Ps22Pdf

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1989, ( CI P) / 2 :, 1997 12 ISBN 7-5021 - 2158-7 - - TE2 CIP ( 97 ) 22538 (100011 ) 7871092 16 21 528 1 2000 1997 12 2 1997 12 1 ISBN 7-5021 - 2158-7/ T E1807 ( ) : 23 00

1994 ( ) 1989,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1996

( ) 1986 11 :,,,,,,,,, 1987 4,,,,,,, 1987 10

( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 7) (13) (34) (46) (46) (60) (62) (69) (72) (78) (78) (92) (99) ( 108) ( 113) ( 113) ( 124) ( 140) ( 140) ( 141) ( 144) ( 153) ( 153) ( 157) ( 163) ( 173) ( 183) ( 190) ( 192) ( 192) ( 193) ( 195)

( 206) ( 206) ( 215) ( 223) ( 228) ( 254) ( 259) ( 259) ( 261) ( 275) ( 278) ( 282) ( 290) ( 294) ( 301) ( 309) ( 309) ( 311) ( 324) ( 330)

,,,, ; ;, ; ; ;,,, 1521 1859,,, 1978,,,, :,,,,,, ; ; ; : ;,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 1

,,, ; vm = H t (11) vm, m/ h; H, m; t, h,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,, :, ( ), 0 160M Pa, 130MPa 480MPa; 0 150MPa, 68MPa 320MPa,, ;, ; 2

, ( ),,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,, py ( M Pa) py = P S (12) P, kn ; S, mm 2,,,,,,,,,, 520 117225MPa, 34306076MPa, ( 1-1 ) 1-1 3 5 6 9 1 2 4 7 8 10 100 > 100200 > 200500 > 500700 > 7001500 > 15002100 > 21002500 > 25003400 > 34003500 > 35003700 MPa, 12 ;, 34 ; 36 ; 48 ; 9,, 3

,, 3, :,,,,,,, 11 1-1 (a) ; ( b) ; (c) P ( kn), ( mm) 1-1 ( a), D,, ( ), h, So S 1-1 ( b),,, OA, A, B,, h, So S 4

1-1 (c),,, h =, S = So A F A E Kp K p = A F A E (13) AF 1-1 (a) ODE, ODE, Kp = 1; A F 1-1 ( b) OABC( SO ABC ), A E ODE( SO DE ) (,, ), : Kp = A F AE = S O A BC SO D E > 1,,,,, 6, Kp > 6,, 1-2 1-2 K p 1 > 1 2 > 2 3 > 34 > 45 > 6,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,, 1-2 5

, ( ),,,, 1-2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, ;, 2,,,,,, 3,,,,, 6

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1-3 1-3 2 0 < 2 01 0 < 1 00 5 < 0 50 3 < 0 30 1 < 0 10 06 < 0 060 03 < 0 030 01 < 0 010 008 < 0 0080 004 m/ h MPa 100 > 100200 > 200500 > 500700 > 7001500 > 15002100 > 21002500 > 25003400 > 34003500 > 35003700,,,,,, ;, ;, 7

,,,, 1-3 1-3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,, 35CrMo 35CrMo, ( 1-3 ), 2/ 3, 1218 ( 1-3 ),,, 2038mm,, 70100mm, 120 35CrMo 35SiMnMoV, W T,,, ( 1-4), W T R, R F N, 1-4 F, 8

1,, W, T,, 1-5 W T, W 1-4 ; 1-5 2,, W T, ( 6 14 ),,, 1-6 1) W, T,,,,, 1-6 (a) 2),,,,,,, 1-6 ( b) 3),, T,, 1-6 (c),,, T,,, ; ;,,, 1-7, 1-6 9

, ;,,,,,, 1 (1 ) ( ), 1-8,,,, 1-7 1-8,,,,,,,,,,, 10 ;,, 12 15;,, (2 ) ( ) (1-8 ),,,,,,,,, 70; 7080 ; 8085,,, 1-9 1-9 ( a) 75, 82,,, 1-9 ( b ), 75,,,, 85, 10

1-9 ( a) ; ( b) (3 ) () () = - (1-8),,,,,,, = 90-2, 1-10,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 1-10 (a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; ( d) 3,,,,,,, 5070mm, 200240mm b (1-8 ), ;,,,,,,,,, 11

,,, ;,,,,, YG8,, 12 YG8,,,,, 1 (1 ),,,,, 198 201mm 218 222mm 170kN,,,, (2 ),,,, 200r/ min,, (3 ),,, 2,,, ( 2030 kn) 0 5m,,,,,,,, 12

,, ;,, ; ( ),,,,,,, 1/ 3,, ( ),, 1-11 295mm,,, ( ), 1-12 ;, 311 1-11 1 ; 2 ; 3 1-12 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, ( ),,,,,,,, 20CrMo 13

,, ( 1-13 ) ;,,,,,, 1-14,,, 1-13 1 ; 2 ; 3 1-14,,,,,,, 1,,,,, :, ; ;, ; (1 ),, (2 ),, 14

, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,, 2,, 1-15, O, O1,,,,,, 1-15,,,,,, Pi FRo to Z 2 (14) Pi ; F ; Ro ; to, ; Z ( 14 ), : 1) to, ;,, 2),,, 3), Z,,,, 15

, ; ;,,, 1-16 1 ; 2 3,,,,, 1-16,, 1-17 (1 ), 1-17 b o, ob = c, c vb vc, o vb vb = R b (15) o vb vb = Cb b (16) 16

b ; Ro o ; Cb o o (15) (16) vb, 1-17 vc v c = r c (17) r ; c vc 1-17, vb vc, vb vc, 1-17, o1 vb + v c = 0, vb v c, o1, ao1, bo1 o1,, o1, C, C, (2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ), 1-18 o, (),,,, vb, vc vs 1-18, 1-18, o1 vb = vc,,, v /,, 22 (3 ), 1-19 o, o, oo, oo= s,,, A, vb a, vba oa, v1 v2, A v1, v2, v2 A vba vb a = R b = Rn b 30 (18) 17

1-18 1-19 RA o, R = oa; b ; nb 1-19 v2 s = vb asin= R b R = n b 30 s (19) ( 19 ), s nb,,, v1 = vb acos= Rnb R2 - s 2 30 R = n b 30 R 2 - s 2 ( 110) R 2 1-19 - s 2 oa, A, v1 o A,, s nb 18

,,, ;,,,, ; (, ), ( ),,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, s C 1 ( s ),, 1-20 1-20 s, ; ;,,,,, s D, = s D ( 111) = 0 025 0 04 ; = 0 01 0 021; 19

= 0 0 012 = 0 03, 190, s = D = 0 03 190 = 5 7mm, s,, 1-20 ( b) e, 1-20 (c), e s 1-21 2 () 1-21, 1-21, W1 W2 W 3,, W2 W3,,, 2,, 51 59,, 5659 ;, 5155 3,, : (1 ),,, 1-22 ( a) 1-22 (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) (2 ),, 1-22 ( b ),,, 20

,, (3 ),, 1-22 ( c),,,,, 1,,,, ;,,, Li ( ) L, = Li L ( 112), ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,, 1-23 1),,,,,, = 38 40, = 40 21

42, = 42 45 2),,,,,,,, L T,,, 1-24 1-23 k 1-24 (a) L ; ( b) T ; (c) ; ( d) 1 ; 2,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,, : 1) 1-25 ( a), ( h) (), 22

6090 ; 1-25 2),, 1-25 ( b)(c) ; 6070 90 12080,, 3), 1-25 ( d),, 4) 1-25 (e),,,, 2 4mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, YG8, YG8C, YG11 YG11C 1 :,,,,, 23

,,,, 60% 70%, 45,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 1-26,,,, 1-26, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;, 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ;, 14 O ; 15,,,, ; 24

,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1-26,, O O, 1-27,,,,,,, O,, 1-27 O O,,,,,, O 3,,,, : ( ),,,, 1/ 3 ( 130150 ) 200mm, 1290mm 2, 20 22mm 45,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 25

,,,,, 1-28, O,, 1,,, 1-4 1-28 8, 1O ; 2, 1234 ; 3 7, 1-5 1-4 mm 95 2 104 8 107 9 120 6 142 9 149 2 152 4 158 7 165 1 171 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 mm 190 5 200 0 212 7 215 9 222 2 241 3 244 5 250 8 269 9 298 4 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 11 mm 311 1 342 9 374 6 393 7 444 5 508 0 609 6 660 4 12 13 14 15 17 20 24 26,,, 637, : C; D; E; 26

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 G; J; R; S ; X; Y; 27

Z, 637E : 215 9mm ( 8 1 2 ), 637E, 8 1 2 637E : 1), 2), 3),,, 2,, ( IADC ), IADC, : : 1, (; ) ; 2, () ; 3, () ; 4, ( ) ; 5, () ; 6, () ; 7, () ; 8, ( ) 1234 : 1 () ; 2 () ; 3( T ) ; 4( ) ; 5() ; 6; 7() ; 28

8 ; 9 : 321 3, ; 2 ; 1 : 517 5, ; 1, ; 7 1,,,,,,,,,, : 1),,, 2),, ;,,, 3) 3000m,,,,, ;, ;,, 4),,,,, 5),, 2 (1 ) 1) :, ( ), ( 35m ),,, 2) : 410,,,,,, 29

:,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3560r/ min,,, ( ),,, (2 ), ;,,,, : 1), 3555r/ min, 2), (cm) 5 3510 63kN, 5 048 94kN 3),,, 35 65r/ min ( 30

) 4),,, 5),,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, (3 ), : ; 1),,,,,,,, 2),,,, (4 ) 1),, 2mm,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, 2),,, 31

,,,,,,,,, ;, ; ;, 3),,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,, 4),,,,,,,,,,, 5), ; ; ;, ;,, 3 (1 ), : 1) ; 2) ; 3), ; 4), (2 ) 8,,,, T, 1-6 32

(3 ) ( ) 8,, B, 1-7 16 T1 1 8 T2 2 8 T3 3 8 T4 4 8 T5 5 8 T6 6 8 T7 7 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 T8 1-7 B1 1 8 B2 2 8 ( ) B3 3 8 B4 4 8 ( ) B5 5 8 B6 6 8 ( ) B7 7 8 B8 ( ) (4 ), 1, 0, 0, 01/ 2in,, : T2B41 2/ 8 2/ 8, ), 4 ( T6B60, 6/ 8 6/ 8, ( 6 ), 1/ 2in 33

,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, 10 8600M Pa, 1 5, 9,, 9000,,,,,, 1/ 4,,,, 455 860, 50 % 90 %,,, CO2 CO,, (carat ), 1 0 2g, / /, 0 5 / 400 / 1 (1 ), 1-29, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, 1-29 1) :,,,,,, 34

, 2) :,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 3) :,,, 0 5 / 15 /, 0 20 14 /, 1/ 31/ 6,,,,,, 212mm,,,, 60400 /,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,, (2 ) 1), B ( ) B,,, 1-30 ( a),, 1-30 ( b) ; B, 1-30 ( c) ; B B,, 1-30 ( d) 2),,,,,,,, 35

1-30 (a) ; ( b ) ; (c) B ; ( d) B, : 1-31 (a) ; 1-31 ( b) ; 1-31 (c) (3 ),, 1-31 : 1), 1-32,,,,, 2), 1-33,, 1 2,, 3), 1-34 4), 1-35,, 36

1-32 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 1-33 1-34 1-35 (4 ) 1),, 0 2 / 1 /, 1 /, 12 / 20 / 200 /, 1/ 3, 1/ 31/ 5, 1/ 51/ 6, 1/ 61/ 10,, 2) :,,, ;,,,,,, 37

, ;, 3),, 63 5mm,, 5070mm,,, 1 52mm ( 0 81 6mm) 2, ( ),, 1-36, W 1, T,,,,, ab,, abc,,,,,, ( ),, ( 39005900MPa),, ( ),, 1-37, 1-37 (a),,, 1-37 ( b),,,,,, 24 25, 1-37 (c)( d) ( ),,,,,,,, py = 2200MPa ;, pk = 0 4 py, ;pk = (0 4 0 6) py, ; pk = 38

1-36 1-37 (0 6 0 9 ) py, 3, (1 ), ;, ;,,, ;,,, ;, (2 ),, 1-38 (3 ) 1) 380460kN/ mm, 1-39 9kN,, 9kN,,,,,,,,,,, 250mm, 6 2MPa, 27 kn, 2), 150r/ min, 200300r/ min 600900r/ min, 39

1-38 A ; B 1-39 A ; B ; C ; D ; E,,, 4090r/ min, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,, (6 ),,, (7 ),,,,,,, ;, 0 20 5m,,,, 0 2m,,, (8 ),, 40

, 929kN, 4060r/ min,, (9 ),,, 1),,,,,,,, 2), ( 10 30min 0 983M Pa),, O,, 3),,,, 70, PDC ( Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bit), 1-40,,,, PDC,,,, PDC, PDC,, 1 PDC (1 ) PDC ( ) 5000M Pa 1500, 510min,,, 0 5mm, 1-40 PDC 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9, PDC, 41

,, PDC, PDC,, PDC ( ),, ;,,,, PDC, 700, PDC,, 1-41 (2 ),, : 1), 1-42 ( a),, 40%,, 1-41 1-42 PDC ( a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; ( d ) 2), 1-42 ( b),,,, 20% 25% 42

3), 1-42 ( c),,,,, 4), 1-42 ( d),,,,, (3 ),,, ; 1), 1-43 1-43 1 ; 2 ; A ; B,,,,,,, 2), 1-44 ( a),,, = 45 1-44 ( b),,, 025,, 2 PDC PDC,,, (1 ) ;,,, (2 ) PDC, PDC,, PDC (3 ) 43

1-44,,,, PDC,,,, 60/ min 17kN, 4050r/ min,,,, 0 30 6m, 5min,, 12m,, (4 ) 1) PDC,,,,,, 1-45 PDC 2) PDC, 30%, 1-45 PDC, A ; B :, ( 80 kn100r/ min), 1m, 1m ( : min), 1-8, ( 80kN 100kN ), 1m, 44

, ( 60kN), 1m, ( 60 kn) ( 100r/ min120r/ min80r/ min ), 1m, ( 120r/ min), 1-8 100r/ min 60kN kn min/ m m/ h r/ min min/ m m/ h 1 80 8 7 5 100 7 8 57 2 100 9 6 67 120 5 12 3 60 7 8 75 80 8 7 5 PDC,,,, 100150r/ min,,,,,,, (5 ),,, ;,,,, 45

,, :,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; : 1,,, ;,, 2,,, D55D75 AP I D E ; 46

, 23m 11 4m 14 5m, API 12 2m 16 5m, ( ), ( ), ( ) 4 1 / 2 REG 6 5 / 8 REG, ( ) 88 9mm 3 1 / 2 IF, 108mm 4I F 4 1 / 2 IF, 133 4mm 5 1 / 2 FH 88 9mm ( 3 1 / 2 in )108 0mm ( 4 1 / 4 in )133 4mm (5 1 / 4 in) 2-1 1,,,, 2-1, L, mm ; L 1, mm ; D 1,, mm ; d, mm ; D 2, mm, :, 2-2 2060mm, 120130mm API 2-2 DEX ( 95 )G ( 105 )S (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) ( 135 ), XG S 36CrNiMo4,, ( ) : 88 9mm (3 1 / 2 in) 114 3mm ( 4 1 / 2 in) 127 0mm ( 5in) 8 239 14m API ( AP I Spec 5D) 2-1 2-2 2 :,, ;, ( ) (1 ),,,, 2-3,, 47

,, API AISI4137H, 36CrNiMo4, 35CrMo 2-3 2-1 AP I ( GXS ) : mm mm (in), kg/ m 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) 9 19 54 6 73 0 33 3 88 9 14 48 15 51 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 9 35 70 2 88 9 49 2 88 9 18 34 19 84 101 6 ( 4) 8 38 84 8 101 6 66 8 88 9 19 26 20 88 127 0 ( 5) 7 52 112 0 127 0 90 5 88 9 22 15 24 23 60 3 ( 2 3 / 8 ) 7 11 46 1 67 5 39 7 108 76 2 9 32 9 92 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) 9 19 54 6 82 6 49 2 108 76 2 14 48 15 51 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 9 35 70 2 101 6 63 5 108 76 2 18 34 19 84 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 11 40 66 1 101 6 63 5 108 76 2 21 79 23 12 101 6 ( 4) 8 38 84 8 117 5 77 8 108 76 2 19 26 20 88 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 8 56 97 2 131 8 90 5 108 76 2 22 31 24 76 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 10 92 92 5 131 8 87 3 108 76 2 27 84 29 82 127 0 ( 5) 9 19 108 6 146 1 100 0 108 76 2 26 71 29 08 127 0 ( 5) 12 70 101 6 149 2 96 9 108 76 2 35 79 38 18 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 11 4 66 1 96 0 49 2 108 76 2 21 79 23 12 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 8 56 97 2 118 3 73 0 63 5 38 1 22 31 24 76 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 10 92 92 5 121 4 71 5 108 76 2 27 84 29 82 127 0 ( 5) 9 19 108 6 131 8 90 5 108 76 2 26 71 29 08 127 0 ( 5) 12 70 101 6 131 8 84 2 108 76 2 35 79 38 18 139 7 ( 5 1 / 2 ) 9 17 121 4 141 3 96 9 108 76 2 29 51 32 66 139 7 ( 5 1 / 2 ) 10 54 118 6 141 3 96 9 108 76 2 33 57 36 84 (2 ) : (A ) (B ) ( C )2-3 48

2-2 API ( DE ) : mm mm (in), kg/ m 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) 9 19 54 6 73 0 33 3 44 4 38 1 14 48 15 51 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 6 45 76 0 88 9 57 2 44 4 13 12 14 17 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 9 35 70 2 88 9 49 2 44 4 38 1 18 34 19 84 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 11 40 66 1 88 9 49 2 44 4 38 1 21 79 23 11 101 6 ( 4) 6 65 88 3 101 6 74 6 44 4 15 58 17 67 101 6 ( 4) 8 38 84 8 101 6 69 8 44 4 50 8 19 26 20 88 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 6 88 100 5 114 3 85 7 44 4 18 23 20 51 127 0 ( 5) 7 52 112 0 127 0 95 2 44 4 22 15 24 23 60 3 ( 2 3 / 8 ) 7 11 46 1 67 5 46 1 38 1 38 1 9 32 9 92 73 0 ( 2 7 / 8 ) 9 19 54 6 81 8 54 6 38 1 38 1 14 48 15 51 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 6 45 76 0 97 1 76 0 38 1 38 1 13 12 14 71 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 9 35 70 2 97 1 66 1 57 2 50 8 38 1 38 1 18 34 19 84 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 11 40 66 1 97 1 66 1 38 1 38 1 21 79 23 11 101 6 ( 4) 6 65 88 3 114 3 88 3 38 1 38 1 15 58 17 67 101 6 ( 4) 8 38 84 8 114 3 84 8 38 1 38 1 19 26 20 88 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 6 88 100 5 127 0 100 5 38 1 38 1 18 23 20 51 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 8 56 97 2 127 0 97 2 38 1 38 1 22 31 24 76 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 10 92 92 5 127 0 92 5 38 1 38 1 27 84 29 83 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 8 56 97 2 118 3 80 2 63 5 38 1 25 4 22 31 24 76 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 10 92 92 5 121 4 76 2 57 2 50 8 38 1 25 4 27 84 29 83 127 0 ( 5) 9 19 108 6 131 8 93 7 57 2 50 8 38 1 25 4 26 71 29 08 127 0 ( 5) 12 70 101 6 131 8 87 3 57 2 50 8 38 1 25 4 35 79 38 18 139 7 ( 5 1 / 2 ) 9 17 121 4 141 3 101 6 57 2 50 8 38 1 25 4 29 51 32 66 139 7 ( 5 1 / 2 ) 10 54 118 6 141 3 101 6 57 2 50 8 38 1 25 4 33 57 36 84 2-3 1 ( ) A B 2 A B 3 A B 4 A B 5 A B 6 C 7 C C 49

(3 ),, ( IF ),,,,, ( FH),, ;, ( REG),,,,, ( NC), AP I, AP I 13, 5 1 / 2 FH (4 ) API API,, API API API 2-4, :, ( in ) 4 1 / 2 REG, 4 1 / 2 in ( 114 3mm), 5 1 / 2 FH 5 1 / 2 in (139 7mm), NC, NC in 1/ 10in NC46 4 6in, 2-5; 17, 2-6; 16, 2-6; EXGS, SY 509091, G M NC50G4 1 / 2 REGG, NC50M, 4 1 / 2 REGM, 6 5 / 8 REGG NC50G5 1 / 2 FHM,, (5 ),, 10mm, 11 5mm;,, 5mm, 11 5mm,, 50

2-4 API : mm NC23 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 58 817 65 100 52 400 76 2 92 1 66 7 79 4 NC26 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 67 767 73 050 60 350 76 2 92 1 74 6 79 4 NC31 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 80 848 86 131 71 323 88 9 104 8 87 7 92 1 NC35 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 94 971 94 971 79 096 95 2 111 1 96 8 98 4 NC38 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 102 006 102 006 85 065 101 6 117 5 103 6 104 8 NC40 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 108 712 108 712 89 662 114 3 130 2 110 3 117 5 NC44 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 117 475 117 475 98 425 114 3 130 2 119 1 117 5 NC46 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 122 784 122 784 103 734 114 3 130 2 124 6 117 5 NC50 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 16 133 350 133 350 114 300 114 3 130 2 134 9 117 5 NC56 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 14 149 250 149 250 117 500 127 0 142 9 150 8 130 2 NC61 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 14 163 525 163 525 128 600 139 7 155 6 165 1 142 9 NC70 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 14 179 146 185 750 147 650 152 4 168 3 187 3 155 6 NC77 V - 0 038R 6 350 4 14 196 621 203 200 161 950 165 1 181 0 204 8 168 3 5 1 / 2 FH V - 0 050 6 350 4 16 142 011 147 955 126 797 127 0 142 9 150 0 130 2 2 3 / 8 R EG V - 0 040 5 080 5 14 60 080 66 675 47 625 76 2 92 1 68 3 79 4 2 7 / 8 R EG V - 0 040 5 080 5 14 69 605 76 200 53 975 88 9 104 8 77 8 92 1 3 1 / 2 R EG V - 0 040 5 080 5 14 82 293 88 900 65 075 95 2 111 1 90 5 98 4 4 1 / 2 R EG V - 0 040 5 080 5 14 110 868 117 475 90 475 108 0 123 8 119 1 111 1 5 1 / 2 R EG V - 0 050 6 350 4 14 132 944 140 208 110 058 120 7 136 5 141 7 123 8 6 5 / 8 R EG V - 0 050 6 350 4 16 146 248 152 197 131 039 127 0 142 9 154 0 130 2 7 5 / 8 R EG V - 0 050 6 350 4 14 170 549 177 800 144 475 133 4 149 2 180 2 136 5 8 5 / 8 R EG V - 0 050 6 350 4 14 194 731 201 981 167 843 136 5 152 4 204 4 139 7 3 1 / 2 FH V - 0 040 5 080 5 4 94 844 101 448 77 622 95 2 111 1 102 8 98 4 4 FH V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 103 429 108 712 89 662 114 3 130 2 110 3 117 5 4 1 / 2 FH V - 0 040 5 080 5 14 115 113 121 717 96 317 101 6 117 5 123 8 109 8 6 5 / 8 FH V - 0 050 6 350 4 16 165 598 171 526 150 368 127 0 142 9 173 8 130 2 2 3 / 8 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 67 767 73 050 60 350 76 2 92 1 74 6 79 4 2 7 / 8 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 80 848 86 131 71 323 88 9 104 8 87 7 92 1 3 1 / 2 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 96 723 102 006 85 065 101 6 117 5 103 6 104 8 4 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 117 500 122 784 103 734 114 3 130 2 124 6 117 5 4 1 / 2 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 128 059 133 350 114 300 114 3 130 2 134 9 117 5 5 1 / 2 IF V - 0 065 6 350 4 16 157 201 162 484 141 326 127 0 142 9 163 9 130 2 ; 51

2-5 23 NC 23 26 NC26 2 3 / 8 2 3 / 8 IF 31 NC31 2 7 / 8 2 7 / 8 IF 35 NC 35 38 NC38 3 1 / 2 3 1 / 2 IF 40 NC40 4 4 FH 44 NC 44 46 NC46 4 4 IF 50 NC50 4 1 / 2 4 1 / 2 IF 56 NC 56 61 NC 61 70 NC 70 77 NC 77 5 1 / 2 5 1 / 2 FH 2 3 / 8 2 3 / 8 R EG 2 7 / 8 2 7 / 8 R EG 3 1 / 2 3 1 / 2 R EG 4 1 / 2 4 1 / 2 R EG 5 1 / 2 5 1 / 2 R EG 6 5 / 8 6 5 / 8 R EG 7 5 / 8 7 5 / 8 R EG 8 5 / 8 8 5 / 8 R EG 2-6 mm kg/ m mm 60 3 1 7 2 9 9 4 83 7 11 1 2 73 0 2 10 2 15 5 5 51 9 19 1 2 14 1 6 45 1 88 9 3 19 8 9 35 2 23 1 11 40 3 17 6 6 65 1 101 6 4 20 8 8 38 2 23 4 9 65 3 52

mm kg/ m mm 20 5 6 88 1 24 7 8 56 2 114 3 5 29 8 10 92 3 34 0 12 70 4 36 7 38 0 13 97 14 61 5 6 24 2 7 52 1 127 0 6 29 0 9 19 2 38 1 12 70 3 28 6 7 72 1 139 7 7 32 6 9 17 2 36 8 10 54 3,,, 23,, 1 1),,, 1521, 30 2),, 3),,, 4),,,, 2 9 3m 13 5m,, 2-4 127 0mm, 25 4mm, 139 7mm, 165 1mm, NC50 (4 1 / 2 IF ), 700kg, 945kg 53

2-5 1,,,,, 2,, 46, 2-4,, ;, SY 514486 AP I, 2-72 - 5 2-7 ( SY 514486 ) D d mm in mm in L mm D F mm kg/ m 1 ZT NC 23-31 ( ) 79 4 3 1 / 8 31 8 1 1 / 4 9150 76 2 2 571 32 8 2 ZT NC26-35 ( 2 3 / 8 I F ) 88 9 3 1 / 2 38 1 1 1 / 2 9150 82 9 2 421 40 2 3 ZT NC31-41 ( 2 7 / 8 I F ) 104 8 4 1 / 8 50 8 2 9150 100 4 2 431 52 1 4 ZT NC35-47 120 7 4 3 / 4 50 8 2 9150 114 7 2 581 74 5 5 ZT NC38-50 ( 3 1 / 2 I F ) 127 0 5 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 121 0 2 381 79 0 6 ZT NC44-60 152 4 6 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 9450 144 5 2 491 123 7 7 ZT NC44-60 152 4 6 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 144 5 2 841 111 8 8 ZT NC44-62 158 8 6 1 / 4 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 9450 149 2 2 911 135 6 9 ZT NC46-62 ( 4I F ) 158 8 6 1 / 4 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 150 0 2 631 111 8 10 ZT NC46-65 ( 4I F ) 165 1 6 1 / 2 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 9450 154 8 2 761 147 5 11 ZT NC46-65 ( 4I F ) 165 1 6 1 / 2 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 154 8 3 051 135 6 12 ZT NC46-67 ( 4I F ) 171 4 6 3 / 4 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 9450 159 5 3 181 160 9 13 ZT NC50-70 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) 177 8 7 57 2 2 1 / 4 9150 9450 164 7 2 541 174 3 14 ZT NC50-70 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) 177 8 7 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 164 7 2 731 163 15 ZT NC50-72 ( 4 1 / 2 I F ) 184 2 7 1 / 4 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 169 5 3 121 177 3 54

D d mm in mm in L mm D F mm kg/ m 16 ZT NC56-77 196 8 7 3 / 4 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 185 3 2 701 207 1 17 ZT NC56-80 203 2 8 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 190 1 3 021 223 5 18 ZT6 5 / 8 R EG - 82 209 6 8 1 / 4 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 195 7 2 931 238 4 19 ZT NC61-90 228 6 9 71 4 2 13 / 16 9150 9450 212 7 3 171 290 6 20 ZT7 5 / 8 RE G - 95 241 3 9 1 / 2 76 2 3 9150 9450 223 8 2 811 321 8 21 ZT NC70-97 247 6 9 3 / 4 76 2 3 9150 9450 232 6 2 571 341 2 22 ZT NC70-100 254 0 10 76 2 3 9150 9450 237 3 2 811 362 0 23 ZT NC77-110 ( ) 279 4 11 76 2 3 9150 9450 260 7 2 781 445 5 : NCXX, I F, R EG, :,,,, 1,, 2-6,,, 2 (1 ), ( WL ) ( WZ) ( WH) ( WG) (, D)( A),, 2-8,, 2-9 55

2-6 2-8 ( SY 505191 ) mm L20 D 1 L 2 5 D 2 d L 3 = 150 L 1 = 350 L 3 = 300 L 1 = 700 mm ( in) 152 4 152 152 4 ( 6) 151 158 7 158 157 400, 500 121 51 950, 1050 1100, 1200 1450, 1550 1650, 1750 158 7 ( 6 1 / 4 ) 165 1 164 165 1 ( 6 1 / 2 ) 163 190 5 190 190 5 ( 7 1 / 2 ) 189 400, 159, 57, 950, 1100, 1450, 1650, 200 0 500 178 71 1050 1200 1550 1750 199 200 0 ( 7 7 / 8 ) 198 212 7 212 212 7 ( 8 3 / 8 ) 211 215 9 215 214 400, 500, 600 159, 178 57, 71 950, 1050, 1150 1100, 1200, 1300 1450, 1550, 1650 1650, 1750, 1850 215 9 ( 8 1 / 2 ) 222 2 221 222 2 ( 8 3 / 4 ) 220 241 3 240 241 3 ( 9 1 / 2 ) 239 244 5 400, 950, 1100, 1450, 1650, 244 500, 178 71 1050, 1200, 1550, 1750, 244 5 ( 9 5 / 8 ) 243 600 1150 1300 1650 1850 250 8 250 250 8 ( 9 7 / 8 ) 249 311 1 500, 1150, 1300, 1750, 1950, 310 600, 1250, 1400, 1850, 2050, 311 1 ( 12 1 / 4 ) 309 700 203, 1350 1500 1950 2150 444 5 500, 229 1350, 1500, 1950, 2150, 443 600, 76 1450, 1600, 2050, 2250, 444 5 ( 17 1 / 2 ) 441 700 1550 1700 2150 2350 660 4 700, 1950, 2100, 2550, 2750, 658 800, 229 2050, 2200, 2650, 2850, 660 4 ( 26 ) 655 900 2150 2300 2750 2950 56

2-9 ( SY 505191) mm ( in ) 121 (4 3 / 4 ) NC35 NC35 NC35 3 1 / 2 RE G NC44 NC44 NC44 159 (6 1 / 4 ) NC46 NC46 NC46 4 1 / 2 RE G 178 ( 7) NC50 NC50 NC50 4 1 / 2 RE G 203 ( 8) NC56 NC56 NC56 6 5 / 8 RE G 229 ( 9) NC61 NC61 NC61 7 5 / 8 RE G (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),, (5 ),,,, 1,,, ( ) 2,,,, 2 57

: ( ),, 2-7 3,,, ;, ;,, 1,,,,, 2,,,, :,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 3 1) 2),, 34, 2-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 3), 13, 25 13

4),,, 5), 1,,,,, 2,, : 1),, 2), ;,,,,,,,, 3), 241 3mm,,,, 2-10 2-10 mm 149 2155 6 104 8 50 8 73 0 76 2 120 6 50 8 88 9 73 0 88 9 215 9222 2 158 8, 165 1 71 4 171 4, 177 8 57 2 114 3 127 0 108 0 133 4 311 1 203 2, 228 2, 254 0 71 4 76 2 127 0 139 7 168 3 133 4 152 4 444 5660 4 203 2, 228 6, 254 0, 279 4 71 4 76 2 127 0 139 7 168 3 133 4 152 4,, :,,, 59

311 1 0 30m + 310 2 01m + 203 2 8 85m + 310 1 88m + 203 2 8 68m + 310 1 88m + 203 2 105 63m + 197 5 45m + 197 5 13m + 203 2 26 52m + 6 5 / 8 REGG NC50M 0 37m + 127 0 54 41m + 127 0 + NC50 G5 1 / 2 FHM 0 38m + 133 4,, 311 1mm 2-8 : + + + + + + + + + + + +,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, 2-8 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13,,,, 1,, 60

, 2,, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2,,,, 3 61

,, 4,,,, ( ),, 5,,,,, ( ),, 6,,,,, 7,,,,,, : 1),,, 2),,, 3),, 1,, ( ), = 2 - (21) 62

, 241 3mm,, 25 4mm 2,, Wc Wc = W m St Kcos (22) W c, kn ; W m, kn ; St, 1 151 25 ;, ( ) ; K, d, g/ cm 3 ; K = 1 - d ; s s, 7 85g/ cm 3,, Lc Lc = W c W uc (23) Lc = W m St W uc Kcos (24) Lc, m; W uc, kn/ m, Lc2 Lc 2 = W c - Lc1 W u c1 W uc 2 (25) Lc1, m; W uc 1, kn/ m; 63

Lc 2, m; W uc 2, kn/ m Lc1,,,,,, 1 1) ( ) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) (API ), 2-11 2 (1 ),, Ft Fa (26) Ft, kn ; Fa, kn (2 ) Ft, Ft = ( L p W up + Lc W u c ) K (27) Lp, m; W up, kn/ m (3 ) Fa 1) Fy, Fy 2-11 2-11 API,,,,, Fy 64

2-11 API, kn m m in mm N/ m D E X G S 60 3 2 3 / 8 7 11 97 12 451 02 615 04 779 06 861 02 1107 00 73 0 2 7 / 8 9 19 151 86 699 45 953 75 1208 10 1335 27 1716 79 6 45 138 71 864 40 88 9 3 1 / 2 9 35 194 14 886 02 1208 41 1530 66 1691 73 2175 11 11 40 226 22 1053 38 1436 28 1819 27 2010 78 2585 29 101 6 4 6 65 8 38 172 95 204 34 931 24 1026 77 1269 77 1605 45 1777 66 2285 60 6 88 200 71 1201 56 114 3 4 1 / 2 8 56 242 30 1078 52 1470 90 1863 09 2059 24 2647 58 10 92 291 95 1345 55 1834 89 2324 18 2568 82 3302 76 127 0 5 9 19 12 70 284 78 372 40 1290 86 1729 92 1760 31 2358 97 2229 71 2980 08 2464 39 3302 58 3168 51 4246 19Z 139 7 5 1 / 2 9 17 10 54 319 71 360 52 1426 36 1622 50 1945 06 2212 49 2463 72 2802 48 2723 05 3097 49 3501 08 3982 30 2) Fw, Fy 90% Fw = 0 9 Fy (28) 3) Fa,,, Fw Fw, Stp = F w Fa Fw = 0 9 Fy Fa = 0 9 F y Stp (29) Stp, 1 301 60 Fa Fw,,,, Fa 65

= Fw - Fa = 0 9 Fy - Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy - ( 210),, 4) Fa,,? 2-1, 88 9mm 9 35mm D, 127 0mm 9 19mm S, 1 35, 450kN? : 88 9mm 2-12 Fy = 886 02kN, Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy S tp = 0 9 886 02 1 35 = 590 68( kn) = 0 9 Fy - Fa = 0 9 886 02-590 68 = 206 74 ( kn) < 450( kn), Fa 127 0mm, 2-12 Fy = 3168 51kN Fa Fa = 0 9 Fy - = 0 9 3168 51-450 = 2401 66 ( kn) Stp = 0 9 F y Fa = 0 9 3168 51 2401 66 = 1 187 < 1 35, Fa,,,,,, 88 9mm Fa, 347 42kN ; 127 0mm Fa, 2112 34kN,, ; 66

2,, (1 ), Fa, Lp Lp = ( F a K - L c W uc ) 1 Wup ( 211) Lp, m; W up, kn/ m; Lc, m; W uc, kn/ m; Fa, kn (2 ), ( )( ) ( ) 1), L p1 = ( F a 1 K - L c W uc ) 1 W up1 ( 212) Lp2 = ( F a2 K - L c W uc - L p1 W up1 ) 1 W up2 ( 213) L p3 = ( F a3 K - L c W uc - Lp1 W up1 - Lp2 Wup2 ) 1 W up3 ( 214) Lp1 Lp2 Lp3, m; W up1 W up2 W up3, kn/ m; Fa1 Fa 2 Fa3, kn,, Lp1 (213 ) Lp2, Lp1 L p2 ( 214) Lp3 2) 2-2 : H = 7500m, d = 1 65g/ cm 3, 177 8mm Lc = 135m, W uc = 1600 4N/ m, 114 3mmE, 8 56mm, 127 0mmG 9 19mm 12 70mm 67

: 450kN, 114 3mm 1 35, 127 0mm 1 40 : K = 1 - d = 1-1 65 s 7 8 = 0 788, 114 3mm, 8 56mmE 2-12, W up1 = 242 3N/ m, Fy1 = 1470 90kN Fa1 Fa1 = 0 9 F y1 S tp1 = 0 9 1470 90 1 35 = 980 6( kn) Fa1 Fa1 = 0 9 Fy1 - = 0 9 1470 90-450 = 873 81( kn) Fa1 = 873 81 ( kn), Lp1 L p1 = ( F a1 K - L c W uc ) 1 W up1 = ( 873 81 0 788-1 6004 135) 1 0 2423 = 3684( m) 127 0mm, 9 19mmG 2-12, W up2 = 284 78N/ m, Fy2 = 2464 39kN Fa2 Fa2 = 0 9 2464 39 1 40 = 1584 25 ( kn ) Fa2 Fa2 = 0 9 2464 39-450 = 1767 95 ( kn ) Fa2 = 1584 25kN, Lp2 68

L p2 = ( 1584 25 0 788-1 6004 135-0 2423 3684 ) 1 0 28478 = 3166m Lp3 Lp3= H - Lc - L p1 - Lp2 = 7500-135 - 3684-3166 = 515m 127 0mm, 12 70mmG, 2-12, W up3 = 372 40N/ m, Fy3 = 3302 58kN Fa3 Fa3 = 0 9 3302 40 1 40 = 2122 97 ( kn ) Fa3 Fa3 = 0 9 3302 40-450 = 2522 16 ( kn ) Fa3 = 2122 97kN, Lp3 Lp3 = ( 2122 97 0 788-1 6004 135-0 2423 3684-0 28478 3166 ) 1 0 3724 = 1836( m) > L p3 Lp3 = 515m : 127 0mm12 70mmG 127 0mm9 19mmG 114 3mm8 56mmE 178mm 515m 3166m 3684m 135m 7500m,,,,, :, 69

,, ; 1 2m ; ;, ;, 1,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, 1 2m,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ;, 0 5m, ;,, (3 ),,,, 1),,,,,,,,,,, 70

, 2),,,,,,,,, ph ph, ; ph, ;, ph 9 5,,, ;, ;, ; ;, ;,, ;,, ;,, 2,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,, 1,, 71

,,,, 2,,, 315, 3,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),, ph ph,, ph 9 0, 4 1) C75C95 2),, ; ; ph 10 3), ph 1011 ; ; ; ;,,,, 1 : ; ; ; 72

(1 ),, 80 %, 62 5%, 62 5% ;, 80 %, 65 %, 55%, 55% 2000m, 812m,, 6mm, 3m 3mm, 2mm (2 ) 2-12 ( SY 536989 ) 2-12 mm ( in) kg/ m mm, mm mm mm, mm mm E 120 7 7 1 6 4 11 1 110 3 4 0 3 4 5 9 88 9 ( 3 1 / 2 ) 19 81 NC38 ( 3 1 / 8 I F ) X G 127 0 127 0 7 1 7 1 6 4 6 4 14 3 14 3 112 7 113 5 5 3 5 7 4 6 5 0 7 1 7 5 S E 127 0 161 9 7 1 8 5 6 4 7 7 14 3 17 5 116 7 143 7 7 3 5 1 6 6 4 3 9 1 8 4 114 3 ( 4 1 / 2 ) 29 79 NC50 ( 4 1 / 8 I F ) X G 161 9 161 9 8 5 8 5 7 7 7 7 17 5 17 5 146 1 146 8 6 7 6 7 5 9 5 9 9 6 9 6 S 168 3 8 5 7 7 20 7 150 8 8 7 7 9 11 9 E 161 9 8 5 7 7 15 9 144 5 56 4 8 7 2 127 ( 5 ) 29 05 NC50 X G 161 9 165 1 8 5 8 5 7 7 7 7 15 9 17 5 147 6 148 4 7 1 7 5 6 3 6 7 8 7 9 1 S 168 3 8 5 7 7 19 1 152 4 9 5 8 7 11 1 E 177 8 11 4 10 3 16 7 159 5 5 8 4 7 7 5 139 7 ( 5 1 / 2 ) 32 62 5 1 / 2 FH X G 177 8 184 2 11 4 11 4 10 3 10 3 16 7 19 9 162 7 164 3 7 4 8 2 6 3 7 1 9 1 9 9 S 190 5 16 1 15 1 23 0 168 3 10 2 9 1 11 9 :, 1/ 2, 2/ 3, 3 5 150mm, : ( ) 114 3mm 160mm, ( ) 127 0mm 180mm (3 ) 2-13 2-14,, 89m, 73

5mm, 2m 2 5mm, 2mm 2-13 mm ( in ) mm mm mm 158 7 ( 6 1 / 4 ) 158 7 57 1 71 4 148 6 139 7 165 1 ( 6 1 / 2 ) 165 1 57 1 71 4 153 0 148 6 171 4 ( 6 3 / 4 ) 171 4 57 1 153 0 177 8 (7 ) 177 8 57 1 71 4 167 6 165 1 203 2 (8 ) 203 2 71 4 181 6 228 6 (9 ) 228 6 71 4 200 0 241 3 ( 9 1 / 2 ) 241 3 76 2 219 7 247 6 ( 9 3 / 4 ) 247 6 76 2 231 1 254 ( 10 ) 254 76 2 231 1 2-14 mm ( in) ( 10 % ) mmmm mm 158 7 ( 6 1 / 4 ) 165 1 ( 6 1 / 2 ) 171 4 ( 6 3 / 4 ) 177 8 ( 7) 203 2 ( 8) 228 6 ( 9) 241 3 ( 9 1 / 2 ) 247 6 ( 9 3 / 4 ) 254 ( 10) 650 652 654 6 5 56 764 772 776 778 880 6 65 7 8 (4 ) 1) : 3mm, 1mm; 8mm, 1 5mm 2) : 3) 4),, 74

5), 2,, 14 7MPa, 0 51min; 19 6MPa, 5min,, 3,, A MKCIV,,,,,,,,, 1 1), 2),,,,,, 3),,, 4) 5),,,, 6), 7), 8),, ( ), 9) 10 ), 11 ),, 75

12 ), ( ) 13 ) 14 ),,, ( ) 15 ) 16 ),, 2 (1 ) 1), 2m, 1m, 2) ( ),, 3), 4) 60% 40 % ; ( ) 60% 40 % 5),,,,,, 6),,,,,, (2 ) 1), ;,, 2),,, 3), 4),,, 5),, 6),,,, 7),,, 8), ;, 76

9),, 10 ),,,,, ;,,,,,,, 11 ),,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ) 1) 2),,, 3),, 4), (5 ),, (6 ),,, 77

,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 3-1, 78

,,,,,,,,,,,,,, A, A, Jo, Jo = d n/ ( 2tg 2 ) dn,, mm; ( ) 2tg ( / 2) = a, a Jo = dn/ a (31),,, 2 vj,, 3-1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6,,,,, 3-2,, : 1),,,,, 2), vj, Lo, 3) vj,, v v/ vj = ( Jo + Lo )/ ( Jo + L ) 79

Jo = dn/ a, v = vj dn/ a + Lo dn/ a + L = v j dn + alo dn + al ( dn + al o )/ ( dn + al ) = b, b v = bvj (32) 3-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,,,,,, 3,,,, pk = v2 2000 g (33) pk, MPa; v, m/ s;, kn/ m 3 ; g, 9 8m/ s 2 ( 3-3 ), : 1), po, po = v2 j 2000 g 2),,,,,, 80

3), 3-3 3-3, pk/ po = v 2 / v 2 j = ( bvj) 2 / v 2 j = b 2, b 2 =, b = ( dn + alo )/ ( dn + al ) = [ ( dn + al o)/ ( dn + al ) ] 2 (34) 3-3,,,, 1,,,,? : 1),,, 3-4,,,,,, 2),,,, 3-5 3-4 1 ; 2 ; 3,,, 81

,,,, x ( d p x d x ) m a x = - 2 b pmo e ( - 1/ 2 ) dn (35) 3-5 1 ; 2 pmo, x, m, x = dn/ 2 b (36) px x, pmo = po, MPa; MPa; 3-6 ( 3-5 ),,, b; 2, 20%, 18 %, 60 %,,, 3-6 3-7, 0 4mm,,,,,,,,,,,, 3-8,,,,,, ( vcr ) ( vj ) ( Q) : 82

3-8 vcr Qvj (37),, : 3-7 1) ; 2) ; 3) Q vj,,,,,,,,,,, 1( vj ) : vj = Q/ Ant, vj = 1000 Q/ Ant (38) vj, m/ s; Q( ), L/ s; A nt, mm 2, A nt = 3 4 d2 n dn, mm, dn e 83

: dn e = ndn (39) n : dn e = d 2 1 + d 2 2 + + d 2 n ( 310) d1 d2 dn, mm 2 ( Fj ), Fj t = m vj, Fj = m vj/ t m/ t = Q/ g Fj = Q g v j ( 311) vj = Q, m = ( 311), A nt g Fj Fj = m Q2 Ant = 4 m Q 2 d 2 ne ( 312) ( 313) Fj, kn ;, kn/ m 3 ; g, 9 8m/ s 2 ; vj, m/ s; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, 3( Nj ) mm,,,,, 84

, Nj = 1/ 2 m v2 j t = 1 2 m t v2 j = 1 2 m Qv 2 j vj N j = m Q3 2 A 2 nt ( 314), Nj = 500 m Q 3 A 2 nt ( 315) N j = 8000 m Q 3 2 d 4 ne ( 316) Nj, kw ; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, mm,,,,, 1,, 3-9 11, 22, p1 v1 p2 v2, H, 3-9 H + p 1 + v2 1 2 g = p 2 + v2 2 2 g + h 85

H, v1, v2, vj, v1 v2, v 2 1 v 2 2, p1 = p 2 + v2 j 2 g + h h, h, h = v2 j 2 g p1 - p2 = (1 + ) v 2 j 2 g p1 - p2 = ( 1 1 1 + )2 v2 j 2 g 1 1 + = C, C, p 1 p2,, pb, pb = v2 j 2 C 2 g pb = Q 2 2 gc 2 A 2 nt m = / g pb = m Q 2 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 317), pb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 318) pb = 8000 m Q2 C 2 2 d 4 ne ( 319) pb, 86 MPa;

m, g/ cm 3 ; vj, m/ s; Q, L/ s; A nt, mm 2 ; dn e, mm; C 2,, Nb = pb Q = m Q 3 2 C 2 A 2 nt, Nb = 500 m Q 3 C 2 A 2 nt N b = 8000 m Q 3 C 2 2 d 4 ne ( 320) ( 321) Nb, kw; 3,,, ( 315) (320 ), Nj = C 2 Nb ( 322) C 2 C 2 b b = Nj/ N b = C 2 ( 323), ( 318) Q = CAn t 500 m pb 87

( 38 ) vj = 20 C 5 pb m ( 324) ( 318) Q ( 312), Fj = 5 m CQ pb ( 325) 50 ( 324) (325 ),,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1 ( 317 ), 1 = C, C 1 +??, 3-10, m, A nt, H, 3-10 1 ; 2, (, ), vi H = v2 i 2 g 88

Qi, vi vi = Qi/ A nt, H = Q 2 i 2 ga 2 nt Qi = Ant 2 gh ( 326) Qi,,, Qi h vj Q, H = v2 j 2 g + h h, h = v2 j, 2 g H = v2 j 2 g + j v2 2 g = ( 1 + ) v 2 j 2 g vj = Q/ Ant, H = (1 + ) Q 2 2 ga 2 nt Q = 1 1 + A n t 2 gh ( 327) 1 1 + = C, ( 326) Q i = Ant 2 gh Q = CQi ( 328) Q/ Qi = C ( 328),, C,,,, C 1 C, C 2,, 89

2,,, 3-11 5 9 dn (1 ), 3-11, C = 0 663, b = C 2 = 0 44,, 44%, (2 ) 3-12,, 56% Ho = 0 5 dn,,, d v/ d Y =,, C = 0 98, = 8, Lo = 5 9 dn (3 ) 3-13, 0 972, 8, 3-12 3-13, 3-1 3 3-1,, (1 ) ( 3-1 ),, 0 96, 90

3-1, 3-1 0 663 0 985 12 5 4 d n 0 978 15 4 8 d n 0 96 0 98 5 8 d n 0 963 8 4 8 d n 0 972 8 5 9 d n 0 98 8 5 9 d n (2 ), ;,,,, 3-1,,,,, 678910111213 14mm 1/ 32in, : 7/ 32in ( 5 56mm )1/ 4in ( 6 35mm ) 9/ 32in ( 7 14mm )5/ 16in ( 7 98mm )11/ 32in ( 8 73mm )3/ 8in (9 53mm)13/ 32in (10 32mm),, 1( ),,, Lo,,,, 3 dn,, ( ), 91

,,,,, 2,,,,,,,, 3,,,,, ( ),,, :,,,,, : 1) (, ), 2),,,,, 3),, 4) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 92

, 1), ( ), 2),, 3),, 4),, ; ps = pg + pi + pb + pa ( 329) Ns = Ng + Ni + Nb + Na ( 330) psns; pgn g ; pini ; pa Na ; pbnb 1)2)4),, ( 329) (330 ) ps = pcs + pb ( 331) Ns = Ncs + Nb ( 332) psms ; pcsncs; pbnb,,,, 93

,,, pb Nb, pcs Ncs, ( ), 1 ppi = 8186 67 0 8 m 0 2 L p Q 1 8 d 4 8 pi ( 333) ppi 0 8 = 9113 8 m 0 2 d 4 8 pi Lp Q 1 8 ( 334) 0 8 0 2 Lp Q 1 8 ppa = 9113 8 m ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ( 335) ppi ppa, M Pa ; m, g/ cm 3 ;, Lp, m; Q, L/ s; dpi, dh, mm; dp, mm; mm 2 mpas;,, 3-14 (1 ) 94

pg 0 8 0 2 = 8186 67 m L1 d 4 8 1 + L 2 d 4 8 2 + L 3 d 4 8 3 + L 4 d 4 8 4 Q 1 8 ( 336) pg, MPa; m, g/ cm 3 ;, Q, L/ s; mpas; L1 L2 L3 L4 d1 d2 d3 d4 (2 ), mm m, ppi 0 8 = B m 0 2 d 4 8 pi Lp Q 1 8 ( 337) ppi, MPa ; dpi, mm; B, B = 8186 67, B = 9113 8; Lp, m (3 ) 0 8 0 2 Lp Q 1 8 ppa = 9113 8 m ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ( 338) ppa, MPa; dp dh, mm (4 ) 3-14 pci = 8186 67 0 8 m 0 2 L c Q 1 8 d 4 8 c i ( 339) pc i, MPa; dci, mm; Lc, m (5 ) 95

pca = 9113 8 0 8 m 0 2 Lc Q 1 8 ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ( 340) pca, M Pa ; dc, mm, ( 3-37) (3-38 ), ( 3-39) (3-40 ), pp = [ B d 4 8 pi + 9113 8 ] 0 8 ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 m 0 2 Lp Q 1 8 ( 341) pc = [ 8186 67 d 4 8 ci + 9113 8 ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ] m 0 8 0 2 Lc Q 1 8 ( 342) 3 ( 336) ( 341 ) ( 342 ), Kg K p Kc, Kg = 8186 67 0 8 m 0 2 ( L1 d 4 8 1 + L 2 d 4 8 2 + L 3 d 4 8 3 + L 4 ) ( 343) d 4 8 4 Kg K g 0 8 0 2 = 3 77 10-4 m ( 344) Kp = 0 8 m 0 2 Lp [ B d 4 8 pi + 9113 8 ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ] ( 345) Kc = 0 8 m 0 2 Lc [ 8186 67 d 4 8 ci + 9113 8 ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 ] ( 346) Kcs Kcs = Kg + Kp + Kc pcs pcs = pg + pc + pp = ( Kg + Kc + Kp ) Q 1 8 = Kcs Q 1 8 96

, Kg Kc Kp, Kcs, 4,,, 0 8 m 0 2 [ B d 4 8 pi + 9113 8 ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 ] = m ( 347) Kp = m L p Kg + Kc = n Kp + Kg + Kc = m Lp + n= m( L - Lc ) + n= m L - m Lc + n n= Kg + Kc n- m Lc = Kg + Kc - m Lc n = Kg + Kc - m Lc ( 348) K g + Kc + Kp = m L + n = Kcs ( 349) L, m; Kcs pcs = Kcs Q 1 8 = ( Kg + Kc + Kp ) Q 1 8 = ( ml + n) Q 1 8 ( 350) mn,, : 1), Q, p1 pg, Kg = p1/ Q 1 8 2), Q, p2 pb = p2 - p1 3) 2 ),, p3, pci = p3 - p2, Kc = p 3 - p2 Q 1 8 4) L1,, p4 Lp = L1 - Lc, ppi = p4 - p3, Kp = p 4 - p3 Q 1 8 97

mn m = p4 - p3 L p Q 1 8 ( 351) n = p3 - p2 + p1 Q 1 8 - ( p4 - p3 ) Lp L p Q 1 8 ( 352),, ( 350), (318 ) pb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt = Kb Q 2 ( 353) Kb Kb = 500 m Q 2 C 2 A 2 nt ( 354) ( 350) (353 ) ( 331) (332 ) ps = pb + pcs = Kb Q 2 + Kcs Q 1 8 ( 355) Ns = N b + Ncs = Kb Q 3 + Kcs Q 2 8 ( 356), (pb Nb ) 1( ps ) ( Ns ),,,,, 2 ( Kcs ) Kcs = Kg + Kp + Kc, Kcs,, (343 ) (345 ) (346 ), m, 4 8 : 1), 2),, 98

114mm 127mm 66% 3) Kb (354 ), : m C An t m C m Kcs, ; C,, Kb 4) Q( 355 ) ( 356 ),,,,,, ( ) ( ) Q dn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Nr,,, p r, Qr Nr, pr, ( )3NB1000 3NB1300 3-2 3-3 Nr = prqr ( 357) Nr, kw; p r, MPa; Qr, L/ s 99

3-2 3NB 1000 mm / min L/ s MPa 120 150 19 9 33 1 130 150 23 4 28 2 140 150 27 1 24 3 150 150 31 1 21 2 160 150 35 4 18 6 170 150 40 0 16 5 3-3 3NB 1300 mm / min L/ s MPa 130 140 23 6 34 3 140 140 27 4 31 4 150 140 31 4 27 3 160 140 35 7 24 0 170 140 40 4 21 3 3NB 1000, 3-15 Qm ax Qmin ( 170mm ) ( 120mm ) L,, pcs,,,,, ;,,, 1, Q < Qr,, ps p r, Ns = prqq, Ns, Q = 0, = 0 3-16, Q < Qr ; Q = Qr, Ns Nr 2 Q > Qr, Ns, Nr ( 3-57), ps = Nr/ QNr,,, ps Q 3-16,, 100 Ns

3-15 Nb N j C 2,,, Nb (355 ) ( 356 ) ( 324 ) (325 ),, : Q < Qr,, ;, ; Q = Qr,,,,,, : vj, Fj, Nj, Nb pb pb = ps - Kcs Q 1 8 (358 ) Nb = Q ( ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ) (359 ) vj = Kv ps - Kcs Q 1 8 (360 ) Fj = Kf Q ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ( 361) 3-16 Kv = 20 C m Kf = 50 m C 50 101

pb ps, M Pa; vj, m/ s; Fj, kn ; Nb, kw; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; C, 3-17? Q, 317,, pbvj Q, ; Fj Nb Q,,, :?,, : ( Nbm a x ) ; ( Fjm ax ) ; ( vjm ax ) ( N E ), N bm ax, Fjm a x, vjma x,, N bm ax, Fjm a x, vjm ax, NE,? Nbm a x 1 (1 ), Ns = Nr ( 359) N b = Q( ps - Kcs Q 1 8 ) = ps Q - Kcs Q 2 8 = Ns - Kcs Q 2 8 Ns = Nr 102

Nb = Nr - Kcs Q 2 8 ( 362) ( 359), Q, N b ; Q, N b, Q, Qr, N bm ax Q = Qr (2 ), ps = p r ( 361) ( ps = pr ), N b = Ns - Kcs Q 2 8 = pr Q - Kcs Q 2 8 ( 363) Nbm a x d N b d Q = 0, d Nb d Q = p r - 2 8 Kcs Q 1 8 = 0 pr = 2 8 Kcs Q 1 8 = 2 8pcs pcs = 1 2 8 p r = 0 357 pr ( 364) pb = 0 643 pr ( 365) Ncs = 0 357 Ns ( 366) N b = 0 643 Ns ( 367) pcs = 0 357 pr (3 ) Kcs = ml + n (362 ) ( 363), Q Qr, N b = Nr - ( m L + n) Q 2 8 ( 368) Q < Qr, N b = pr Q - ( ml + n) Q 2 8 ( 369) L ( 368) (369 ), 318, 1234 2 3-18, 2 3, 2 2 2, Q = 103

3-18 Qr, pb 0 643 pr2, pb = 0 643 p r2, 2, ; 2, ( ),, Ln c 2, Qa, 3 Q = Q a 3, Ln a :, Ln c, Q = Qr, pcs = ( mlnc + n ) Q 1 8 r = 0 357 pr L nc = 0 357 pr mq 1 8 r - n m ( 370) L na = 0 357 p r mq 1 8 a - n m ( 371) 3( Qo ) ( dn ) : L < L nc, Q = Qr ; ( 372) L > L n a, Q = Qa ; ( 373) Ln c < L < Ln a,, :pcs = 0 357 pr, pcs = ( m L + n ) Q 1 8 Qo, Qo = ( 0 357 p r m L + n ) 1/ 1 8 ( 374) 104

: ( 319), dne = ( 8000 m Q 2 C 2 2 ) 1/ 4 ( 375) pb dn = ( 889 m Q 2 C 2 2 ) 1/ 4 ( 376) pb dn e, dn, mm; mm; m, g/ cm 3 ; Q, L/ s; pb, MPa; C,, pb,,, pcs pr pb, pb = p r - pcs 4 1), ( ),, Ln c pb = pr - pcs pb pb 2) L nc 35 7%,, Qo,, 64 3 % 3) L na, Qa,,,,,,,,, :,, 2000m 2500m, 2500m 2500m,, 2/ 3,,,? 105

,,, ( 361), Fj = Kf Q ps - Kcs Q 1 8, Q > Qr, Fj = Kf Nr Q - ( m L + n) Q 3 8 ( 377), Q < Qr, Fj = Kf p r Q 2 - ( m L + n ) Q 3 8 ( 378) L ( 377) (378 ), 3-19 3-19, Fjma x 12345 12,,,, 12345 1, d F j d Q = 0, F jm ax pcs = 1 1 9 = 0 526 p r ( 379) 106

pb = 0 474 pr ( 380) 2 (1 ), 12345, LFc, LF a LF c = 0 526 p r m Q 1 8 r - n m ( 381) LF a = 0 526 p r m Q 1 8 a - n m ( 382) (2 ) L < K Fc, Q = Qr ; L > LFa, Q = Qa ; LF c < L < LFa, Q = Qo; Qo = ( 0 526 p r 1/ 1 8 ) ( m L + n 383) 3 1) Qr LF c,, 2) LFc, 52 6%,,,, 47 4% 3) LFa, Qa,,,, ( 3-60), vj = Kv ps - Kcs Q 1 8 :, vj, 0,, Qa vjma x Q = Q a 3-4 107

34 L < L c L > L c N bmax Q = Q r p cs = 0 357 p r F jmax Q = Q r p cs = 0 526 p r v jmax Q = Q a N E Q = Q a,,, : ; 1 ( Qa ) Qa, va Qa = 4000 ( d2 h - d 2 p ) va ( 384) Qa, L/ s; dh, mm; dp, mm; va, m/ s, 0 5 0 6m/ s,,, 2 ( ), K gk p Kcmn, Kcs = m L + n, m, n,, mn, 3 : Qr Qa ; 108

( ), Nrp rqr, ( 10% 5% ),,, 4 1), : ( 370) ( 371) (381 ) (382 ) 2), 3-5 3-6 3-5 ( L ), m LL nc L nc LL na L > L na ( Q ), L/ s Q r ( 0 357 p r K cs ) 1/ 1 8 Q a (p cs ), M Pa K cs Q 1 8 r 0 357 p r K cs Q 1 8 a (p b ), M Pa p r - p cs 0 643 p r p r - p cs 3-6 ( L ), m LL nc L nc LL na L > L na ( Q ), L/ s Q r ( 0 526 p r K cs ) 1/ 1 8 Q a (p cs ), M Pa K cs Q 1 8 r 0 526 p r K cs Q 1 8 a (p b ), M Pa p r - p cs 0 474 p r p r - p cs 3) dne = ( 8000 C 2 2 pb m Q 2 ) 1/ 4, dn = 3 3 d ne 4) () 216mm, 177 8mm 135m, 127mm, 4300m, 1 40g/ cm 3, 20mPas, 27M Pa, 3NB 1300 109

: 1( Qa ), va = 1m/ s Qa = ( d2 h - d 2 p ) 4000 = 23 98 ( L/ s) va = ( 2162-127 2 ) 4000 1 0 2 : 177 8mm dci = 71 44mm 127mm dpi = 112mm ( 3-44) ( 3-46) ( 3-47) ( 3-48) 0 8 0 2 Lc Kc = m 8186 67 d 4 8 c i + 9113 8 ( dh - dc ) 3 ( dh + dc ) 1 8 = 1 40 0 8 20 0 2 135 8186 67 71 44 4 8 + = 4 444 10-3 9113 8 (216-177 8 ) 3 (216 + 177 8) 1 8 Kg = 3 77 10-4 0 8 m 0 2 = 3 77 10-4 1 4 0 8 20 0 2 = 8 984 10-4 0 8 0 2 m = m 8186 67 d 4 8 pi = 1 40 0 8 20 0 2 8186 67 112 4 8 + = 3 686 10-6 + 9113 8 ( dh - dp ) 3 ( dh + dp ) 1 8 9113 8 ( 216-127) 3 ( 216 + 127) 1 8 n = Kg + Kc - mlnc = 8 984 10-4 + 4 444 10-3 - 3 686 10-6 135 = 4 845 10-3 3, 27M Pa,, 25MPa 3-3 130,,,,, 150 150 : Qr = 31 4L/ s; pr = 27 3M Pa : Qr = 31 4L/ s; pr = 25MPa 4 ( 370) (371 ) : 110

L nc = 0 357 p r m Q 1 8 r = - n m 0 357 25-4 845 10-3 = 3580 ( m) 3 686 10-6 31 4 1 8 3 686 10-6 L n a = 0 357 p r m Q 1 8 a = - n m 0 357 25 3 686 10-6 23 98 1 8-4 845 10-3 3 686 10-6 = 6638 ( m) 5 3-5, 3-7 6 N b = pb Q Fj = 5 m CQ 50 pb vj = 20 C 5 m pb Nj = C 2 Nb m Q 2 dn e = 8000 C 2 2 pb 1/ 4, dn = 3 3 d ne 7,,,,, 3-7, 1000m, dne = 15 305mm,, 8 839mm,, : 899mm, ( 310 ), 15 033mm,,,,,, ( ) 111

112

,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 W vm,,, 4-1,,,, oa,,,, ab,,, c,,, W a,,,, W b 113

,,, 4-1 ab : vm ( W - M ) (41) M, ab W,,, 4-1,,,,,,,,, 2, n,, 4-2,, 1, vm n (42),,, 0 51 1,,,, 3,,, 4-3 H 01, ( Ht ), ( H)Ht = 0, Hf = 1 43 vm 1 1 + C2 Ht (43) C2, C2 = 0 54, C2 0C2 C2, 114

4-2 W 1 > W 2 > W 3 ; 4-3 vmo, C2 vm1 = 1/ 2 vmo ; C2 = 2Ht = 1, vm2 = 1/ 3 vmo = 1Ht = 1,, Ht, Ht = 1,, 1/ 3, C2 = 2 4,,,,,, 1975 ( 4-4 ),,,,,,, 4-4 Ncj = 0 8527 v 0 31 j 4-4 (44) 115

CH = v m vj = N c Ncj (45) Ncj, W/ mm 2 ; vj, m/ h; Nc, W/ mm 2 ; vm, m/ h; CH 1, ( 45) CH 1,, CH 1 ( 45 ) vm = CH vj (46) 5,, 4-5, vm v0 = e - 0 001714p (47) vm, m/ h; v0, m/ h; e; p, kpa Cp = e - 0 001714p 4-5 ( 47 ) vm = Cpv0 (48) Cp, 0 < Cp 1 ( 47 ), p, Cp, p 0, Cp 1,, 6,,,, (1 ),,,,,, 116

,, (2 ),,,, (3 ), 4-6 100,, 4%,, 1m, ( 12 ) 11,,, 4-7,,,,, 4-6 4-7,,,,,,,, 117

vm ( W - M ) n 1 1 + C2 Ht (49) Ko, vm = K o( W - M ) n 1 1 + C2 Ht ( 410) ( 410) 1969 Ko,,,, ( 410 ) K o,,,, d F d t = KCp CH ( W - M ) n 1 1 + C2 Ht ( 411) F t K, Ko = KCp CH ( 411 ) K, K,, Ko,,,,,, 1 h,,,, h h, ( H) H = h h ( 412) h = 0, H = 0, h = h, H = 1H 01, (1 ), 118

4-8 d Ht d t 1 D2 - D1 W ( 413), d H t D1 d t D2,, 4-1 D1 D2 ( 413 ), 4-8 D2/ D1,, D2/ D1 4-1 mm 159 171 200 220 244 251 273 311 349 D 1 0 0198 0 0187 0 0167 0 0160 0 0148 0 0146 0 0139 0 0131 0 0124 D 2 5 5 5 6 5 94 6 11 6 38 6 44 6 68 7 15 7 56 (2 ), ( n ),, d Ht d t 4-9 d Ht d t ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 414) PQ, PQ 4-2P 4-9 Q,, PQ PQ 4-2, PQ, (3 ),,, 119

4-2 P Q C 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 2 5 1 08810-4 7 2 0 0 87010-4 6 1 5 0 65310-4 5 1 2 0 52210-4 4 0 9 0 39210-4 3 1 0 65 0 28310-4 2 3 2 3 0 5 0 21810-4 2 4 1 4 2 3 4 1 5 6 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 0 5 0 21810-4 2 7 2 3 4 1 8 2 3 4, 4-10, 120

d Ht d t 1 1 + C1 Ht ( 415) C1, C1 C1 ( Ht = 1), ( Ht = 0) C1 = 3, 3, 1/ 4 4-10 C1 4-2 (4 ), d Ht d t Pn + Qn 3 ( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 416),,,, 416 Af, (416 ) : d Ht d t = Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 417) Af, Af Af,, Af 10 3, (417 ) d Ht d t = Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) (1 + C1 Ht ) ( 418), P QC1 D1 D2 Af, 4-1 3200m, A f = 3 22 251mm 21, W = 196kN, n = 110r/ min, 5h10h, : ( 4-1 ) (4-2) 251mm 21 D1 = 0 0146, D2 = 6 44, P = 1 5, Q = 0 653 10-4, C1 = 5 121

( 418), H f ( 1 + C1 Ht )d Ht = 0 1000( D2 - D1 W ) T d t 0 Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ),, Hf C1 2 H2 f + Hf - Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) T = 0 Hf = - 1 + 1 + 2 C1 T = 5h, Ht = 0 5024; T = 10h, Ht = 0 7730 Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) T C1 Hf = 1,, T = 15 43h 2,,,, B B = - min - min m a x ( 419), mm; min, mm; m ax, mm, Bf = 1,, (1 ) B = 0,,,,, 4-11 d B d t W1 5 ( 420) (2 ),,,, 122

d B d t n ( 421) (3 ), d B d t nw 1 5 ( 422) 4-11, b d B d t = 1 b nw1 5 ( 423) (423) b, kn 1 5 r/ minh b b,,, b ( 423) B f 0 T d B = 1 0 b nw 1 5 d t Bf = 1 b nw 1 5 T ( 424) Wn, T, Bf, b b = n W1 5 Bf T ( 425) ( 425) b b, ( 424 ) ( 424), Bf = 1, b, TB TB = b nw 1 5 ( 426) 123

4-2 220mm 21 W = 186 2 kn, n = 120r/ min, 15h,, T2, B6 :, T2 ( 2/ 8 ), B6 (6/ 8 ), ( 425) b = 1 5 nw Bf T = 120 186 21 5 15 6/ 8 = 6097906 ( 426), TB = b nw 1 5 = 6097906 120 186 2 1 5 = 20 ( h), : KM C2 Af, 1 (1 ) M,,,, vm1 vm2 = ( W 1 - M ) n 1 (1 + C2 Ht2 ) ( W 2 - M ) n 2 (1 + C2 Ht1 ) ( 427), Ht1 Ht2 V m1 V m2 W 1 W 2 n1 n2 (427 ),, M,, 4-12, : 1) Wo no 1m, Wo no 1m t1 ( s) 2) W LnL 1m, WL n L t2 124

3) WL, nh, 1m, WLnH t3 4) nh, W H, 1m, W H nh t4 5 ) W H, nl, 1m, W H nl t5 6) W o no, 1m, W ono t6 4-3, (428 ) 412 vm i = 3600 m/ h ( 428) ti vm i i, m/ h; ti i, s/ m, = v m1 - vm6 vm1 15% 15 %,,,, M 43 W, kn n, r/ min t, s/ m v m m/ h 1 W o n o t 1 v m1 2 W L n L t 2 v m2 3 W L n H t 3 v m3 4 W H n H t 4 v m4 5 W H n L t 5 v m5 6 W o n o t 6 v m6, (427 ), Ma = v m5 WL - vm2 W H vm5 - vm2 ( 429) Mb = v m4 WL - vm3 W H vm4 - vm3 ( 430) Ma M b M 125

M = 1 2 ( M a + Mb ) ( 431),, (427 ) : a = lg( v m2/ vm3 ) lg ( n L/ n H ) ( 432) b = lg( v m4/ vm5 ) lg( nh/ n L ) ( 433) a b = 1 2 ( a + b ) ( 434) 4-3, 4-4, M : = v m1 - vm6 = vm1 36-33 37 36 = 0 073 = 7 3 % < 15% 15%, 4-4 4-4 W, kn n, r/ min t, s/ m v m m/ h 1 137 293 75 100 36 2 117 670 50 170 21 18 3 117 670 100 105 34 28 4 156 906 100 75 48 5 156 906 50 125 28 80 6 137 293 75 108 33 37 ( 429) ( 430) ( 431) M Ma = vm5 WL - vm2 W H vm5 - vm2 126

= 28 80 117 67-21 18 156 906 28 80-21 18 = 8 162 ( kn) M b = v m4 WL - vm3 W H = vm4 - vm3 48 117 67-34 28 156 906 48-34 28 = 19 637( kn) M = 1 2 ( M a + M b ) = 1 2 (8 162 + 19 637 ) = 13 90( kn) ( 432) ( 433) ( 434) a = lg( v m2/ vm3 ) lg( nl/ nh ) = lg(21 18 34 28 ) lg( 50 100) = 0 6944 b = lg( v m4/ vm5 ) lg ( n H/ nl ) = lg( 48 28 80) lg(100 50 ) = 0 737 ( 2) = 1 2 ( a + b ) = 0 7157 M,, 6m,,, ( 427) H,, M,,,,,,, : L, m; L = L EA W 127 ( 435)

W, kn ; E; A, cm 2 ; L W, m, W vm = L t = L EA W t ( 436),, ( 436) vm = W E t LP AP + L C A C ( 437) LP LC, m; A P AC, cm 2,,, : n1,, ;, ;, W (10kN 20kN) t (s), ; 1/ 2, ; n2, 4-5 4-5 W, kn W a, kn n 1, n/ min n 2, r/ min t 1, s t, s v m1, m/ h t 2, s t, s v m2, m/ h W o 0 0 W 1 W a - 1 t 1-1 v m( 1-1 ) t 2-1 v m( 2-1 ) t 1-1 t 2-1 W 2 W a - 2 t 1-2 v m( 1-2 ) t 2-2 v m( 2-2 ) t 1-2 t 2-2 W 3 W a - 3 t 1-3 v m( 1-3 ) t 2-3 v m( 2-3 ) t 1-3 t 2-3 W n t 1 - n t 2 - n W n + 1 W a - n t 1 - n v m( 1 - n) t 2 - n v m( 2 - n ) t 1 - ( n - 1) t 2 - ( n + 1) 128

,,, H = 0, M vm ( 1-1 ) vm ( 1-2 ) = W a - 1 - M a - 1 Wa - 2 - M a - 1 Ma - 1 = v m ( 1-1 ) Wa - 2 - vm ( 1-2 ) W a - 1 vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) = W a - 2 - W vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) ( 438) vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-3 ) Ma - 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n - 1 ) vm ( 1 - n ) Ma - ( n - 1 ) Ma Ma = M a - 1 + Ma - 2 + + Ma - ( n - 1 ) n - 1 ( 439) Mb - 1 = W a - 2 - W vm ( 2-2 ) vm ( 2-1 ) - vm ( 2-2 ) ( 440) vm ( 2-2 ) vm ( 2-3 ) M b - 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n - 1 ) vm ( 1 - n ) Mb - ( n - 1 ) M b M b = M b - 1 + Mb - 2 + + M b - ( n - 1 ) n - 1 ( 441) Ma M b 20%,, ; 20%, M = 1 2 ( Ma + Mb ) ( 442),,,, : vm ( 1-1 ) vm ( 2-1 ) = n1 n2 vm ( 1-1 ) 1 = lg vm ( 2-1 ) lg n 1 n2 ( 443) vm( 1-2 ) vm ( 2-2 ) 2 ; ; vm ( 1 - n ) vm ( 2 - n ) n 129

= 1 + 2 + + n n ( 444) 4-4 1120m 114mm 1000m 178mm 186 2kN W = 19 8kN t ( s) 4-6 M E = 2 110 11 Pa 4-6 W, kn W a, kn n 1 = 180r/ min n 2 = 120r/ min t 1, s t, s v m1, m/ h t 2, s t, s v m2, m/ h 186 2 0 0 166 6 147 127 4 107 8 88 2 176 4 140 0 825 191 0 605 140 191 156 8 160 0 72 218 0 53 300 409 137 2 188 0 614 260 0 444 488 669 117 6 288 0 507 314 0 368 716 983 98 290 0 398 397 0 29 1006 1380 : ( 437) 19 6kN vm vm = W E t = LP A P + L C A C 19600 1000 2 1 10 11 + t 29 58 10-4 = 115 5 ( m/ h ) t 120 208 2 10-4 3600 vm 4-6 ( 438) 180r/ min Ma Ma1 = W a - 2 - W vm ( 1-2 ) vm ( 1-1 ) - vm ( 1-2 ) = 156 8-19 6 0 72 0 825-0 72 = 22 4( kn) 130

Ma2 = 23 668kN ; Ma3 = 24 729kN ; Ma4 = 26 433kN Ma = 22 4 + 23 668 + 24 729 + 26 433 4 = 24 3 ( kn) 120r/ min M b Mb1 = 18 3kN; Mb2 = 36 01kN ; Mb3 = 22 7kN; Mb4 = 25 13kN Mb = 18 3 + 36 01 + 22 7 + 25 13 4 = 25 54( kn) 25 54-24 3 25 54 = 0 049 = 4 9% 20%,, M M = Ma + M b 2 = 24 92 ( kn) = 25 54 + 24 3 2 ( 4-43), = lg v m ( 1-1 ) vm ( 2-1 ) = 0 76 lg n 1 n2 = lg 0 825 0 605 lg 180 120, 2 = 0 76; 3 = 0 8; 4 = 0 79; 5 = 0 78 = 2( K) 0 76 + 0 76 + 0 8 + 0 79 + 0 78 5 = 0 778, H0, (4-11 ) K = vm CP CH ( W - M ) n ( 445) CP ( 4-1 ab ) 131

K, CH = 1 3 ( C2 ), vmo, vmf, Hf, (411 ) vmo vmf Ho = 0, = 1 1 + C2 Ho 1 1 + C2 Hf vmo = vmf ( 1 + C2 Hf ) C2 = v mo - vmf vmf Hf ( 446) 4( Af ) ( 418) d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 1 + C1 Hf ) d H, Af Af = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) T ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ) ( 447) T, h,, Af 45 220mm 21, W = 156 8 kn, n = 180r/ min, 9 6m/ h, ( CH = 1 ), CP = 0 78, 25h 4 5m/ h T7, M = 24 92kN, = 0 778 : 4-1 4-2 W = 156 8kN ; n = 180r/ min; CH = 1; CP = 0 785; M = 24 92kN ; = 0 778; vmo = 9 6m/ h; vm f = 4 5m/ h; D1 = 0 016; D2 = 6 11; P = 1 5; Q = 0 653 10-4 ; Hf = 7 8 = 0 875; C1 = 5; T = 25h ( 445) K 132

K = = vmo CP CH ( W - M ) n 9 6 0 785 1 (156 8-24 92 ) 180 0 778 = 1 64 10-3 ( 446) C2 C2 = v mo - vm f = vmf Hf 9 6-4 5 4 5 0 875 = 1 295 ( 447) Af Af = = 1000( D2 - D1 W ) T ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( Hf + C1 2 H2 f ) 1000 (6 11-0 016 156 8 ) 25 (1 5 180 + 0 653 10-4 180 3 ) (0 875 + 5 2 0 8752 ) = 0 619 1,,,,,, C, / m; Cb, ; Cr, / h; T, h ; T t,, h; F, m C = C b + Cr ( T + T t ) F ( 448) ( 448),,,,,, ( 448) F T ( 411 ) ( 418) ( 411) 133

( 418) ( 450) (449 ) d F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n d t 1 + C2 Ht d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 449) ( 1 + C1 Ht ) d Ht ( 450) d F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n 1000( D2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1 + C 1 Ht d Ht 1 + C2 Ht ( 451), ( 451 ), Hf, F d F = o KCP CH ( W - M ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) H f n Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) o 1 + C1 Ht 1 + C2 Ht d Ht F = KCP CH ( W - M ) n 1000( D2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) ( 452), C1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 1 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) ( 452) J = KCP CH ( W - M ) n ( 453) S = A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000( D2 - D1 W ) ( 454) E = C 1 ( 452) C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 2 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) ( 455) F = J S E ( 456) ( 453), J H = 0, m/ h S H = 0 1/ hs J/ S J, S, E, 134

( 452) (456 ) ( 450), Hf T d t = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) H f 0 Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 0 ( 1 + C1 Ht ) d Ht ( 457), T = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ( 457) ( 454) S (457 ), Ff = Hf + C 1 2 H2 f ( 458) T = Ft S ( 459) ( 459), Ft E, ( 456) ( 459) (4 48 ), C = Cb + Cr Ft S + T t J S E = C b S + Cr ( Ft + Tt S) JE ( 460) TE = C b Cr + Tt C = Cr JE ( T E S + Ft ) ( 461) T E, JESF ( 461 ), ( WnHfCp CH ) C C = Cr KCP CH ( W - T E Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 ( D2 - D1 W ) + H f + C 1 2 H2 f M ) n C1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 1 ln(1 + C2 Hf ) 135 ( 462)

, ( 462 ) 2,, C W = 0; C n = 0; C Hf = 0; C Cp = 0; C CH = 0 ( 463) CP CH, CP CH,, CP CH, 1,,, CP 1, CH = 1,,, C W = 0 ; C n = 0 ; C Hf = 0 ( 464) ( W n Hf ),, n, n > 0,, : 1) : 1Hf > 0 ; 2) : 1Bf > 0; 3) : M0, D2/ D1 > W > M ; ( 465) 4) : n > 0 M < 0, D2/ D1 > W > 0;,,, T = 1000 ( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f, T = bb f nw 1 5 bbf nw 1 5 = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f 136

Bf = 1000( D 2 - D1 W ) Af ( Pn + Qn 3 ) Hf + C 1 2 H2 f nw 1 5 b ( 466) ( 466), 2 ),,, 1, n Hf,, W opt ;, C W, : W opt = D 2 D1 + U Ft - U Ft U Ft + D 2 D1 - M ( 467) U = T E A f ( Pn + Qn 3 ) 1000 D1 ( 467) n Hf,, D2/ D1,, ; D2/ D1,, 2,,, nopt C n, nop t, nopt = 3 q 2 + q 2 2 + p 3 3 + 3 q 2 - q 2 2 + p 3 3 ( 468) q = 3-1000 F t ( D2 - D1 W ) T EAfQ p = 1-3 - P Q (468 ) W Hf :, 3,,, : 1) ; 2),,, ;,,, 137

,,, ; 46, n1 = 60r/ min, n2 = 120r/ min, n3 = 180r/ min K = 0 0023, A f = 2 28, M = 9 8kN, = 0 68251mm 21, C2 = 3 68, Cb = 9000, 700 / h, CH = 1, CP = 1, 5 75h, T6 : 251mm 21 : Cb = 9000 ; Cr = 700 / h; Tt = 5 75h ; K = 0 0023; Af = 2 28 ; M = 9 8kN ; = 0 68 ; Hf = 0 75 ; D1 = 0 0146; D2 = 6 44 ; P = 1 5; Q = 0 653 10-4 ; C1 = 5 ; C2 = 3 68, 4-7, 4-7 n, r/ min 60 120 180 Pn + Qn 3 104 1 292 84 650 83 U = T EA f 1000 D 1 ( Pn + Q n 3 ) 302 54 851 06 1891 46 U F t 140 32 394 74 877 30 W opt = D 2 D 1 + U F t - U F t U F t + D 2 D 1 - M, kn 298 20 264 81 246 93 D 2 - D 1 W 2 09 2 57 2 84 S = A f ( P n + Qn 3 ) 1000( D 2 - D 1 W) 0 11 0 26 0 52 T = F t S, h 18 91 8 29 4 15 J = K C P C H ( W - M ) n 10 74 15 21 18 64 F = J S E, m 83 84 52 06 31 89 C = C r JE ( T E S + F t ), / m 313 28 361 69 499 60 E = C 1 C2 Hf + C 2 - C1 C 2 2 ln( 1 + C2 Hf ) 138

= 5 3 68-5 0 75 + 3 68 3 68 2 ln( 1-3 68 0 75 ) = 0 89 Ft = Hf + C1 2 H2 f = 0 75 + 5 2 0 752 = 2 156 T E = C b Cr + Tt = 9000 700 + 5 75 = 18 61, 4-7, n = 60r/ min, W = 337 15 kn, W - n 4-13 ( H f = 0 75) : 1 n 1 = 60r/ min; 2n 2 = 120r/ min; 3n 3 = 180r/ min 13 48h, 67 81m, 331 22 / m, W - nc (4-13) 4-13, T6 ( Hf = 0 75 ), n = 60r/ min, W = 298 20kN 139

, 1,,,,, 2, ;,, 3, ;,, 1 ( ), ( )5-1 1 2 ( ),,, ( )5-1 1 3 ( ) ( ) 5-2 4 ( R) 5 ( Ra ) 140

5-1 5-2 6 ( Rh ) 7( S h ),, m, :, ;, ;, 1,,,, 5-3 ( a),, 5-3 ( b),,,,,, 2 141

5-3 5-4,,,, 5-4,,,,,,,,,, 3 5-5, (a), A,, ; B,,, ;, ( b), A,, ; B,, 5-5,,,,,,,,,,,, : 45, ; 60, ; 142

4560, ;,,,,, : 1),, 2),, ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, 5-6,,,, T ;, G, : 1( Fi ) W, W Fo Fi Fi,,, Fi = Wsin (51) 5-6 2( Fd ) G FW Fc Fc,,, Fd 143

3 ( Ff ) Fd = Gsin 2, (52) dk ; ( <, 4 Ff = Wd ksin2(- ) 2 Ff ) (53), ( F1 + Ff ) Fd F F = Fi + Ff - Fd F = Wsin+ 1 2 Wdk sin2(- ) - 1 2 Gsin (54) F = 0,,, F > 0,,, F < 0,,, : 1),,, ;,, 2),,,,, ;,, ;,, 3),,,,,,,,, 144

1,,,, 5-7 ( a) 5-7 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) +, : 5-7 ( b), T 2 T 1, L2 > L1,, G2 > G1, ; T 1, T 2, 5-7 (c),,,,,, 2,, ;,,,,, (1 ) 145

12,,, (2 ),,, Ls Ls = - b + b 2-4 ac 2 a (55) a = 2 qsin ; b = 82 04 W r; c = - 184 6 2 rei; I = 64 ( d4 c - d 4 ci ) ; r = 1 2 ( d b - dc ) Ls, m; q, kn/ m;, W, kn ; ( ) ; EI, knm 2 ; E = 210 8 kn/ m 2 ; r, m; db, m; dc, m; dci, m,,, 10% 20% (3 ),,, 5-1 215 9mm 158 8mm ( 57 2mm ), = 8,, W = 100kN, 1 2g/ cm 3 : 2-9, 215 0mm 2-8, dc = 158 8mm, dci = 57 2mm, W uc = 134 7kg/ m; d = 1 2g/ cm 3, K = 0 847, W uc = 10-3 9 8 0 847 134 7 = 1 118 kn/ m r = 1 2 ( d b - dc ) = 1 2 (0 2159-0 1588 ) = 0 0571m 146

EI = 2 10 8 3 14 64 ( 0 15884-0 05724) = 6135( knm2 ) ( 5-5 ), Ls = a = 3 14 2 1 118 sin8= 1 534 b = 82 04 100 0 0571 = 468 45 c = - 184 6 3 14 2 0 0571 6135 = - 637590-468 45 + 468 45 2-4 1 534 ( - 637590) 2 1 534 = 22 58( m), L = (0 8 0 9 ) Ls = ( 0 8 0 9) 22 58 = 18 06 20 32 ( m),, 2 ( 18m ) 3 1),, ( 23 ),, 50% ;, 20% 2),,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),, 5-1 5-1, mm, m, mm, m 339 7 36 ( ) 193 7244 5 18 ( ) 244 5 311 2 27 ( ) 152 4 9 ( ) 4),, 147

,,,,,, 1 35 :,,,,, ;,,,,, 5-8,,, ;,, 2,,,,, (1 ), ( ), ( ), 5-8, ;, (2 ),, 148

L = 4 16 W u sin (56) L ( ), m;, m; EI, knm 2 ; W u, kn/ m;, ( ),,,, 9m 5-2 215 9mm 158 8mm ( 57 2mm ), = 2,, W = 200kN, 1 2g/ cm 3 : 2-9, 215 0mm 2-8, dc = 158 8mm, dci = 57 2mm, W u c = 134 7kN/ m; d = 1 2g/ cm 3, K = 0 847, W u c = 10-3 9 8 0 847 134 7 = 1 118( kn/ m) = 0 2159-0 215 = 0 0009( m ) EI = 6135( knm 2 ) ( ) 5-6, L = 4 16 0 0009 6135 1 118 sin2 = 6 9 ( m), L = 6 9m, = L - - - 1 5 = 0 3m, = 1 55m,,, = 6 9-0 3-1 51 55 = 4 28 ( m) 149

215 9 + 215 ( 1 55m ) + 158 8 ( 4 28m ) + 215 ( 1 55m) + 158 8 (9m) + 215 ( 1 55m) + 158 8 (3 ) 1),,,,,, 3mm, 6mm 2),,, ;,,, 3),,,,,, 3,,,, : 1),, 2),,,,,,,,,, 3),,,, ;, ;,,, 4),,,,,,, 5),,,,,,,,, 150

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 75% 80% 311 2mm 311 2 + 228 6 1 + 203 2 2 + 177 8 3 + 127 0 444 5mm 254 0228 6203 2177 8mm,,,,,,,, 1,,,,, 13, 9m 1 1 5mm, 3mm,, : + + 13 + + + + :,,,,,, 2,,,,, : + 1 + + + 151

:,,,, ;,,, ;, ;, 3,, (1 ) 1),, ; 2),,, ; 3), (2 ) 1), 180 ; 2),, ; 3), ; 4) 152

1887, 30, 50, 1),, 2),, 3),,,,,,,,,,, L, 1,?,,, :,, 6-1, 6-2 ( b), 6-1, 6-2 (a),, 2 153

1), 2) 6-2 : Oa, a ; ab,, ; bg,, ; gd,, ; de,, 3) ; d; L L ; 6-2 4),, 3,,,,, L,, K H K;,, L, KA, 6-2 154 S = Lsin

KA = S = Lsin = K sin K= KA sin a, ; ( L ), ()() ( ) (L ) () ( ), Ka K K, : 1, H, 6-2 b f Hb Hf,,, H 2,, S,,, 6-2 b f SbSf,,, S 6-2, b f S 3,, C,, 6-2 eg CeCg (, S = C, A ) 4,, ;, 1, ( ), ( ),,,,,, K = L (61) K ( ), ( )/ m; 155

, L, 2 ( ) ; m, (1 ) : K = K 2 + K 2 sin 2 (62) K ; K ;, ( ), c (62) K = ( L )2 + ( L ) 2 sin 2 c (63) ( 63 ),, ( 63 ) L : = 2 + 2 sin 2 c (64) (2 ) 6-3 (64 ) :,, 6-3: OP ; BOP = c ;, OB = ; ; B OP, C, CA = ; AB, AB,, = arc cos(cos 1 cos 2 + sin 1 sin 2 cos) (65) 156

( 65 ) ( 61 ) (3 ) = ( 4) 6-1 2 + 2-2 1 2 cos (66) 6-1 : ( ) 1 2 1 35 39 8 6 2594 6 2527 6 5244 2 15 20 8 5 5486 5 5375 5 5533 3 25 31 0 6 0000 6 0000 6 0000 4 10 15 0 5 0000 5 0000 5 0000 5 60 60 10 8 6603 8 6575 10 4587 6 10 15 80 18 02266 16 4524 16 5199 7 60 60 80 69 2820 67 6517 77 1345 : 12, ; 34,, ; 567,, ; ( 5), 567,,,,,,,,, : 157

,, 1 6-4, ( 6-4 ) : = 57 3 a + b ( ) (67) d : 0 5122 53 54 4 : + + + +,, 6-5 6-4,,,, ;,,,, 2 ( d0 ), 6-6 h Do h = D0 - do (68),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 6-5 :, 1 ; 2 ;,, 3 ; 4, 10m 100m, 6-2 6-3 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 158

6-2 mm mm mm ( ) 1 00 1 30 2 00 ( K ), ( 10m ) - 1 248 255 295 178 10 20 30 40 0 25 0 10 0 50 0 35 0 20 0 10 1 15 1 00 0 45 0 30 203 10 20 30 40 0 35 0 25 0 15 0 05 1 00 0 50 0 45 0 35 1 25 1 15 1 10 1 00 346 178 10 20 30 40 0 15 0 00 0 40 0 25 0 10 1 05 0 50 0 30 0 20 203 10 20 30 40 0 25 0 15 0 10 0 00 0 50 0 40 0 35 0 25 1 15 1 05 1 00 0 50 394 203 10 20 30 40 0 15 0 05 0 40 0 30 0 25 0 15 1 05 0 55 0 50 0 40 215 244 178 10 25 40 0 40 0 25 0 15 1 10 0 55 0 45 1 35 1 20 1 10 269 178 10 25 40 0 35 0 20 0 10 1 05 0 50 0 40 1 30 1 15 1 05 295 178 10 25 40 0 30 0 15 0 05 0 55 0 40 0 30 1 25 1 10 1 00 203 10 25 40 0 35 0 25 0 20 1 05 0 55 0 50 1 35 1 25 1 20 170 195 190 146 10 25 40 0 40 0 20 0 05 1 10 0 50 0 35 1 40 1 20 1 05 215 146 10 25 40 0 35 0 15 0 00 1 05 0 45 0 30 1 36 1 15 1 10 159

6-3 ( ) 95 mm (3 ) 127 mm (5 ) 165mm (6 ) 197 mm ( 7 ) 245mm (9 ) mm (30 m) - 1 mm ( 30m ) - 1 mm (30 m) - 1 mm ( 30m ) - 1 mm (30 m) - 1 1 1 5 2 114 4 00 4 30 5 30 152 ( 6 ) 3 30 4 45 5 30 222 ( 8 ) 2 30 3 30 4 30 250 ( 9 ) 2 30 3 45 5 00 343 ( 13 ) 2 00 3 00 4 00 1 3 00 3 00 1 45 2 00 1 45 1 5 2 121 3 30 4 00 171 ( 6 ) 4 15 5 00 200 ( 7 ) 3 00 3 45 269 (10 ) 3 00 4 15 381 (15 ) 2 30 3 45 2 5 5 00 45 5 00 5 30 5 00 1 2 00 2 30 1 15 1 45 1 15 1 5 2 149 2 30 3 30 200 ( 7 ) 3 30 4 30 269 ( 10 ) 2 00 3 00 311 (12 ) 2 30 3 30 445 ( 17 ) 2 15 3 00 2 5 4 30 5 30 4 00 5 00 4 00 6-6 1 ; 2 ; 3 6-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 160

1, 6-7,,, ( m ),,, m = 0 + (69) 0,,,,,,,,,, 45m,, :, :,, 2 6-8 B,, A, F1, C F2 A,, AC, F1 L1 = F2 L2 ( 610) L1 L2 ; F2 F1,,, 11 5m 35mm,,,,,, 12 2530m, 2030m,,,, :,,,, 1,,,, 161

2, FO T, FO T = 6 EJ L T L - 1 2 W T sin ( 611) E ; J ; LT ; L ; ; W T ; ; FO T L,,, : 1) FO T 6-8, FO T,, 2), FO T 3) FO T L T, W T FO T,, FO T, 4) FO T, 3,,, 6-9 :, vt ( vt 162

), 6-9,,,, ( 6-9 ) : CBO, CO 2 = CB 2 + BO 2-2 CBBOcosCBO ( R + ) 2 = L 2 + R 2-2 R Lcos( 90- ), 2 ; K = 1/ R= d (d ), 2 K = d L 2 + 2 v c Lvt ( 612), : 1) K vc vc, 2) K vt,,, 3) K ( L 2 ),,,,,,,,,,, 6-10 (a) ; 6-10 ( b ),,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) 6-11,,,, ( ), 6-12 (a), 0, 163

6-10 6-11 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 6-12, 6-12 ( b ), oab, o o1 z, ao1 z 90 ( ) ; oo1 (),,,,, 164

= 1 + ( 613) ; 1 ; :, 1, :,,,, 1 6-13, 1 1 ;; O1 O, Z, 2, 2, cos 2 = cos 1 cos- sin 1 sin cos ( 614) tg= sinsin sin 1 cos+ cos 1 sin cos ( 615) sin= sin 2 sin sin ( 616) tg 2 = sin cos sin2 - sin 2 1 sin 2 sinsin ( 1 - ) ( 617) ( 617) =2arc tg sin cos sin2 - sin 2 1 sin 2 sinsin ( 1 - ) ( 618), : > 0, + ; < 0, :, - ;, + - 1 =, (617 ) ( 618) tg 2 = 0 0, : tg 2 = tgcos 1 ( 619) 165

2 (1 ) :,, ;,, (,, ) ( 614 ) 6-13 (619 ) ( ),, : 1) ; ; 2) : ; (2 ) 1), (618 ), 2), ( 614) ( ), = 0, cos 2 = cos( 1 + ) 166

2 = 1 + = 2-1 = = 0 = 180: = -, = 0,,, 1 K :( )L 2 ( 615), 1,, =arc cos - tg tg 1 ( 620) ( 620) (615 ) ( 614) = arc sin(sinsin 1 ) ( 621) 2 = arc cos cos 1 cos ( 622) ( 61 ) : L = ( 621) : ( ), 1, 90 90, + 90, - 90 = arc tg(tgsin 1 ) ( 623), > 0 + ; < 0 - = arc cos (cos 1 cos) - 1 ( 624) L = / K, 1 = 2, K= 0(62) K= K sin ( 625) 167

K= L L = K sin ( 626) = KL = sin 1 = arc cos - tg 2 tg 1 ( 627) ( 627), > 0, + ; < 0, - 6-1 A La = 1200m, a = 18, a = 140, K = 9 / 100m, 150m b 110? : ( 61 ) = LK = 150m ( 9 / 100m) = 13 5 = b - a = 110-140= - 30 ( 618), = - 2arc tg sin13 5 cos ( - 30 ) - sin2 13 5- sin 2 18 sin 2 ( - 30 ) sin ( - 30 ) sin(18-13 5 ) = - 69 4 ( 290 6 ) ( 614) b = arc coscos18 cos13 5- sin18 sin13 5 cos( - 69 4 )= 25 92,, = - 168 13 b = 5 51 6-2 6-1, b = 110 L 1) 90 ; 2) ; 3 ) : 1) (623 ) 168

= arc tg- tg( - 30 ) sin18= 10 12 L = K = 10 12 9 / 100m = 112 4m ( 624) = arc cos(cos18 cos10 12 ) - 18= 2 57 = 270 2) (621 ) = arc sin- sin ( - 30 ) sin18= 8 89 L = K = 8 89 9 / 100m = 98 8m = - arc cos - tg8 89 tg18 = - 118 77 ( 241 23 ) = arc cos cos18-18= - 2 28 cos8 89 3) (625 ) K= K sin = 9 / 100m sin18 = 29 12 / 100m : 100m, 29 12,, 30 L L = 30 29 12 / 100m = 103m = K L = ( 9 / 100m) 103m = 9 27,, 6-14, 169

6-14 1) ON 2) ON, OA, NOA =, OA 1 ( 1 ) 3 ) A, ( ),, OA D 4) OA, OB, AB 5 ) DAB = 1, DAB= 2, OA OB, 1, 2 ( 66 ) 6-3 1 = 12,= 210, 2, = 8,? : 6-14NOA = 210, OA = 12cm(1cm 1 ), 12 ;A, 2cm ( 2 ), OA = 8 DAB = 64 ; DAB= 132 ; OB = 13cm; OB= 8 3cm 64, 13 ; 132, 8 3, ( ), ( 90102701001018010 ) ; 1) = 0, ( ), ; 2) = 180, ; 3 ), ;, ; ;,, ( M T ) MT,, n n 6-15 OC,, MT 170,

n, OC, n ( n = n ) ( s ) s = n + = n + 1 + ( 628) : n MT,, M T ; M m M T ;M m n,, n 6-15 n, n, 1 : a b a b, 6-16 1) AO AB = a () ; 2) A, A = = b - a ; 3) AC = b ; 4) B BD, OBD = ( ) ; 5) CBO, CBD = = n = n - n ; 6) n = n + n n, n = 0, n = n = 2 : 1) (64) (65) ; 2) (616 ) ; 3) (628 ) n 6-4 2000m, z = 60, Sz = 500 m 1200mA A = 10, A = 30, CA = 200 m, A = 18, 1130m A = 7 5, A = 25, SA = 60, K = 1 40 / 10m6-17 : 1)? 2) (9m ) m a x? 171

6-16 n 6-17 6-4 1 ; 2 3) SA? : 1) tg( A + ) = BZ AB = = OZsin Z - OAsin A OZcos Z - OAcos A 500 sin60-200 sin18 500 cos60-200 cos18 = 6 2087 A + = 80 85 = 80 85-30= 50 85 2) m ax, ( 621), : = 1 = A = 10 K L = ( 1 40 / 10m ) 9m = 1 5 m a x = arcsin sin1 5 sin10 = 8 67 3) SA ( 6 20 ), +, 6-18 6-4 = arccos ( - tg1 5 cos10 ) = 91 52 172

n, 618 OA = A= 7 5cm; OB = A = 10cm; = A - A= 5 = 20, n = SA- A- = 60-25- 20 = 15, A SA SA = A + + n = 30+ 91 52+ 15= 136 52,,,,, 1,,, ;,, ;,, ;, ;, S, 2,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, 6-19 T, 6-19 1 ; 2 T, T, T, O, T O = T - ( 629), 173

3,,,, 4 (1 ),,,,,,, ( ),, K m < KT = 45 8 0 728 ( D - D T ) - f L 2 T ( 630) K m, ( )/ 100m; KT, ( )/ 100m; D, mm; DT, mm; LT, m; f, f = 0, f = 36mm,,, ( c ), Km < Kc = 5 5649 10-6 [ c] C1 C2 Dc ( 631) Kc [ c ], Pa; Dc, cm; C1, 1 21 25 ; C2, 1 72 5 [ c ], K m [ c ], [ c] = 179716 7 Dc Km ( 632) ( 631), [ c ], [ c ],, Km 174

(2 ),,,,,, :,,,, : ;, ; ; ;, ( ) 1,, (),, :, : 1), 6-20; 2), 6-21; 3), 6-22; 4), 6-23 6-20 6-21 175

6-22 6-23, ;,,,,,,,,, 5, S,,,,,,,,, 2 (1 ),,,,,, (2 ), 15,, 1530,, ; ; 3050,, ; 60,,, (3 ) 176

(710 5 / 100m, 7 / 100m, 30 5 / 100m, K m, 3,,, (1 ) 4, 6-24 1) : H; A; ; Hz ; HXZ ; ; K1 [ ( )/ 100m ], K2 [ ( )/ 100m] R1 = 57 3 m; R2 = 57 3 m; K1 2) : K2 H A, AHHZ, eh a; a ah ao1, ao1 = R1, R1, O1 ; e ed, ed =, HXZ, ed d ; d ed do2, do2 = R2, O2, R2 ; O1 O2, O1 O2 o0 ; 6-24 R1 + R2, O1 O2 O0 gf ; O1 g O2 f, O1 g O2 f O1 O2 bc bc, bc m 3) : 177

bc, m ; bcd, Hb HcHd AbAcAd ; : ab = R1 m 57 3 ; cd = R 2 m - 57 3 ; de = H XZ cos ; bc = H - H Z - R1sin m - R2 ( sin m - sin ) - H XZ cos m L = HZ + ab + bc + cd + de 4) : ( ) D = 2530m,,,, (2 ) S, S 6-25 1) k fg, tg m = fg kg = A0 aj - ak - gj = A0 H0 - ( R1 + R2 ) tg( m/ 2) R1 + R2 = R0, tg m = A0 H0 - R0 tg( m/ 2) tg m 2 = H 0 - H 2 0 + A 2 0-2 R0 A0 2 R0 - A0 ( 633) H0 = H - HZ - H XZ + R2 sin ( 634) A0 = A - AXZ + R2 (1 - cos ) ( 635) R0 = R1 + R2 ( 636) 178

6-25 m, ; H 2 0 + A 2 0 H, m; A, m; HZ, m; R1, m; R2, m; H XZ, m; m, ( ) ;, ( ) HXZ, tg 2) AXZ = H XZ, ( 633), H 2 0 + A 2 0-2 R0 A0,, H 2 0 + A 2 0-2 R0 A0 : H 2 0 + A 2 0-2 R0 A0 > 0,, ; H 2 0 + A 2 0-2 R0 A0 = 0, - 2 R0 A0 < 0, ( 633),,,,, H 2 0 + A 2 0-2 R0 A0 < 0, H 2 0 + A 2 0-2 R0 A0 = 0,, tg m 2 = A 0 H0 ( 637) tg m = H0 R0 - A0 ( 638) sin m = H 0 R0 ( 639) cos m = R0 - A0 R0 ( 640) 179

( 633), 2 R0 - A0 = 0,,, tg m 2 = A 0 2 H0 ( 641) 3) H1 = R1 sin m A1 = R1 (1 - cos m ) L1 = R1 m 57 3 ( 642) ( 643) ( 644) H3 = R2 ( sin m - sin ) ( 645) A3 = R2 (cos- cos m ) L3 = R2 m - 57 3 ( 646) ( 647) L2 = Lb c = R 2 0 + A 2 0-2 R0 A0 ( 648) H2 A2 = L2 cos m = L2 sin m ( 649) ( 650) L = HZ + L1 + L2 + L3 + HXZ ( 651) 6-5 H = 3400m, A = 1900m, HZ = 260m, 4, = 17, K1 = 5 56 / 100m, K2 = 4 92 / 100m, HXZ = 440m, = 60 : 1),, 6-28 2) H0 R0 A0 R1 = 57 3 K1 = 57 3 100 5 56 = 1030 56 ( m) 180

R2 = 57 3 K2 = 57 3 100 4 92 = 1164 63 ( m) A0 = A - AXZ + R2 (1 - cos ) = 1900-440tg17+ 1164 63 (1 - cos17 ) = 1816 37( m ) H0 = H - HZ - H XZ + R2 sin = 3400-260 - 440 + 1164 63sin17 = 3040 50( m) R0 = R1 + R2 = 1030 56 + 1164 63 = 2195 19 ( m) 3) m m = 2arctg H 0 - H 2 0 + A 2 0-2 R0 A0 2 R0 - A0 = 2arctg 3040 50-3040 502 + 1816 37 2-2 2195 19 1816 37 2 2195 18-1816 37 = 38 66 4) : (642 ) ( 651), 6-4 5) ( ) 6-4 H m H m oa 0 260 260 0 0 260 260 ab 0 38 66 643 8 903 8 225 8 225 8 695 3 955 3 bc 38 66 1669 2 2573 1335 3 1561 2 2137 6 3092 9 cd 38 66 17 387 2960 204 3 1765 5 440 2 3533 1 de 17 440 3400 134 5 1900 460 1 3993 2 A m A m L m L m,,,, 181

,,,, 1, ( ),, ;,,,,, 2 : (1 ),,,,, 6-26,,, ( )6-27,, 6-26 6-27 (2 ),,,, 182

(3 ) (), 2 5m ( 100300m) 12m;, (4 ),, 1,, 112m,,, (5 ),,,,,, (6 ),, (7 ) ( ),,,,, 45m; 530m, 7 515m,,,,,,,,,, 6-5,,,,, 1, :, H SN NE 183

E 6-5, m, m 1000 30 1500 40 2000 50 2500 65 3000 80 3500 100 4000 120 4500 140 : 5 / 30m, 5 / 30m, H SN NE E, C,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ), A, B, 6-28 : H = Lcos B S = Lsin B N = Scos B = Lsin B cos B E = Ssin B = Lsin Bsin B ( 652) ( 653) ( 654) ( 655) CB = N 2 B + E 2 B ( 656) B = arctg EB NB ( 657) CB ; B ; NBEB B NE (2 ),, 184

c = A + B 2 c = A + B 2 6-29 : 6-28 H = Lcos c S = Lsin c ( 658) ( 659) N = Scos c = Lsin ccos c ( 660) E = Ssin c = Lsin c sin c ( 661) 6-29 (3 ) ( ) :,, 630 : H = L sin B - sina B - A 185 ( 662)

6-30 S = L cos A - cos B B - A N = L (cos A - cos B ) ( sin B - sin A ) ( B - A ) ( B - A ) E = L (cos A - cos B ) (cosa - cos B ) ( B - A ) ( B - A ) ( 663) ( 664) ( 665) : 2,, (1 ),, 1),, 6-6 186

6-6 L L S 1 L 1 1 1 L 1-2 S 1-2 2 3 L 2 L 3 2 3 2 3 L 2-3 S 2-3 L 1-2 = L2 - L 1 L2-3 = L3 - L2 S1-2 S2-3 = L1-2 sin 2 = L2-3 sin 3 6-31 2), 6-7 6-32 6-7 L L S 1 2 3 L 1 L 2 L 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 L 1-2 L 2-3 1-2 2-3 1-2 2-3 S 1-2 S 2-3,, : ;, (2 ),,, HS NE,,,,,, () 1) [ 6-33 ( a) ] : HSNE, ( 662) (665 ) 6-8 ; 187

188

6-31 6-32 HS ; 1 H, 12, 12, O1-2, L2, O1-2, 1 O1-2, 12, L1 23, 23, 2 O1-2 O2-3, L3, O2-3, 2 O2-3 23, L3 L4 L5 6-33 ( a) 2) [ 6-33 ( b) ] : 6-8 NE, ; 12, ; 2 2, 2, 1 2 O 1-2 ; O 1-2, 2O 1 2 1 2, L2 ; 189

6-33 ( a) ; ( b) 23, 2 3, 2O 1-2 O 2-3, O 2-3, 2O 2-3 2 3, L3, L 4 L5 6-33 ( b),,,,,,,,, 6-34 : ;,,,,,,,,, 190

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6-34 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,, 1200m/ s, ( Analysts MWD) (24Hz), 1 53,,,,, 191

,,, : ( ),,,,, 7-1 ( SY 559393), % 90 50 90 50 80 50 80 50 80 80 70 40 80 50 80,, ; ; ; 192

7-1 1993,, ;,,,,, ;, 7-1 7-1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 7-2 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d),,,, 193

, ( ) PDC 7-2 ( a) ( b),,,, 7-2 (c) ( d),,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,, 9m, 7-3 ( a) ; ( b ) ; (c),, 7-3,,,,, ;,,,,, 194

,, ;,,,,,,, (1 ),,,,,,, 1020mm 510mm (2 ),, 1020mm (3 ) 510mm,, ; (4 ),,, 510mm,, ; ( ) ;,, 1 (1 ), : 1), 2),, 195

3),,,, 80 (2 ) : 1), 2),,,, 3),, 4),, 2, ;, ;, (1 ), ;, ;, 80, (2 ), ;, (3 ), ; ;,,,,,,,, 196

1 (1 ) 1) :, R ; J : RJ - 215-115 115mm ( ) 215mm 2) : 7-2 7-2 : mm 1 1 2 2 RJ - 215-115 215 115 194 154 9000 139 7 124 8500 5FH RJ - 244-115 244 120 216 172 9000 139 7 124 8500 5FH CQX133-70 149 70 133 101 9200 89 76 9200 3FH CQX180-105 215 105 180 144 9200 127 112 9200 4FH Y - 8-120 215 120 194 154 9500 139 7 126 5FH RM - 215-115 215 115 194 154 9000 139 7 124 8500 5FH YM - 215-115 215 115 194 154 9000 139 7 124 8500 5FH RM - 244-115 244 136 216 172 9000 160 124 8500 5FH (2 ), 7-4 : ; ( ),,,,,,,, 0 4 0 5m,,,,,,,, (3 ) 1), 2),, 197

3), 10mm,, 4), 5),, (4 ) 1) : a,, 0 5 b, ;, ; c, d, 200mm; ; 2;, e, f ; g h 1520m i,, 11m j a b,, c 1200 ;, 198 7-4 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18

b, c62mm a, 2) :,, ;, ; ; ( ), ; ; 40 kn,, ;,,, 8MPa 0 5m,, ;, 3) : a,, 2030kN 50r/ min,, 0 30 5m, b,, a,, b, 215mm 7-3 7-3 215mm kn r/ min L/ min 100200 1015 3050 5060 1520 6080 2025 3050 3040 1215 6080 5060 2025 c, d,, 199

a b: Lki h1 - ( h2 + h3 + h4 + h5 + h6 ) (71) Lp L ki - L kmin (72) Lki, m; h1, m; h2, m; h3, m; h4, m; h5, m; h6,, m; Lp, m; Lk min, m c,, 3 5min d, e, f,, 4),, 23min,, 510kN (, ),,,,, 1000m 4min,,, 1000m 6min,,,,,, 100200kN, ;, 300kN 1min,,, 10kN,, 5), ;,,, 200

6),, 2 (1 ) 1) :, R ; Y ; Z 2) :,, 7-2 ( CQX ) Y8120, (2 ), 7-5 : ;,,,,,,,, (3 ) 1),, 2), 3),,, 4),,, 7-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 201

,,,, 5),,,, (4 ) : 1) : ; 14mm 2) : 13, : : + + + + : + + + + + + : + + + + ( ) + +, 813mm (1015mm ), 10kN 3) 7-3 4) :,, 50150kN, ;,,, ;, 5) : :, ; :,,, ; :,,, 35min; : 10% 50%,,,,, 3 (1 ), M 7-2 (2 ),, 202

RM215115;,, YM215115 1) :, 7-6:,,,, ;,,,,,, 1012mm 2) : 7-7,,,, :, ( ),,,,, (3 ), ( N H4 SCN),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 50 ), 2000m 2000M Pas 3000m 3000M Pas, 3500m 3500M Pas, 20, 30cm;, 50% H2 SO4 50% NaOH 1h,,,,, (4 ), 203

7-6 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 7-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 Y ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 O ; 13 204

: 1) API 3mL, 2),,, ( ) 3),,,, 4), 50,, 5min, 5),, 10 2kg/ m 3,, 6), 100 kn,, 20kN, 0 3m ( 7-3) 7),,,, 2h, 205

,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 1. ( ph ), ph = 9 81H (81) ph, kpa;, g/ cm 3 ; H, m ( 81 ), ( ) Gh, Gh = p h H = 9 81 (82) Gh, kpa/ m 2. ( pp ) ( ),,, 9 8kPa/ m 10 5kPa/ m 10 5kPa/ m, 9 8kPa/ m 206

3.,,, po = 9 81 H[ ( 1 - ) rm + ] (83) po, kpa ; H, m;, % ; rm, g/ cm 3 ;, g/ cm 3 po = pp + (84) po(), kpa; pp, kpa; ( ), kpa ( pp = ph ), ( ),, ( pp = ph ),,,, ( pp > ph ) 0,, : 1),,,, 2), 8-1,,, : (a),, ( b ),,,,, ( a) pp a = 52500kPa, Ha = 5000m, 207

8-1 Gp a = 52500 5000 = 10 5( kpa/ m) ( b) pp b = pp a = 52500kPa, Hb = 3000m, Gp b = 52500 3000 = 17 5( kpa/ m) 17 5kPa/ m 3),,, 8-2 A, B A B 8-2 3000m ( H A = HB = 3 0 0 0 m ), = 1g/ cm 3, A B 1000m, A B A : pp A = 9 81H A = 9 8113000 = 29430kPa B : pp B = 9 81( HB + 1000) = 9 8114000 = 39240kPa,,,,,, : 208

d dc 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8-3 8-3,,,,, 2.,,,,, pm pp pm - pp, m,, pp, vm, pp pm, vm ( 8-4 ) 8-3 8-4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 209

,, d dc 3. d dc d dc, (1 ) d d,, vm = kn ( P D ) d (85) vm ; k ; n; ; P; D; d,, k = 1 ;, = 1, vm = n( P D ) d (86), d = lg v m n lg P D, d = lg 0 054 v m n lg 0 0684 P D (87) d, ; vm, m/ h; n, r/ min; 210

P, kn ; D, mm 0 054 v m 1, 0 054 v m vm, d n n,,, d,, d, d, 8-5 d,, d,,,,, d, d, d, d dc, dc d (2 ) dc dc = n d m (88) dc d, ; d( d ),, ( 87 ) ; n, g/ cm 3 ; m, g/ cm 3 dc,, dc, dc H,, 1 53m,, 7 5m15m30m ( ), dc 8-6 dch, dc H, 8-5 dh 8-6 d c H 211

dc H dc, dc dc,, dc,, dc,, dc H,, 100m, dc, dc, dc, p = d cn n dc p (89) p, g/ cm 3 ; n, g/ cm 3 ; dcn dc, ; dcp dc, pp = 9 81 p H ( 810) pp, kpa; p (89), g/ cm 3 ; H, m 1.,,,,,, ;,,,,,, Gf, Gf = p f H ( 811) Gf, kpa/ m; pf, kpa; H, m 212

2.,,,,, (1 ),,,,,,, L, m, pa, H ( HL ) Gh = 9 81 m + p a H ( 812), H = L Gh,, ;,, (2 ) 1) 2) 1L/ s 3), 4), 8-7 5) : pl,,, ; ; pr,, ppro, 8-7 914 4m, 1 152g/ cm 3, 0 8 L/ s ; p L ; p R ; p pro 6) m ax pl, m ax = m + pl 9 81 H ( 813) 7) Gf p L, 213

Gf = 9 81 m + p L H ( 814),, ;, 1L/ s,,,,,, (3 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) 3., ( ) 8-8 ( Gp m Gf ),, 8-9, H2 ( H1 ),, H1 H1 H2 H1, 8-8 8-9 214

, pp,, pb,,, ( pb pp ),, ; ( pp pb ),, pp :,, pb = p m ;, pb = p m - pab ;, pb = p m + paw ;, pb = p m + pa ; pb ; pm ; pab ; paw ; pa ( pp = pb ), m, 4,, pp = pb = pm - pab pm = pp + pab ( 815) 9 81 m H = pp + pab ( 816) m = pp 9 81 H + pa b 9 81 H ( 817) m = G p 9 81 + ab ( 818) a b, g/ cm 3, a b,, 0 030 13g/ cm 3,, a b,, 215

,,,, ( ) : 1.,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, 25 %,,,,,, 45, 45,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4., (, ),,,,,, ( ),,, 25 %, (1 ),,,,,, 216

,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ps = Dh L - Dp ( 819) ps, ; ; L; Dh; Dp,, (2 ),,,,, 8-10,,, ;,,,,, 8-10 :,,,,,,, ;,,, (3 ),,,,, 217

,,,,,, ( ) : 1), 2), 3),, 4), 5),,,,,,,,, 1. 1),,,,,,, 2),,,,,,, 3),,,,,,,, 2. pm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 218

,,,,,,, 8-11 8-11 ( ),,, ( a = a = 0 5, m a, m ), 750kPa 8-11,,, 1 2g/ cm 3, a = 0 50, 5000m 642kPa, 1 1% ; 500m, 410 kpa, 7 0 %,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, 8-12 3000m 0 26m 3, 219

8-12 (8 4 1 20g/ cm 3 ) 8-13,,,, 10m, 1500m, 0 52m 3, 20m, 1 ; 750m, 1 04m 3, 40m, 3 ; 187 5m, 4 18m 3, 160m, 15,,,, 8-13, x,, h, m, A Pa + 9 81 m h ( Pa ), Ax h, Pa + 9 81m ( h - h ), x, A ( x + x),, p1 T1 V1 = p 2 V2 T2 p1 V1 = p2 V2 220

( pa + 9 81 m h) Ax = [ pa + 9 81 m ( h - h) ] A( x + x ), x < h, ; x > h, ; x = h, x = h pa = 101kPa (), x = h - h + 10 3 m h = 0, x = h + 10 3 m ( 820) x, m; h, m; m, g/ cm 3 ; ( 820),, L,, 8-14 h1, x1, 8-14 x1 = h1 + a 9 81 m h + x = h1 + x1 + L ( pa + 9 81 m h) A x = ( pa + 9 81 m h1 ) A x1, x1 = x ( h + 10 3 ) ( 821) m 221

h1 = 10 3 + x ( h + 10 3 ) ( 822) m m L = h + x + 10 3 m - 2 x ( h + 10 3 ) ( 823) m x, m; h, m; m, g/ cm 3 ; L, m; x1, m; h1, m,, 2672m, ( ) 338m 35 4MPa 31 6M Pa10 8kPa/ m, pm < pp,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,, 8-15, 1 20g/ cm 3, 3000m, 35 4M Pa ( ), 1500m, 35 4MPa 53 1M Pa, 17 8MPa, 35 4MPa, 70 7MPa 35 4MPa,, : 1), 222

8-15 ( 1 20g/ cm 3 ) 2),,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),, 3),,,,,, 4),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 223

,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, (4 ) 224

,, 8-16,,,,,,,,,,, 8-16,, ( ),, ( ),, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (6 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 3. ( ),,, 225

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; 1. 1), ; 2) ; 3) ( 8-17 ) ; 8-17 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 226

4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) () ; 8) 2. 1), ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) 3. 1),,,, ; 2), ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) ; 8) ; 9),,,,,,,,,, 4. 1) (),, ( ), ( ),,,,,,, 2),, : ; 227

;, AP I 80%,, ( ),,,,,,,,, : ( MPa ) ( m ) 1 13 %, 300m, 3001 13 % = 3 39MPa 1 2g/ cm 3, 23 1 kpa/ m, ( M Pa) ( m ) 1 81%, 2000m, 2000 1 81 % = 36 2M Pa,,,,,, ( ),, U, U U, U, U 8-18,,, U U 8-18 U( ) H = 1000m, m = 1 2g/ cm 3, U, ( ) 0U, ( ) pm = 9 81 m H = 9 811 21000 = 11772kPa 228

0,, U, pb = pm U, pp = 15000kPa p m = 11772kPa, U () pp = 15000 kpa,, 0, 15000kPa U, U, U ( ), pp pm pp - pm = 3228 kpa,, U, 3228kPa, 15000kPa 3228kPa 11772kPa, = + = U U m1 = 1 2g/ cm 3, m2 = 1 1g/ cm 3, pm1 = 9 81 m1 H = 9 811 21000 = 11772 ( kpa) pm2 = 9 81 m2 H = 9 811 11000 = 10791 ( kpa) U,,,,,, ( ) pd, ( ) pa pp = 15000kPa, H = 1000m, : pd = pp - pm1 = 15000-11772 = 3228 ( kpa) : pa = pp - pm2 = 15000-10791 = 4209 ( kpa),, pd ;? pm a ; pa; pm a ; pb pd + pmd = pb = pa + pm a ( 824),, U 229

, pc,,,,, pt = pc + pd ( 825),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( 824 ), pm a < pmd, pa > pd,,,??,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,, 1015min 10 15min,,,,,,,,, 8-1 230

8-1 M Pa MPa m 3 800 4 5 6 5 3 805 5 2 6 9 3 810 5 8 7 5 3 815 5 8 7 5 3 4800m (800),,, 5 8MPa,,,,,,,,,, 0,,, 1),,, ; : ;, ;, ;,, pd p d pa, pd = p d - pa p d ; pa pa = p a - pa p a 231

2), pc,,,,,, ;,, : ;, ;,, ;, p T ;, ; pd pd = pt - pc p T ; pc,,,,,,, 2., V = hp Vp ( 826) V (), m 3 ; hp, m; Vp, m 3 / m 3., h,, h= V Va ( 827) h, m; V, m 3 ; Va, m 3 / m 232

4. (),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, pd + pmd = pb = pa + pm a + pw ( 828) pd + p md = pa + ( H - hw ) Gm + hw G w ( 829) Gm (), kpa/ m; Gw, kpa/ m; hw, m; H, m; pa, kpa; pb, kpa; pw, kpa; pd, kpa; pm d, kpa pm a = HGm Gw = Gm - pa - pd hw ( 830) : Gw = 1 58 3 39kPa/ m; Gw = 6 79 9 05kPa/ m; Gw = 9 95 11 8kPa/ m 8-1 3500m, 1 15g/ cm 3, 2000kPa, 4000kPa, 3 2m 3, 0 015m 3 / m ( 8in, 6in ), 233

3 2m 3, : : Va = 0 015m 3 / m ( 830) H = 3500m, m = 1 15g/ cm 3, pd = 2000kPa, pa = 4000kPa, V = Gw = Gm - pa - pd hw Gm = 9 81 m = 9 81 1 15 = 11 28 ( kpa/ m) hw = V Va = 3 2 0 015 = 213 3 ( m) Gw = 11 28-4000 - 2000 213 3 = 1 90( kpa/ m) 5.,,,,, : pp pp = pd + 9 81 m H ( 831) m1 m1 = pp 9 81 H ( 832), (831 ) 9 81 m1 H = pd + 9 81 m H ( m1 - m )9 81 H = pd m1 - m = pd 9 81 H = pd 9 81 H ( 833) 234

8-2 8-1, H = 3500m, m = 1 15g/ cm 3, pd = 2000kPa, pa = 4000 kpa, V = 3 2m 3, Va = 0 015m 3 / m, : ( 831) pp = pd + 9 81m H = 2000 + 9 81 1 15 3500 = 41485( kpa) ( 832) m1 = pp 9 81 H = 41485 9 81 3500 = 1 21 (g/ cm3 ), 1 21g/ cm 3, m1 ( 833) = pd 9 81 H = 2000 9 81 3500 = 0 058 (g/ cm3 ) m1 = m + = 1 15 + 0 058 = 1 21( g/ cm 3 ) 6.,,,,,,,,,,, m m1,, m1,,,,,, m,,, p T = pd + pc, m1, p Ti p T f, p T i = pd + pci ( 834) p Tf = pd + pcf ( 835) p T i ; 235

pc i m ( ), ; p T f ; pcf m1 () ( m1 ), p Ti p T f pc ipcf (1 ) pci ( p Ti ) pci?,, ( ),,,, ( ), : 1),,, 1/ 3 1/ 2,,, 1/ 31/ 2,,,,,, pci,, 2) ( ),,,, 3) pt i, p Ti,,,,,, p Ti, p T i, pci,, p Ti,,,, (2 ) pcf(p T f), m m1, m pci pcf, p T ip T f m1, m1,,, pci pcf 236

pcf pci = m1 m pcf = m1 m pci ( 836) pt f = pd + m1 m pci ( 837) pcf; pci ; p T f ; m ; m1 m1,,,,,, 0, p T f pc f, pt f = pcf = m1 m pci,, ( ), :, ;,, ;,,, ;,, 7. ( ),, V1, V1 n = 4 i = 1 D 2 i Li ( 838) Di i, m; Li i, m; V1, m 3 H, H = Li n i = 1 237

V2, V2 n = 4 i = 1 [ ( D 2 h i - D 2 p i ) Li ] ( 839) Dh i i, m; Dp i i, m; V2, m 3 V = V1 + V2,, V,, 1 52 8.,,,?,, t1 = 16 67 V 1 Q ( 840) t2 = 16 67 V2 Q ( 841) t = 16 67 Q ( V 1 + V2 ) ( 842) t1, min; t2, min; Q, L/ s; t, min t,,, 0,, 9. pa m a x,,,,,,,,,,,, 238

,,, ;,,, ( ),,,, pa m ax : 1) ( ),,,,,,, 2),,,, 3),,,,,,,,, ( ), pa m ax = Gf H - 9 81 m a H ( 843) pa m ax, kpa; Gf, kpa/ m; H, m; m a, g/ cm 3 ( ),, ( 843) 8-3 200m, 1 2g/ cm 3, 15 0kPa/ m, : H = 200m, m = 1 2g/ cm 3, ( 843) Gf = 15 0kPa/ m pa m ax = Gf H - 9 81 m H = 15 0 200-9 81 1 2 200 = 645 6 ( kpa) 239

, 645 6kPa 1.,,,, : 1) ( ), ( ), ; 2),, pci ; 3), pci,, pd = 0, p Ti = pci, (841 ), t2 = 16 67 V 2 Q, 0,,,,,, 2.,,,?,,,,,, : (1 ) 1), ( ),,, p Ti, p Ti, ; p T i,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 300m/ s 240

3000m, 20s,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,, p Ti p T f,,, t t = u d H 60 Q ( 844) t, min; ud, L/ m; H, m; Q, L/ s t, pt i, t, p T f, t, 8-19,,, p T f,, p T f,, 8-20, ( ) 8-21, 8-22,,,,,,, 8-19, ( ) 241

8-20 8-21 ( ) 8-22 242

, 2) :, ( ), : a. H M = m H v = m D M = mm m = g/ cm 3 = / min Q = L/ s ( / min ) p C = kpa ( / min ) p Ci = kpa H M1 = m, D H = mm p amax = kpa H V1 = m b. p d = kpa p a = kpa V = m 3 H w = m : m1 = m + p d = g/ cm3 9 81 H p Ti = p d + p Ci kpa p Tf = p Cf = m1 m p Ci = kpa t = 16 67 V 1 Q = min V 1 = m 3 V 2 = m 3 V = V 1 + V 2 = m 3 V k = m 3,,,,, p Ti p Ti (p T i, ; p Ti, ),,,,,, ( m1 ),,, 1,, p Ti 12,,,, ( ), p Ti pt f,, 13,,,, p T f 14,,, 243

8-23 244

, ( 8-20 8-21 8-22 ) 15,, 16,, 17 ( 8-23) 3) : 8-4 H = 3000m, 8in, 5in, 9 20mm, 9 261, 6 in, 150m, 57 15mm, 2500m, 9in, 10 03mm, m = 1 20g/ cm 3, Gf = 18 2kPa/ m, 30 / min pci = 4 52M Pa, Q = 8L/ s, 3Nb1000, 170mm, 16 4MPa 10min,, pd = 1 85MPa, pa = 2 75MPa, V = 3 2m 3 :, : a. HM = Hv = H = 3000m b. DM = 8in = 216mm c. m = 1 20g/ cm 3 d. = 30 / min e. 8L/ s f. pc i = 4 52MPa g. HM 1 = H V 1 = 2500m h. DH = 9 62525 4-210 03 = 224 4mm i. pa m a x = Gf HM 1 13715 6kPa = 13 7MPa - 9 81 m HM 1 = 18 2 2500-9 811 22500 = j. V 1 = V11 + V 12 ( V11, V12 ) V1 = V11 + V12 = 9 26 2850 10-3 + 4 57 152 10-6 150 = 29 78( m 3 ) k. V2 = V21 + V 22 + V23 ( V21, V22, V23 ) V2 = V21 + V22 + V 23 = 88 73 + 8 375 + 2 279 = 99 38 ( m 3 ) l. V = V 1 + V2 = 29 78 + 99 38 = 129 16 ( m 3 ) m. V k = 1 5V = 1 5129 16 = 193 74 ( m 3 ) n. pd = 1 85MPa o. pa = 2 75M Pa p. t = 16 67 V 1 Q = 16 6729 78 8 = 62 ( min) 245

;, ( ),,, 2 75MPa; 8L/ s ; 8L/ s, 6 37MPa ;, 6 37MPa, ;,, 1 85MPa; 1 26g/ cm 3 ( 194m 3 ), ( ) ;,, 1 85MPa, 8L/ s ; 8L/ s, 6 37MPa ; 1 26g/ cm 3, 8L/ s,, 1 85M Pa, 62min, 1 26g/ cm 3, 4 75M Pa; 1 8L/ s,,, 4 75M Pa, ; 12,,,, (2 ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, pt i p T f,, p T f, ( 8-24) 8-24 8-25 8-26 1) : 246,,,,, t p T i p T f,, ( ),

8-25 8-26, ( ) ; ( ) ; ;,,, () ;,, p Ti ;,,, ; t,, pt f,, ;,, pt f, ;,,, ( 8-24 8-25 8-26 ) ;,, 247

; 1, ; 12, ( 8-27) 8-27 2) 8-5, : ( ) ( ) 248

62min 6 37MPa 4 75MPa, 10min 5min,,, 2 75MPa, 8L/ s 8L/ s,, 6 37MPa 1 26g/ cm 3, 8L/ s,, 62min,, 4 75MPa,, ( 1 26g/ cm 3 ), 8L/ s, 4 75MPa,,,, 3.,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1) :,,,,,,, 500kPa 249

500kPa,, 500kPa, L = 500 Gm ( 845) L, m; Gm (9 81 m ), kpa/ m,,, L, 500kPa,, L, L, 500kPa,, 500kPa V = 500 Va Gm ( 846) V, m 3 ; Va, m 3 / m, L, 500kPa, 500kPa, 500kPa, V,,,,,, L, 2 L,,,, V,,,,, 500kPa,,, 500 kpa, 500kPa,,,,,,,, 250

8-6 H = 3000m,, 9in ( 0 0469m 3 / m), m = 1 15g/ cm 3 ( Gm = 11 28kPa/ m ), V = 95m 3, ( ) pa = 4000kPa, 15min, pa 4500kPa, : :, hw = V Va = 9 5 0 0469 = 202 56m, 15min, 4000kPa 4500kPa, L = 500 11 28 = 44 33m, 3000 - ( 202 56 + 44 33 ) = 2753 11m, 3000-44 33 = 2956 67m, 500kPa,, 500kPa, 44 33m, 2753 11-44 33 = 2708 78m, 2956 67-44 33 = 2912 34m, 500kPa, 5000kPa, 5000kPa,, V = 550 V a = 550 0 0469 = 2 1m3 Gm 11 28 44 33m, 2708 78-44 33 = 2664 45m,, 44 33m, 5000kPa 4500 kpa,, 44 33m, 88 66m, 2 1m 3, 2 1m 3,,, 31, ( ) 4500 + 31 500 = 20000kPa,,,,,,, 2 1m 3, 44 33m, 44 33m 3,, 20500kPa 20000kPa, 500kPa,,,, 500kPa,, 500kPa,, ( ) 500kPa,, ( ),,,,,,,, 251

, 3) :,,,,,,,,,, 8-7 3000m, 2500m, 9in 2000m, 8in, 5in, 1 15g/ cm 3, pd = pa = 2000 kpa, 15min, pd = pa = 2500kPa, V = 8 5m 3 :,,,,, 2500m 8-6, 2500m,,, ( ),,,,,, 2500m, V = 500 Va = Gm 550 9 81 1 15 0 0366 = 1 62 ( m3 ), V = 550 9 81 1 15 0 034 = 1 52( m3 ) 8-6 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 252

,,,,,, pa = Va Va Gm1 ( 847) pa, kpa; V a, m 3 ; Va, m 3 / m; Gm1, Gm1 = 9 81 m1, kpa,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; 50% 75%,,, 510min,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 253

, ;,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ), :,,,, 1) :,,,,, 2) :,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, (2 ),,, 1) :, 254

,,,,,, 2) :,,,,,, 38s,, : ; ; ;, (3 ),,,,,, : 1), 2),,, 3) ( ),, 4) ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 255

2.,,,,, : :, :, :, (1 ) 1),,, 2) :,,, 3) :,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ),, (),,,,,, (2 ),,,, 1., 256

,, 2. (1 ) 1),,, 2) 3),, 4), 5), (2 ) 1),,,,, 1/ 2 1/ 4 2), 3),,,,,, 4),, O, 5),,,,, 6), 7), 8), (3 ) 1),, 2),, 3) 4) 5),, 3. 1) 2) 3),, 4),, 257

, 5), 6),, 7),,, 8) 9), 10 ), 258

, ;, ; ;, ;,,,,, :, ;,,, 25 %,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, : ; ;,,,,, : 1), ; 2),, ; 3), ; 259

; 4),, 5),,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 9 512 7mm, 19mm, 28mm,, 13975, 13in ( 339 7mm ) 9in ( 244 5mm), 9in 7in ( 177 8mm), 7in 5in (127mm) 5in ( 139 7mm), :, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,, :, :,,,,,, 100m,, : ; ; ; 260

200m,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 114 3508mm AP I, HJKNLPQC, N80,,, : N80 N H40 AP I, 1000psi ( 6894 757kPa), psi ( psi )N80 80000lb/ in 2 (551 58MPa)C,,, L N, C L80, L L80 N80 J55K55,,,, V,, 60, 116, 8 AP I : S TC ( CSG) ; LTC ( LCSG) ; BTC ( BCSG) ; XL ( XCSG),,,, 261

,,,, 1,, ( ),, : T = qi Li/ 1000 (91) T, kn ; qi, N/ m; Li, m, : ; ;,,,, 2,,,,,,,, : po = 9 8 m H (92) po, m, g/ cm 3 ; H, 3 m kpa;, 262

,,,,,, 4,,, ;, ;,, ( ) ( ) z, t, r, r t,,, z t, : 2 z + 2 t + 2 r - z t - t r - r z = 2 s r 0, : 2 z + 2 t - z t = 2 s z, Pa; r, Pa; t, Pa ; s ( AP I ), Pa : ( z ) 2 - ( z t s s 2 ) + ( t ) 2 = 1 (93) s ( 45) z/ s, t/ s, 9-1, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) 9-1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 93 ) T b, 263

9-1 z = T b/ A (94) T b,, N ; A, m 2 t t = - Pcc D/ (2) (95) Pcc T b, Pa;, m; D, m t T b, z = 0, ( 93 ) t 2 = 2 s, t = - Pc D/ (2) Pc, Pa s = Pc D/ ( 2) (96) 264

( 94 ) (95) ( 96 ) ( 93 ) ( T b A )2 2 s - ( T b A ) ( - P cc D 2 ) s ( P + c D 2 ) ( - P cc D 2 ) 2 ( P c D 2 )2 = 1 ( 1 P 2 ) Pcc 2 + ( c T b ) Pcc + ( A s Pc T 2 b A 2 s 2-1 ) = 0 Pcc,, T b Pcc = Pc [ (2 A s ) 2-3 T 2 b ] 0 5 - Tb 2 A s Pcc = Pc [ ( 1-3 4 T 2 b 2 s A 2 ) 0 5 - T b ] 2 A s Pcc = Pc [1-3 4 ( z ) 2 ] 0 5 - s 1 2 z s (97) Pcc = Pc [ 1-3 4 ( T b ) 2 ] 0 5 - Ts 1 2 T b Ts (98) Ts, Ts = A s, N k= [ 1-3 4 ( T b ) 2 ] 0 5 - Ts 1 2 T b Ts ( 98 ) Pcc = k Pc (99) k, 9-1 177 8mm, N80, 8 05mm, 600kN AP I Pc = 26 4MPa, A = 42 94cm 2, Ts = 2 366MN, Pcc 265

: k = [1-0 75( T b ) 2 ] 0 5-0 5 T b T s Ts 6 10 5 = [1-0 75 ( 2 366 10 6 ) 2 ] 0 5 = 0 849 Pcc - 0 5 6 105 2 366 10 6 = k Pc = 0 849 26 4 = 22 4( MPa) z/ s = T b Ts = 600000 2366000 = 0 254 9-1, Pcc/ Pc = 85% Pcc = 85% Pc = 0 85 26 4 = 22 44 ( MPa),,,,,,,,,,, 1 1), 60,,, 2),,, 3),,, 4) 2,,,, 22 62MPa/ m,,,,,,, 35m 3 266

,,,,,, ;,, :, ;,,,,,,, 34,, : ; ;,,,,,, 1,,,,,,, ( ),, ;,,,,,, 2 (1 ),, ;,, AP I : 267

S t = 1 61 8; Sc = 1 01 125; Si = 1 101 33 (2 ) 1) : 2) Po = 0 0098 m H1 ( 910) H1, m; m, g/ cm 3 ; Po, MPa ( ), Pc1 = 0 0098 m H1 Sc ( 911) Pc 1, MPa Pc 1 3),, ( ), H2 = Pc2 0 0098 m Sc ( 912) H2, m; Pc2, M Pa L1 L1 = H1 - H2 ( 913) 4),,,,,,, ( ),, 5) : 268

i - 1 i (T n ) (), n = 1 Pji, i S t S t = Liqi Pji i - 1 + T n n = 1 ( 914) i Li = 1 qi [ P ji S t i - 1 - T n ] n = 1 ( 915) Li i, m; qi i, kn/ m; Pji i, kn ; i - 1 T n i, kn n = 1, Li, i,, 9-2 177 8mm 3500m, 1 30g/ cm 3, 2800m, 1 125, 1 80 : 1) Po = 0 0098 m H1 = 0 0098 1 3 3500 = 44 59( MPa) Pc1 = Po Sc = 44 59 1 125 = 50 164( MPa) N80, 0 467kN, 2989kN 11 51mm, 59 364M Pa, Sc1 = 59 364 44 59 = 1 33 2), 269

, N80, 10 36mm, 48 4MPa, 0 432kN, 2656kN ( H2 ) H2 = 48 4 0 0098 1 3 1 125 = 3377 ( m) 3300m, L1 ( B T ) = 3500-3300 = 200 ( m) BT = 1 - m = 1-1 3 s 7 8 = 0 833 ( T 1 ) ( T 1 ) T 1 = 200 0 476 = 95 2( kn) T 1 = BF T 1 = 0 833 95 2 = 79 33( kn) ( St1 ) () St1 = 2989 95 2 = 31 4 ( ) ( Sc 2 ) : Sc2 = 48 4 0 0098 1 3 3300 = 1 151( ) 3),, N80, 9 19mm, 37 3MPa, 0 379kN, 2309kN : H3 = 37 3 0 0098 1 3 1 125 = 2602 ( m) 2602m, (2800m),,,, 1 125,,, 270

,,, Sc2 0 423kN, 3300-2800 = 500m, T 1 + T 21 = 79 33 + (500 0 423 0 833) = 255 51( kn) T 21 28003300m, kn ( 97 ) 3007 kn ( ) Pcc2 = Pc2 [1-0 75( T b ) 2 ] 0 5-0 5 T b Ts = 48 4 [ 1-0 75 ( 255 51 3007 ) 2 ] 0 5 - = 48 4 0 9548 = 46 21( MPa) Ts 0 5 255 51 3007 Sc2 = 46 21 0 0098 1 3 2800 = 1 295( ) 2602m, L2 = 3300-2602 = 698 ( m) ( T 2 ) T2 = 698 0 423 = 295 25 ( kn) T 2 = BF T 2 = 0 833 295 25 = 245 95( kn) 2687kN, T 1 + T 2 = 79 33 + 245 95 = 325 28( kn) Pcc3 = 37 3 [ 1-0 75 ( 325 28 2687 ) 2 ] 0 5 - = 37 3 0 934 = 34 84 ( MPa) 0 5 325 28 2687 271

Sc3 = 34 84 0 0098 1 3 2602 = 1 05 () 2602m, 2300m, L2 = 3300-2300 = 1000( m ) ( T 2 ) T 2 = 1000 0 423 = 423( kn) T 2 = BF T 2 = 0 833 423 = 352 36( kn) T 1 + T 2 = 79 33 + 352 36 = 431 69( kn) Pcc3 = 37 3 [ 1-0 75 ( 431 69 2687 ) 2 ] 0 5 = 37 3 0 91 = 33 94( MPa) - 0 5 431 69 2687 Sc3 = 33 94 0 0098 1 3 2300 = 1 158( ) 2300m, ( ) : Pj2 = 2656kN St2 = T1 Pj2 + T2 = 2656 95 2 + 423 = 5 13 ( ) ( ) ( ) Pj3 = 2309kN 272

St3 = Pj3 T1 + T 2 + (2300 0 379 ) = 2309 518 2 + 871 7 = 1 66 () N80, 9 19mm, 4) ( 915) L3 = Li = 1 qi 1 2309 [ 0 379 1 8 [ Pji S t i - 1 - T n ] n = 1 - (95 2 + 423) ] = 2017 35( m ) L3 = 2000m, T 3 = 20000 379 = 758 ( kn) St3 = 2309 95 2 + 423 + 758 = 1 81 ( ) 2000m, 5) N80, 10 36mm, L 4 = 3500 - L1 - L2 - L3 = 300m, T 4 = 3000 423 = 126 9kN ( ) St4 = 2656 95 2 + 423 + 758 + 126 9 = 1 89 ( ) 6) 9-1 m m mm kn kn 4 0300 300 N80 10 36 126 9 1403 1 1 89 3 3002300 2000 N80 9 19 758 1276 2 1 81 1 158 2 23003300 1000 N80 10 36 423 518 2 5 13 1 151 1 33003500 200 N80 11 51 95 2 95 2 31 4 1 33 : (30 m ),,, 3,, 273

,,,, Pcc = Pc (1 03-0 74 T b ) ( 916) Ts T s, kn ; T b, kn,,,, : Hi i, m; T b i i, kn ; qi i, kn/ m; Hi + 1 ( i + 1 ), m; T b ( i + 1 ) ( i + 1), kn; T s ( i + 1 ) ( i + 1), kn ; Pc( i + 1 ) ( i + 1), MPa; Pcc( i + 1 ) ( i + 1) Tb ( i + 1 ), M Pa; m, g/ cm 3 ; Sc ; 9-2 BF i Hi, ( i + 1 ) Hi + 1 ( 9-2 ) ( i + 1) T b ( i + 1 ) = T b i + ( Hi - Hi + 1 ) qi BF ( 914) Pcc( i + 1 ) = Pc( i + 1 ) ( 1 03-0 74 T b i + ( Hi - Hi + 1 ) qibf ) ( 917) Ts ( i + 1 ) ( i + 1) Pcc( i + 1 ) Pcc( i + 1 ) = 0 0098 Hi + 1 m Sc ( 918) 274

( 917) (918 ), Hi + 1 Hi + 1 = 1 03 T s ( i + 1 ) - 0 74( T b i + HiqiBF ) 0 0098 m Sc Ts ( i + 1 ) Pc( i + 1 ) 0 74 qibf ( 919), ( 919) Hi = 3300m, T b i = 79 33kN, qi = 0 423kN/ m, Pc( i + 1 ) = 37 3MPa, Ts ( i + 1 ) = 2687kN, BF = 0 833, Sc = 1 125, m = 1 3g/ cm 3 Hi + 1 = 1 03 2687-0 74 (79 33 + 3300 0 423 0 833 ) 2687 0 0098 1 3 1 125-0 74 0 423 0 833 37 3 = 2395 ( m) Hi + 1 = 2395m, 1 125, ( Hi + 1 ) 2300m, 1 158,,,,,, 10 % 11 % ;,, 3% 5% ; 30% 50%,,,,,, : 1( ),, 9-3,,, 45,,,,,,,,, U 275

,,,,, ;,, 2() 9-3,,, ;, : ( ) 9-3, (a) ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d ) ; ( e), 2030m, 3,,,,, 9-4,,,, 4 :,,,, 34m, 2050m,, 5,, 276

, :, ; ; : (, ) + (, ) + ( ) + 1 1),,,, 9-4 2),, 1 ; 2 ; 3 3) ( ) ;,, 4),, 5),, 6), 7),, 2 (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1),, 2), 277

3),,,,,, 4),,, ( ), 25%, 5),,, 2,, 2 5,,,,,,,, 6) 2000m, 4% 6%, 2000m 3 %, 10%, 2mm,, 3,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 0 46m/ s ( 20s ), 3m, ; ;,, 1) ; 278

2), ; 3),, ; 4),, ; 5), ; 6),,,,, ; 7),,, API, API API, API, ABCDEFGH J ABC DE F,,, DEF,, GH,,, GH, J, J, API, : ( ) API : ABC, 01828 8m, 26 776 7 A, B, C D, 1828 83050m, 76127,, E, 30504270m, 76143, F, 30504880m, 110160, G H, 02440m, 26 795,, J, 36004880m, 49166, API 9-2 279

9-2 API ( ), h,, MPa, m,, min, min A B C D E F G H 8 37 8 1 7237 304 8 26 7 90 24 37 8 12 410 1828 8 45 0 90 8 37 8 1 379 304 8 26 7 90 24 37 8 10 342 1828 8 45 0 90 8 37 8 2 068 304 8 26 7 90 24 37 8 13 789 1828 8 45 0 90 8 110 3 447 45 0 90 24 77 6 894 1828 8 62 2 100 24 110 13 789 3048 8 143 23 447 3048 62 2 100 24 77 6 894 4267 2 96 7 154 24 143 13 789 8 160 3 447 3048 62 2 100 24 110 6 894 4876 8 120 0 190 24 160 6 984 8 35 2 068 2438 4 52 0 90 120 8 60 10 342 8 35 2 068 2438 4 52 0 90 120 J 8 60 10 342 8 143 3 447 3048 62 2 180 24 177 6 894 4876 8 120 0 180,,, 1450,,,,,, 1) : : 3CaOSiO2 ( C3 S), 40% 60%, C3 S : 2CaOSiO2 ( C2 S ), 15 % 35%,, : 3CaAl2 O3 ( C3 A), 6 % 15%,, C3 A, C3 A 3% : 4CaOAl2 O3Fe2 O3 ( C4AF ), 8% 10% 280

2),, :,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 3 15g/ cm 3, ( ),, ;,,, 50%, 1 80% 1 90g/ cm 3 ( ),,,,,,,,,, 2,, 100 ( BC ), (,,,,,,, BC ) API 1530min, 30BC, 10BC, 50BC,, BC,, 1h,, : CMC, : 281

( NaSiO3 ), 3,,, 20 %, 50%,,,,,,,,,, CMC 4 API,,,,,,,, (),,, : 1,,,,,, 9-5 2 9-6,,,,,,,,,,, 3, 282

9-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,, 4,,,,,,, 9-6, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,, 9-7 5,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, 9-8 6 9-9, ( ), 30t,,,, ( 283

9-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 9-8 ( a) ; ( b) ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ),, ( ),,,,,,, 9-10 1 9-9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 1), ; 284

2 ),,,,,, 3),,,, ; 4),,,,, 5 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 48h,, 9-11 9-12 2,, : 9-10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 285

9-11 ( a), ; ( b), ; (c), ; ( d) ; (e),, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 9-12 286

1),,,, 2),,, 3), 35MPa, 4),, 5) 48h,,,,, 98kN,,,,,,,, 1 V = 4 K 1 ( D 2 j - D 2 ) H + 4 d2 h ( 920) V, m 3 ; Dj, m; D, m; d, m; H, m; h, m; K1,,, 1 05 1 10,,,,, 2 W = K2 Vq ( 921) W, t; V, m 3 ; K2, 1 031 05 ; q 1m 3, t/ m 3 287

3 = + + = ( 922) 4 1m 3 Q = c ( s - w ) c - w ( 923) Q, t ; c, kg/ cm 3 ; s, kg/ m 3 ; w, kg/ m 3 5 1m 3 ( 50kg s ) = 29 3( s - w ) ( 924) 6 ( m ) m = w ( c - s ) c ( s - w ) ( 925) 7 ( m ), 1m 3 ( Q ) Q = c 1 + m c ( 926) 8 Vw = m W w ( 927) 9, 1m 3 V w = m c 1 + m c ( 928) 288

Vw 1m 3, m 3 10,, Vm = K3 4 ( L 1 d 2 1 + L2 d 2 2 + + L n d 2 n ) ( 929) V m, m 3 ; d1 d2 d3 d n, m; L1 L2 L n, m; K3, 1 031 05,,,, 11,,,,,, p ma x = p1 + p2 ( 930) pm a x, MPa; p1, M Pa; p2, M Pa p1 = 9 8 10-6 ( H - h) ( s - m ) ( 931) H, m; h, m; s, kg/ m 3 ; m, kg/ m 3 p2 : 1000m : p2 = 0 098 ( 0 01 L ) + 0 8 ( 932) 5000m > L > 1000m : p2 = 0 098 ( 0 01 L ) + 1 6 ( 933) 289

5000m, p2 = 0 098 (0 01 L ) + 2 ( 934) L, m 12 :, 1h 75% T = T1 + T2 + T 3 ( 935) T 1, min; T 2, 13min; T 3, min T1 = V Q1 n T 3 = V m Q1 n ( 936) ( 937) V, m 3 ; Q1, n ; V m, m 3 m 3 / min;,,, : 1), 2),,,, = 1,, ; < 1, 3),, 290

4),, ; ( ) ; ;,,, 1,,, 9-13,, ;, : 9-13 ;, : a ; b ( ) 2 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 1),, 1 52m/ s,,,,,, 2),,,,, 3),,,,,,,,,, ( ) ; ; 291

(, ) ; ; ;, 710min q = 10 60 Qc ( 938) q, m 3 ; Qc, m 3 / s q 250m, 250m 4),,, 5),,,, 3050m, 35,, 6),,,, 1525r/ min ; 2min, 46m,,,,,,,,, 1),,,,,,,, 2),, ( ), ( ),,, 292

3),,,,, 4),,,,,,, 200m, 10 % 200300m,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,, ( 25mm), 613 293

, 1, 2428h,,,, ( 1214 ),, 2,, :,,,,,,,, : ;, ( ),,,,,, 1,, ;,,, ;,, 339 7660 4mm 2 294

9-14, ( ), (),, ( ),,,,,,, ( ), 50150m,,, 244 5mm, 177 8mm ( 139 7mm ) ; 177 8mm 127mm ; 339 7mm 244 5mm 50m 30004000m, 5001500m :,, :, ; ; ;,,,,, : 9-15 9-14 1, ; 2 ; 3 ( ) ; 4,, ; 5, 9-15 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 295

,, J 9-16, 0 30 5m,,, J,, 9-17,,,,,,,,, 9-18 : + + + + 1 + + + + 9-19,, ;, ; ;, ; 9-20 (a), ; ( b),, ; (c),, 9-16 J 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 1 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 115 ; 12,,,,,,, 296

9-17 ( a) ; ( b) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8,,, 9-21 (a) ( b ),,, ; (c),, ; ( d),,,, 2 9-18 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 9-22,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( 30min 1 5h),,,,,,,,, 297

9-19 (a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ( ) ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ( ) 9-20 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 298

9-21 ; 3 1),,, 150200m,, 299

9-22,, 2), 1520MPa ( ),,, ( 1520M Pa) +,,,, 20MPa, 1 5 300

3),,,,, 4), 5) (),, 6),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,, (1 ) 1), 2) Ca Al Fe Mg Na, Ca(OH)2 Al(OH)3, 3),,,,,, 4),,,,,, 301

,, (2 ) 1),,, 2),,,,,, 3), ( ),,,, 4),,,, (3 ) 1), 2),, 3),, ;,,, 4), 2, 1),,, 2),,, 3),,,, 4) (, ), 5),, 6),, 7),, 8),, 9),,, :, ;, ;, 302

;, ; ;,, :, ;,, 1,,,,, : 1),,, : ;, ;, ; ; ;, :, ;,,,, 2),, ;,,, ;, 3),,,,,,, ( ),, :, ; ;, ; ;, 2 1),, 303

:, ;, ; ;, ;,,, : ; ; ;,,,,, 2),,,,,,, 3),, ;,,,, ( ),,, ; ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 1,, 304

9-23 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7, 9-23 ( ), ( ),,, 2, 9-24,,, CQ 250 Cyb250 9-24 (a) C Q 250 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 O ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ( b ) C Yb 250 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 O ; 8 ; 9,,,,,,,,,,, 305

3() ( ) ( ),,,, CY b 250, CQ 250 (1 ) CQ 250 ( ), 9-25 9-25 C Q 250 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 306

9-26 C Yb 250 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( 2in) ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ( M30175 ) ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ( M30185 ) CQ 250, 1) 2) 3),,, 4),, 5) ( ), 9-27, (2 ) CY b 250 CY b 250 9-26, 9-27 2 20mm, 0 5mm, 20mm 307

, : 1),,,, 2) ( ),,, 3) 4) 24 5MPa,, 308

,,,,,,, 1 1), 10-1 ( a) 10-1 ( a) ; ( b ) ; ( c) ; ( d) 10-1 ( b) ( d) 2),, ;, ;,, 10-1 ( c) 309

2 1),,, 2), :,,,,,, :, 1, ( 10m 3 / h),, : 1),,,,,, 2),,,,,,,,, 24h,, 20m :,, 2,,,,, 20100m 3 / h, :,,,,,, : 1), 10% 15%, 30 (), 2) : 5, 1, 2% 3),,, ( 1 251 4) (1 25 ), 112112,, 310

,, 4) ;, 3,,,,, 100m 3 / h, :,,,,,,,, 1015cm 23m 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,, ;, 1(),,,,, 10-2 311

F ( ), F = Kp p = A p p = p m - pp = 9 8m H - pp 10-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 K, ; p, kpa ; A, cm 2 ; p, pp, kpa; pm, kpa ; m, g/ cm 3 ; H, m F = KA( 9 8 m H - pp ) ( 101) F ( kpa; ), kn ;,,, ; ( ) ;,,, :,, ;,,,, ( SMC ) ( SM P ), (, ),, (, 10100 ),, ;, 312

2,, :, ; ;, : 1),,, 2) 3),, 4),,,,,,, 5) 3 (1 ) 1),,, 2),, 3), (2 ),, ; ;,,,, (3 ) 1) 2) 3) 4), 4 ( ),,,,, : ; ;, ; : 1) 2),, 313

3), 5,,,, 10-3 :,,,,, ; ;,, : 1), 2),, 3), 4), 5), 6 10-3,, ; ;,,,, ;, ;, ;,, : 1) 2),, 3) 4),,, 7, ( ), 314

( ),,,,,,,,, : 1),, 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;, ( )(), :,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 1, :,, ; 10-4, L = 105 FL EA L = EAL 10 5 F 315 ( 102)

L, m; E, E = 2 0610 7 N/ cm 2 ; L, cm; F, kn ; A, cm 2 ( 102) :, kn, F1, 1, F2 2 F, 12 L 10-1 127mm 9mm, 1800m, 573kN, : F1 = 670kN, F2 = 870kN, L = 48cm, : F = F2 - F1 = 870-670 = 200 ( kn ) 10-4 A = 4 (12 72-10 9 2 ) = 33 36( cm 2 ) L = 2 06 107 33 36 40 10 5 200 = 1374 4( m) 1374 4m,,,, F L1, L1 > L, ;, 10-2 2600m, 244mm + 178mm ( 100m) + 140mm ( 300m ) + 114mm ( 1000m) + 140mm ( 1100m ), 150kN, 22cm, (140mm 114mm 11mm) : 140mm A1 = 4 (142-11 8 2 ) = 44 58 ( cm 2 ) 114mm A2 = 4 (11 42-9 2 2 ) = 33 59 (cm 2 ) 150kN : 140mm (1100m) L1 114mm (1000m) L2 316

L1 = 150 1100 105 2 06 10 7 44 58 = 17 9(cm) L1 <L, 140mm, 1100m 114mm 140mm, L= 22-18 = 4( cm) 4cm, 114mm L2 = EA1L = 2 06 107 33 59 4 F 150 10 5 = 181 8( m ) : L2 114mm, 114mm L = L1 + L2 = 1100 + 181 8 = 1281 8( m) 2,,,,,, (1 ),,, 100m,, 150200m, 10 15min,,, ( 20 % 30 % ), 624h, 24h, :,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 317

,,,,,,,,, ( ) T ( ) () :, 0 010 02;, (35m 3 ) ;, ; 3, (1 ) 1),,,, GB12,, 2),,,,,,, 3), 4) (2 ) 1) :,,,,,,, ( ), 12-5 (a),,, ( ),,,,,,,, 10-5 ( b),,,,,, 10-5 (c) 2) : 318

10-5 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c), 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9,,, : 100kN,,,, 200300kN,,,,,,,,, 30min, 10min,,,,, (3 ) 1) : 319

,,, 10-6 (a),,, 10-6 ( b) ;,,,,, 10-6 (c),,, ;,, 10-6 (a) ( ) ; ( b) ( ) ; (c) ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,,, 2) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ) 320

1),,,,,,,,,, 2),,, ;,,,,,,,, GB12,,,,,, 9 8in 6 6 1 / 4 in,,, 3) :,,,,,,,, (5 ) 1),,, 2),,,,,, 0 51t,,,,,, 3), 4),,,, 2/ 3,,,, 4,, 321

,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),, 8mm,, 30g, : 5 320340g 5 340360g 6 1 / 4 340360g 7 360380g 8 430450g 9 479510g (2 ) 10-7 10-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 :,,, :,, 10 % 15 %,,,, (3 ),, ;, ;,,, 300m ( ),, :,, ;,,, (4 ) 1) 2m,,,,, 322

, 2) ( ) : 4 : 23, 4 10 % 20%, 5% 10 % :,, 3), ( ),,, 2 5 23,,, 6,, ( ) 10% 25%, 5% 10% ( ), ; ;,, ;,,, ; 50kN ;, :, ; ; 5,,,,, : 1) ( ),,,,, 2),,,,,,,, 12,,, 3),,, ;,,, ( ),, ; ;,,,, 323

6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) :, ;, :, ;,, ;, ;,, (2 ) :, ;, : ( ) ;,,, ;,,, : 1),,,,, 2), 3),, 4),,,,,,,,, 1 324

:,,,,,,, ( ) :,,,, :,,, 2,, (1 ), 10-8,,,,, 116124132 116, 124 132 10-8,,,,,, (2 ) 10-9,,,, (3 ), 10-9, 10-10 325

10-10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 R ; 7 O ; 8 A ; 9 ; 10, O R, ;,,, A,,,, 2mm,,, : 1), 2), 3),,,,,,,,,,,,, 4),,, (4 ), 10-11,, ;, :,, 326

,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 23, 5kN, ; 10kN,, 10kN, ( ),,,,, 10-11 1 ; 2 4 10-12 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 (), ; 3,, 1 10-12,,,,, ; :, 10-13, 0 51m,,,,,, 327

10-13 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 10-14 1, 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;, 68 ; 7 ; 9 ; 10,,,,, 2, 10-14, ;, :, 1m, 0 2m,,, A, B, 20min, 1020kN,, 0 4 0 5m,, 20kN, 24, 4050kN 67, 3, 10-15 ( 328

10-16 ),,,, : 0 5m,,, 1015min, 10-15 23min, 1 ; 2 4, 10-16,,, 1015min,, 329

[1 ] :, 1989 [2 ] :, 1981 [3 ] :, 1992 [4 ] :, 1987 [5 ] :, 1992 [6 ] :, 1992 [7 ] :, 1993 [8 ] ( ) ( ) :, 1990 [9 ] :, 1989 330