77 (266071 ) http:/ / www.qdpub.com 13335059110 ( 0532) 85814611 8664 (0532 )85814750 2006 6 1 2006 6 1 16 (640mm 960mm) ISBN 318.00 ( 8 ) ( 0532)85814926, : ( 0532 ) 85814611 8628
, 7000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 01
,,,,,, 200, 02,, :, 20,,, 2005,,,,,,,,,
,,,,, 2006 4 26 ( ) 03
.............................(001)..............(011)..............(017)..................(017)..............................(022)........(024)............(025)............(026)..................(028)............(031)..............................(031)...........................(039)........................(041) 01
1915.................(044)................(048)..............................(050)......(050)..............................(051) 02..........(053)..................(056)............(066)....................(073)................(073)................(077)................(078).........(086)................(090)................(091)....(098)................(098)............................(100)......(105)..............(106)..........(114)
................(116)..........(120)................(123)..........(130)....................(130)...........(130)............................(131)............................(132)......(135)................(137)......................(140)....................(143)............................(144)..........(149)..................(149).............(151)....................(153)..................(154)................(155)..................(156),....(158) 03
..............(160)................(164)..................(164)..................(165).....(167)........(168)............(174) 04...........................(177)..............................(177)..........(178)..........(183)................(184),.............(188)..................(189)..............(191)..................(193)..............(197)................(200)..............(207)..................(207)............(208)......(209)
................(211)..............(220)..............(223)..........(230)..................(235)..............(236)............(237)............(239)..................(241)................(245)......................(250)..............................(267) 05
, 700, : (1308 1878 ) ; (1878 1898 ) ; (1899 1937 ) ; (1938 1945 ) ; (1949 ), 1308 ( ) 14,, 1740,,,,,,,, 01
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19, 02,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1878 ( ) 2,
,,, 3,, 1881 1882, 5.6, 4, 1882 9, 120 1883,,, 1,, 16, 12,, 200,,,,, 1893, 100,, 1896 1,,,,,,, 03
,,,, 1897 ( )7,, 4,,,,,,, 04,,, 1899 ( )2 20,,,,,,,,,,, 1900,,, 10 30,, 1906, 26, 8, 300 2806, 15,,, 8, 70 40, ( ) ( ) 1907, 10, 14, 100
, 1908,,, 1912, ( ) ( ), 1913,,, 1913 1914 45.8, 60 ( ), 41.3, 210 1915 2,, 499,,,, 1916 11,,,,,,,,, 750,,, 1917,, 1921 1924,,,,, 917.1, 140, 82, 1.6, 20, ( ) ( ) 1925, 05
, 1928 4,,, 7,,, 8, 100 1929 8,, 06,, 1928 11, 13, 4,,,,,,,, 1933,, 200 ( ) ( ), 150 7 ( 31415 ) 9, ; 75, 40,, 1929,,,,,,, ;,,,
;,, 1931, 1934 ;, 1930 1931 ( ),,,,, 1931, 18 1931 30, 1936 182.37, 1931 72, 1936 169 ; 1931 156.5, 1936 446.2, 3, 3, 5, 29,,, 1938 3, 38, 1914.74, 3114.36 1938 3 18, 23,,,,, 300, 700, 07
1942 4000,,,,,,, 7, 1295.0911, 97,,,,, 08,,,,,,,, 1926, 7,, 12, 1927 6 26,,,
,, 16 7,, 1928,,,, 7,, 1932, 1933,,, 1937,, 1938 3,,,, 1939,,, ;,,,, 1945 8, 9,,,, 1946 6 9,,, 1948 11 7,,,,, 1956 09
, 1998 ( ) 2004, 1777, 116.28, 9.45, 2003 29 14,,,,, 10,,,,,,,
,,,,,,, : (1308 ), 50 1838 (183800 ),,,,,,, 16,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11
,,,, 19,,,,,,, 12, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 12,, :,,,,
,,,,,,, ( ) :,,,,,, (1740 ),, 20,, :,, 13
,,, 14
,,,, 5,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1796 ), ( [ ] ),,,,,,, (1801 ) (1802 ), 15
:,,,? :,,,, :,,,, 16 : :, 81, 4, 4 3, 1,,,,
,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17
,,,,,,,,,,, 18, (1879 ),,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, 2.5, 80,, 10,,,,,,,,,,,
( 1881 1882 ),, 5 ; ( ) ( ),,,,,, 4,, 12,, : 19
3 (1878 1880 ),,,,,,,, 1882 2, 9, 120,,,,, 20, (1883 )7 13,,,,,,,,,,, ( 47, 11 ),, 30,,,,,,,,, 1887 9 17 :, (1883 ),,, 10,
,,,,,,,, 20 30, 100,, (150 ) 45,,, 200, 45,,, 140, :, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( : ),,, 21
,,,,,,,,,, 22,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19 60,
1858,, ( ) ; 1872,,, 14, ( 1982 5 ),,,,,,,, 4000 ;, 1000, ( 1982 5 2 ) 1875 ( ),, ( ),, ( 1982 5 2 ) 1878,, ( 6 ), 3000,, 1910, 88, 30000,,, 23
,, 24,, 12,, (1879 1881 ),,,, 1882 2, 9, 120,,,,, (, ),,,, 4000 (1882 ),,, :,, 200,, ( : ),,, ( ),,
,,,,,, (1883 )7 13 :,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 40,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1882, 10, 120 25
,,, 70 30 19, 1300,,,, 11, 8,, 5.5, 26 2.5,,, 12 (, ),,,,,, 8.5,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,, ( 1893 )6 14,,,,,,, 100,, 1000,,,, ( 200 ),, 27
,,,, 28, (1895 ),,,, :,,,,,,,?,,,,,, ;,,, 4,, 11 11 (1896 1 4 ), :,,,,,
,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, (1896 )6, 4,,,, ( ),, (1897 )7,,,,,,,, :,,,,,?,, 29
, ;,,,,,,?,,,,,, 30,, ( ),
( ) 1898, 1899,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30, 1936, 182,,,, 1915,, 31
,, 79, 4,,,, 1898,, 32,, ;, ;,,,, 1897,, 11,, 1898,,, ( ) 15,, 1898,,, (, ),,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1899 1 7,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 33
,, ( 20 ), 20, 40,, 120,,,,,,,, 34,, 200,,,,,
1899 2 20,,,,,,,,,,, 1900,,, 1900 1901, 17, 1902 1899 1902 3,,,,,, 6 1902 10, 1903,,, 3, 30%,, 10, 10 30,,,,, 35
, 1906,,, 70, 10, 1906, 1907 10, 36 4,, ( ) ( ),,, 40 100, 118 %,, 1908,,, 1913
, 1909,, 200, 1911,,,,, 1912 ( ),,,,,, 1911 1912 20 1912, 1913, :, 1, 5, 1, 8 1,, 3.6,, 4,, 1,,,, 10,, 30,, 37
( ),,,,, 1912 6 20 :, 38,,, 1912 4.75, 6.2 23.6%,, 3 %,,,, 2.19, 50 %,,,,,, 1913 1914, 1912 1,, 170 210, 41,, 1914,
2136, 1435, 210 170 %,,, 1914, 30828 1915 2 1,,, 10,,,, 1902, ( ),,,,, 6, 80, 160 1906,, 300, 30, 14,,,,, ( ),, 72, 3000, 80, 30, 39
,, 50,,, 30,,,,, 1931 40 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,,,
( ) ( ),, 1899,,,,,,,,,,,, 1906,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40,,,, 42 1908,,,,,,, 50 1 10 2, 1,, 41
1912 1 1914, ( ) ( ),,, 1935, ( ) ( ), : ( ), 2,,, 42,,,,,,,,,,,,
( ) ( ), 1935, 170,, 4,,,,,,, 20,,,, 1, 1, 1930,,,,, 43
1,,,,,,,, 1935 3 1,,, 44, 4, 1,, 30 1936, 50, 364 ( ),,,,, 50, 1915 1899,, 1913,,,,,,
:,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1915 )2 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 31, 60 45
,,,, 46, 2 1 5 6, ( ),,, 2700, 700 500,,,,,,,, 673,, 12,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 215,,,,,,,,, 47
,,,, ;, 200,, 100,,, 499, 48 100, 1916, 1308,,,,,,, 1899,,,, 1909 9,? 1911,, 6 6,
,,,,, 49
1884, 4,,,,,, 1893 6 24,,,, 50,,,, 4 2, 100,,,,,,,, 1898 1 4,,, 1915, 499,
,,, 1916 11,,,,,,,, 750,,,,,,,,, 500,,, 1921 500 1922 1000, 750, 1919,, 75,,,, 1894, 1912 1,, 1916 6 1919, 4 ( 3 ), 1928,, 1917,,, 51
, 1924,,,,,,, 52,,, 1925 3 ( ) 140 20, 82, 1.6,,, 1925 1927,,,,,,,,, 1926 1928 400,, 1928 4,, 100,,,, 30, 300, 100,
,,,,,,,,, 1929 8,,,, 1931 130, 1931,,,,,,,,, 1936 182, 446.2,, 3, 3,10, 40 ( ),,,,,,, 53
54,,,,, 40,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,
, 1906,,,,, 75HP 53KVA 720KVA,,,,,,,,, 55
,,,,, :,,,,,,, (1993 56, 23 ),,, 1915, 499,, 1915,, ( ),,,,, 1915 499,,, 1932,,,
,,, 20 20, 8500, 4500,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1925 1,,, 5 1 57
,,,, 58 1926 6,, 1924,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,, 7, 10,, 12,, 7,, 50 : ( 1) ; (2), ; (3 ),,,, 59
,,,, 2000,!!,, 60,, ;, 1926 6 28,,,!!!,,,,,,,,,,, 20, 29,,,
16,,,,,, 20 %, 8 10, 61
,,,,,,,, 62, 1930, 1931,,,,,, 1932,,
,,,,,, 17,, 7 16,, 8, 4000,, :!! 22,,, 500,, 70,, 24,,,,, ;, 1932 8,,,, 63
,,,,,,,, 1932 10,,,,, 64,,,,,,,,,
, 1933,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1933,, 53,,,,,, :,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 65
:,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 66, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1934,,
,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 1916 67
,,,,,, ; ( ), 68 100,,,,,,,, 200,,,,, 1915,,,,, 380, 1916,,,,,,,, 500 1919,, 750, 75,
,,, 100 1928 6,,,,,,,, 200,,,,,, 10, 1934,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 1912,,,,,, 10 30, 40,, 100 ( ),,,,, 69
1934, 7000, ( ),,,,,, 4.5, 70 1.5,, 200,, 1915,,,,, 1928,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 182,
( ),,,,,,, 1918, 100 ;,, ;, ;,,,, ( ), 1906, :,,,, 40, 1912 1, 42,,,,,,, 4, 1, 30 300, 75, 260, 71
5, 6,, 4000 6, 150, ( ) 7, 12, 4, 100,,, 72,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 1899 ( ), 1936,, 182, 169, 446.2
,,,,,, 3 3 5 29, 38, 1914.74, 3114.36,,,,,,, 15, 1 15, 73
,, 5,,,, 74, 1 1 11, 10, 2 1,,,,,,,,,, : 1942,,,,,,
:,, 2,,,,,,, 1, : :, :, : :,, : :, 1, 1,, :, :,,, 1 1 1 3, 75
:,, :, :,, :, 76 :, : : : 5, 15, 45, 600 : 3, 12 4, 13 10 2 : 19,, 3, 3, 3 30, 10, 1,
, :, 100, 75,, ( ), 7,, 15,, 2, 3 3, 1,,,,, ( ), : ; ; ;, ; ;, 3 ; 77
3,,,,,,,,,, 78,,,,, (1855 1939 ),,,, ( ) 1879 1882 1886 1889 1897 1903
1904, 1907 1909 1911 5, 1914, 1916 6, 1918, 1922 6, 1909,, 1916 (1864 1928 ),, 1883 1894,, 1898 1901, 3, 1905,, 21, 1911 10,, 79
1912 1,,, 3,,,, 1912,, 1914,, 1915 12, 1916 6, 80, 1917 6 1922,, 1923 6,,, 1919, 4 ( 3 ) 1928 1 (1872 1962 ),,, 1912, 1915,,, 1918 1930,, 1915,,,,,,
, 1917,,, 1924,, 80,,,,,,,,, 1927,,, 1928, 11 17, 1948 10,,,,,,, 210 1930 9,, 0.685,,, 81
,,,, 1928,,, 82, 1931, 1933 1935 10 1936,,,, 1925 15, 1937,, 1925 8, 0.4, 10 28 10,,,,,,,
,,,, 1908 1912,,,,,,,, 1915,, 1917, 1952 ( ), 1928, 11 17, 1948,,,,, 1912 3, ( ) 83
1916 7,,, 1915, 1916 11, 1928, 1936 84,, 1895,,,,,, 1922 1928,,, 1931 1948 1937,,,,
:,,,,,,,,,,, 1920 ( ), 1925,,, 1922,,,, 1925,,,, 1928 11, 17, 1931, 1934 1937 1946,,, 85
,, 1928, 1937 86,,, 1925 15, 1928 6 1937,,,,,, 1916 6 6, 7 7, 60,,,,
, 1918 10,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,, 40, 80, 90 1907 1913, 300,,,,, 1919,, 130,,,, 6, 130,, 87
,,,,,,, 88,,,,,,,,,, 1925 8,,, 4, 38, 10 10,,,,,,,,
1937 10,,,,,, 1932, 700,,,,,, 1936 3,,,, :,,,, 6 6, 1937,,, 12,,,,,,,,,, 89
,,, 1938 1,,, 90 1000,, 10 1 5 10 50 100 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
, ;,,,,,,, 1, 1000,,, 10,, 1903, 3 30 %, 30, 1907,, 100, 1922 750, 7.5,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1929,,, 91
,, (, ), ( ),,,,, 92, ( ) 1938, 4 1, 28 : : 940 5 :, 9 : 6 :,,, 5 : 28 4200,, 80%, 2000
1938 3,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 38 : : 1 ( ) 4 ( ) 5 ( ) 32 ( ) :, 12 ( ) 19 ( ) 20 ( ) 29 ( ) 2 ( ) 8 ( ) 11 ( ) 13 ( ) 6 :,, 14 ( ) 15 ( ) 16 ( ) 17 ( ) 35 ( )5 18 ( )23 ( ) 28 ( ) 31 ( ) 5, : 21 ( ) 24 ( ) 26 ( ) 34 ( ) 6, 93
:,, 25 ( ) 31 ( ) 38 ( ) 4,,,, 94,,,, (, ),,,, : 100, 35 500,,, ( ),,,,,,,,
,,,,,,, 3 1, ( ),, ( ),,,,,, 1942,,,, 50,,, 10,,, :,,, 8950,,, 95
,,,,,,,, 1941,,, 96,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,
,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 300, (, ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),, 97
:,! ( ) 1942,, 26,, 10, 98,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1928 11, 13, 4,,,,,,,,, 1933,, 200 ( ) ( ), 150 7 ( 31415 ) 9, ; 75, 40,, 1929,,,,,,, ; 99
,,, ;, ; 1931, 1934 ;, 1930 1931 ( ), ;,,,, 1931, 18 1931 30, 1936 182.37, 1931 72 1936 169 ; 1931 156.5, 1936 446.2, 3, 3, 5,29,,, 1938 3, 38, 1914.74, 3114.36,, 1933 7,1936 1,
,, 300, 1933 3, 23,,,,,, 1933 7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,, 200,,,,,,,,,,,, 950, 2 1, 1 3,, 1933 8, 10 1,,,,, 26,, 265,,,,,, 110 55,,,, : (157 ),,,,,,
,,,,,,,, 36 88, 450, 60, 350,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 75,,,,,,,,, 260,,,, 4, 1936,, 2, 5, 5 6, 5, 260,, 4
6 3 3, 100, 22, 2 2, 4, 2, 1 20 ;, 40, 2, 10, 600 500 1, 20, 2,, 7,, ( ),, 340, 2,,,,, :,,, 100, 1933 12, 31, 1935 3,, 1, 100, 1 /3,,,
:,, 1937, 40,, 28 1937, 1938 5,,,, 5,,, 350, 190, 100, 1939, 1941, 141, 130, 120 1945,, 1946 1947 3,, 1947, 28 1948 11,, 1937 6 1,
, 150,, 19, 4, 1, 3 14, 15, 45.6, 7 1946 45, 270 1951, 270,, 6, ( 1923 ) (1930 ) (1936 ) (1930 )
(1936 ),,,, 1923,,,,,,,,, 1923 3 24,,, 3 56 3, 9 3.6, ( ) 6 1924,, 10 107, 5, 8 1930,,,, 1934 2, 10 1936, 18, 912, 1939 9,, 1943 995 1946,, 23,,
,, ( 23 ),,, 650, 30.8, 9,,, 1800, ( ), (, ) 1936, 3651,, 20,, 30, 24, 3 ( ),, 50,, 2,,,,,,,,, 1936 2, 17 %,, 15 %, 70%, (10 ), (6 ), (2 )
,,, :,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20
13 129 ( 85, 44 ) 1930,,, 1936, 3280,,,,, 17, 14 140,,,, 2, 90,,, 5, 300,, 3,,, 3 ; 4,,,,,,,,,,
,,,, 1936,, 3,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1938, ( ), 16,,, 1938,,,
,,,, 1944, 1949 1941,,,, 1927 6, 16, 10,, 1929,, 1930 6, 10,,,,,,,,, 266, 5, 7, 1931,, 2,, 3 4 1936, 617,, 11 55,, 1 (
), 3, 1,,,,,,,, 0.5, 3, 2,, 6,, 9,,, 5 : 80, 70, 60, 40, 40,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1933, ( ), ( ), 3, 38, 1934 9,, 2,,,,, 1935 1937, 3 3,, 1938 1943, 1945 4, 200,, 50 1946, 10,, 4,,,, 1923, 40 4100, 630,,
10, 4, 100 1931 11, 2, 2, 21 X, 36, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 8, 8, 6,, 120,, 2,,,,, ;, 50,,, ;
,,,,,,,, 100, 400 1930, 52490 1931 1937, 1935 150080 1938 3,,,, 1939,,, 840, 428,, 20,,, 70, 70,,, 1948 1930, 7, 10, 2, 302, 65 30,,,,
1933, 1934, 20614 2, 3 2, 2 1 1 42, 5 569, 611, 1070 1510 1937, 62273, 11 4290, 25 57983, 1 872, 42734, 13 8769 ( 10 ), 10 11942 22023 ( ) 1 320, 634 1946 11 105007, 13 10642, 872 320 634, ( ) 1923 14,, 2, 4, 3, 3, 2, 15.6 4,, 12, 11,, 2.2, 5 6,
,,, 48, 5, 160 160, 1, 1946 1953, 5.97,, 1962,, 234 2813, 1,, 2, 1734, 1176,, 2.2,,, 1930 :,,,,,,, 40 %, 657,, 1926,,, 3 1,,
,,,,,,,,,, 1933 2 15 83, ( ),,, 1 1,, 1, 1, 21 0.7, 1,, 1, 21 0.7, 1, 3 1,,, 1933,,,,
,, 1, 5, 3.5, 1.65, 2 1 2 3 1, 0.6, 0.4,,,,,,, 20,, 30,,,,,,,,,,, 700,,,,,
,,,, 19,,,,, ; 20,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,, 820 ;, ; ;,,, ; ;,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,, 12 13,, 1897 1898, ( ) ( ) 1899 1900,
1902,,,, 1904 715, 324 1906, 1907 1908, 1910 1911, 1912, 1913,
1914 1915, 499 200 10 1916, ( ) 1917, 1918 1919 73
1921 1922 1923, 114, 72 1924 1925 1926 1927, 1928,
,, 1929, 8 1930 1931, ( ), 1932, 1933,,
1934 1935, 1936 28 1937,, 1938,, 3 18,,
1946,,,, 26 51 ( )
1931, 1935,,,,,,,,,,,, 1934,
,,,,,,,, 1936,,,,,, 1936,,,,,,,,, 1937 7 7,,,,,, ( MGS),
1937,,, ( ) ( ),,, ( ),,, 1936 10 12,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,, 1937 10,, 3,,,,
,,,,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1937 12 28,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,
1940 ( ), 1943 2,,,,, ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 4, 6000, 1330,,,,
( ) ( ) ( ) 1938 446.044 446.044 1939 1,473.551 1,473.551 1940 1,939.821 1,939.821 1941 2,399.674 2,399.674 1942 2,470.534 46.326 2,516.860 1943 2,132.407 107.593 2,240.000 1944 1,740.000 190.000 1,930.000 1945 346.880 39.257 386.137 12, 948.911 383.176 13,332.087, 97, 1200,,,,, ;, ;,,,,, 1938,,, 1415
, ( ) 1942 11,,,,,,,, 1942,,, ( ),, 29,,,,,,, 1942 1, ( ),, 38,,,,,,, 1942,
,,,,, 1944 3 26,,,,,,,,,, 1938,,,,,,,, 1939 3,,,,,, 1939,, 24 1941 11,,,, 300, 700,,,,,, 1938 10,,
, 11 194,,,,,,,,,, 1938 9, 6,, ( 1961 ),, : ;, ;, ;, 115,,
,,!,, 1943,,,, 1939,,,, 7,,, 1940, 30,, 1939,, 300,,, ;, ;,,,,, 1943 30 1941,,,,,,,,,
,,,, 1941 1942, 1942,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,, 1938 3,,,, 5,, ( ), :
; ;,,,,, 1940 1 25, ( ) :,,,,,, :,,
2, 11, 4, 7,, 30 20,,, 4 1941,,, 1942 4,,, 5, 3000, 7,
7,,, 1944 4,
4, ( ) 1945 12,, 700,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 3,,,
,,,,,, 5,,,,
,, ;,,,,, ( ) 1940 1,,,,,,,,
5 8,,, ( ), 1945 10 3,,, 12, 50, 70, 11 1945 8 25,, 8 28, 10, ( ) :,, 1946 1 10,,,, 1946 1 10,,,,,,, 3, 50, 700
( 1982 5 ), 1946 1,, 1 13,,,,, ( ) 1946 1 5 12, 300, 60, 8, 5 21,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,, 1946 3 6, 1500,,,,,, 8 24, ( ),,,, :,!!,, ( ),,,,,,,, 5,, 7000
, :, 5,,,,,,, 2,,,, :,, 3,,,,,,,,,
, 1946 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1946 3 31, 170 4,,, 7 ( 1946 6 8 ), 1 2.8, 4000 33,165, 1946 5 6 9,
( 3 ) ( ) ( 4 ) (, ) 170, 7, 10,,,,, 5540, 1920,,,,, 1 /3, : ;,, 300, 1 1 5, 318412.5, 723455, 218250 7276, 32101,,
110, 18600, 3600,,,, :, 2000 6 8.5,,,, 4500,,, 7, 600,,,,,,,,,, 60, 120, 3, 5000,,,
,,,, 2400 1946 5 30,, 7000,,, 2400,,, 3 28,, 5.5,, 6 29, 1000 1946 6,,, 1946 6 9,,, 8, 19,, 1946 8 15, :
,,, ;,, 1000,,,, 3000,,,,,,,,, 3000, 144000, 4080,, 1946 6 22,, :,,,,,
:,,,,,, ( ),, :,,,, 11 ( 6 5 ), : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6 23,, 2 6,,,,,,,, 1946 6 10,,,, :
,, ( ),,,,,,, 1946 10 18,,,, 1946 10 28, 1200,,,,, ( ),,, 15, 2, 12,,, 18,,,
20, 5,,, 10,,,,, 1947 1 2, 1 20 18, 3 : 1 2 4, ; 10,, ;,, 19,, 49400, 36000, 13400, 23, 475, 1, 1,,,,,
,,,,, 30, 1946 12 1947 2, 300 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5, 50, 1948,, 200,,,,,,,,,,,, (
),,,,,,,,,, ( 36 6 13 ),,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ), ( ),, ( ) ( 1948 ),,,,
1948,, ( ) :,, 1.3 1948 7 16,,,,,,, :, : 7 3, 3, (, (1948) 7 4 ) 1947 7,,,, 1948 11 7,,,,
,,,,, 1950 30,,, 1947,,,,, 1949, 4, 1,,,,, 16,
,, 1949 10
,,,,, (1953 1957 ),,,,,,,,,, : ; ;, ; 10, ;, 1978,,,,,
,,, : ( 22 ),,,,, 1950,,, 1952 7,,,,,,,, 1956 2 5,, 4 1958, ; ; ; 6 ; 1958,
119, 17 1970, 33, 86, 1957, 142 1958,,,, 1070,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 32, 18,, 76,,,,,,, 580, 445, 1961,,,,, ;, ; 1961 9 12,, 35649,
60 101, 300, 1964 1 1,, 12, 1500 ; 100 ; TBT-52 11 500, 2880 ;, :,,,,,,, 1965, 11,, 591,,,,,, 643, 1966 6,,,,,,,, 1973 1975,
,,,,,,,,, 545 1976,,,,, 6, 7, 1978,,, 10,,,,,, 832, 2 2, 8779,, 1964 1979 16, 1988 24 21,,,,,,,,,,
,,,, 30 163, 3000, 30, 8, 2, 1983 175 1984,,,, 470, 93,,,, 700,,,,, 1985,,,,,, 6, 27,, 26,,,,,,,, 6 3867, 1989,,
1988,,, 1990 ( ) 1949 143024 1971 6719309 1950 219626 1972 6593592 1951 245251 1973 4580140 1952 417040 1974 1187061 1953 536380 1975 5450234 1954 524623 1976 6438576 1955 634676 1977 7145394 1956 868160 1978 8041132 1957 1175787 1979 8325016 1958 3000263 1980 7752537 1959 5012683 1981 7134133 1960 5823177 1982 6708859 1961 4451159 1983 6984908 1962 3917890 1984 6947601 1963 4159412 1985 6853831 1964 4408743 1986 6516121 1965 4744830 1987 6587608 1966 5247767 1988 6341414 1967 4604750 1989 6213346 1968 5640531 1990 6103112 1969 3779759 1970 6159370,,,
,,,, 10,, 96% 1978 1990 466, 77,,, 25 6247, 541, 1827, 1998 1, ( ) 1956 1997, 42 42,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 80, 410,,,, 76, 873, 66 40, 21 32,, 90, 2, 4,
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,, 50, 80,, 30 8 160, 600,, 3,4,,,, 70,,,,,
1980,,,, 700 1985, 6 1992 7 1,,,, 1997,,,, 2000,,
20 90, 1998,,,,,,,, : 13, 7 1999 73640, 48%, 34.5% 7 28278, 59587 2000 1999, 33398, 433 9528, 1999, 10, 1.1 1999 5.6, 23.87 3.3, 4.5, 5,
2.3 1999, 39.94, 81.02%, 300, 21,,,,,, 2000 1 6,,,,, 2000, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,,
, ;,, :,,, ;,,,,, 3, 2001 3 5,, 2002 6 8, 1 1 150, 1 /5 1 /5, 1.5 2000 2002 3, 5.09,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,, 2002 3, 3 3677 ; 2000 ; 2002 1410, 1999 1.5 3 68.11 ;2002 29.50, 1999 1.9 3 4, 500 14, 4 2000, 2001 2002 17673, 18773, 1999 21973, 2002 1999 81.6 % 3 2000 3.3, 3, 3 2002 84% 58.6 %,
3,,,,,,, 2002, :,,,,,, 5 10, : 2005 1500 2008 1800 2010 2000, 2005 50 2008 80 2010 100 2003,,, 2010 2008 2004, 1777 116.28, 4
2008 1800,,, : 2008, 3500, 2000 1000 500 ; 230 2010, 5000, 2000 2000 1000, 300, 2000 2002, 2003 2005,,,,,,,,,,,
, 8, 19, 2004 2002, 92.33%, 6.61 % ; 90.12 %, 15.71 % ; 100 %, 38.65 %, 8 %,, 10.4, 4, 1102,,, 23.2 25.1 14.4,,,, 180,,,,,,,,,,
,, 100%,, 2003,,, 300 2004,, 300,,, 300,,, 180,, 306,, 300, AAA,,,,,, 2004 8, 500,, 2005 6, 45, 35KV,
,,,, 2005,, 6, 18.5,,,, 2005,, 3.5, 100,,, 2005, 180, 2005 12 26 ;, 2005 3,, ;,,,,,,
,, 2003 2004 20,, 30,, 2 50MW 2 25MW,, 6 300MW 80 30 10 1200 80 13, 50,, ; 2005 1.5 15, 800, 20, 52 13, 3C,
, 2000,, 80, (2005) 4, 12.76, 8.76 12, 8.5,,,,,, 2005 152,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2005 138 35461, 85 139 51,,,,
,,,, 3 49 %, 500 6, 1 /3,,, 9, 28,, 2005, 20
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 352,
, 2004 4166,,,,,, 2004, 5, ZTZ4800 ZTZ9600 ZZ5200 /19.5 /42D, ZF4800, TD75 Dt, 2004 531,,,,,
,, 6 21,, 2005 1300 800, 268, 10, 23,,,,,,,, 1102 2005,, 52 2,,, 2004,, 2002
, 2004,,,,,,,,,,, 2001 0.57 2002 0.28 2003 0.18, 2004, 2005 2005,,, 10 % 15 % 2004 10 % 2005, 500,
5 %,, 8,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 24, 440,,,,,,,,,,
2002 2004, 19 32,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 200, 2004 1777 116.28 11.76 2.65 2005 2000 150
( ), 137,, 2004, 500 208 166 9 14 2 15, 500 90 2005 8, 2005 500 9 2004 2005,,,,,
,,,,,,,,, :,,, 2004, 2004, 4,,,,,,
,,,,,!,,,,, 2004 112, 46 66 27.95 2004 885, 752, 133, 28.3, 16, 12.5 1.5 1985, ( ),,,
( 30 ),, 90 %,,, 0.75 1 1956, 500, 1959, 7, 1986 1990,, 1991, 4000, 60 / ; 1994 3000, 30 /,,, 360 /, 1.8 ; 2003, 2003,
700, 1991 2003, 20, 3 10 /, 10 100 /,, ; 2003 10 1986 1993,,, ( ) ( ),,,, 1994 2003,,,,,,,,,,, 6, 5,,,, 42.5, ( ), ( ) 30,
, 20,,, 2003, 860, 180, 90, 60 30, 50 % 35 % 15 %, 1986,, ; 400 ; 45 ; ;, 1991, 1992 6 3, 4 8, 61.5 % ; ; 23 16, 69.6 % ; 1992, 9, 4,
;, 12 14 30121 8, 2, 1 /3 19, 90 % ; 28, 4 ; 38 16, 3, 42, 13852,, 12, 1993 30%,, 19, 215 1986 1990, 1990,,, 60 /, 4300, 60 /, 120 /, 7500 1991
, 1995,, 1992 1998 ( ), ( 30 / ) ( 30 / ) ( 30 / ) ( 30 / ) ( 30 / ) ;, 1990 1998, 350 /, 2.5,,, 1990 1998 9 1000, 15 % 1990 1998 30, 1999 2004,,,,,,, ( 8.6
, 2.5 ) ( 2.3 ) ( 600 /, 11 ) ( 1.5 ) ( 1.5 ) ( 1.6 ) 20 500 10 100, 30
( ),,,,, 120, 80, 200 100, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,, (,,,, 1915 10, 65 ) ( ),,
,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, ( : ),,,,,, (1914 4 30 ) :,,,,,,,, 6,,,,,,,, 10,,,,, 21 237992 29971,
151538,, 2,, 63161, 88377, 3, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),, 140 20, 120, 117.8 52.9, 9, 9.1, 55.6 76.9, 18.5, 81.9 ( )
, 75.5,, 26.2 101.7, 19.8, ( ) 3.1, 1, 3.5, 5, 3, 88.8, 20,, ( ) 4, 1.5,, 2.2, 2, 4, 30 1, 3, 12,, 1.5, 6,, 1 2, 25.6,, ( ), 1, 3.5 10, 5 300, 1.3 2, 2, 1.5 2, 8, 3, 1.6, 2
4, 9.8,, 55.4, 10,, ( ), 9 10, 800, 500, 1300, 1500,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 75 100,,, 3,,,,,,, 1800,,,,,, 2 20, 50, 30,, ( ),,, 3,, 300
,,, 5,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ), 30,, 3,, 2 4,, 525000,,,,,, 7,,, 3,,, 7 8,,,,, 30 100,,, 40,,,
, 30 200, 1 2, 1500,, 200,, 2,,,,,, ( ),, 1, 88377, 6,,,,,,,, 500 210,, 24,,,,, 1 1,,,,,, 130,, 8, 10,,, 8 47,,,,,, 8,,,,,
, 1,,,,,,,,, 3,, 5.1,,, ( ),, 8, 7,, 3,,, 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.2,,,,,,, 25
,,,,,,,,,,,, 210, 500, 300,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15,,,,,,,
,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6 /10, 4 /10,
,,,,,,,,, 10, 20, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30,,,,,,,,,,, :,
,,,,,,,, 30,,,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 90,,,,,,,,,, [ ]1902,,,, ( ), :,,,,,
,,,,,,,,, 1915,, 499, 200,, 1915,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 70,,,,,,, 6 1, 8 1,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,, 200,,,,,,,,,,, 200,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 90 50 50, 3,,,,, 1 /3, 1 /3, 1 /3,,,, 1 10,, 10,,,,,,,,,,
,, 1600,,,,, 2 3,, 90,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,, 100, 10, 50,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (,, 700,, ( ), 1904 1912 7 1916 1916 )
,,, (, ) :, 200 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,
,, ( ),,,, 80, 10,, ( ), 1200, 1000,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 6 (1905 1911 ),,, 1915, 700,
30,,,, :,,,,,,, 1915 2 1,,,,, 10,,, 60 ( ),,, 12, 499,,,,,,,,,, 1 1,,,, 1934 3,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,, 5,,,,,,,,,,, 70,,,,,,,,
,,,,, (,, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1948,,,,,
,,,,,, 42,,,,,,,, 50 1 10 2, 1,,,,,,, 1912 1,, 1914,,,, 1935,,, 2,, 42,,,,,,,,,
170, 4,,,, 20,, 17, 1, 2, 5, 2, 15 56, 30 32, 40 29, 6, 1916 1926,,,, 1929,,,,, 50,,,,,,,, 1949,,,,,,,, (, ),,
,,,,,,,, 1951,,,,,,,, (, ),, 15, 2,,, 40,, 20,,, 23, 1927 1928,, 5,,,
,,,,,,, 1916 1928,,,,,,,,,,, 1945,,,, 1949,, 6, 5, (,,, 1985 )
(1915 1 10 ), 1 10 11,,,,,,,,,, 79,,,,,, 200, 100, 12 20 ( 5,, ), 5, 9,,,, 1000, ( ) ( ),,,,, 100
10, (,, ),, 4,,, ; 10,, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,, 400, 4000,,,,
,,,, (1920 4 22 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (,, ), :,,,, 3, 2000, 1000,,
,,,,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,?,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,,,,, :?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, :,,,,,,,,
, :,,,, 2, 2, 2, 4, 10, 2, 10,,,,, 2, 70,,, :,,,,,, 130,,,,,,,,,, 2 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 57000 ( )
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (,,,,,,, ) 1930,,
,,,, 3,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,, 30, 2, 18,, 1930 1934, 11,,,, 12,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ( ),,,,,,, 6,,, 0 ( ) 6
,,,,,,, 6, 12, 5, 11,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,, 60, 1934 3, 1935,,,,, 28,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9,,,,,,, 1935 2 1,,
, 7,,,,,,, 340,,,,,,,,, 31,,,, 240, 100,, 1 /3,,,,,,,, 3, 5 40, 600, ( ), 1935 1937, 78, 1921 1937 6,,,,, ( ), 23,,,,,,,,,,, 360, 97
,,,,,, ( 3 ),,, 5,,,,, 1937 10,,,,,,, : 816.52 30630 100,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,,, (,,, 1980 )
, 100, 100,,,,, 1880 ;,,,, 29,,,,,,,, 1895,,, 10 4,
1897,, 30, 30,,,, 4,, 1880,,, 1899,, :,,,,,,,,,,, : ; 90 ; 120
, 80,,,, :,,,,?, 4,, 40,, 5, 40 40, 1905, 100, 90, :,,,
,,,, 5 1881 9,,, 1881 1905, 20,,,,,,,,, 1907,,,, 1907,,,,,
,,,,,,, ;,,,, 10,,,,,,, ;,,,, 30,,, 4
, :,,,,,,,,,, 1899,,, 1909,,, 1912 ; 1913,, 300 700, ;, 4 1,,,,,, 14,
19,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,, 1915,,,400,,, 1915 10,, 1909,,,,,,,,
,,,,, 1913,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 1909,, 5,,,,,
, ; ;,, ;, 100,, ; 100,,, 1918,,,,,, 1920,,,,, 1922, 750, 1924,, 1500,,,, ; ;,, 1916
,,,,,,, 1923,,,, 20,,,, ;,,, ;,, 1925,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,!??,?,,,,,, :,,,,, 1925,,,, 1925,, 8, 4, 10 28 10,
,,,, 1926,,,,,,,, 1928,, 1926 1928, 400 3 200, 600,, 1928 7 5,, 500, 100, 1927,,, 100, :, 100,,,,,,
,,,,,,, : 1927 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10, 1928 6 1
,,,, ;, :,,,,,,,,,,, 1928 11, 17,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1929 1937 107, 182 100 75 1935 3,, 1936 1,,,,,,,
,,,, 1980 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
, 1938 3 18,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,, 800,,,, 1999 7 1,, 2001,,,
,,,,,,,, 700,,,,,, 20 30, 2004, 2662, 144, 41.5, 11.2,,,,,,
,,,,,,, 2006 4