(CIP) /. :, 2004 ISBN 7 5045 4591 0....T S974. 2 CIP (2004) 059489 ( 1 : 100029) : * 787 1092 16 6. 75 2 165 2004 8 1 2004 8 1 : : 13. 00 : 010 64929211 : 010 64911190 : http : / / www.class.com.cn : 010 64911344
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( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 12 ( 6 ) 13 ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) 21 ( 9 ) 22 ( 11 ) ( 15 ) ( 15 ) ( 15 ) ( 16 ) 31 ( 16 ) 32 ( 20 ) 33 ( 22 ) 34 ( 25 ) ( 26 ) ( 26 ) ( 26 ) ( 27 ) 41 ( 27 ) 42 ( 28 ) 43 ( 30 ) 44 ( 32 ) ( 34 ) ( 34 ) ( 34 )
( 35 ) 51 ( 35 ) 52 ( 37 ) 53 ( 40 ) 54 ( 46 ) 55 ( 47 ) ( 48 ) ( 49 ) ( 49 ) ( 51 ) 61 ( 51 ) 62 ( 52 ) 63 ( 54 ) 64 ( 60 ) 65 ( 61 ) ( 62 ) ( 63 ) ( 63 ) ( 64 ) 71 ( 64 ) 72 ( 64 ) 73 ( 66 ) ( 68 ) ( 68 ) ( 69 ) ( 70 ) 81 ( 70 ) 82 ( 73 ) 83 ( 76 ) ( 78 ) ( 78 ) ( 78 ) ( 79 ) 91 ( 79 ) 92 ( 81 )
3 ( 85 ) ( 91 ) ( 91 ) ( 92 ) ( 93 ) 101 ( 93 ) 102 ( 96 ) ( 99 ) ( 99 ) ( 99 )
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1 12,, 13 13 a) b) c), 14 14 a) b ) c),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2
,,,, 15 15 a) b) c),,,,,,,,,,, 16 16 a) b),,,, 17,,,, 18 3
7 18,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19 19,,,,,,,, 3 :,,,,, 4,,,,, 10 cm,,,,, 1 10 4
10 4 a) b),,,,,, 111 111 2,,,,, 112 515,,,,,,,,,,, 113 112 2 113 5
17,,,, 114 18,,,,, 19,,,, 64 73,,,,,, 19 60,,, 115 100 cm, 1/ 2,,,,,,,,, 114 17 115 19 60 12,,,, 6
,,,, 13, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7
,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 2.? 3.,, 4.?? :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, : 8
,,,,,, 21 206,,, 1.,, 21 2.,, 22,,, 1.,,, 9
1 22,,, 23 24 2.,,,, 23 24 23 ( ) 24 ( ) 1. (1 ), : (2 ) 1),,,, 25 2),,,,, 26 3),,,,, 27 10 4),,
28 5),, :,, 29 6),,, 210 7), :,,, 211 25 26 27 28 29 210 211 2., : (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ),, 22, 1. ( 212 ),, 11
(1 ),,, :, ;,,,,,,, (2 ), ( 213) 212 213 1),,, 2), 3), 2., : (1 ) 26, 25 0. 30. 4 mm, 85 %, (2 ),,,, 45 (3 ),, 50100 10 15 12 1. (1 ), ;
(2 ),,,, ;,,,, 2. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,, 20% 3.,, (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ), ;,, 4., 214 (1 ),, ( ), (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ) (5 ),, 5., : (1 ) 214 13
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3 ),,,,,,,, 39 (4 ),,, 310 39 310 1.,,,,,, 311 2.,,,, 312 311 312 3.,,, 4.,, 5.,, 1.,,, 18 2.,,,
3.,, 4.,,,,,, 1.,,, 313 2. ( ),,,,, 314 313 314 3.,,,,,, 315,,, 4.,,, 316 315 316 1., 19
, 317 2.,, 318 317 318 3., 4.,, 5.,,,,, 319 319 32,, 1.,, 2.,,,,,, 3.,,, 20
4.,, 5. 1. (1 ), : 1),,, 2), p H 78,, 3), ph 6, ph,, (2 ) 2. (1 ), (2 ),,,, 1),,,, 2),,, 34 3),,, (3 ),, 6% 9% 12% 18%,, 1. 21
,,, 2., 3., ( ),,,,, 33,,, 1., ( 1), 1 000 W,, 320 (2 ),,, 321 320 321,,, 22
. 220 V 36 V 220 V, 36 V ( ), : (1 ),, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),, 3., ( 322 ), 322,,, 4.,,,,, 5. ( 323 ),,,,, 6. ( 324 ), ( ),,, 23
7. ( 325 ) 323 324 325,,, 8. (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),,, 1. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ), 2.,,,, (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ),,,,, 24
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, 326 2. (1 ), 100 15 min,,, (2 ), 26 (3 ) ( ), 75% (4 ), 15 min,, (5 ),,,,,, 1.?? 2.?? 3.? 4.,? 5.? 6.?,,,,,,? 1. 2.,, 3., 26
,,,,,,,,,,, 41,,,, 1. (1 ) ( ) (2 ),,,,, 2. (1 ),, :,, (2 ),, :, 1. (13) 27
. 3.,,, 42 ( 41 ) 1.,, 2. 3.,,,,, 4.,,,,,, 5., 6.,,, 12 min, 41 ( 42 ) 1.,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 28 3.,,
.,,,,, 5.,,,, 12 min 42 a ) b) 1. (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ), 2. 41 41 1 10 2,, 20 3 30 4 10 5 10 6 20 100 29
3,,,,, 1. ( 43a) : 2. (1 ),, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),, (5 ),,,,, (6 ),,,, (7 ),,,, (8 ),,,,, 1.,, 2.,,,, 3., 30 4., 5. 6. 7.,,
3 a ) b) 8., 43b : 31
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3 ),, (4 ) 1) 2) (5 ) 2. (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1.? 2.? 3.? 4.? 5.? 6.?,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 34
,,,,,,,, 51, 51a,, :,,,,,, 51b 51 a) b ) 1.,, 90, 35
, 52,,, 52 2.,,,,,,, 53 53 3.,,,,,,, 54a,,,, ( 54b )( 54c) ( 54d ),,,, 54e, 36
4 a) b ) c) d) e) 52,, 1.,, 55 2. 55, A V (1 )A A,, A, 56 (2 )V, V A, 57 3. (1 ),,, 58 37
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, 1.,,, 510 510, 511 2. 511,,, :, 512, 513 39
12 513, 514,,,, 515 514 515,,,,,,, 53,,,,,,,, 40 1. ( ),,
,, 516, 516 2. ( ),,,,,, 517 517, 15 30 45 60,,, 518 3.,, 4.,,, 90,,,,, 1.,,,, 2. 41
18 a ) 45 b) 30 c) 15,,,,,, 3.,,,,, :,,, :,, 4560,,, 42
045,,, 30,,, :,,,,,, 519 519 1. ( 520 ) 520 43
1 ) 1), 2),,, 3),,, 4),, 5),, (2 ) 1),,, 2),, 2. ( 521 ) 44 (1 ) 521 1), 2) 3),,,,
),, 5),, (2 ) 1),, 2),,, 3. ( 522 ) (1 ) 522 1), 2),, ( 10 cm ), 3),,, 4),,,,, 10 cm 5), ( 45
0 cm),,, 10 cm (2 ) 1),, 2), 54,, 1.,,,, 2.,, 1.,, 2., (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ),,,,, (4 ), ; ;, 46
5 1. ( 523) 523 (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), 2.,, 524a, 524b, 524c,, 1.,,, 2.,,,,, 47
24, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 48
1.,, 2., 3. 4. 5. ( ) 6.,,, 7., 8. 15, 51 51 1. 2. 3.,,, 4., 20 20 40 20 1., 2., 3., 40 30 30 200 1.? 2.? 3.? 4., 5.,,, 6.,,,, : 0. 35 mm, 31. 5 mm,, ( 525) 1. ( 525a) 49
a b) c) d ) e) f ) g ) h ) i) j) 525 2.,,, 525bc 3.,,, 525d 4.,,,, 525ef 50 5.,,, 525g 6., 525h 7., 525i 8. 9. 525j
,,,,,, 61,,,,,,,,,, 1905,,,,, 1926,,, 1932,,, 120,,, 1934,,,,,,,, 19381939, 1940 1950,, 51
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1 ), :,,,, ;,, (2 ),, :,,,, :,,, :,,,, :,,,,, 2., :,, 15 min,,,, 1., : ( N ) ; ( R ) ; (D), 2., 3.,,,, 4.,, 5. 15 cm, ; 15 cm,, 1/ 3, :,,, 6., 5 min, :,,, 7. 53
35 min, 8. 9. 2/ 3,, 7 min 10 min 10.,, 11.,, 63,,, 1. (1 ), 62 (2 ),, 63 62 63 2.,, : (1 ) ( ) (2 ) ( ) (3 ) ( ),,, 54 3.
1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) (9 ) 4. (1 ), : : ( 64 ) (2 ),,, 64 (3 ) : 1) :, 65a, 65b 65 2),,,,,, 3), 120, 90,, 45,,, 66a, 90120, 90, 60, 66b 55
6 4),, 67 5), :,, 68a,, 68b 67 56 68 a) b)
, 6),,,,,, : 45 1/ 2,,, 69 1. : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ),, 2., : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) 3. : (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ) 4. : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) 69,,, S 1.,,, 610 (1 ) 1), 57
),,, (2 ), (3 ) 1) 2), (4 ) 1) 2) 3) 2.,,,, 611 610 611 (1 ), (2 ) 1) 2), 3) (3 ) 1) 2) 3),,, 3.,,,,,, 6 12, 58
., 613,,, 5. S S,,,, 614 612 613 614 S,,,,, ( 61 ) 61 1. ( 5 ) 5. ( 3 ) 30 2. (5 ) 6. ( 3 ) 3. ( 5 ) 7. ( 4 ) 4. ( 3 ) 8. ( 2 ) 20 1. (4 ) 4. ( 4 ) 2. (4 ) 5. S ( 4 ) 3. (4 ) 50 1. 55 60 ( 5 ) 2. ( 6 ) 3. ( 5 ) 4. ( 8 ) 5. ( 5 ) 6. ( 8 ) 7. ( 8 ) 8. ( 5 ) 100 59
4,,,,,, 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) 2. (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ), 20 min (4 ),,,, 3. (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) 810 min (4 ),, 1., 2.,, ;, 3., 4.,, 60
5 :, :, 1. (1 ) ( 615 ) :,, (2 ),, 615 2., : (1 ),, (2 ), ( 2. 5 cm) (3 ),,, 616 617 61
16 617 1.,,,, 2., 2. 5 cm, 3., 4.,, 5.,, 6., 7.,,,,, 62
,,, 1., 2.?? 3.? 4.? 5.? 6.,,,,,,, 1. 2., 3., 63
,,,,,,,, 71,,,,,,,, 72,,,,,,, 64
: 1. ( 71),,,,, 1,,, ; 2. ( 72),,,, ;,,, 72,,,,,, 73 : 73 1.,,,,,, 74 2. 65
4 a) b) 1. (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ), 2. (1 ), (2 ) (3 ),,, 73 : ( 75 ), 1., ;, 75a 2.,,,,, 75b 3.,,,,,,, 75c 66
.,,, 75d 5.,,,, 75e 6.,,,,, 75f 7. 75 a) b ) c) d) e) f) g) h ) i),,, 75g 8.,, 67
, 75h 9.,,,,, 75i 1. (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), (4 ),, 2. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ), 3. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ),,,,, 1.? 2.? 3.? 4., (, ) 68
.,?,,,, 70% 30%, 1 500 W,,,, :,,!,, 69
( ),,,, 81,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),, 70 81 81
2 ),,, 82 (3 ),,,, 83,, 84 82 83 2. 84 :, (1 ), (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, : :, 71
: : : : :,,,,,,, 1.,,, (1 ),,,,,,, ;,, (2 ), 60,,, ;,,,, (3 ), ;, 2., ;,,, ;, 3.,,,,,, ;,, 72,
,, 82, 1.,,,,,,,,,, : 2. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,, ( 85 ),,,, ;, 86 85 73
1.,, 2.,,, 6,,,,, 1. (1 ), (2 ) 2. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ), 24 h,,,,, 87 (4 ) 6 % 9 %,,,, 3040 min, 88 (5 ) 1), 89 2),,, 2 cm,,, 810 74
7 88 89 ( ) 810 3) 4) 5), 6), 7), (6 ),,,,, 75
7 ), (8 ), (9 ),,,,,,,,,, 8 811 11 1. 2. 3.,, 4. 5. 83,,,,,, 1. 11 ( ) 6% 2., 6% 9% 12% 76,
., : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), (7 ) 11,, 6% (8 ),, (9 ),, 30 45 min, 2030 min 10 min, (10),, : (11) 2., (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ), (6 ),, (7 ) (8 ), ;, (9 ) 30 min, 20 min20 min, 15 min (10) (11) 3. 77
,, (1 ) (2 ) 30 min, 20 min (3 ), (4 ) 510 min,, 1. 2. 3.,, 4., 5.,,,,,,, 1.? 2.? 3.? 4.?,,,? 1. 2 2. 3, 3. 4. 78
,,,,, 91,,, 1.,,,,,, 91 91 79
.,,,,,,,,, 92 92 3.,,,,,, 93 93 4.,,,,,,,, 9 4 80
4 1.,,, 2.,,,, 3.,,, 4.,, ; 92,,, 81
,,, 1. (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) :,, :,,, ;,, 2. (1 ),,,,, 95 (2 ) :,,, 96,, :,,, 97 95 96 97 (3 ),,, 98, (4 ),,,, 99 82
8 99 (5 ),,,,, 910 (6 ),,,,,, 911 910 911,,,,,, 3. (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ),,,, :,,, 1.,, :,, 912a :,, 83
12b :,, 9 12c 912 2.,,, 913 913 84
3 1.,, 914 : ( ), ( 23 ),,, 2. 914, :, ( ), 3.,, :,, 9 15 4., :,, 916 85
15 916 5. :,,,,,, 917 917 6. S :, S, 918 7., : 2/ 3,, 919 918 919,, 920 86 1. ( 921ai) (1 ) (2 )
20 (3 ), (4 ) (5 ), (6 ), (7 ),,, (8 ),, (9 ) (10) 2. ( 922ao) (1 ) V (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ) (6 ) (7 ),, (8 ),, (9 ), (10) 1. : 87
21 (1 ) (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) 2. : (1 ) (2 ) 88
m n ) o) 922 (3 ) (4 ) 3. : (1 ),, (2 ) (3 ) 4. : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),,, 923 90
23, : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,, (5 ),,,, (6 ),,,,,,, 1.? 91
.? 3.?,, : 1., 2.,, 3. 92
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 101,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 93
,,,,,,, 1.,,, 2. (1 ), ;, ;, ;,, ;,,, 101 101 a) b) c) (2 ) ( 102 ),,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 94
;, 102 a ) b ) c) d ) e) f) (3 ),,,,, ( 103 ) 103 a) b ) c) (4 ),,, ( 104) (5 ),,,, ( 105) 95
04 105 102,,,, 96
1.,, 2.,, 3.,,,,, 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,, 3.,,,,,,, 1.,,,, 2.,,,,, 3. 97
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),, (2 ),,,, 2.,, (1 ), ; ; (2 ),,,,, 98
,,,,,,,, 1.? 2.? 3.? 4.? 5.? 6.? 7. ( ), 38, 168 cm, 70 kg,,,, :, : : 1. = ( - 100) 2 2., 3., :,,, : ( ),,,,, ; : 99