(1912-1927), :, 1913 ; 1914 ; 1916,,,,,,,, 1904,, ( ),,, 1922 107
2000 6 :,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1913 1913 7 12,,, 6, 6,, :, ;,,,,,,, :, ( ),,, :, 1993, 280, 1913 7 20 108
:, ;,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,, 5, 947 ( 11 ), 15000 ; 900, 2600 ; 3, 3300, 4700 ;, 5000, ;, 371, 1200 ; 3, 50, 5213, 24530,, 5283,, 3000, 10400, 5500,, 1900, 8000 7350, 294 305 109
2000 6,,,,,,, 8 9,,, 8 23,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 23, 20, 50,,,,, 24,,,,, 25,, (25 ),,,, 1913 7 25, 1913 7 25, 1913 7 26 110
,,,,,,,,, 8 12,,,,,, 13 4, 2000,,,,, 1913, 20, 7, 5000, ( 1, 4 10 20, 100 ), 165700, 132300,,, 1914,, 1913 8 14 1913 8 8 13, 305 111
2000 6 ( ) 1913,,, 1913 3 15,, 1913 11 28,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7,,,,, :, 1913 12 2, 3 :,, 90,,,, :,,, 1913 11 30, 1913 12 2 112
,, 12 11,,,,,,,,,,,, 300,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1914 1914 1, 1,,, 1913 12 9, 1913 12 11, 1913 12 30, 462 113
2000 6 1 11, 26,,,, 1,,,, 2 2,, 2 21, 20,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,?,,,, :, 3 14,,,, 4 12,, :,,,, 1914 2 4, 1914 2 24, 1914 2 24, 1914 3 14 114
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4500,, 1,,,,,,,, 3 2,,, 3,,,,,,,,, 1914 4 12, 1914 6 1, 462, 1914 6 18 115
2000 6 ( ) 1914, 7 1914 7,,,,,,,,,, 8,,,, 8 21,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1914 8 25, 1914 8 22 116
, 9 1,, 9 1,,,,,,,,, 9 10,, 43,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,, 9 16,, 18, :,,,,,,, 1914 9 6, 1914 9 13, 1914 9 13, 1914 9 21 117
2000 6,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1916 1915 12 12, 12 25, 1916 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1916 2, 1914 9 18, 463 118
10 :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,, ;,, ;,,,,, 3 7, 5, :,,,,,,,,,,, 1916 2 12, 1916 3 7 119
2000 6,,,,,,,, 2 15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 7 3 10, 2050 ; 100 ; 200 ; 100 ; 200 ; 20, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1916 3 12, 1916 2 15, 1916 2 15, 1916 3 7, 465 120
( ),, 1917 7,,,, 9,,,,,,,,,,, 1918 7, 9000, 6000, 7 1,, 8 2000 3000, 6000 4000, 2060, 100, 1600 1000, 1918 9,,, 1918 2 6, 1918 7 28 ;, 1918 7 31 121
2000 6, 1920 6,,,,,, 7,,,, 1922 3, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,, 3 20,, 1920 7 21 ;, 1920 7 22, :, 1924, 24 122
4, 4, 4 28, 21, 2, 1 29, 80 2 5 4 300, 180, 150 5 11,,,,,, 5,,,,, 1922 11 12, 1923 2, 3,,, 25,, 25,, 28,, 27, 29 35, 43 46 123
2000 6 1924 1923 8 ; 12 1924 9, 9 4, 30,,,,,,,,,,,, 86 10,, 3372 1925 12,,,,,, 1926 1,,, 56 105, 107 109, 1924 9 4 ;, 1924 9 8, 1924 9 12, 1924 9 14, 1924 10 4, 1925 12 6 124
, 20 60 30, 35 3, 6, 15,, 3000,,,,,,, 9 12, 44, 3 420 1927 3,,, 5 5000, 4000, 4000,, 1g10 9g10,,, 5 3 30 4 5, 5,, 8,, 4, 1926 1 13, 1926 3 30, 1926 6 19, 1926 9 13, 1927 4 2 125
2000 6 1 40 8 20, 2 20, 27 3 27, 4 24 30 9 10, 5,, 316,,,,,, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 7 7, 9 14, 421, 375, 1 989, 1063,,,,, 1927 8 20, 1927 8 31 ;, 1927 9 10, 1927 8 31, 1927 9 15, 1927 9 10, 1928 2 23 ;, 1928 2 28 126
( ), 1912,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,!,,, 44 7480 100, 3, 96, 1742200,,,, 10, 4,,,,,,,,,,, 1912 11 11, 1912 11 11, 1912 12 12 127
2000 6,,, 6, 1912,,,,,, 20,, ;,,,,, 10, 1, 2, 11 5 1913, ; 1913 1 3,,, 1914,,,,,, 1913 1 16, 1913 1 12, 1912 11 5 ;, 1913 1 24, 1913 1 24 128
9 22 9,,, 200, 9 28,,,, 10 15,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 1914 9 24, 1914 10 15, 1914 11 10 129
2000 6, : ; ;,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,, 1 5000,,,,,,,,,,,, 1915 2,, 1914 11 10, 1915 1 11, 1915 1 18, 1915 1 21 130
:, 144, 1547, 8599, 3237, 177 1. 5, 1. 8, 3. 2 1915,,, 8,, 6,, 2. 4,,,,,,,,,, 1916,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1915 2 17, 463, 463, 464, 1916 8 13 131
2000 6 8 13,, 1, 2, 9 17, 1917,,,, 10,, 1912, 11. 2, 10. 4, 22 1918 5,,,, 6 4, 2. 5,,,,,,, 1916 8 25, 1916 9 20, 466, 466, 1918 6 4, 1919 6 27 132
,, 1919 8,,,,, 1920 7,, 8 31,, 1917 9, 3500,,,, 3 :,, 1921, 4, 7 20, 5000 20 ; 7 25, 500, 8 19, 500, 10 ; 8 19, 500 ; 8, 40, ;, 1919 8 26, 1920 10 4, 475 133
2000 6 500, 50 ; 500 ; 500 ; 10, 30 ; 11, ; 12, 500 8 30, 500, 10 ; 500, 20 1922, 9 23,,, 10, 1923 1924,,,, ( ) 1915 7 27,, 28,, 2, 4 8 2, 3 4000 1918 2 13,,, 2 18, 476 480, 464 ;, 1915 7 29, 1915 8 3, 1918 2 23 134
21 2000,,,, 26,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 10 24, 3000, 4 :, 2000 ;, 1987 ;, 1200 ;, 1000,,,,, 100, 200, 1 1920 9,, 9 15,,,,, 1918 2 23, 1918 2 26, 1918 10 19, 1918 10 25, 468, 1918 11 7 135
2000 6 1921 12 12,,,,,, 1922 3,,,,, 77, 341 ; 103, 477, 2000,,, 1923 2, 5 6, 5 6, 5 28,,,, 1920 9 16, 480,, 21,, 40 ;,, 47, 53 93 136
6 18 8, ( ) 9, 12,, 400 ; 1924 1,, 3, 4, 1928, ( ),,,,, 1.,,,, 5 : :, 1924, 1 9,, 82,, 110,, 139, 489 150 152 155 153 168 170 172 175, 1928 10 9 137
2000 6,,,,,,,,,,,, 2., 1914 6,,,,,,,, 1915 5,,,, 1924 4,,,, 3. 1922 11 10,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1914 6 1, 1915 5 21, 1922 11 11 138
4.,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 410081 : 139
M odern Ch inese H istory Stud ies No. 6, 2000 In M emo ry of the F irst A nn iversary of the D eath of M arx ist H is2 to rian L iu D an ian (1) Space2T im e In teraction s betw een the A ncien t and M odern, Ch i2 nese and Fo reign: In tellectual Con troversies abou t R eo rga2 n izing the N ational H eritage L uo Z h itian (56) In the first th ree decades of the tw entieth century, Ch ina experienced a continuous academ ic and ideo logical struggle over the status of N ational H eritage : from p reserving national essence, to reo rganizing the national heritage, to finally refusing to adm it Ch inese N ational Culture Studies as a field of study. In the course of th is struggle, there w ere at least four m ajo r controversies w h ich invo lved extensive social participation. F rom the view 2 po int of ideo logy, th is article exam ines the ideo logical debate dom inated by students at Beijing U niversity at the tim e w hen the slogan of reo rganizing the national heritage first appeared, focusing on tho se parts of the debate w h ich related to yet exceeded the bounds of academ ic research. T he arti2 cle first review s the ideas of the tw o disagreeing group s, then exam ines them in the context of the though t and discourse of the tim e, w ith an emphasis on the sim ilarities and differences of the ideas of various intellectuals. F inally, it briefly analyzes the h isto rical enligh tenm ent of these controversies, from the angle of space2tim e interactions betw een the ancient and modern and the Ch inese and fo reign to w h ich peop le at that tim e paid clo se attention. T he Ph ilan th rop ic and R elief A ctivities of the R ed C ro ss Society du ring the Pek ing Governm en t Period of R epub lican Ch ina Z hou Q iug uang (107) D uring the Pek ing Governm ent period of R epublican Ch ina ( 1912 1927), the R ed C ro ss Society of Ch ina s ph ilanth rop ic and relief activities m igh t be divided into tw o parts: first, w ar relief during the various w ars of 1
the period, including the Second R evo lution in 1913, the w ar in Zhangjiakou in 1913, the w ar in Shandong, A nhui and H enan in 1914, the A nti2yuan Cam paign in 1916 and o ther conflicts; second, relief fo r various k inds of nat2 ural disasters, including floods, drough ts, w indsto rm s, earthquakes, con2 flagrations, ep idem ic diseases, fam ines, etc. O rdinarily the R ed C ro ss also carried out m any k inds of public health services such as treatm ent fo r dis2 ease, ep idem ic p revention and m edicine donation. T he activities of the R ed C ro ss Society of Ch ina indicate that ph ilanth ropy is a k ind of mo tive fo rce fo r the developm ent of society and an essential m eans to adjust society. T he M ood of the L eadersh ip of the N o rthern N avy du ring the Sino2Japanese W ar in 1895: In terp reting the Fam ily Co rre2 spondence of Q uarterm aster General L uo Fenglu K ong X iangj i (140) A decade of unpub lished letters hom e from L uo Fenglu, the Q uarter2 m aster General of the N o rthern N avy, truthfully and p recisely reflect the state of m ind and the though ts of the leadersh ip of the N o rthern N avy during the Sino2Japanese W ar in 1895. Befo re the breakout of the w ar, officials such as L i Hongzhang and L uo Fenglu felt that defense against fo reign ag2 gression w as p rovocation, and held to a po licy of using no m ilitary fo rce at sea. T herefo re, at the outset of the w ar, w hen the Japanese A rm y at2 tacked in fo rce, the N o rthern N avy pursued a po licy of self2p reservation and avo iding the enem y. W hen the Japanese landed on the L iaodong Peninsula, the N avy m ade w ay to W eihai. F inally, w hen the Japanese landed on the Shandong Peninsula at Rongcheng, the N avy continued to cow ered at W ei2 hai, p referring to w ait fo r death rather than carry out Empero r Guangxu s aggressive strategy of attack ing Japanese vessels w herever they w ere m eṫ A s Q uarterm aster General, L uo Fenglu w as a key link betw een L i Hongzhang and the N o rthern N avy. How ever, desp ite the seriousness of the situation, L uo did no t occupy h im self w ith p reparations fo r battle, but rather m issed h is w ife and concubines and w ro te letters to them alm o st ev2 eryday. H e even used h is connections in the N avy to recall h is nephew from the w arsh ip Kangji and send h im back hom e befo re the breakout of the battle of Rongcheng. Such an attitude of fear, selfishness and carelessness taken by officials and servicem en of the N avy w as an impo rtant facto r leading the disastrous failure of the Q ing court in the w aṙ 2