs = Kb Q 3 + Kcs Q 2 8 ( 356), (pb Nb ) 1( ps ) ( Ns ),,,,, 2 ( Kcs ) Kcs = Kg + Kp + Kc, Kcs,, (343 ) (345 ) (346 ), m, 4 8 : 1), 2),, 98

114mm 127mm 66% 3) Kb (354 ), : m C An t m C m Kcs, ; C,, Kb 4) Q( 355 ) ( 356 ),,,,,, ( ) ( ) Q dn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Nr,,, p r, Qr Nr, pr, ( )3NB1000 3NB1300 3-2 3-3 Nr = prqr ( 357) Nr, kw; p r, MPa; Qr, L/ s 99

3-2 3NB 1000 mm / min L/ s MPa 120 150 19 9 33 1 130 150 23 4 28 2 140 150 27 1 24 3 150 150 31 1 21 2 160 150 35 4 18 6 170 150 40 0 16 5 3-3 3NB 1300 mm / min L/ s MPa 130 140 23 6 34 3 140 140 27 4 31 4 150 140 31 4 27 3 160 140 35 7 24 0 170 140 40 4 21 3 3NB 1000, 3-15 Qm ax Qmin ( 170mm ) ( 120mm ) L,, pcs,,,,, ;,,, 1, Q < Qr,, ps p r, Ns = prqq, Ns, Q = 0, = 0 3-16, Q < Qr ; Q = Qr, Ns Nr 2 Q > Qr, Ns, Nr ( 3-57), ps = Nr/ QNr,,, ps Q 3-16,, 100 Ns

3-15 Nb N j C 2,,, Nb (355 ) ( 356 ) ( 324 ) (325 ),, : Q < Qr,, ;, ; Q = Qr,,,,,, : vj, Fj, Nj, Nb pb pb = ps - Kcs Q 1 8 (358 ) Nb = Q ( ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ) (359 ) vj = Kv ps - Kcs Q 1 8 (360 ) Fj = Kf Q ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ( 361) 3-16 Kv = 20 C m Kf = 50 m C 50 101

pb ps, M Pa; vj, m/ s; Fj, kn ; Nb, kw; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; C, 3-17? Q, 317,, pbvj Q, ; Fj Nb Q,,, :?,, : ( Nbm a x ) ; ( Fjm ax ) ; ( vjm ax ) ( N E ), N bm ax, Fjm a x, vjma x,, N bm ax, Fjm a x, vjm ax, NE,? Nbm a x 1 (1 ), Ns = Nr ( 359) N b = Q( ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ) = ps Q - Kcs Q 2 8 = Ns - Kcs Q 2 8 Ns = Nr 102

Nb = Nr - Kcs Q 2 8 ( 362) ( 359), Q, N b ; Q, N b, Q, Qr, N bm ax Q = Qr (2 ), ps = p r ( 361) ( ps = pr ), N b = Ns - Kcs Q 2 8 = pr Q - Kcs Q 2 8 ( 363) Nbm a x d N b d Q = 0, d Nb d Q = p r - 2 8 Kcs Q 1 8 = 0 pr = 2 8 Kcs Q 1 8 = 2 8pcs pcs = 1 2 8 p r = 0 357 pr ( 364) pb = 0 643 pr ( 365) Ncs = 0 357 Ns ( 366) N b = 0 643 Ns ( 367) pcs = 0 357 pr (3 ) Kcs = ml + n (362 ) ( 363), Q Qr, N b = Nr - ( m L + n) Q 2 8 ( 368) Q < Qr, N b = pr Q - ( ml + n) Q 2 8 ( 369) L ( 368) (369 ), 318, 1234 2 3-18, 2 3, 2 2 2, Q = 103

3-18 Qr, pb 0 643 pr2, pb = 0 643 p r2, 2, ; 2, ( ),, Ln c 2, Qa, 3 Q = Q a 3, Ln a :, Ln c, Q = Qr, pcs = ( mlnc + n ) Q 1 8 r = 0 357 pr L nc = 0 357 pr mq 1 8 r - n m ( 370) L na = 0 357 p r mq 1 8 a - n m ( 371) 3( Qo ) ( dn ) : L < L nc, Q = Qr ; ( 372) L > L n a, Q = Qa ; ( 373) Ln c < L < Ln a,, :pcs = 0 357 pr, pcs = ( m L + n ) Q 1 8 Qo, Qo = ( 0 357 p r m L + n ) 1/ 1 8 ( 374) 104

: ( 319), dne = ( 8000 m Q 2 C 2 2 ) 1/ 4 ( 375) pb dn = ( 889 m Q 2 C 2 2 ) 1/ 4 ( 376) pb dn e, dn, mm; mm; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; pb, MPa; C,, pb,,, pcs pr pb, pb = p r - pcs 4 1), ( ),, Ln c pb = pr - pcs pb pb 2) L nc 35 7%,, Qo,, 64 3 % 3) L na, Qa,,,,,,,,, :,, 2000m 2500m, 2500m 2500m,, 2/ 3,,,? 105

,,, ( 361), Fj = Kf Q ps - Kcs Q 1 8, Q > Qr, Fj = Kf Nr Q - ( m L + n) Q 3 8 ( 377), Q < Qr, Fj = Kf p r Q 2 - ( m L + n ) Q 3 8 ( 378) L ( 377) (378 ), 3-19 3-19, Fjma x 12345 12,,,, 12345 1, d F j d Q = 0, F jm ax pcs = 1 1 9 = 0 526 p r ( 379) 106

pb = 0 474 pr ( 380) 2 (1 ), 12345, LFc, LF a LF c = 0 526 p r m Q 1 8 r - n m ( 381) LF a = 0 526 p r m Q 1 8 a - n m ( 382) (2 ) L < K Fc, Q = Qr ; L > LFa, Q = Qa ; LF c < L < LFa, Q = Qo; Qo = ( 0 526 p r 1/ 1 8 ) ( m L + n 383) 3 1) Qr LF c,, 2) LFc, 52 6%,,,, 47 4% 3) LFa, Qa,,,, ( 3-60), vj = Kv ps - Kcs Q 1 8 :, vj, 0,, Qa vjma x Q = Q a 3-4 107

34 L < L c L > L c N bmax Q = Q r p cs = 0 357 p r F jmax Q = Q r p cs = 0 526 p r v jmax Q = Q a N E Q = Q a,,, : ; 1 ( Qa ) Qa, va Qa = 4000 ( d2 h - d 2 p ) va ( 384) Qa, L/ s; dh, mm; dp, mm; va, m/ s, 0 5 0 6m/ s,,, 2 ( ), K gk p Kcmn, Kcs = m L + n, m, n,, mn, 3 : Qr Qa ; 108

( ), Nrp rqr, ( 10% 5% ),,, 4 1), : ( 370) ( 371) (381 ) (382 ) 2), 3-5 3-6 3-5 ( L ), m LL nc L nc LL na L > L na ( Q ), L/ s Q r ( 0 357 p r K cs ) 1/ 1 8 Q a (p cs ), M Pa K cs Q 1 8 r 0 357 p r K cs Q 1 8 a (p b ), M Pa p r - p cs 0 643 p r p r - p cs 3-6 ( L ), m LL nc L nc LL na L > L na ( Q ), L/ s Q r ( 0 526 p r K cs ) 1/ 1 8 Q a (p cs ), M Pa K cs Q 1 8 r 0 526 p r K cs Q 1 8 a (p b ), M Pa p r - p cs 0 474 p r p r - p cs 3) dne = ( 8000 C 2 2 pb m Q 2 ) 1/ 4, dn = 3 3 d ne 4) () 216mm, 177 8mm 135m, 127mm, 4300m, 1 40g/ cm 3, 20mPas, 27M Pa, 3NB 1300 109

: 1( Qa ), va = 1m/ s Qa = ( d2 h - d 2 p ) 4000 = 23 98 ( L/ s) va = ( 2162-127 2 ) 4000 1 0 2 : 177 8mm dci = 71 44mm 127mm dpi = 112mm ( 3-44) ( 3-46) ( 3-47) ( 3-48) 0 8 0 2 Lc Kc = m 8186 67 d 4 8 c i + 9113 8 ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 = 1 40 0 8 20 0 2 135 8186 67 71 44 4 8 + = 4 444 10-3 9113 8 (216-177 8 ) 3 (216 + 177 8) 1 8 Kg = 3 77 10-4 0 8 m 0 2 = 3 77 10-4 1 4 0 8 20 0 2 = 8 984 10-4 0 8 0 2 m = m 8186 67 d 4 8 pi = 1 40 0 8 20 0 2 8186 67 112 4 8 + = 3 686 10-6 + 9113 8 ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 9113 8 ( 216-127) 3 ( 216 + 127) 1 8 n = Kg + Kc - mlnc = 8 984 10-4 + 4 444 10-3 - 3 686 10-6 135 = 4 845 10-3 3, 27M Pa,, 25MPa 3-3 130,,,,, 150 150 : Qr = 31 4L/ s; pr = 27 3M Pa : Qr = 31 4L/ s; pr = 25MPa 4 ( 370) (371 ) : 110

L nc = 0 357 p r m Q 1 8 r = - n m 0 357 25-4 845 10-3 = 3580 ( m) 3 686 10-6 31 4 1 8 3 686 10-6 L n a = 0 357 p r m Q 1 8 a = - n m 0 357 25 3 686 10-6 23 98 1 8-4 845 10-3 3 686 10-6 = 6638 ( m) 5 3-5, 3-7 6 N b = pb Q Fj = 5 m CQ 50 pb vj = 20 C 5 m pb Nj = C 2 Nb m Q 2 dn e = 8000 C 2 2 pb 1/ 4, dn = 3 3 d ne 7,,,,, 3-7, 1000m, dne = 15 305mm,, 8 839mm,, : 899mm, ( 310 ), 15 033mm,,,,,, ( ) 111

112

,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 W vm,,, 4-1,,,, oa,,,, ab,,, c,,, W a,,,, W b 113

,,, 4-1 ab : vm ( W - M ) (41) M, ab W,,, 4-1,,,,,,,,, 2, n,, 4-2,, 1, vm n (42),,, 0 51 1,,,, 3,,, 4-3 H 01, ( Ht ), ( H)Ht = 0, Hf = 1 43 vm 1 1 + C2 Ht (43) C2, C2 = 0 54, C2 0C2 C2, 114

4-2 W 1 > W 2 > W 3 ; 4-3 vmo, C2 vm1 = 1/ 2 vmo ; C2 = 2Ht = 1, vm2 = 1/ 3 vmo = 1Ht = 1,, Ht, Ht = 1,, 1/ 3, C2 = 2 4,,,,,, 1975 ( 4-4 ),,,,,,, 4-4 Ncj = 0 8527 v 0 31 j 4-4 (44) 115

CH = v m vj = N c Ncj (45) Ncj, W/ mm 2 ; vj, m/ h; Nc, W/ mm 2 ; vm, m/ h; CH 1, ( 45) CH 1,, CH 1 ( 45 ) vm = CH vj (46) 5,, 4-5, vm v0 = e - 0 001714p (47) vm, m/ h; v0, m/ h; e; p, kpa Cp = e - 0 001714p 4-5 ( 47 ) vm = Cpv0 (48) Cp, 0 < Cp 1 ( 47 ), p, Cp, p 0, Cp 1,, 6,,,, (1 ),,,,,, 116

,, (2 ),,,, (3 ), 4-6 100,, 4%,, 1m, ( 12 ) 11,,, 4-7,,,,, 4-6 4-7,,,,,,,, 117

vm ( W - M ) n 1 1 + C2 Ht (49) Ko, vm = K o( W - M ) n 1 1 + C2 Ht ( 410) ( 410) 1969 Ko,,,, ( 410 ) K o,,,, d F d t = KCp CH ( W - M ) n 1 1 + C2 Ht ( 411) F t K, Ko = KCp CH ( 411 ) K, K,, Ko,,,,,, 1 h,,,, h h, ( H) H = h h ( 412) h = 0, H = 0, h = h, H = 1H 01, (1 ), 118

4-8 d Ht d t 1 D2 - D1 W ( 413), d H t D1 d t D2,, 4-1 D1 D2 ( 413 ), 4-8 D2/ D1,, D2/ D1 4-1 mm 159 171 200 220 244 251 273 311 349 D 1 0 0198 0 0187 0 0167 0 0160 0 0148 0 0146 0 0139 0 0131 0 0124 D 2 5 5 5 6 5 94 6 11 6 38 6 44 6 68 7 15 7 56 (2 ), ( n ),, d Ht d t 4-9 d Ht d t ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 414) PQ, PQ 4-2P 4-9 Q,, PQ PQ 4-2, PQ, (3 ),,, 119

4-2 P Q C 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 2 5 1 08810-4 7 2 0 0 87010-4 6 1 5 0 65310-4 5 1 2 0 52210-4 4 0 9 0 39210-4 3 1 0 65 0 28310-4 2 3 2 3 0 5 0 21810-4 2 4 1 4 2 3 4 1 5 6 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 0 5 0 21810-4 2 7 2 3 4 1 8 2 3 4, 4-10, 120

d Ht d t 1 1 + C1 Ht ( 415) C1, C1 C1 ( Ht = 1), ( Ht = 0) C1 = 3, 3, 1/ 4 4-10 C1 4-2 (4 ), d Ht d t Pn + Qn 3 ( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 416),,,, 416 Af, (416 ) : d Ht d t = Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 417) Af, Af Af,, Af 10 3, (417 ) d Ht d t = Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 418), P QC1 D1 D2 Af, 4-1 3200m, A f = 3 22 251mm 21, W = 196kN, n = 110r/ min, 5h10h, : ( 4-1 ) (4-2) 251mm 21 D1 = 0 0146, D2 = 6 44, P = 1 5, Q = 0 653 10-4, C1 = 5 121

( 418), H f ( 1 + C1 Ht )d Ht = 0 1000( D2 - D1 W ) T d t 0 Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ),, Hf C1 2 H2 f + Hf - Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) T = 0 Hf = - 1 + 1 + 2 C1 T = 5h, Ht = 0 5024; T = 10h, Ht = 0 7730 Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) T C1 Hf = 1,, T = 15 43h 2,,,, B B = - min - min m a x ( 419), mm; min, mm; m ax, mm, Bf = 1,, (1 ) B = 0,,,,, 4-11 d B d t W1 5 ( 420) (2 ),,,, 122

d B d t n ( 421) (3 ), d B d t nw 1 5 ( 422) 4-11, b d B d t = 1 b nw1 5 ( 423) (423) b, kn 1 5 r/ minh b b,,, b ( 423) B f 0 T d B = 1 0 b nw 1 5 d t Bf = 1 b nw 1 5 T ( 424) Wn, T, Bf, b b = n W1 5 Bf T ( 425) ( 425) b b, ( 424 ) ( 424), Bf = 1, b, TB TB = b nw 1 5 ( 426) 123

4-2 220mm 21 W = 186 2 kn, n = 120r/ min, 15h,, T2, B6 :, T2 ( 2/ 8 ), B6 (6/ 8 ), ( 425) b = 1 5 nw Bf T = 120 186 21 5 15 6/ 8 = 6097906 ( 426), TB = b nw 1 5 = 6097906 120 186 2 1 5 = 20 ( h), : KM C2 Af, 1 (1 ) M,,,, vm1 vm2 = ( W 1 - M ) n 1 (1 + C2 Ht2 ) ( W 2 - M ) n 2 (1 + C2 Ht1 ) ( 427), Ht1 Ht2 V m1 V m2 W 1 W 2 n1 n2 (427 ),, M,, 4-12, : 1) Wo no 1m, Wo no 1m t1 ( s) 2) W LnL 1m, WL n L t2 124

3) WL, nh, 1m, WLnH t3 4) nh, W H, 1m, W H nh t4 5 ) W H, nl, 1m, W H nl t5 6) W o no, 1m, W ono t6 4-3, (428 ) 412 vm i = 3600 m/ h ( 428) ti vm i i, m/ h; ti i, s/ m, = v m1 - vm6 vm1 15% 15 %,,,, M 43 W, kn n, r/ min t, s/ m v m m/ h 1 W o n o t 1 v m1 2 W L n L t 2 v m2 3 W L n H t 3 v m3 4 W H n H t 4 v m4 5 W H n L t 5 v m5 6 W o n o t 6 v m6, (427 ), Ma = v m5 WL - vm2 W H vm5 - vm2 ( 429) Mb = v m4 WL - vm3 W H vm4 - vm3 ( 430) Ma M b M 125

M = 1 2 ( M a + Mb ) ( 431),, (427 ) : a = lg( v m2/ vm3 ) lg ( n L/ n H ) ( 432) b = lg( v m4/ vm5 ) lg( nh/ n L ) ( 433) a b = 1 2 ( a + b ) ( 434) 4-3, 4-4, M : = v m1 - vm6 = vm1 36-33 37 36 = 0 073 = 7 3 % < 15% 15%, 4-4 4-4 W, kn n, r/ min t, s/ m v m m/ h 1 137 293 75 100 36 2 117 670 50 170 21 18 3 117 670 100 105 34 28 4 156 906 100 75 48 5 156 906 50 125 28 80 6 137 293 75 108 33 37 ( 429) ( 430) ( 431) M Ma = vm5 WL - vm2 W H vm5 - vm2 126

= 28 80 117 67-21 18 156 906 28 80-21 18 = 8 162 ( kn) M b = v m4 WL - vm3 W H = vm4 - vm3 48 117 67-34 28 156 906 48-34 28 = 19 637( kn) M = 1 2 ( M a + M b ) = 1 2 (8 162 + 19 637 ) = 13 90( kn) ( 432) ( 433) ( 434) a = lg( v m2/ vm3 ) lg( nl/ nh ) = lg(21 18 34 28 ) lg( 50 100) = 0 6944 b = lg( v m4/ vm5 ) lg ( n H/ nl ) = lg( 48 28 80) lg(100 50 ) = 0 737 ( 2) = 1 2 ( a + b ) = 0 7157 M,, 6m,,, ( 427) H,, M,,,,,,, : L, m; L = L EA W 127 ( 435)

W, kn ; E; A, cm 2 ; L W, m, W vm = L t = L EA W t ( 436),, ( 436) vm = W E t LP AP + L C A C ( 437) LP LC, m; A P AC, cm 2,,, : n1,, ;, ;, W (10kN 20kN) t (s), ; 1/ 2, ; n2, 4-5 4-5 W, kn W a, kn n 1, n/ min n 2, r/ min t 1, s t, s v m1, m/ h t 2, s t, s v m2, m/ h W o 0 0 W 1 W a - 1 t 1-1 v m( 1-1 ) t 2-1 v m( 2-1 ) t 1-1 t 2-1 W 2 W a - 2 t 1-2 v m( 1-2 ) t 2-2 v m( 2-2 ) t 1-2 t 2-2 W 3 W a - 3 t 1-3 v m( 1-3 ) t 2-3 v m( 2-3 ) t 1-3 t 2-3 W n t 1 - n t 2 - n W n + 1 W a - n t 1 - n v m( 1 - n) t 2 - n v m( 2 - n ) t 1 - ( n - 1) t 2 - ( n + 1) 128

,,, H = 0, M vm ( 1-1 ) vm ( 1-2 ) = W a - 1 - M a - 1 Wa - 2 - M a - 1 Ma - 1 = v m ( 1-1 ) Wa - 2 - vm ( 1-2 ) W a - 1 vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) = W a - 2 - W vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) ( 438) vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-3 ) Ma - 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n - 1 ) vm ( 1 - n ) Ma - ( n - 1 ) Ma Ma = M a - 1 + Ma - 2 + + Ma - ( n - 1 ) n - 1 ( 439) Mb - 1 = W a - 2 - W vm ( 2-2 ) vm ( 2-1 ) - vm ( 2-2 ) ( 440) vm ( 2-2 ) vm ( 2-3 ) M b - 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n - 1 ) vm ( 1 - n ) Mb - ( n - 1 ) M b M b = M b - 1 + Mb - 2 + + M b - ( n - 1 ) n - 1 ( 441) Ma M b 20%,, ; 20%, M = 1 2 ( Ma + Mb ) ( 442),,,, : vm ( 1-1 ) vm ( 2-1 ) = n1 n2 vm ( 1-1 ) 1 = lg vm ( 2-1 ) lg n 1 n2 ( 443) vm( 1-2 ) vm ( 2-2 ) 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n ) vm ( 2 - n ) n 129

= 1 + 2 + + n n ( 444) 4-4 1120m 114mm 1000m 178mm 186 2kN W = 19 8kN t ( s) 4-6 M E = 2 110 11 Pa 4-6 W, kn W a, kn n 1 = 180r/ min n 2 = 120r/ min t 1, s t, s v m1, m/ h t 2, s t, s v m2, m/ h 186 2 0 0 166 6 147 127 4 107 8 88 2 176 4 140 0 825 191 0 605 140 191 156 8 160 0 72 218 0 53 300 409 137 2 188 0 614 260 0 444 488 669 117 6 288 0 507 314 0 368 716 983 98 290 0 398 397 0 29 1006 1380 : ( 437) 19 6kN vm vm = W E t = LP A P + L C A C 19600 1000 2 1 10 11 + t 29 58 10-4 = 115 5 ( m/ h ) t 120 208 2 10-4 3600 vm 4-6 ( 438) 180r/ min Ma Ma1 = W a - 2 - W vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) = 156 8-19 6 0 72 0 825-0 72 = 22 4( kn) 130

Ma2 = 23 668kN ; Ma3 = 24 729kN ; Ma4 = 26 433kN Ma = 22 4 + 23 668 + 24 729 + 26 433 4 = 24 3 ( kn) 120r/ min M b Mb1 = 18 3kN; Mb2 = 36 01kN ; Mb3 = 22 7kN; Mb4 = 25 13kN Mb = 18 3 + 36 01 + 22 7 + 25 13 4 = 25 54( kn) 25 54-24 3 25 54 = 0 049 = 4 9% 20%,, M M = Ma + M b 2 = 24 92 ( kn) = 25 54 + 24 3 2 ( 4-43), = lg v m ( 1-1 ) vm ( 2-1 ) = 0 76 lg n 1 n2 = lg 0 825 0 605 lg 180 120, 2 = 0 76; 3 = 0 8; 4 = 0 79; 5 = 0 78 = 2( K) 0 76 + 0 76 + 0 8 + 0 79 + 0 78 5 = 0 778, H0, (4-11 ) K = vm CP CH ( W - M ) n ( 445) CP ( 4-1 ab ) 131

K, CH = 1 3 ( C2 ), vmo, vmf, Hf, (411 ) vmo vmf Ho = 0, = 1 1 + C2 Ho 1 1 + C2 Hf vmo = vmf ( 1 + C2 Hf ) C2 = v mo - vmf vmf Hf ( 446) 4( Af ) ( 418) d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 1 + C1 Hf ) d H, Af Af = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) T ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ) ( 447) T, h,, Af 45 220mm 21, W = 156 8 kn, n = 180r/ min, 9 6m/ h, ( CH = 1 ), CP = 0 78, 25h 4 5m/ h T7, M = 24 92kN, = 0 778 : 4-1 4-2 W = 156 8kN ; n = 180r/ min; CH = 1; CP = 0 785; M = 24 92kN ; = 0 778; vmo = 9 6m/ h; vm f = 4 5m/ h; D1 = 0 016; D2 = 6 11; P = 1 5; Q = 0 653 10-4 ; Hf = 7 8 = 0 875; C1 = 5; T = 25h ( 445) K 132

K = = vmo CP CH ( W - M ) n 9 6 0 785 1 (156 8-24 92 ) 180 0 778 = 1 64 10-3 ( 446) C2 C2 = v mo - vm f = vmf Hf 9 6-4 5 4 5 0 875 = 1 295 ( 447) Af Af = = 1000( D2 - D1 W ) T ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( Hf + C1 2 H2 f ) 1000 (6 11-0 016 156 8 ) 25 (1 5 180 + 0 653 10-4 180 3 ) (0 875 + 5 2 0 8752 ) = 0 619 1,,,,,, C, / m; Cb, ; Cr, / h; T, h ; T t,, h; F, m C = C b + Cr ( T + T t ) F ( 448) ( 448),,,,,, ( 448) F T ( 411 ) ( 418) ( 411) 133

( 418) ( 450) (449 ) d F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n d t 1 + C2 Ht d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 449) ( 1 + C1 Ht ) d Ht ( 450) d F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n 1000( D2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1 + C 1 Ht d Ht 1 + C2 Ht ( 451), ( 451 ), Hf, F d F = o KCP CH ( W - M ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) H f n Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) o 1 + C1 Ht 1 + C2 Ht d Ht F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n 1000( D2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 452), C1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 1 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) ( 452) J = KCP CH ( W - M ) n ( 453) S = A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) ( 454) E = C 1 ( 452) C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 2 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) ( 455) F = J S E ( 456) ( 453), J H = 0, m/ h S H = 0 1/ hs J/ S J, S, E, 134

( 452) (456 ) ( 450), Hf T d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) H f 0 Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 0 ( 1 + C1 Ht ) d Ht ( 457), T = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ( 457) ( 454) S (457 ), Ff = Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ( 458) T = Ft S ( 459) ( 459), Ft E, ( 456) ( 459) (4 48 ), C = Cb + Cr Ft S + T t J S E = C b S + Cr ( Ft + Tt S) JE ( 460) TE = C b Cr + Tt C = Cr JE ( T E S + Ft ) ( 461) T E, JESF ( 461 ), ( WnHfCp CH ) C C = Cr KCP CH ( W - T E Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) + H f + C 1 2 H2 f M ) n C1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 1 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) 135 ( 462)

, ( 462 ) 2,, C W = 0; C n = 0; C Hf = 0; C Cp = 0; C CH = 0 ( 463) CP CH, CP CH,, CP CH, 1,,, CP 1, CH = 1,,, C W = 0 ; C n = 0 ; C Hf = 0 ( 464) ( W n Hf ),, n, n > 0,, : 1) : 1Hf > 0 ; 2) : 1Bf > 0; 3) : M0, D2/ D1 > W > M ; ( 465) 4) : n > 0 M < 0, D2/ D1 > W > 0;,,, T = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f, T = bb f nw 1 5 bbf nw 1 5 = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f 136

Bf = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f nw 1 5 b ( 466) ( 466), 2 ),,, 1, n Hf,, W opt ;, C W, : W opt = D 2 D1 + U Ft - U Ft U Ft + D 2 D1 - M ( 467) U = T E A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 D1 ( 467) n Hf,, D2/ D1,, ; D2/ D1,, 2,,, nopt C n, nop t, nopt = 3 q 2 + q 2 2 + p 3 3 + 3 q 2 - q 2 2 + p 3 3 ( 468) q = 3-1000 F t ( D2 - D1 W ) T EAfQ p = 1-3 - P Q (468 ) W Hf :, 3,,, : 1) ; 2),,, ;,,, 137

,,, ; 46, n1 = 60r/ min, n2 = 120r/ min, n3 = 180r/ min K = 0 0023, A f = 2 28, M = 9 8kN, = 0 68251mm 21, C2 = 3 68, Cb = 9000, 700 / h, CH = 1, CP = 1, 5 75h, T6 : 251mm 21 : Cb = 9000 ; Cr = 700 / h; Tt = 5 75h ; K = 0 0023; Af = 2 28 ; M = 9 8kN ; = 0 68 ; Hf = 0 75 ; D1 = 0 0146; D2 = 6 44 ; P = 1 5; Q = 0 653 10-4 ; C1 = 5 ; C2 = 3 68, 4-7, 4-7 n, r/ min 60 120 180 Pn + Qn 3 104 1 292 84 650 83 U = T EA f 1000 D 1 ( Pn + Q n 3 ) 302 54 851 06 1891 46 U F t 140 32 394 74 877 30 W opt = D 2 D 1 + U F t - U F t U F t + D 2 D 1 - M, kn 298 20 264 81 246 93 D 2 - D 1 W 2 09 2 57 2 84 S = A f ( P n + Qn 3 ) 1000( D 2 - D 1 W) 0 11 0 26 0 52 T = F t S, h 18 91 8 29 4 15 J = K C P C H ( W - M ) n 10 74 15 21 18 64 F = J S E, m 83 84 52 06 31 89 C = C r JE ( T E S + F t ), / m 313 28 361 69 499 60 E = C 1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 2 ln( 1 + C2 Hf ) 138

= 5 3 68-5 0 75 + 3 68 3 68 2 ln( 1-3 68 0 75 ) = 0 89 Ft = Hf + C1 2 H2 f = 0 75 + 5 2 0 752 = 2 156 T E = C b Cr + Tt = 9000 700 + 5 75 = 18 61, 4-7, n = 60r/ min, W = 337 15 kn, W - n 4-13 ( H f = 0 75) : 1 n 1 = 60r/ min; 2n 2 = 120r/ min; 3n 3 = 180r/ min 13 48h, 67 81m, 331 22 / m, W - nc (4-13) 4-13, T6 ( Hf = 0 75 ), n = 60r/ min, W = 298 20kN 139

, 1,,,,, 2, ;,, 3, ;,, 1 ( ), ( )5-1 1 2 ( ),,, ( )5-1 1 3 ( ) ( ) 5-2 4 ( R) 5 ( Ra ) 140

5-1 5-2 6 ( Rh ) 7( S h ),, m, :, ;, ;, 1,,,, 5-3 ( a),, 5-3 ( b),,,,,, 2 141

5-3 5-4,,,, 5-4,,,,,,,,,, 3 5-5, (a), A,, ; B,,, ;, ( b), A,, ; B,, 5-5,,,,,,,,,,,, : 45, ; 60, ; 142

4560, ;,,,,, : 1),, 2),, ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, 5-6,,,, T ;, G, : 1( Fi ) W, W Fo Fi Fi,,, Fi = Wsin (51) 5-6 2( Fd ) G FW Fc Fc,,, Fd 143

3 ( Ff ) Fd = Gsin 2, (52) dk ; ( <, 4 Ff = Wd ksin2(- ) 2 Ff ) (53), ( F1 + Ff ) Fd F F = Fi + Ff - Fd F = Wsin+ 1 2 Wdk sin2(- ) - 1 2 Gsin (54) F = 0,,, F > 0,,, F < 0,,, : 1),,, ;,, 2),,,,, ;,, ;,, 3),,,,,,,,, 144

1,,,, 5-7 ( a) 5-7 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) +, : 5-7 ( b), T 2 T 1, L2 > L1,, G2 > G1, ; T 1, T 2, 5-7 (c),,,,,, 2,, ;,,,,, (1 ) 145

12,,, (2 ),,, Ls Ls = - b + b 2-4 ac 2 a (55) a = 2 qsin ; b = 82 04 W r; c = - 184 6 2 rei; I = 64 ( d4 c - d 4 ci ) ; r = 1 2 ( d b - dc ) Ls, m; q, kn/ m;, W, kn ; ( ) ; EI, knm 2 ; E = 210 8 kn/ m 2 ; r, m; db, m; dc, m; dci, m,,, 10% 20% (3 ),,, 5-1 215 9mm 158 8mm ( 57 2mm ), = 8,, W = 100kN, 1 2g/ cm 3 : 2-9, 215 0mm 2-8, dc = 158 8mm, dci = 57 2mm, W uc = 134 7kg/ m; d = 1 2g/ cm 3, K = 0 847, W uc = 10-3 9 8 0 847 134 7 = 1 118 kn/ m r = 1 2 ( d b - dc ) = 1 2 (0 2159-0 1588 ) = 0 0571m 146

EI = 2 10 8 3 14 64 ( 0 15884-0 05724) = 6135( knm2 ) ( 5-5 ), Ls = a = 3 14 2 1 118 sin8= 1 534 b = 82 04 100 0 0571 = 468 45 c = - 184 6 3 14 2 0 0571 6135 = - 637590-468 45 + 468 45 2-4 1 534 ( - 637590) 2 1 534 = 22 58( m), L = (0 8 0 9 ) Ls = ( 0 8 0 9) 22 58 = 18 06 20 32 ( m),, 2 ( 18m ) 3 1),, ( 23 ),, 50% ;, 20% 2),,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),, 5-1 5-1, mm, m, mm, m 339 7 36 ( ) 193 7244 5 18 ( ) 244 5 311 2 27 ( ) 152 4 9 ( ) 4),, 147

,,,,,, 1 35 :,,,,, ;,,,,, 5-8,,, ;,, 2,,,,, (1 ), ( ), ( ), 5-8, ;, (2 ),, 148

L = 4 16 W u sin (56) L ( ), m;, m; EI, knm 2 ; W u, kn/ m;, ( ),,,, 9m 5-2 215 9mm 158 8mm ( 57 2mm ), = 2,, W = 200kN, 1 2g/ cm 3 : 2-9, 215 0mm 2-8, dc = 158 8mm, dci = 57 2mm, W u c = 134 7kN/ m; d = 1 2g/ cm 3, K = 0 847, W u c = 10-3 9 8 0 847 134 7 = 1 118( kn/ m) = 0 2159-0 215 = 0 0009( m ) EI = 6135( knm 2 ) ( ) 5-6, L = 4 16 0 0009 6135 1 118 sin2 = 6 9 ( m), L = 6 9m, = L - - - 1 5 = 0 3m, = 1 55m,,, = 6 9-0 3-1 51 55 = 4 28 ( m) 149

215 9 + 215 ( 1 55m ) + 158 8 ( 4 28m ) + 215 ( 1 55m) + 158 8 (9m) + 215 ( 1 55m) + 158 8 (3 ) 1),,,,,, 3mm, 6mm 2),,, ;,,, 3),,,,,, 3,,,, : 1),, 2),,,,,,,,,, 3),,,, ;, ;,,, 4),,,,,,, 5),,,,,,,,, 150